| thermoregulation in crocodilians--ii. a telemetric study of body temperature in the australian crocodiles, crocodylus johnstoni and crocodylus porosus. | | 1976 | 2409 |
| salmonella in captive crocodiles (crocodylus johnstoni and c. porosus). | the prevalence of salmonellas in captive crocodylus porosus and c. johnstoni was investigated at 2 northern territory crocodile farms. similar proportions of each species at one farm (20.0 and 27.8% for c. porosus and c. johnstoni, respectively) carried salmonellas, but at the other farm there was a significant difference between the 2 species (81.0 and 5.0%, respectively). procedures for the slaughter of crocodiles and processing of crocodile flesh for human consumption are outlined and discuss ... | 1991 | 2043081 |
| diseases of young captive crocodiles in papua new guinea. | to identify causes of mortality in young captive crocodiles, detailed necropsy and laboratory examination was done on 54 (30 crocodylus porosus, 22 c. novaeguineae, 2 of unrecorded species). although multiple infections often confounded interpretation it was concluded that the major infectious diseases, of approximately equal importance, were coccidiosis, bacterial septicaemia with gram-negative organisms, and metazoan parasitism including ascariasis and pentastomiasis. a range of other lesions ... | 1990 | 2264804 |
| characterization of the blood cells of australian crocodiles (crocodylus porosus [schneider] and c. johnstoni [krefft]). | | 1985 | 2420235 |
| digestion, assimilation and metabolism of captive estuarine crocodiles, crocodylus porosus. | 1. digestion, assimilation and metabolism of lean and fatty pork were studied in immature c. porosus. 2. up to 92% of protein was digested but protein digestion was adversely affected by high levels of dietary fat. 3. protein was catabolized in preference to fat, much of which was stored, although the ratio between metabolizable energy and protein retention was still 2.73 g/100 kj. 4. 56.8% of ingested energy was stored, maintenance requirements taking as little as 7.7%. 5. up to 13.8% energy wa ... | 1988 | 2900103 |
| systemic mycotic disease of captive crocodile hatchling (crocodylus porosus) caused by paecilomyces lilacinus. | the sudden death occurred of a captive estuarine crocodile hatchling (crocodylus porosus). on autopsy, granuloma-like lesions were seen in the liver, left lung and spleen, and branching, septate fungal hyphae were observed in sections of liver and spleen. the fungus isolated from the liver showed characteristics of both paecilomyces lilacinus and paecilomyces marquandii but was closer to the former species. this is apparently the first report of the isolation of this fungus from a reptile in aus ... | 1988 | 3216279 |
| thermoregulation in crocodilians. i. head-body temperature control in the papuan-new guinean crocodiles, crocodylus novaeguinea and crocodylus porosus. | | 1974 | 4153887 |
| the ubiquinone content of animal tissues. a survey of the occurrence of ubiquinone in vertebrates. | 1. a method was developed for the analysis of ubiquinone in animal tissues and the recovery of added ubiquinone tested in liver of the rat, crocodylus porosus and squalus acanthias. 2. the ubiquinone content of heart, liver and gut (or breast muscle in birds) was measured in 67 different animal species, selected to be representative of all the vertebrate classes. 3. the suggestion is advanced that the possession of appreciable amounts of endogenous tissue ubiquinone is usually characteristic of ... | 1967 | 6058111 |
| providencia rettgeri meningitis in hatchling saltwater crocodiles (crocodylus porosus). | | 1996 | 8941426 |
| isolation of dermatophilus sp from skin lesions in farmed saltwater crocodiles (crocodylus porosus). | | 1997 | 9196831 |
| crocodylocapillaria longiovata n. gen., n. sp. (nematoda: capillariidae) from the stomach of crocodiles in australia and new guinea. | a new nematode, crocodylocapillaria longiovata n. gen. and n. sp., is described from the stomach of wild and farmed young crocodiles, crocodylus johnstoni krefft, and crocodylus porosus schneider, from northern australia and papua new guinea; it is undoubtedly identical with the nematodes previously reported as capillaria sp. from crocodylus novaequineae schmidt from irian jaya, indonesia. this capillariid species represents a new genus, being characterized mainly by the presence of elongate egg ... | 1998 | 9576520 |
| human, rat and crocodile liver microsomal monooxygenase activities measured using diazepam and nifedipine: effects of cyp3a inhibitors and relationship to immunochemically detected cyp3a apoprotein. | nifedipine oxidase and diazepam c3-hydroxylase were tested as activities for selectively measuring cyp3a enzymes using liver microsomes from male and female human organ donors, male and female wistar rats and male and female estuarine crocodiles. the association between cyp3a enzymes and these monooxygenations was confirmed for the human samples. male rat samples had lower specific contents of cyp3a apoprotein than the human samples but had equivalent (nifedipine) or higher (diazepam) monooxygen ... | 1999 | 10190045 |
| morphology of the cloaca in the estuarine crocodile, crocodylus porosus, and its plastic response to salinity. | the cloacal complex of crocodylus porosus is composed of three chambers (proctodaeum, urodaeum, and coprodaeum) separated by tight, muscular sphincters. the proctodaeum is proximal to the cloacal vent and houses the genitalia. the urodaeum is the largest chamber, is capable of storing large quantities of urine, and is lined with an epithelium with the capacity for transepithelial water and ion exchange. the coprodaeum, the most orad cloacal chamber, is a small, only marginally expandable chamber ... | 2000 | 10906750 |
| salmonelliasis in wildlife from queensland. | during a 20 yr period (1978 to 1998), 233 isolates of salmonella spp. were cultured from 179 wildlife animals (representing 25 species), 32 crocodile (crocodylus porosus) eggs and six crocodile nesting sites, and represented 59 different serotypes. salmonella serotype virchow, the major serotype infecting humans in north queensland, (australia) was common in macropodids, but was not found in reptiles and was isolated only once from cane toads (bufo marinus). investigations of human cases of salm ... | 2001 | 11310872 |
| characterization of outer ring iodothyronine deiodinases in tissues of the saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus). | the distribution and characterization of outer ring deiodination (ord) using reverse triiodothyronine (rt3) and thyroxine (t4) as substrates is reported in microsomes of liver, kidney, lung, heart, gut, and brain tissues from juvenile saltwater crocodiles (crocodylus porosus). in lung and heart only small amounts of rt3 ord and t4 ord were detected, while in brain only a small amount of t4 ord was detected. more detailed characterization studies could be performed on liver, kidney, and gut micro ... | 2002 | 11884083 |
