| gila monster bite: a case report. | transient electrocardiogram abnormalities are described in a young man who was bitten by a gila monster (heloderma suspectum). the patient's pain subsided spontaneously without narcotics and the vascular status of his bitten extremity was monitored by doppler examination. the patient was discharged in 24 hr after conservative management. | 1977 | 558863 |
| exendin-4, a new peptide from heloderma suspectum venom, potentiates cholecystokinin-induced amylase release from rat pancreatic acini. | we examined the actions of exendin-4, a new peptide isolated from heloderma suspectum venom, on dispersed acini from rat pancreas. exendin-4 caused a 3-fold increase in camp but did not alter cellular calcium concentration. exendin-4-induced increases in camp were inhibited by an exendin-receptor antagonist, exendin (9-39)nh2, but not by vip-receptor antagonists. whereas up to 1 microm exendin-4 alone did not alter amylase release, potentiation of enzyme release was observed when the peptide (gr ... | 1992 | 1279756 |
| isolation and characterization of exendin-4, an exendin-3 analogue, from heloderma suspectum venom. further evidence for an exendin receptor on dispersed acini from guinea pig pancreas. | the recent identification in heloderma horridum venom of exendin-3, a new member of the glucagon superfamily that acts as a pancreatic secretagogue, prompted a search for a similar peptide in heloderma suspectum venom. an amino acid sequencing assay for peptides containing an amino-terminal histidine residue (his1) was used to isolate a 39-amino acid peptide, exendin-4, from h. suspectum venom. exendin-4 differs from exendin-3 by two amino acid substitutions, gly2-glu3 in place of ser2-asp3, but ... | 1992 | 1313797 |
| helodermin- and helospectin-like immunoreactivities in the rat brain: an immunochemical and immunohistochemical study. | helodermin is an amidated peptide of 35 amino acid residues isolated from the lizard heloderma suspectum. homologous peptides, helospectins i and ii, peptides of 38 and 37 amino acid residues, respectively, have been isolated from the lizard heloderma horridum. this group of peptides stimulates the adenylate cyclase activity. helodermin- and helospectin-like immunoreactivities were studied in the rat brain by using immunohistochemistry and radioimmunoassay in combination with high-performance li ... | 1992 | 1579205 |
| purification and structure of exendin-3, a new pancreatic secretagogue isolated from heloderma horridum venom. | an amino-terminal histidyl structure (his1) is characteristic of most peptides in the glucagon superfamily. an assay for his1 peptides performed by amino-terminal amino acid sequencing was used to screen venom from the gila monster lizard, heloderma horridum. two his1 peptides were identified: helospectin and a new his1 peptide that has been named exendin-3 to indicate that it is the third peptide to be found in an exocrine secretion of heloderma lizards which has endocrine activity, the first t ... | 1990 | 1700785 |
| vascular effects of helodermin, helospectin i and helospectin ii: a comparison with vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip). | 1. helodermin, helospectin i and helospectin ii, peptides recently isolated from the salivary gland venom of heloderma suspectum, were compared to vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip) with respect to effects on systemic blood pressure and on isolated femoral arteries in the rat. 2. they all reduced blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner; helodermin was less effective than vip. however, at doses higher than 1 nmol kg-1 all four peptides reduced blood pressure to about the same extent. 3. the ha ... | 1990 | 2331581 |
| immunoreactive helodermin-like peptides in rat: a new class of mammalian neuropeptides related to secretin and vip. | helodermin is a peptide from the venom of the lizard heloderma suspectum (gila monster) showing a high degree of sequence similarity with vip, phi and secretin in its n-terminal moiety. the present data support the presence of peptide(s) closely related to helodermin in the brain, gut and salivary glands of rat. in our radioimmunoassays, we routinely used one of the three specific antisera obtained from rabbits that were immunized against lizard helodermin coupled to bovine serum albumin with ca ... | 1985 | 2411260 |
| receptors involved in helodermin action on rat pancreatic acini. | helodermin is a new peptide isolated from the venom of heloderma suspectum. its effects on rat pancreatic acini were compared with those of secretin and vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip). four classes of receptors with decreasing affinity for secretin (s1, s2, s3, and s4) were first delineated. occupancy of s1 and s2 by secretin was responsible for a biphasic adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (camp) response. s3 was vip preferring so that the vip-induced increase in camp could be inhibited ... | 1986 | 2430470 |
| interaction of peptides related to vip and secretin with guinea pig pancreatic acini. | the abilities of human and rat growth hormone-releasing factors (hghrf, rghrf), peptide histidine isoleucine or methionine (phi, phm) and the gila monster venom peptides (helospectin i, helospectin ii, and helodermin) to interact with guinea pig pancreatic acini were characterized and compared with vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip) and secretin. each peptide caused a sevenfold stimulation of amylase release, and the relative potencies were: vip greater than helospectin i = helospectin ii = hel ... | 1989 | 2465694 |
| purification and characterization of five variants of phospholipase a2 and complete primary structure of the main phospholipase a2 variant in heloderma suspectum (gila monster) venom. | 1. five increasingly anionic variants (pa1-pa5) of ca2+-dependent phospholipase a2 were purified to homogeneity from the venom of the lizard heloderma suspectum (gila monster). the purification procedure was based on semi-preparative reverse-phase hplc followed by anion-exchange hplc and analytical reverse-phase hplc. 2. their mr were 17,000-18,000, as deduced by sds/page. specific activities tested by the capacity to hydrolyze phosphatidylcholines at ph 8.5 decreased as follows: pa3 greater tha ... | 1989 | 2480893 |
| activation of ganglionic tyrosine hydroxylase by peptides of the secretin-glucagon family: structure-function studies. | the hydroxylation of tyrosine to dopa is the rate-limiting reaction in catecholamine biosynthesis. it has been previously reported that secretin, vasoactive intestinal peptide and peptide histidine isoleucine amide, all members of the secretin-glucagon family of peptides, increase dopa synthesis in superior cervical ganglia in vitro. we report here that two other members of this peptide family, rat growth hormone-releasing factor and helodermin h38, a component of gila monster venom, also increa ... | 1989 | 2570376 |