| chrysosporium anamorph of nannizziopsis vriesii associated with fatal cutaneous mycoses in the salt-water crocodile (crocodylus porosus). | the chrysosporium anamorph of nannizziopsis vriesii, recently identified as the cause of cutaneous infections in chameleons and brown tree snakes, was associated with skin infections and deaths in salt-water crocodile (crocodylus porosus) hatchlings on two separate occasions 3 years apart. in all, 48 animals died from the infection. all hatchlings came from the same farm in northern queensland, australia. | 2002 | 12058727 |
| proton leak in hepatocytes and liver mitochondria from archosaurs (crocodiles) and allometric relationships for ectotherms. | it has previously been shown that mitochondrial proton conductance decreases with increasing body mass in mammals and is lower in a 250-g lizard than the laboratory rat. to examine whether mitochondrial proton conductance is extremely low in very large reptiles, hepatocytes and mitochondria were prepared from saltwater crocodiles ( crocodylus porosus) and freshwater crocodiles ( crocodylus johnstoni). respiration rates of hepatocytes and liver mitochondria were measured at 37 degrees c and compa ... | 2002 | 12122455 |
| crocodile transthyretin: structure, function, and evolution. | structure and function were studied for crocodylus porosus transthyretin (crocttr), an important intermediate in ttr evolution. the cdna for crocttr mrna was cloned and sequenced and the amino acid sequence of crocttr was deduced. in contrast to mammalian ttrs, but similar to avian and lizard ttrs, the subunit of crocttr had a long and hydrophobic nh(2)-terminal region. different from the situation in mammals, triiodothyronine (t(3)) was bound by crocttr with higher affinity than thyroxine (t(4) ... | 2002 | 12228058 |
| identification of purebred crocodylus siamensis for reintroduction in vietnam. | crocodylus siamensis, the siamese crocodile, is a critically endangered species of freshwater crocodile previously distributed throughout much of se asia. recovery plans call for reintroductions to the wild using founder individuals currently in captivity, mostly in commercial crocodile farms. on many farms c. siamensis has been intentionally hybridised with either cuban crocodiles, c. rhombifer, or the estuarine crocodile, c. porosus, and hybrids may be difficult to distinguish morphologically. ... | 2002 | 12461816 |
| membrane lipids and sodium pumps of cattle and crocodiles: an experimental test of the membrane pacemaker theory of metabolism. | the influence of membrane lipid composition on the molecular activity of a major membrane protein (the sodium pump) was examined as a test of the membrane pacemaker theory of metabolism. microsomal membranes from the kidneys of cattle (bos taurus) and crocodiles (crocodylus porosus) were found to possess similar sodium pump concentrations, but cattle membranes showed a four- to fivefold higher enzyme (na(+)-k(+)-atpase) activity when measured at 37 degrees c. the molecular activity of the sodium ... | 2004 | 15308503 |
| trichinella papuae in saltwater crocodiles (crocodylus porosus) of papua new guinea. | | 2004 | 15503400 |
| necrotizing fasciitis in captive juvenile crocodylus porosus caused by streptococcus agalactiae: an outbreak and review of the animal and human literature. | we observed an outbreak of necrotizing fasciitis associated with streptococcus agalactiae infection in a group of juvenile saltwater crocodiles (crocodylus porosus). we undertook screening of crocodiles and the environment to clarify the source of the outbreak and evaluated the isolates cultured from post-mortem specimens with molecular methods to assess clonality and the presence of known group b streptococcal virulence determinants. the isolates were indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel elect ... | 2007 | 17445318 |
| effect of the n-terminal sequence on the binding affinity to human retinol binding protein of transthyretin. | during vertebrate evolution, the n-terminal region of transthyretin (ttr) subunit underwent changing in both length and hydropathy. this was previously shown changing the binding affinity to thyroid hormones (ths). however, until now, it has not been investigated whether this change affects other functions of ttr. in this study, the effect of these changes on the binding of ttr to retinol binding protein (rbp) was determined. two wild type ttrs from human and crocodylus porosus, and three chimer ... | 2011 | 21777382 |
| novel reptilian uncoupling proteins: molecular evolution and gene expression during cold acclimation. | many animals upregulate metabolism in response to cold. uncoupling proteins (ucps) increase proton conductance across the mitochondrial membrane and can thereby alleviate damage from reactive oxygen species that may form as a result of metabolic upregulation. our aim in this study was to determine whether reptiles (crocodylus porosus) possess ucp genes. if so, we aimed to place reptilian ucp genes within a phylogenetic context and to determine whether the expression of ucp genes is increased dur ... | 0 | 18230589 |
| thermal fluctuations of haemoglobin from different species: adaptation to temperature via conformational dynamics. | thermodynamic stability, configurational motions and internal forces of haemoglobin (hb) of three endotherms (platypus, ornithorhynchus anatinus; domestic chicken, gallus gallus domesticus and human, homo sapiens) and an ectotherm (salt water crocodile, crocodylus porosus) were investigated using circular dichroism, incoherent elastic neutron scattering and coarse-grained brownian dynamics simulations. the experimental results from hb solutions revealed a direct correlation between protein resil ... | 2012 | 22696485 |
| bombesin-like immunoreactivity and the effect of bombesin in the gut, circulatory system and lung of the caiman, caiman crocodylus crocodylus, and the crocodile, crocodylus porosus. | the presence of bombesin-like material in nerves and endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal canal, the circulatory system and the lung of the caiman, caiman crocodylus crocodylus, has been investigated with immunohistochemistry (ihc) and radioimmunoassay (ria). the effect of bombesin has been studied on the vascularly perfused lung and on isolated strip preparations of the gut wall of the caiman, and on the circulatory system in vivo in both the caiman and the crocodile, crocodylus porosus. bom ... | 2008 | 2620708 |
| Aeromonas hydrophila-associated septicemia in captive crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni and Crocodylus porosus). | Five 25-yr-old crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni and Crocodylus porosus) were diagnosed with Aeromonas hydrophila-associated septicemia accelerated by improper thermoregulation. At necropsy, pulmonary congestion and pleural effusion were the main lesions in the thorax. Necrotizing enteritis, intestinal hemorrhage, fibrinous serositis, hepatitis, and pancreatitis were observed in the abdominal cavities of all five crocodiles. Aeromonas hydrophila was identified in the pleural effusions and abdomin ... | 2011 | 22204074 |
| a bacterial artificial chromosome library for the australian saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus) and its utilization in gene isolation and genome characterization. | crocodilians (order crocodylia) are an ancient vertebrate group of tremendous ecological, social, and evolutionary importance. they are the only extant reptilian members of archosauria, a monophyletic group that also includes birds, dinosaurs, and pterosaurs. consequently, crocodilian genomes represent a gateway through which the molecular evolution of avian lineages can be explored. to facilitate comparative genomics within crocodylia and between crocodilians and other archosaurs, we have const ... | 2009 | 19607660 |
| an outbreak of chlamydiosis in farmed indopacific crocodiles (crocodylus porosus). | an outbreak of chlamydiosis was diagnosed in hatchling and juvenile indopacific crocodiles (crocodylus porosus) on a crocodile farm in papua new guinea. the outbreak was characterised by high mortality with hepatitis and exudative conjunctivitis. the agent appears to have been introduced with live wild-caught crocodiles, which are purchased routinely by the farm. improved quarantine procedures and treatment with tetracycline led to a rapid reduction of losses on the farm. | 2008 | 18846855 |
| selection of river crossing location and sleeping site by proboscis monkeys (nasalis larvatus) in sabah, malaysia. | from may 2005-2006, selections of river crossing locations and sleeping sites used by a one-male group (be-group) of proboscis monkeys (nasalis larvatus) were investigated along the menanggul river, tributary of the kinabatangan river, sabah, malaysia. the frequency of river crossings for focal monkeys in the be-group was significantly higher at locations with narrow branch-to-bank distances. branch-to-bank distances were defined as the distances between the longest tree branches extending over ... | 2008 | 18651612 |
| do free-ranging common brushtail possums (trichosurus vulpecula) play a role in the transmission of toxoplasma gondii within a zoo environment? | to investigate the possible role of common brushtail possums (trichosurus vulpecula) in the transmission of toxoplasma gondii within a zoo environment, a serological survey of a free-ranging population resident within taronga zoo, sydney, australia was undertaken using the modified agglutination test (mat). for comparison, the seroprevalence of t. gondii antibodies was also assessed in a possum population inhabiting a felid-free, non-urban woodland habitat. six of 126 possums (4.8%) from the zoo ... | 2008 | 18281157 |
| satellite tracking reveals long distance coastal travel and homing by translocated estuarine crocodiles, crocodylus porosus. | crocodilians have a wide distribution, often in remote areas, are cryptic, secretive and are easily disturbed by human presence. their capacity for large scale movements is poorly known. here, we report the first study of post-release movement patterns in translocated adult crocodiles, and the first application of satellite telemetry to a crocodilian. three large male crocodylus porosus (3.1-4.5 m) were captured in northern australia and translocated by helicopter for 56, 99 and 411 km of coastl ... | 2007 | 17895990 |
| adapting to the unpredictable: reproductive biology of vertebrates in the australian wet-dry tropics. | in the wet-dry tropics of northern australia, temperatures are high and stable year-round but monsoonal rainfall is highly seasonal and variable both annually and spatially. many features of reproduction in vertebrates of this region may be adaptations to dealing with this unpredictable variation in precipitation, notably by (i) using direct proximate (rainfall-affected) cues to synchronize the timing and extent of breeding with rainfall events, (ii) placing the eggs or offspring in conditions w ... | 2008 | 17638689 |
| change in structure of the n-terminal region of transthyretin produces change in affinity of transthyretin to t4 and t3. | the relationship between the structure of the n-terminal sequence of transthyretin (ttr) and the binding of thyroid hormone was studied. a recombinant human ttr and two derivatives of crocodylus porosus ttrs, one with the n-terminal sequence replaced by that of human ttr (human/crocttr), the other with the n-terminal segment removed (truncated crocttr), were synthesized in pichia pastoris. subunit mass, native molecular weight, tetramer formation, cross-reactivity to ttr antibodies and binding t ... | 2006 | 16879610 |
| characterization of serum complement activity of saltwater (crocodylus porosus) and freshwater (crocodylus johnstoni) crocodiles. | we employed a spectroscopic assay, based on the hemolysis of sheep red blood cells (srbcs), to assess the innate immune function of saltwater and freshwater crocodiles in vitro. incubation of serum from freshwater and saltwater crocodiles with srbcs resulted in concentration-dependent increases in srbc hemolysis. the hemolytic activity occurred rapidly, with detectable activity within 2 min and maximum activity at 20 min. these activities, in both crocodilian species, were heat sensitive, unaffe ... | 2006 | 16487736 |
| inappropriate feeding practice favors the transmission of trichinella papuae from wild pigs to saltwater crocodiles in papua new guinea. | the recent discovery of trichinella zimbabwensis in farmed crocodiles (crocodilus niloticus) of zimbabwe and its ability to infect mammals, and the development of both t. zimbabwensis and trichinella papuae in experimentally infected reptiles led to an investigation of trichinella infection in saltwater crocodiles (crocodylus porosus) and in wild pigs (sus scrofa) of papua new guinea, to see if t. papuae also, is present in both cold- and warm-blooded animals. of 222 crocodiles examined, 47 anim ... | 2004 | 15710525 |
| body size drives allochthony in food webs of tropical rivers. | food web subsidies from external sources ("allochthony") can support rich biological diversity and high secondary and tertiary production in aquatic systems, even those with low rates of primary production. however, animals vary in their degree of dependence on these subsidies. we examined dietary sources for aquatic animals restricted to refugial habitats (waterholes) during the dry season in australia's wet-dry tropics, and show that allochthony is strongly size dependent. while small-bodied f ... | 2017 | 27896479 |
| herpesvirus-like particles in the skin of a saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus). | | 2004 | 15267097 |
| exhaustive exercise training enhances aerobic capacity in american alligator (alligator mississippiensis). | the oxygen transport system in mammals is extensively remodelled in response to repeated bouts of activity, but many reptiles appear to be 'metabolically inflexible' in response to exercise training. a recent report showed that estuarine crocodiles (crocodylus porosus) increase their maximum metabolic rate in response to exhaustive treadmill training, and in the present study, we confirm this response in another crocodilian, american alligator (alligator mississippiensis). we further specify the ... | 2009 | 19533151 |