| helodermin-like peptides in thyroid c cells: stimulation of thyroid hormone secretion and suppression of calcium incorporation into bone. | helodermin is a vasoactive intestinal peptide-like peptide in the salivary gland venom of the lizard heloderma suspectum. helodermin-like immunofluorescence was observed in the parafollicular (c) cells in several mammals and in the c cell homologues of the chicken ultimobranchial gland. thus, helodermin-like peptides coexist with calcitonin. the results of radioimmunoassay agreed with the immunocytochemical findings. hplc of rat thyroid extracts revealed one major peak of helodermin-like immunor ... | 1989 | 2645580 |
| hypotension, myocardial infarction, and coagulopathy following gila monster bite. | we report a 23-year-old man who developed life threatening hypotension, myocardial infarction, coagulopathy, and renal failure following the bite of a gila monster (heloderma suspectum). these are previously unreported complications in humans. the patient recovered after fluid resuscitation and treatment with pressor agents. | 1989 | 2703689 |
| helodermin-like peptides in noradrenaline cells of adrenal medulla. | helodermin, a vip/secretin-like peptide, was first isolated from the venom of the lizard gila monster. small amounts of helodermin-like peptides have since been detected in many mammalian tissues. notably high concentrations were demonstrated in the thyroid gland, and immunocytochemical studies revealed intense helodermin-like immunostaining in thyroid c cells and medullary thyroid carcinoma cells. in the present study, we examined the adrenal gland of mouse, rat and pig for the presence of helo ... | 1989 | 2813855 |
| interaction of synthetic n- and c-terminal fragments of helodermin with rat liver vip receptors. | synthetic helodermin was more potent than natural helodermin (purified from the venom of gila monster) in activating adenylate cyclase in rat liver membranes. two possible reasons for this discrepancy were discussed. comparing adenylate cyclase activation to the binding of 125i-natural helodermin and 125i-vip in the presence of six synthetic helodermin fragments (1-27, 7-35, 13-35, 17-35, 18-35 and 22-35), we conclude that the effects of both synthetic and natural helodermin were mediated throug ... | 1986 | 3018706 |
| is helodermin produced by medullary thyroid carcinoma cells and normal c-cells? immunocytochemical evidence. | helodermin is a vip/secretin-like 35-amino acid peptide originally isolated from the venom of the lizard gila monster. recently, helodermin-immunoreactive material was demonstrated in mammalian salivary glands, brain and gut. in the present study 8 human medullary thyroid carcinomas as well as 4 normal thyroid glands were examined immunocytochemically for the presence of helodermin using an antiserum raised against helodermin-(5-35) that does not cross-react with vip or secretin. cells displayin ... | 1988 | 3281190 |
| chemical, immunological and biological properties of peptides like vasoactive-intestinal-peptide and peptide-histidine-isoleucinamide extracted from the venom of two lizards (heloderma horridum and heloderma suspectum). | having previously isolated helodermin, the major peptide like vasoactive-intestinal-peptide and peptide-histidine-isoleucinamide, from the venom of the lizard heloderma suspectum, we decided on a systematic exploration of all (vip-phi)-like peptides present in the venom of another lizard of the helodermatidae family: heloderma horridum. six (vip-phi)-like peptides (phh1 to 6) were purified to homogeneity from the venom of the lizard h. horridum with phh3 and phh4 representing two minor forms. al ... | 1987 | 3569266 |
| life-threatening anaphylaxis following gila monster bite. | we report the case of a 40-year-old man who developed life-threatening angioedema and hypotension following the bite of a gila monster (heloderma suspectum), a venomous lizard of the southwestern united states. he recovered after treatment with iv fluids, epinephrine, antihistamines, and corticosteroids. | 1986 | 3740587 |
| effects of vip and related peptides and gila monster venom on genitourinary smooth muscle. | the pharmacological effects of peptide histidine isoleucine (phi), glucagon and secretin were compared with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (vip) on rabbit urethra and anococcygeus muscle. vip and phi dose-dependently inhibited induced contractions of both smooth muscle preparations. cross-tachyphylaxis between vip and phi was demonstrated in the urethra preparation, suggesting that their activity is mediated via a common receptor or second messenger. glucagon and secretin were without effect ... | 1986 | 3816973 |
| presence of helodermin-like peptides of the vip-secretin family in mammalian salivary glands and saliva. | helodermin is a biologically active peptide isolated from the venom of the gila monster lizard (heloderma suspectum) whose structure is related to that of vasoactive intestinal peptide and secretin. using a specific radioimmunoassay based on antisera prepared by immunizing rabbits with natural helodermin, we demonstrated the presence of helodermin-like material in mammalian salivary glands, including parotid, submaxillary and sublingual glands from rat and dog, and parotid and submaxillary gland ... | 1985 | 4043392 |
| enzymatic properties of heloderma suspectum venom. | | 1967 | 4384025 |
| effects of heloderma suspectum venom on blood coagulation. | | 1969 | 5368469 |
| bite of the gila monster. | | 1970 | 5506488 |
| natural free-running period in vertebrate animal populations. | regression analysis (analysis of covariance) is contrasted with the conventional "mean period length" for estimating the length of period of the spontaneous activity frequency (free-running period) in population samples of gila monsters (heloderma suspectum) and kangaroo rats (dipodomys merriami) in the sonoran desert. the mean period length in each population does not differ significantly from 24:00 hours (p > .05) and it does not differ significantly (p > .05) between the species studied; the ... | 1967 | 6021681 |
| some physiological effects caused by venom from the gila monster, heloderma suspectum. | | 1967 | 6036253 |
| smooth muscle stimulating action of venom from the gila monster, heloderma suspectum. | | 1967 | 6068243 |
| interaction of gila monster venom with secretin receptors in rat pancreatic membranes. | the stimulatory effect of gila monster venom on adenylate cyclase activity in rat pancreatic membranes was compared to that of porcine secretin and porcine vip. the maximal effect exerted by the venom was identical to that of vip but significantly lower than that of secretin. the effect of gila monster venom could, however, be attributed to its interaction with secretin receptors rather than with vip receptors, at variance with its previously described action on guinea pig pancreatic acini. aden ... | 1984 | 6089139 |
| gila monster and mexican beaded lizard venoms enhance guanylate cyclase activity. | gila monster (heloderma suspectum) and mexican beaded lizard (heloderma horridum) venoms enhanced rat liver, lung, heart, kidney, cerebellar and ileal guanylate cyclase [e.c.4.6.1.2] activity two- to threefold at their 1 microgram/ml concentrations. dose response relationships revealed that the ed50 for stimulation of guanylate cyclase was 10 ng/ml while a concentration of 1 microgram/ml was necessary for the maximal activation with both venoms. varying the concentration of the guanylate cyclase ... | 1982 | 6123143 |