| sequencing three crocodilian genomes to illuminate the evolution of archosaurs and amniotes. | the international crocodilian genomes working group (icgwg) will sequence and assemble the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis), saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus) and indian gharial (gavialis gangeticus) genomes. the status of these projects and our planned analyses are described. | 2012 | 22293439 |
| igh loci of american alligator and saltwater crocodile shed light on iga evolution. | immunoglobulin loci of two representatives of the order crocodylia were studied from full genome sequences. both alligator mississippiensis and crocodylus porosus have 13 genes for the heavy chain constant regions of immunoglobulins. the ighc locus contains genes encoding four immunoglobulins m (igm), one immunoglobulin d (igd), three immunoglobulins a (iga), three immunoglobulins y (igy), and two immunoglobulins d2 (igd2). iga and igd2 genes were found in reverse transcriptional orientation com ... | 2013 | 23558556 |
| three crocodilian genomes reveal ancestral patterns of evolution among archosaurs. | to provide context for the diversification of archosaurs--the group that includes crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds--we generated draft genomes of three crocodilians: alligator mississippiensis (the american alligator), crocodylus porosus (the saltwater crocodile), and gavialis gangeticus (the indian gharial). we observed an exceptionally slow rate of genome evolution within crocodilians at all levels, including nucleotide substitutions, indels, transposable element content and movement, gene f ... | 2014 | 25504731 |
| tooth counts through growth in diapsid reptiles: implications for interpreting individual and size-related variation in the fossil record. | tooth counts are commonly recorded in fossil diapsid reptiles and have been used for taxonomic and phylogenetic purposes under the assumption that differences in the number of teeth are largely explained by interspecific variation. although phylogeny is almost certainly one of the greatest factors influencing tooth count, the relative role of intraspecific variation is difficult, and often impossible, to test in the fossil record given the sample sizes available to palaeontologists and, as such, ... | 2015 | 25689039 |
| alligators and crocodiles have high paracellular absorption of nutrients, but differ in digestive morphology and physiology. | much of what is known about crocodilian nutrition and growth has come from animals propagated in captivity, but captive animals from the families crocodilidae and alligatoridae respond differently to similar diets. since there are few comparative studies of crocodilian digestive physiology to help explain these differences, we investigated young alligator mississippiensis and crocodylus porosus in terms of (1) gross and microscopic morphology of the intestine, (2) activity of the membrane-bound ... | 2015 | 26060211 |
| similarity of crocodilian and avian lungs indicates unidirectional flow is ancestral for archosaurs. | patterns of airflow and pulmonary anatomy were studied in the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis), the black caiman (melanosuchus niger), the spectacled caiman (caiman crocodilus), the dwarf crocodile (osteolaemus tetraspis), the saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus), the nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus), and morelet's crocodile (crocodylus moreletii). in addition, anatomy was studied in the orinoco crocodile (crocodylus intermedius). airflow was measured using heated thermis ... | 2015 | 26141868 |
| ontogenetic comparisons of standard metabolism in three species of crocodilians. | due in part to their large size, aggressive temperament, and difficulty in handling, there are few physiological studies of adult crocodilians in the literature. as a result, studies comparing individuals across an ontogenetic series and comparisons among species are also lacking. we addressed this gap in knowledge by measuring standard metabolic rates (smr) of three species of crocodilians (crocodylus porosus, c. johnsoni, and alligator mississippiensis), and included individuals that ranged fr ... | 2017 | 28182696 |
| the probable role of cannibalism in spreading trichinella papuae infection in a crocodile farm in papua new guinea. | between 2003 and 2007, 83 (50%) of 167 crocodiles (crocodylus porosus) purchased as juveniles by a crocodile farm 3 or 4 years earlier from kikori, gulf province, were found to be infected with trichinella papuae. between 2005 and 2007 infection was detected in a number of crocodiles at the farm obtained from six localities other than kikori, as well as in a few animals born on the farm. up to 2004, all juveniles at the farm, whether wild- or farm-born, were penned together; the practice was the ... | 2014 | 24792746 |
| reference levels for corticosterone and immune function in farmed saltwater crocodiles (crocodylus porosus) hatchlings using current code of practice guidelines. | to determine reference levels for on-farm stressors on immune responsiveness and growth rate, 253 hatchling crocodiles from 11 known breeding pairs were repeatedly measured and blood sampled during their first year. plasma corticosterone (cort) was used to quantify baseline stress levels in captive animals and were found to be lower (mean 1.83±se 0.16 ng/ml) than previously reported in saltwater crocodile hatchlings. two tests of immune function were also conducted. innate constitutive immunity ... | 2015 | 25644211 |
| sequence analysis and characterisation of virally induced viperin in the saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus). | a number of pathogens have been detected in crocodiles, however little is known about their ability to control these pathogens. the interferon stimulated gene (isg), viperin, has gained attention recently as an important host protein involved in multiple arms of the immune response. viperin in concert with a number of other isgs was upregulated in response to viral nucleic acid mimics and sendai virus in the c. porosus cell line, lv-1, indicating an intact early innate response to viral infectio ... | 2015 | 25766282 |
| genetics and infection dynamics of paratrichosoma sp in farmed saltwater crocodiles (crocodylus porosus). | paratrichosoma-associated helminthiasis has been identified in saltwater crocodiles under intensive farming conditions. the development of sustainable integrated management practices is dependent on a detailed understanding of paratrichosoma population genetics and infection dynamics. this study investigated the genetic relationships of paratrichosoma sp in a population of commercially farmed saltwater crocodiles, crocodylus porosus, in northern australia. 18s ribosomal rna gene sequence data we ... | 2015 | 25416333 |