| actions of gila monster venom on dispersed acini from guinea pig pancreas. | venom from gila monster (family helodermatidae) contains a pancreatic secretagogue. in dispersed acini from guinea pig pancreas, the venom increased enzyme secretion to the same extent as did vasoactive intestinal peptide, secretin, or phi. the abilities of vasoactive intestinal peptide and gila monster venom to stimulate enzyme secretion were not altered by boiling but were abolished by incubation with trypsin or chymotrypsin. like vasoactive intestinal peptide, secretin, and phi, the venom cau ... | 1982 | 6177252 |
| pancreatic secretory factor (psf), a protein from gila monster venom stimulating enzyme secretion from rat pancreatic acini. | pancreatic secretory factor (psf), a 17.5-kda protein purified from the venom of gila monster (heloderma suspectum), stimulated amylase secretion from dispersed rat pancreatic acini more efficiently than cck-8, bombesin, carbachol and secretin, and without increasing 45ca2+ efflux and cyclic amp levels. the secretory action was dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium and was additive to the secretion induced by agents acting via cyclic amp or via ca2+ efflux. | 1984 | 6198215 |
| phospholipase a2 activity of pancreatic secretory factor, a new secretagogue isolated from the venom of heloderma suspectum. | pancreatic secretory factor (psf), an efficient pancreatic secretagogue recently isolated from the venom of heloderma suspectum, is shown to exert phospholipase a2 activity towards phosphatidylcholine. this activity is strictly dependent on calcium (apparent ka 40 nm) and has an optimum ph around 9. at ph 7.4 and in the presence of calcium, psf retains 40% of its phospholipase a2 activity. these results are compared to the calcium dependency of the secretory effect of psf on rat pancreatic acini ... | 1984 | 6204886 |
| stimulatory effects of gila monster venom on rat pancreatic acini. | the effects of gila monster venom on dispersed rat pancreatic acini were compared with those of secretin and vip. the efficacy of the venom in terms of amylase release was much higher (a 24-fold increase over basal secretion) than that of secretin (a 4-fold increase) and vip (+ 40% only). on the other hand, cyclic amp levels increased 12-fold with the venom, as compared to 18-fold with secretin and 16-fold with vip. the venom, vip and secretin all displaced 125i-vip and the competition curve wit ... | 1984 | 6206482 |
| amino acid sequences of helospectins, new members of the glucagon superfamily, found in gila monster venom. | the amino acid sequences of two closely related peptides from gila monster (heloderma suspectum) venom are reported. helospectin i is a 38-residue peptide, his-ser-asp-ala-thr-phe-thr-ala-glu-tyr-ser-lys-leu-leu-ala-lys-leu-ala- leu-gln - lys-tyr-leu-glu-ser-ile-leu-gly-ser-ser-thr-ser-pro-arg-pro-pro-ser-ser, and helospectin ii is a 37-residue peptide identical to helospectin i except that it lacks serine 38. helospectins are pancreatic secretagogues with structures and bioactivities similar to ... | 1984 | 6207171 |
| use of 125i-secretin to identify and characterize high-affinity secretin receptors on pancreatic acini. | we prepared 125i-secretin and studied the kinetics, stoichiometry, and chemical specificity with which the labeled peptide binds to dispersed acini prepared from guinea pig pancreas. iodinated secretin retained intrinsic biological activity in that it was as effective but 2.5-times less potent than native secretin in its ability to bind to pancreatic acini and to increase cellular camp. scatchard analysis of binding of 125i-secretin indicated that each pancreatic acinar cell has approximately 93 ... | 1983 | 6309017 |
| interaction of gila monster venom with vip receptors in intestinal epithelium of human. a comparison with rat. | gila monster venom (1-300 micrograms/ml) is shown to inhibit completely the binding of [125i]vip to human and rat intestinal epithelial cell membranes. in both models, the venom inhibits [125i]vip binding and stimulates adenylate cyclase with a maximal efficiency that is similar to that of vip and a potency that is 10000-50000 times lower than that of the peptide, on a weight basis. at maximal doses, vip and gila monster venom do not exert an additive effect on adenylate cyclase, suggesting that ... | 1983 | 6317454 |
| evidence that helodermin, a newly extracted peptide from gila monster venom, is a member of the secretin/vip/phi family of peptides with an original pattern of biological properties. | helodermin, a newly isolated peptide from the venom of gila monster (heloderma suspectum) was shown to stimulate the adenylate cyclase activity of rat pancreatic membranes as efficiently as secretin and vip. it also increased cyclic amp levels and inhibited [125i]vip binding in rat pancreatic acini. finally, helodermin activated adenylate cyclase in membranes from rat heart, rat brain, and human heart, showing properties analogous yet distinct from those of secretin, vip and phi. | 1984 | 6319194 |
| specific labelling by [125i]helodermin of high-affinity vip receptors in rat liver membranes. | helodermin, a newly isolated peptide from gila monster venom, is structurally related to vip and secretin. when used as radioligand, [125i]helodermin bound rapidly and reversibly to crude rat liver membranes, the dissociation being accelerated by gtp. competition binding curves of [125i]helodermin and [125i]vip with unlabelled peptides showed the following order of decreasing affinity: vip greater than helodermin greater than secretin greater than hpgrf(1-29)-nh2. the shape of binding curves and ... | 1984 | 6329822 |
| purification of a novel pancreatic secretory factor (psf) and a novel peptide with vip- and secretin-like properties (helodermin) from gila monster venom. | a combination of three hplc procedures applied to the venom of gila monster (heloderma suspectum) has led to the purification to homogeneity of two bioactive components: (i) a 17.5 kda protein, isolated on the basis of its potent secretory effect on dispersed rat pancreatic acini, was accordingly designated psf (pancreatic secretory factor); (ii) a 5.9-kda peptide, designated helodermin, was purified on the basis of its ability to stimulate adenylate cyclase in rat pancreatic membranes. psf was ... | 1984 | 6692928 |
| the effect of helodermin in rat dispersed pancreatic acini. | helodermin is a 35 amino acid-residue peptide of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (vip) family, which was originally isolated from the venom of heloderma suspectum on the basis of its capacity to stimulate adenylate cyclase in the rat pancreas. in the present study, using rat dispersed pancreatic acini, we examined the binding characteristics of helodermin, its action on amylase secretion, and the production of intracellular cyclic amp (camp). helodermin stimulated intracellular camp produc ... | 1995 | 7536328 |
| exendin-4 and exendin-(9-39)nh2: agonist and antagonist, respectively, at the rat parietal cell receptor for glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-36)nh2. | exendin-4 is a novel peptide from heloderma suspectum venom which is 53% homologous with glucagon-like peptide-1 glp-1-(7-36)nh2, a stimulant of camp-dependent h+ production in rat parietal cells. it was the aim of the present study to determine whether this effect of glp-1-(7-36)nh2 is shared by exendin-4, and whether the responses to either peptide are blocked by exendin-(9-39)nh2, a competitive specific exendin receptor antagonist. in enriched rat parietal cells h+ production was measured ind ... | 1994 | 7851494 |
| helodermin, helospectin, and pacap stimulate cyclic amp formation in intact bone, isolated osteoblasts, and osteoblastic cell lines. | helodermin and helospectin are peptides structurally similar to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (vip) which were recently isolated from the salivary gland venom of the lizard heloderma suspectum. pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (pacap) has been isolated from ovine hypothalamus and also shows sequence homology to vip. a helodermin-like peptide has been detected by combined immunohistochemical and immunochemical techniques in the thyroid c-cells. in the present study, lizard h ... | 1994 | 7914821 |
| exendin-4 is a high potency agonist and truncated exendin-(9-39)-amide an antagonist at the glucagon-like peptide 1-(7-36)-amide receptor of insulin-secreting beta-cells. | exendin-4 purified from heloderma suspectum venom shows structural relationship to the important incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1-(7-36)-amide (glp-1). we demonstrate that exendin-4 and truncated exendin-(9-39)-amide specifically interact with the glp-1 receptor on insulinoma-derived cells and on lung membranes. exendin-4 displaced 125i-glp-1, and unlabeled glp-1 displaced 125i-exendin-4 from the binding site at rat insulinoma-derived rinm5f cells. exendin-4 had, like glp-1, a pronounced ... | 1993 | 8396143 |
| cloning and functional expression of the human islet glp-1 receptor. demonstration that exendin-4 is an agonist and exendin-(9-39) an antagonist of the receptor. | a complementary dna for a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor was isolated from a human pancreatic islet cdna library. the isolated clone encoded a protein with 90% identity to the rat receptor. in stably transfected fibroblasts, the receptor bound [125i]glp-1 with high affinity (kd = 0.5 nm) and was coupled to adenylate cyclase as detected by a glp-1-dependent increase in camp production (ec50 = 93 pm). two peptides from the venom of the lizard heloderma suspectum, exendin-4 and exendin-(9-39), di ... | 1993 | 8405712 |
| molecular cloning of the helodermin and exendin-4 cdnas in the lizard. relationship to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide 1 and evidence against the existence of mammalian homologues. | helodermin and exendin-4, two peptides isolated from the salivary gland of the gila monster, heloderma suspectum, are approximately 50% homologous to vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (glp-1), respectively, and interact with the mammalian receptors for vip and glp-1 with equal or higher affinity and efficacy. immunohistochemical studies suggested the presence of helodermin-like peptides in mammals. to determine whether helodermin and exendin-4 are present in mammals ... | 1998 | 9545315 |
| helospectin-like peptides: immunochemical localization and effects on isolated cerebral arteries and on local cerebral blood flow in the cat. | helospectin i and ii and helodermin are nonamidated, vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip)-like peptides, isolated from the salivary gland venom of the lizards heloderma suspectum and heloderma horridum. helospectin i has 38 amino acid residues and differs from helospectin ii in that it has an additional serine residue at the c-terminus. numerous nerve fibers containing helospectin-like immunoreactivity (li) and a few fibers containing helodermin-li were present in the adventitia and at the advent ... | 1999 | 9886356 |
| black widow spider alpha-latrotoxin: a presynaptic neurotoxin that shares structural homology with the glucagon-like peptide-1 family of insulin secretagogic hormones. | alpha-latrotoxin is a presynaptic neurotoxin isolated from the venom of the black widow spider latrodectus tredecimguttatus. it exerts toxic effects in the vertebrate central nervous system by depolarizing neurons, by increasing [ca2+]i and by stimulating uncontrolled exocytosis of neurotransmitters from nerve terminals. the actions of alpha-latrotoxin are mediated, in part, by a gtp-binding protein-coupled receptor referred to as cirl or latrophilin. exendin-4 is also a venom toxin, and it is d ... | 1998 | 9972293 |
| once daily injection of exendin-4 to diabetic mice achieves long-term beneficial effects on blood glucose concentrations. | glucagon-like peptide-1 is the main hormonal mediator of the enteroinsular axis. recently, it has additionally received considerable attention as a possible new treatment for type ii (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. its major disadvantage is that its duration of action is too short to achieve good 24-h metabolic control. exendin-4, which is produced in the salivary glands of gila monster lizards, is structurally similar to glucagon-like peptide-1 and shares several useful biological pr ... | 1999 | 10027577 |
| glucose-lowering and insulin-sensitizing actions of exendin-4: studies in obese diabetic (ob/ob, db/db) mice, diabetic fatty zucker rats, and diabetic rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta). | exendin-4 is a 39 amino acid peptide isolated from the salivary secretions of the gila monster (heloderma suspectum). it shows 53% sequence similarity to glucagon-like peptide (glp)-1. unlike glp-1, exendin-4 has a prolonged glucose-lowering action in vivo. we compared the potency and duration of glucose-lowering effects of exendin-4 and glp-1 in hyperglycemic db/db and ob/ob mice. whereas reductions in plasma glucose of up to 35% vanished within 1 h with most doses of glp-1, the same doses of e ... | 1999 | 10331407 |
| exendin-4 decelerates food intake, weight gain, and fat deposition in zucker rats. | exendin-4 is a 39 amino acid peptide produced in the salivary gland of the gila monster lizard. it has a 53% amino acid homology to the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (glp-1). exendin-4 induces insulin release through activation of the glp- 1 receptor but is a much more potent insulinotropic agent than glp-1. of critical importance for its potential use as a treatment for diabetes is its much longer biological effect in vivo. previous studies involving once daily administration of exen ... | 2000 | 10830274 |