| assessment of microsatellites in estimating inter- and intraspecific variation among neotropical crocodylus species. | we tested microsatellites that were developed for the saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus) for cross-species amplification and to provide an estimate of inter- and intraspecific variation among four species of neotropical crocodiles (c. rhombifer, c. intermedius, c. acutus, and c. moreletii). our results indicated that with the exception of 2 loci in c. intermedius, all 10 microsatellite loci were successfully amplified in the 4 species, producing a set of variably sized alleles that ranged ... | 2014 | 25117304 |
| home range utilisation and long-range movement of estuarine crocodiles during the breeding and nesting season. | the estuarine crocodile (crocodylus porosus) is the apex-predator in waterways and coastlines throughout south-east asia and australasia. c. porosus pose a potential risk to humans, and management strategies are implemented to control their movement and distribution. here we used gps-based telemetry to accurately record geographical location of adult c. porosus during the breeding and nesting season. the purpose of the study was to assess how c. porosus movement and distribution may be influence ... | 2013 | 23650510 |
| parasitism by placobdella multilineata (hirudinoidea: glossiphoniidae) and its first record from asia. | placobdella multilineata (hirudinoidea: glossiphoniidae) a temporary, bloodsucking ectoparasite, was previously recorded only from the southern united states, with turtles and the american alligator (alligator mississipiensis) as hosts. this is the first record of p. multilineata from asia (beijing, people's republic of china) and also a new host record for the estuarine crocodile (crocodylus porosus). the introduction of p. multilineata to asia occurred as a result of the transfer of american a ... | 1985 | 3981352 |
| a new marker based on the avian spindlin gene that is able to sex most birds, including species problematic to sex with chd markers. | we have developed a new marker (z43b) that can be successfully used to identify the sex of most birds (69%), including species difficult or impossible to sex with other markers. we utilized the zebra finch taeniopygia guttata est microsatellite sequence (ck309496) which displays sequence homology to the 5' untranslated region (utr) of the avian spindlin gene. this gene is known to be present on the z and w chromosomes. to maximize cross-species utility, the primer set was designed from a consens ... | 2016 | 27801957 |
| validation of a multiplex pcr assay for the forensic identification of indian crocodiles. | a dependable and efficient wildlife species identification system is essential for swift dispensation of the justice linking wildlife crimes. development of molecular techniques is befitting the need of the time. the forensic laboratories often receive highly ill-treated samples for identification purposes, and thus, validation of any novel methodology is necessary for forensic usage. we validate a novel multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay, developed at this laboratory for the forensic ide ... | 2011 | 21595696 |
| methemoglobin reduction in crocodile blood: are high levels of methb typical of healthy reptiles? | in 82 wild-caught crocodylus porosus, levels of nadh-methb reductase and gsh seem adequate to maintain hemoglobin in its reduced functional state. studies of c. porosus erythrocytes in vitro show reduction of methb in the presence of lactate, glucose and plasma, but not pyruvate. these findings, together with recent data which show low methb in a variety of reptiles, cast doubt on the accepted view that high levels of methb are typical of healthy reptiles. one explanation for the sharp contrast ... | 1980 | 7462971 |
| a survey of blastocystis in reptiles. | a total of 28 species of reptiles were investigated for blastocystis using light microscopy and in vitro culture in biphasic egg slant medium. blastocystis species were detected in 8 (28.6%) of these 28 species in 3 tortoises (geochelone elephantopus, g. elegans and g. carbonaria), 3 snakes (boiga dendrophilla, python reticulatus and elaphe radiata), 1 crocodile (crocodylus porosus) and 1 iguana lizard (cyclura cornuta). the reptilian blastocystis appeared to be morphologically similar to b. hom ... | 1992 | 1495927 |
| transient receptor potential ion channels control thermoregulatory behaviour in reptiles. | biological functions are governed by thermodynamics, and animals regulate their body temperature to optimise cellular performance and to avoid harmful extremes. the capacity to sense environmental and internal temperatures is a prerequisite for the evolution of thermoregulation. however, the mechanisms that enable ectothermic vertebrates to sense heat remain unknown. the recently discovered thermal characteristics of transient receptor potential ion channels (trp) render these proteins suitable ... | 2007 | 17356692 |
| check-list of the pentastomid parasites crocodilians and freshwater chelonians. | based on published records and own data a summary is given of the geographical distribution of the currently known species of pentastomid parasites infecting crocodiles and alligators, as well as freshwater chelonians. a brief generic diagnosis is provided for each genus. fourteen out of the currently 23 living crocodilian species have been recorded as being host to one or more pentastomes. out of the 32 pentastome species six are considered species inquirendae. presently, six genera of crocodil ... | 2006 | 16715876 |
| osmoregulation of the nile crocodile, crocodylus niloticus, in lake st. lucia, kwazulu/natal, south africa. | nile crocodiles of three age classes, hatched in captivity and reared in fresh water, when exposed acutely to water of 17 and 35 ppt nacl, suffered marked dehydration, were lethargic, ceased to feed and lost mass. when exposed to gradually increasing salinities (3-35 ppt), with a short acclimation period at each salinity, crocodiles survived, continued to feed and increased in mass and size. all age classes had a relatively constant plasma osmolality across the salinity spectrum. cloacal urine o ... | 2000 | 10964030 |
| nile crocodiles, crocodylus niloticus, and estuarine crocodiles, crocodylus porosus, show similar osmoregulatory responses on exposure to seawater. | 1. nile crocodiles, reared in fresh water and exposed acutely to seawater, suffer marked dehydration and hypernatraemia. cloacal urine osmolarity and potassium concentration increased markedly but urine sodium remains low. 2. hypernatraemia is increased when secretion from the lingual salt glands is prevented. 3. c. niloticus appears not to drink seawater. 4. similarities in osmoregulatory response between estuarine and nile crocodiles suggest that the lingual salt glands of c. niloticus are fun ... | 1988 | 2896574 |