| glucagon-like peptide-1. | there is a progressive impairment in beta-cell function with age. as a result, 19 percent of the u.s. population over the age of 65 is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (dm). glucagon-like peptide-1 (glp-1) is a potent insulin secretagogue that has multiple synergetic effects on the glucose-dependent insulin secretion pathways of the beta-cell. this peptide and its longer-acting analog exendin-4 are currently under review as treatments for type 2 dm. in our work on the rodent model of gluc ... | 2001 | 11237222 |
| report on envenomation by a gila monster (heloderma suspectum) with a discussion of venom apparatus, clinical findings, and treatment. | human envenomations by heloderma species are a rare but clinically important medical problem. we report a case of an adult male bitten on the left hand by a 50-cm male, captive specimen of heloderma suspectum (gila monster). immediate signs and symptoms included pain at the bite site radiating into the arm and axilla and swelling of the hand and forearm. systemic complaints of nausea, diaphoresis, and dizziness (without a decrease in blood pressure) lasted approximately 1 hour, and laboratory st ... | 1997 | 11990142 |
| cloacal evaporative cooling: a previously undescribed means of increasing evaporative water loss at higher temperatures in a desert ectotherm, the gila monster heloderma suspectum. | the gila monster heloderma suspectum is an active forager in an environment that, at times, can be extremely hot and arid. thus, gila monsters face extreme thermostatic and hydrostatic demands. for a desert ectotherm routinely risking dehydration, evaporative water loss (ewl) is typically viewed as detrimental. yet evaporation simultaneously dehydrates and cools an animal. we explored ewl in gila monsters by measuring cutaneous, ventilatory and cloacal ewl at five ambient temperatures between 20 ... | 2004 | 14766953 |
| detection and analysis of six lizard adenoviruses by consensus primer pcr provides further evidence of a reptilian origin for the atadenoviruses. | a consensus nested-pcr method was designed for investigation of the dna polymerase gene of adenoviruses. gene fragments were amplified and sequenced from six novel adenoviruses from seven lizard species, including four species from which adenoviruses had not previously been reported. host species included gila monster, leopard gecko, fat-tail gecko, blue-tongued skink, tokay gecko, bearded dragon, and mountain chameleon. this is the first sequence information from lizard adenoviruses. phylogenet ... | 2004 | 15542689 |
| expression and purification of exendin-4, a glp-1 receptor agonist, in escherichia coli. | exendin-4 is a 39 amino acid peptide isolated from salivary secretions of gila monster (heloderma suspectum). it shows 53% sequence similarity to glucagon-like peptide-1 (glp-1), which is evaluated for the regulation of plasma glucose in type 2 diabetes. exendin-4 is a potent and long-acting agonist of glp-1 receptor. in the present study, the exendin-4 gene obtained by pcr with an enterokinase site at n-terminus and a termination codon at c-terminus was expressed in escherichia coli strain bl21 ... | 2005 | 15866711 |
| early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes. | among extant reptiles only two lineages are known to have evolved venom delivery systems, the advanced snakes and helodermatid lizards (gila monster and beaded lizard). evolution of the venom system is thought to underlie the impressive radiation of the advanced snakes (2,500 of 3,000 snake species). in contrast, the lizard venom system is thought to be restricted to just two species and to have evolved independently from the snake venom system. here we report the presence of venom toxins in two ... | 2006 | 16292255 |
| release of exendin-4 is controlled by mechanical action in gila monsters, heloderma suspectum. | exendin-4 is a peptide produced exclusively by the salivary glands of the gila monster, heloderma suspectum. although exendin-4 is considered a venom component, circulating plasma levels of exendin-4 have been shown to increase in response to feeding. previous studies using mammals have demonstrated exendin-4 has prolonged plasma glucose-lowering properties. while these findings suggest a possible role of exendin-4 as a metabolic hormone in the gila monster, the mechanism controlling its release ... | 2006 | 16321550 |
| major contributions of comparative endocrinology to the development and exploitation of the incretin concept. | an incretin is a factor released by the gut in response to nutrients that facilitates uptake of glucose by peripheral tissues. the incretin concept predates the discovery of insulin but it is now clear that incretins act by stimulating secretion of this hormone. as glucagon has insulin-releasing activity, it was speculated that intestinal glucagon-like immunoreactivity (enteroglucagon) was involved in the incretin effect but it was an achievement in the field of comparative endocrinology that le ... | 2006 | 16902971 |
| absence of exendin-4 effects on postprandial glucose and lipids in the gila monster, heloderma suspectum. | circulating nutrients serve as energy resources for functioning tissues throughout the body. while the tight regulation of plasma nutrients has been extensively studied in mammals, investigations into specific metabolic regulators in reptiles have been limited and have revealed conflicting results. the peptide exendin-4, which was isolated from the saliva of gila monsters, heloderma suspectum, has demonstrated prolonged plasma glucose-lowering properties in mammals. although exendin-4 has often ... | 2007 | 16972064 |
| expression and purification of exendin-4 dimer in escherichia coli and its interaction with glp-1 receptor in vitro. | exendin-4 is a 39 amino acid peptide isolated from the gila monster salivary gland. it is 53% homologous to glp-1 and exhibits similar glucoregulatory activities. in this study, exendin-4 dimer (d-ex4) was constructed, cloned into plasmid pet32a(+) and expressed in e. coli bl21(de3). the fusion protein with his-tag at the n-terminus was purified with a ni-nta-agarose column. after proteolytic cleavage, d-ex4 peptide with high purity was obtained by hplc. the results obtained by chemical cross-li ... | 2006 | 17073729 |
| a cdk5 inhibitor enhances the induction of insulin secretion by exendin-4 both in vitro and in vivo. | exendin-4 (ex4) is a peptide found in the lizard heloderma suspectum, and it has a high similarity to glucagon-like peptide 1 (glp-1). it induces insulin secretion without the risk of hypoglycemic episodes. cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) is a serine/threonine kinase that is predominantly expressed in neurons. recent studies have shown that this kinase regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. cdk5 inhibition enhances insulin secretion under conditions of stimulation by high glucose, but ... | 2007 | 17854513 |
| preparation and characterization of a novel exendin-4 human serum albumin fusion protein expressed in pichia pastoris. | a novel recombinant exendin-4 human serum albumin fusion protein (rex-4/hsa) expressed in pichia pastoris was prepared and characterized. ex-4 is a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the salivary gland of the lizard heloderma suspectum and is thought to be a novel therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes. but to gain a continued effect, the peptide has to be injected twice a day owing to its short plasma half-life (t(1/2) = 2.4 h). to extend the half-life of ex-4 molecule in vivo, we designed a ge ... | 2008 | 17994612 |
| helokinestatin: a new bradykinin b2 receptor antagonist decapeptide from lizard venom. | synthetic bradykinin antagonist peptides/peptoids have been powerful tools for delineating the roles of kinins in both normal physiology and in pathological states. here, we report the identification of a novel, naturally occurring bradykinin b2 receptor antagonist peptide, helokinestatin, isolated and structurally characterized from the venoms of helodermatid lizards-the gila monster (heloderma suspectum) and the mexican beaded lizard (heloderma horridum). the primary structure of the peptide w ... | 2008 | 18078686 |
| pcr-sequence characterization of new adenoviruses found in reptiles and the first successful isolation of a lizard adenovirus. | a consensus nested pcr was used to screen diagnostic samples from approximately 70 reptiles for the presence of adenoviruses (adv) in the years 2006-2007. classical virus isolation methods were also used with all samples. after adenoviruses were detected in a group of helodermatid lizards in a danish zoo, a follow-up study was also carried out on lizards from this group (10 mexican beaded lizards and 24 gila monsters) over the period of a year. adenoviruses were detected in a total of 26 lizards ... | 2009 | 18824312 |
| the effect of exenatide re-exposure on safety and efficacy. | exenatide, a synthetic peptide originally isolated from salivary secretions of heloderma suspectum, like other subcutaneously injected peptides, can cause antibody formation. despite that antibody formation has been observed in some patients, results from previous clinical trials have not shown safety and efficacy concerns in exenatide-naïve patients. the objective of this multicenter, open-label study was to investigate the response of anti-exenatide antibody formation and the incidence of immu ... | 2009 | 19576255 |
| novel venom proteins produced by differential domain-expression strategies in beaded lizards and gila monsters (genus heloderma). | the origin and evolution of venom proteins in helodermatid lizards were investigated by multidisciplinary techniques. our analyses elucidated novel toxin types resultant from three unique domain-expression processes: 1) the first full-length sequences of lethal toxin isoforms (helofensins) revealed this toxin type to be constructed by an ancestral monodomain, monoproduct gene (beta-defensin) that underwent three tandem domain duplications to encode a tetradomain, monoproduct with a possible nove ... | 2010 | 19837656 |
| induction of insulin receptor substrate-2 expression by fc fusion to exendin-4 overexpressed in e. coli: a potential long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 mimetic. | exendin-4 (ex-4), a peptide secreted from the salivary glands of the gila monster lizard, can increase pancreatic beta-cell growth and insulin secretion by activating glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor. in this study, we expressed a fusion protein consisting of exendin-4 and the human immunoglobulin heavy chain (ex-4/igg-fc) in e. coli and explored its potential therapeutic use for the treatment of insulin-resistant type 2 diabetes. here, we show that the ex-4/igg-fc fusion protein induces express ... | 2010 | 20193135 |
| the structure of helokinestatin-5 and its biosynthetic precursor from gila monster (heloderma suspectum) venom: evidence for helokinestatin antagonism of bradykinin-induced relaxation of rat tail artery smooth muscle. | here we report the primary structure of a novel peptide, named helokinestatin-5 (vppplqmplipr), from the venom of the gila monster (heloderma suspectum). helokinestatin-5 differs in structure from helokinestatin-3 by deletion of a single prolyl residue in the n-terminally located polyproline region. two different biosynthetic precursors were consistently cloned from a venom-derived cdna library. the first encoded helokinestatins 1-4 and a single copy of c-type natriuretic peptide, as previously ... | 2010 | 20457196 |
| lizard bites of the head and neck. | background: as the ownership of lizards becomes more prevalent in the united states, injuries from these exotic pets will increase. emergency and primary care physicians must be familiar with the proper management of lizard bites to the head and neck. objectives: the aim of this case report is to discuss the potential complications and proper management of lizard bites to the head and neck. case report: a 47-year-old man presented to the emergency department 3h after his 5-foot iguana bit his fa ... | 2010 | 20566260 |
| chronic treatment of exendin-4 affects cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the adult mouse hippocampal dentate gyrus. | exendin-4 isolated from heloderma suspectum venom acts via glucagon-like peptide 1 (glp-1) receptor and has clinically been used in the type 2 diabetes. in this study, we investigated the effects of exendin-4 on cell proliferation and neuroblast differentiation in the subgranular zone (sgz) of the dentate gyrus in mice. exendin-4 was treated intraperitoneally to male icr mice twice a day for 21 days. the exendin-4-treated group showed a significantly higher number of ki67- (1.51-fold), doublecor ... | 2010 | 20854877 |
| the therapeutic potential of a venomous lizard: the use of glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues in the critically ill. | glucagon-like peptide-1 (glp-1), a principal mediator of the postprandial insulinotropic response in health, has a half-life of minutes. the saliva of the gila monster contains exendin-4, a structural analogue of human glp-1, but with a much longer half-life. a synthetic preparation of exendin-4, exenatide, is suitable for human use and effectively lowers glucose in ambulant type 2 diabetic patients. when compared with insulin, exenatide therapy is associated with a reduction in hypoglycaemic ep ... | 2010 | 20979668 |
| salmonella from galapagos turtles, a gila monster, and an iguana. | | 1946 | 21013316 |
| the natriuretic peptide/helokinestatin precursor from mexican beaded lizard (heloderma horridum) venom: amino acid sequence deduced from cloned cdna and identification of two novel encoded helokinestatins. | natriuretic peptides are common components of reptile venoms and molecular cloning of their biosynthetic precursors has revealed that in snakes, they co-encode bradykinin-potentiating peptides and in venomous lizards, some co-encode bradykinin inhibitory peptides such as the helokinestatins. the common natriuretic peptide/helokinestatin precursor of the gila monster, heloderma suspectum, encodes five helokinestatins of differing primary structures. here we report the molecular cloning of a natri ... | 2011 | 21439339 |