| strong purifying selection in endogenous retroviruses in the saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus) in the northern territory of australia. | | 2012 | 23217152 |
| mhc class i of saltwater crocodiles (crocodylus porosus): polymorphism and balancing selection. | saltwater crocodiles are in high demand for the production of luxury fashion items. however, their susceptibility to disease incurs substantial losses and it is hoped to be able to genetically select these animals for disease resistance. so far, this has only been enabled by phenotypic selection. investigating the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) could provide insight into the ability of an individual to respond to pathogens acting as a selective pressure on the host. here, we assessed gen ... | 2012 | 22864956 |
| preliminary studies of chemical immobilization of captive juvenile estuarine (crocodylus porosus) and australian freshwater (c. johnstoni) crocodiles with medetomidine and reversal with atipamezole. | to establish a safe, reliable and reversible immobilization protocol for captive juvenile crocodiles. | 2012 | 22642399 |
| medetomidine immobilisation and atipamezole reversal in large estuarine crocodiles (crocodylus porosus) using metabolically scaled dosages. | restraint of large estuarine crocodiles is potentially dangerous. neuromuscular blockers and other immobilising drugs have been used with variable results. medetomidine has been reported as a reliable, repeatable and reversible immobilisation agent in small estuarine crocodilians. | 2012 | 22632288 |
| digital dissection and three-dimensional interactive models of limb musculature in the australian estuarine crocodile (crocodylus porosus). | digital dissection is a relatively new technique that has enabled scientists to gain a better understanding of vertebrate anatomy. it can be used to rapidly disseminate detailed, three-dimensional information in an easily accessible manner that reduces the need for destructive, traditional dissections. here we present the results of a digital dissection on the appendicular musculature of the australian estuarine crocodile (crocodylus porosus). a better understanding of this until now poorly know ... | 2017 | 28384201 |
| cryopreservation of saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus) spermatozoa. | the aim of the present study was to develop a protocol for the successful cryopreservation of saltwater crocodile spermatozoa. sperm cells were frozen above liquid nitrogen vapour in phosphate-buffered saline (pbs) containing either 0.3m trehalose, 0.3m raffinose or 0.3m sucrose and compared with glycerol (0.3-2.7m). although the highest levels of mean post-thaw motility were observed following cryopreservation in 0.3m trehalose (7.6%) and 0.3m sucrose (7.3%), plasma membrane integrity (pi) was ... | 2017 | 28356183 |
| extracellular histones identified in crocodile blood inhibit in-vitro hiv-1 infection. | it has been reported that crocodile blood contains potent antibacterial and antiviral properties. however, its effects on hiv-1 infection remain unknown. | 2016 | 27191975 |
| the australian saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus) provides evidence that the capacitation of spermatozoa may extend beyond the mammalian lineage. | although mammalian spermatozoa only acquire functional maturity as they are conveyed through the male (epididymal maturation) and female (capacitation) reproductive tracts, the degree of post-testicular development necessary to achieve fertilization in other vertebrate species remains far less clear. indeed, despite reports that the epididymis of birds and reptiles is capable of secreting proteins that bind and modify the sperm surface characteristics, it remains unclear whether capacitation is ... | 2016 | 27147099 |
| spatial ecology of estuarine crocodile (crocodylus porosus) nesting in a fragmented landscape. | the role that oil palm plays in the lower kinabatangan region of eastern sabah is of considerable scientific and conservation interest, providing a model habitat for many tropical regions as they become increasingly fragmented. crocodilians, as apex predators, widely distributed throughout the tropics, are ideal indicator species for ecosystem health. drones (or unmanned aerial vehicles (uavs)) were used to identify crocodile nests in a fragmented landscape. flights were targeted through the use ... | 2016 | 27657065 |
| spatial resolving power and spectral sensitivity of the saltwater crocodile, crocodylus porosus, and the freshwater crocodile, crocodylus johnstoni. | crocodilians are apex amphibious predators that occupy a range of tropical habitats. in this study, we examined whether their semi-aquatic lifestyle and ambush hunting mode are reflected in specific adaptations in the peripheral visual system. design-based stereology and microspectrophotometry were used to assess spatial resolving power and spectral sensitivity of saltwater (crocodylus porosus) and freshwater crocodiles (crocodylus johnstoni). both species possess a foveal streak that spans the ... | 2016 | 27208035 |
| diagnostic investigation of new disease syndromes in farmed australian saltwater crocodiles (crocodylus porosus) reveals associations with herpesviral infection. | since 2006, 3 new disease syndromes have emerged in farmed saltwater crocodiles (crocodylus porosus) in the northern territory of australia. we describe the syndromes through a retrospective study of laboratory findings from 187 diagnostic cases submitted to berrimah veterinary laboratories between 2005 and 2014. the first syndrome was characterized by conjunctivitis and/or pharyngitis (cp), primarily in hatchlings. herpesviruses were isolated in primary crocodile cell culture, or were detected ... | 2016 | 27075848 |
| squamous cell carcinoma with hepatic metastasis in a saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus). | squamous cell carcinomas (scc) are uncommon in reptiles and there have been few reports of neoplasia in australian crocodiles, despite increased numbers being raised in captivity. | 2016 | 26914955 |
| unexpected lower testosterone in faster growing farmed saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus) hatchlings. | agricultural production of the saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus) is an emergent industry in northern australia with many of the factors affecting production remaining unknown. in this study, we sought to expand upon our previous findings of reference corticosterone and immune function by reporting baseline sex hormone levels [testosterone (test) and estradiol (estr)] and their association with growth. this was achieved by sampling 253 hatchling crocodiles repeatedly at 3, 6, and 9months o ... | 2016 | 26631457 |
| molecular identification of three novel herpesviruses found in australian farmed saltwater crocodiles (crocodylus porosus) and australian captive freshwater crocodiles (crocodylus johnstoni). | as part of a larger investigation into three emerging disease syndromes highlighted by conjunctivitis and pharyngitis, systemic lymphoid proliferation and encephalitis, and lymphonodular skin infiltrates in farmed saltwater crocodiles (crocodylus porosus) and one emerging syndrome of systemic lymphoid proliferation in captive freshwater crocodiles (crocodylus johnstoni), cytopathic effects (cpe), including syncytial cell formation, were observed in primary crocodile cell lines exposed to clarifi ... | 2015 | 26475649 |
| the assessment of sperm dna fragmentation in the saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus). | herein we report a method of assessing dna fragmentation in the saltwater crocodile using the sperm chromatin dispersion test (scdt) after including frozen-thawed spermatozoa in a microgel (halomax; halotech dna, madrid, spain). following controlled protein depletion, which included a reducing agent, sperm nuclei with fragmented dna showed a homogeneous and larger halo of chromatin dispersion with a corresponding reduced nucleoid core compared with sperm with non-fragmented dna. the presence of ... | 2015 | 26462595 |
| dead or alive? factors affecting the survival of victims during attacks by saltwater crocodiles (crocodylus porosus) in australia. | conflicts between humans and crocodilians are a widespread conservation challenge and the number of crocodile attacks is increasing worldwide. we identified the factors that most effectively decide whether a victim is injured or killed in a crocodile attack by fitting generalized linear models to a 42-year dataset of 87 attacks (27 fatal and 60 non-fatal) by saltwater crocodiles (crocodylus porosus) in australia. the models showed that the most influential factors were the difference in body mas ... | 2015 | 25961294 |
| diving in a warming world: the thermal sensitivity and plasticity of diving performance in juvenile estuarine crocodiles (crocodylus porosus). | air-breathing, diving ectotherms are a crucial component of the biodiversity and functioning of aquatic ecosystems, but these organisms may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change on submergence times. ectothermic dive capacity is thermally sensitive, with dive durations significantly reduced by acute increases in water temperature; it is unclear whether diving performance can acclimate/acclimatize in response to long-term exposure to elevated water temperatures. we assessed ... | 2015 | 27293738 |
| comparative genome analyses reveal distinct structure in the saltwater crocodile mhc. | the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) is a dynamic genome region with an essential role in the adaptive immunity of vertebrates, especially antigen presentation. the mhc is generally divided into subregions (classes i, ii and iii) containing genes of similar function across species, but with different gene number and organisation. crocodylia (crocodilians) are widely distributed and represent an evolutionary distinct group among higher vertebrates, but the genomic organisation of mhc within ... | 2014 | 25503521 |
| the relationship between early growth and survival of hatchling saltwater crocodiles (crocodylus porosus) in captivity. | hatchling fitness in crocodilians is affected by "runtism" or failure to thrive syndrome (ftt) in captivity. in this study, 300 hatchling c. porosus, artificially incubated at 32°c for most of their embryonic development, were raised in semi-controlled conditions, with growth criteria derived for the early detection of ftt (within 24 days). body mass, four days after hatching (bm4d), was correlated with egg size and was highly clutch specific, while snout-vent length (svl4d) was much more variab ... | 2014 | 24960026 |
| picosecond dynamics in haemoglobin from different species: a quasielastic neutron scattering study. | dynamics in haemoglobin from platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus), chicken (gallus gallus domesticus) and saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus) were measured to investigate response of conformational motions on the picosecond time scale to naturally occurring variations in the amino acid sequence of structurally identical proteins. | 2014 | 24954308 |
| pathology of runting in farmed saltwater crocodiles (crocodylus porosus) in australia. | extremely poor growth of some individuals within a birth cohort (runting) is a significant problem in crocodile farming. we conducted a pathological investigation to determine if infectious disease is associated with runting in farmed saltwater crocodiles (crocodylus porosus) and to look for evidence of other etiologies. in each of 2005 and 2007, 10 normal and 10 runt crocodiles, with an average age of 5.5 months and reared under identical conditions, were sampled. laboratory testing included po ... | 2014 | 24395912 |
| characterization of crocodile teeth: correlation of composition, microstructure, and hardness. | structure and composition of teeth of the saltwater crocodile crocodylus porosus were characterized by several high-resolution analytical techniques. x-ray diffraction in combination with elemental analysis and infrared spectroscopy showed that the mineral phase of the teeth is a carbonated calcium-deficient nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite in all three tooth-constituting tissues: dentin, enamel, and cementum. the fluoride content in the three tissues is very low (<0.1 wt.%) and comparable to that ... | 2013 | 24091039 |
| stress in farmed saltwater crocodiles (crocodylus porosus): no difference between individually- and communally-housed animals. | minimising stress in farmed crocodiles is not only important for improving animal welfare, but may also improve skin blemish healing and infection resistance, which influence the quality of the final skin product. forty near-harvest size saltwater crocodiles (1.6-1.8 m tl) from two australian farms were sampled to evaluate the effect of different pen types (communal pens n=20; individual pens n=20) on stress as indicated by plasma corticosterone. blood samples were taken within three minutes of ... | 2013 | 24010039 |
| comparison of biochemical stress indicators in juvenile captive estuarine crocodiles (crocodylus porosus) following physical restraint or chemical restraint by midazolam injection. | using a prospective, randomized study design we demonstrate that midazolam sedation minimizes acidosis compared with physical restraint in captive juvenile estuarine crocodiles during handling or noninvasive procedures at preferred body temperature. a dose of midazolam (5.0 mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly into the forelimb of 20 male estuarine crocodiles weighing 2-3.5 kg. their heart and respiratory rate and degree of sedation were monitored until recovery and then daily for 7 subsequen ... | 2013 | 23778605 |