| mast cell chymase reduces the toxicity of gila monster venom, scorpion venom, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in mice. | mast cell degranulation is important in the pathogenesis of anaphylaxis and allergic disorders. many animal venoms contain components that can induce mast cell degranulation, and this has been thought to contribute to the pathology and mortality caused by envenomation. however, we recently reported evidence that mast cells can enhance the resistance of mice to the venoms of certain snakes and that mouse mast cell-derived carboxypeptidase a3 (cpa3) can contribute to this effect. here, we investig ... | 2011 | 21926462 |
| Origin and convergent evolution of exendin genes. | Exendins are secretin hormone-like peptides that are components of the toxins from two venomous lizards, Heloderma suspectum (Gila monster) and Heloderma horridium (Mexican bearded lizard). Exendins-1 and -2 are vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-like, both in sequence and function, while exendins-3 and -4 are glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-like. The evolutionary origin of these peptides, and the genes that encode them, has been unclear. Recently, genes orthologous to exendin have been identif ... | 2012 | 22137915 |
| Purification and inflammatory edema induced by two PLA(2) (Anch TX-I and Anch TX-II) from sea anemone Anthothoe chilensis (Actiniaria: Sagartiidae). | The Anch TX-I and II PLA(2) were purified from Anthothoe chilensis (Lesson, 1830) from the extract of the anemone after only two chromatographic step using molecular exclusion chromatography (Sephadex G-75) and reverse phase HPLC on µ-Bondapak C18 column. Both PLA(2) showed a molecular mass of ~14kDa determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and showed a high catalytic activity (data not showed). Although homologous with mammalian or snake venom group I PLA(2)s, Anch TX-I and II is sufficiently ... | 2012 | 22100907 |
| acute myocardial infarction following a gila monster (heloderma suspectum cinctum) bite. | | 2011 | 3176464 |
| a study in laboratory maintenance of the gila monster. | | 2014 | 4230584 |
| gila monster bites. | | 2014 | 3996034 |
| structural and phylogenetic basis for the classification of group iii phospholipase a2. | secretory phospholipase a2 (pla2) catalyses the hydrolysis of the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids to liberate arachidonic acid, a precursor of eicosanoids, that are known mediators of inflammation. the group iii pla2 enzymes are present in a wide array of organisms across many species with completely different functions. a detailed understanding of the structure and evolutionary proximity amongst the enzymes was carried out for a meaningful classification of this group. fifty protein seque ... | 2013 | 23793742 |
| molecular characterization of a lizard adenovirus reveals the first atadenovirus with two fiber genes and the first adenovirus with either one short or three long fibers per penton. | although adenoviruses (advs) have been found in a wide variety of reptiles, including numerous squamate species, turtles, and crocodiles, the number of reptilian adenovirus isolates is still scarce. the only fully sequenced reptilian adenovirus, snake adenovirus 1 (snadv-1), belongs to the atadenovirus genus. recently, two new atadenoviruses were isolated from a captive gila monster (heloderma suspectum) and mexican beaded lizards (heloderma horridum). here we report the full genomic and proteom ... | 2014 | 25056898 |
| interfacial recognition by bee venom phospholipase a2: insights into nonelectrostatic molecular determinants by charge reversal mutagenesis. | the basis for tight binding of bee venom phospholipase a2 (bvpla2) to anionic versus zwitterionic phospholipid interfaces is explored by charge reversal mutagenesis of basic residues (lysines/arginines to glutamates) on the putative membrane binding surface. single-site mutants and, surprisingly, multisite mutants (2-5 of the 6 basic residues mutated) are fully functional on anionic vesicles. mutants bind tightly to anionic vesicles, and active-site substrate and ca2+ binding are not impaired. m ... | 1998 | 9578553 |
| differences in primary structure among five phospholipases a2 from heloderma suspectum. | five increasingly anionic phospholipases a2 (pa1-pa5) exist in the venom of the lizard heloderma suspectum. we recently elucidated the sequence of pa5, the most abundant and most active variant, towards emulsified phosphatidylcholines. here we present the primary structures of pa2, pa3 (subvariants a and b) and pa4, based on edman degradation of tryptic, endoproteinase arg-c and chymotryptic fragments of the reduced and s-carboxymethylated proteins. pa1-pa5, considered collectively, belong to an ... | 1991 | 2013276 |
| two major bile acids in the hornbills, (24r,25s)-3α,7α,24-trihydroxy-5β-cholestan-27-oyl taurine and its 12α-hydroxy derivative. | two major bile acids were isolated from the gallbladder bile of two hornbill species from the bucerotidae family of the avian order bucerotiformes buceros bicornis (great hornbill) and penelopides panini (visayan tarictic hornbill). their structures were determined to be 3α,7α,24-dihydroxy-5β-cholestan-27-oic acid and its 12α-hydroxy derivative, 3α,7α,12α,24-tetrahydroxy-5β-cholestan-27-oic acid (varanic acid, va), both present in bile as their corresponding taurine amidates. the four diastereom ... | 2016 | 27108034 |
| [new filaria parasitic of the arteries of heloderma suspectum cope: macdonaldius andersoni n. sp. (nematoda, onchocercidae)]. | | 2006 | 13692101 |
| characterization of bradykinin-related peptides generated in the plasma of six sarcopterygian species (african lungfish, amphiuma, coachwhip, bullsnake, gila monster, and gray's monitor). | incubation of heat-denatured plasma from six species occupying different evolutionary positions within the sarcopterygian lineage [the dipnoan, protopterus annectens (african lungfish); the urodele, amphiuma tridactylum (three-toed amphiuma); the colubrid snakes, pituophis melanoleucus sayi (bullsnake) and masticophis flagellum (coachwhip); and the lizards heloderma suspectum (gila monster) and varanus grayi (gray's monitor)] with trypsin generated bradykinin-related peptides that were detected ... | 1998 | 9748409 |
| anti-obesogenic and hypolipidemic effects of a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist derived from the saliva of the gila monster. | glucagon-like peptide-1 (glp-1) receptor (r) agonists are a class of incretin mimetic drugs that have been used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and also considered strong candidates for the treatment of obesity. the original prototypical drug in this class is the exenatide, a synthetic peptide with the same structure as the native molecule, exendin-4, found in the saliva of the gila monster (heloderma suspectum suspectum lizard). | 2017 | 28579479 |
| on-target effects of glp-1 receptor agonists on thyroid c-cells in rats and mice. | glucagon-like peptide-1 is an incretin hormone from the gastrointestinal tract, which enhances insulin secretion, slows gastric emptying, and reduces food intake. glp-1 receptor agonists are being developed for type 2 diabetes mellitus. glp-1 is rapidly degraded by serum dipeptidyl peptidase iv, so analogues with a prolonged serum half-life are used clinically. exenatide was the first glp-1 agonist approved and is a synthetic version of exendin-4 derived from the gila monster. liraglutide was ap ... | 2013 | 23471186 |
| glucagon-like peptide-1 gene therapy. | glucagon-like peptide 1 (glp-1) is a small peptide component of the prohormone, proglucagon, that is produced in the gut. exendin-4, a glp-1 receptor agonist originally isolated from the saliva of h. suspectum or gila monster, is a peptide that shares sequence and functional homology with glp-1. both peptides have been demonstrated to stimulate insulin secretion, inhibit glucagon secretion, promote satiety and slow gastric emptying. as such, glp-1 and exendin-4 have become attractive pharmaceuti ... | 2011 | 21747830 |
| mast cells and ige can enhance survival during innate and acquired host responses to venoms. | mast cells and immunoglobulin e (ige) antibodies are thought to promote health by contributing to host responses to certain parasites, but other beneficial functions have remained obscure. venoms provoke innate inflammatory responses and pathology reflecting the activities of the contained toxins. venoms also can induce allergic sensitization and development of venom-specific ige antibodies, which can predispose some subjects to exhibit anaphylaxis upon subsequent exposure to the relevant venom. ... | 2017 | 28790503 |
| unmasking venom gland transcriptomes in reptile venoms. | while structural studies of reptile venom toxins can be achieved using lyophilized venom samples, until now the cloning of precursor cdnas required sacrifice of the specimen for dissection of the venom glands. here we describe a simple and rapid technique that unmasks venom protein mrnas present in lyophilized venom samples. to illustrate the technique we have rt-pcr-amplified a range of venom protein transcripts from cdna libraries derived from the venoms of a hemotoxic snake, the chinese coppe ... | 2002 | 12470674 |
| problems with mitigation translocation of herpetofauna. | mitigation translocation of nuisance animals is a commonly used management practice aimed at resolution of human-animal conflict by removal and release of an individual animal. long considered a reasonable undertaking, especially by the general public, it is now known that translocated subjects are negatively affected by the practice. mitigation translocation is typically undertaken with individual adult organisms and has a much lower success rate than the more widely practiced conservation tran ... | 2015 | 25040040 |
| characterization of the gila monster (heloderma suspectum suspectum) venom proteome. | the archetypical venomous lizard species are the helodermatids, the gila monsters (heloderma suspectum) and the beaded lizards (heloderma horridum). in the present study, the gila monster venom proteome was characterized using 2d-gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry-based de novo peptide sequencing followed by protein identification based on sequence homology. a total of 39 different proteins were identified out of the 58 selected spots that represent the major constituents of venom. ... | 2015 | 25603280 |
| helokinestatin-7 peptides from the venoms of heloderma lizards. | helokinestatins 1-6 constitute a family of bradykinin antagonist peptides originally isolated from the venoms of the gila monster, heloderma suspectum and the mexican beaded lizard, heloderma horridum. here we report the identification, isolation and preliminary pharmacological characterization of two novel tridecapeptides, named helokinestatin-7s (fdddstelilepr - 1550 da) and helokinestatin-7h (fdddsrklilepr - 1604 da), whose primary structures were predicted from cdnas cloned from venom librar ... | 2012 | 22504015 |
| conservation phylogenetics of helodermatid lizards using multiple molecular markers and a supertree approach. | we analyzed both mitochondrial (mt-) and nuclear (n) dnas in a conservation phylogenetic framework to examine deep and shallow histories of the beaded lizard (heloderma horridum) and gila monster (h. suspectum) throughout their geographic ranges in north and central america. both mtdna and intron markers clearly partitioned each species. one intron and mtdna further subdivided h. horridum into its four recognized subspecies (h. n. alvarezi, charlesbogerti,exasperatum, and horridum). however, the ... | 2010 | 20006722 |
| nucleoside composition of heloderma venoms. | venoms of heloderma horridum and heloderma suspectum were analyzed for the possible presence of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides. adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, hypoxanthine, inosine, and uridine were found in mug quantities. these amounts are much smaller than those seen in many elapid or viperine venoms, but greater and more varied than those found in crotaline venoms. while their contribution to the hypotension induced by heloderma venoms may be minor, venom nucleosides nonetheless act in c ... | 2008 | 18430599 |
| isolation and cloning of exendin precursor cdnas from single samples of venom from the mexican beaded lizard (heloderma horridum) and the gila monster (heloderma suspectum). | reptile venoms are complex cocktails of bioactive molecules, including peptides. while the drug discovery potential of most species remains unrealized, many are endangered and afforded protection under international treaties. in this study, we describe how potential clinically important bioactive peptides and their corresponding mrnas can be structurally characterized from single, small samples of reptile venom. the potential type-2 diabetes therapeutics, exendin-3 and exendin-4, from the mexica ... | 2006 | 16386282 |
| envenomation by the mexican beaded lizard: a case report. | envenomations by venomous lizards are rare. a single report of envenomation by a mexican beaded lizard (heloderma horridum) has been published. further, anaphylaxis secondary to lizard envenomation has only been reported with the gila monster. we report an envenomation that resulted in both systemic toxicity and anaphylaxis. | 2003 | 12807305 |
| biochemical characterization of the lizard toxin gilatoxin. | the gila monster (genus heloderma) is the only known lizard to produce and inject a venomous secretion. little is known about the venom from these lizards, and none of the toxins have been isolated until this time. this paper reports the isolation and characterization of a major lethal toxin (gilatoxin) from the venoms of heloderma suspectum and heloderma horridum. gilatoxins from both species were similar in amino acid composition, electrophoretic mobility, pi, and immunological reactivity. the ... | 1981 | 6789871 |
| [biochemistry of the venom from the scaly lizards, heloderma suspectum and heloderma horridum]. | | 1967 | 5585882 |
| gila monster lizard & incretin-mimetics. | | 2017 | 28527176 |