| identification of indian crocodile species through dna barcodes. | the biodiversity of india includes three crocodile species, crocodylus palustris, crocodylus porosus, and gavialis gangeticus, whose status is threatened due to bushmeat crisis and illegal hunting. the crocodilian conservation management requires novel techniques to help forensic analysts to reveal species identity. dna barcoding is a species identification technique, where a partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene is used as a marker for species identification. herein, the dna barcoding tec ... | 2013 | 23718785 |
| preliminary studies of alfaxalone for intravenous immobilization of juvenile captive estuarine crocodiles (crocodylus porosus) and australian freshwater crocodiles (crocodylus johnstoni) at optimal and selected sub-optimal thermal zones. | to investigate the character of immobilization given by alfaxalone in juvenile crocodiles at optimal and at suboptimal temperatures. | 2013 | 23461432 |
| the effects of decreased body temperature on the onset, duration and action of medetomidine and its antagonist atipamezole in juvenile farmed estuarine crocodiles (crocodylus porosus). | to determine the efficacy of medetomidine for immobilisation of captive juvenile crocodiles over a range of temperatures, and its reversibility with atipamezole. | 2013 | 23433120 |
| scaling of standard metabolic rate in estuarine crocodiles crocodylus porosus. | standard metabolic rate (smr, ml o2 min(-1)) of captive crocodylus porosus at 30 °c scales with body mass (kg) according to the equation, smr = 1.01 m(0.829), in animals ranging in body mass of 3.3 orders of magnitude (0.19-389 kg). the exponent is significantly higher than 0.75, so does not conform to quarter-power scaling theory, but rather is likely an emergent property with no single explanation. smr at 1 kg body mass is similar to the literature for c. porosus and for alligators. the high e ... | 2013 | 23233168 |
| the accessory role of the diaphragmaticus muscle in lung ventilation in the estuarine crocodile crocodylus porosus. | crocodilians use a combination of three muscular mechanisms to effect lung ventilation: the intercostal muscles producing thoracic movement, the abdominal muscles producing pelvic rotation and gastralial translation, and the diaphragmaticus muscle producing visceral displacement. earlier studies suggested that the diaphragmaticus is a primary muscle of inspiration in crocodilians, but direct measurements of the diaphragmatic contribution to lung ventilation and gas exchange have not been made to ... | 2012 | 22323207 |
| a novel multiplex pcr assay for the identification of indian crocodiles. | illegal hunting has been a major threat for the survival of wildlife fauna, including the three crocodile species that india harbours: crocodylus palustris, crocodylus porosus and gavialis gangeticus. although law prevents trade on these species, illicit hunting for trade continues to threaten the survival of these endangered species; conservation strategies therefore require a rapid molecular identification technique for indian crocodiles. a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay with ... | 2010 | 21565084 |
| molecular phylogenetic analyses of genus crocodylus (eusuchia, crocodylia, crocodylidae) and the taxonomic position of crocodylus porosus. | the genus crocodylus consists of 11 species including the largest living reptile, crocodylus porosus. the current understanding of the intrageneric relationships between the members of the genus crocodylus is sparse. even though members of this genus have been included in many phylogenetic analyses, different molecular approaches have resulted in incongruent trees leaving the phylogenetic relationships among the members of crocodylus unresolved inclusive of the placement of c. porosus. in this s ... | 2010 | 20601012 |
| estuarine crocodiles ride surface currents to facilitate long-distance travel. | 1. the estuarine crocodile (crocodylus porosus) is the world's largest living reptile. it predominately inhabits freshwater and estuarine habitats, but widespread geographic distribution throughout oceanic islands of the south-east pacific suggests that individuals undertake sizeable ocean voyages. 2. here we show that adult c. porosus adopt behavioural strategies to utilise surface water currents during long-distance travel, enabling them to move quickly and efficiently over considerable distan ... | 2010 | 20546063 |
| activity, abundance, distribution and expression of na+/k+-atpase in the salt glands of crocodylus porosus following chronic saltwater acclimation. | saltwater crocodiles, crocodylus porosus, possess lingual salt glands which function to remove excess na(+) and cl(-) accumulated as a consequence of living in salt water. little is known about the nature of ion transport systems in c. porosus salt glands and how these systems respond to an osmotic challenge. in the present study, we examined the distribution and regulation of the na(+)/k(+)-atpase (nka) pump, specifically the alpha-(catalytic) subunit in the salt glands of c. porosus chronicall ... | 2010 | 20348342 |
| hormone-dependent dissociation of blood flow and secretion rate in the lingual salt glands of the estuarine crocodile, crocodylus porosus. | salt and water balance in the estuarine crocodile, crocodylus porosus, involves the coordinated action of both renal and extra-renal tissues. the highly vascularised, lingual salt glands of c. porosus excrete a concentrated sodium chloride solution. in the present study, we examined the in vivo actions of vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip), b-type natriuretic peptide (bnp) and angiotensin ii (ang ii) on the secretion rate and blood perfusion of the lingual salt glands. these peptides were selec ... | 2010 | 20238117 |
| standardized reference ideogram for physical mapping in the saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus). | basic cytogenetic data, such as diploid number and general chromosome morphology, are available for many reptilian species. here we present a detailed cytogenetic examination of the saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus) karyotype, including the creation of the first fully annotated g-band standard ideogram for any crocodilian species. the c. porosus karyotype contains macrochromosomes and has a diploid number of 34. this study presents a detailed description of each chromosome, permitting una ... | 2009 | 20203476 |
| comparative nmr studies of diffusional water permeability of red blood cells from different species: xviii platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) and saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus). | as part of a programme of comparative measurements of pd (diffusional water permeability) the rbcs (red blood cells) from an aquatic monotreme, platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus), and an aquatic reptile, saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus) were studied. the mean diameter of platypus rbcs was estimated by light microscopy and found to be approximately 6.3 microm. pd was measured by using an mn2+-doping 1h nmr (nuclear magnetic resonance) technique. the pd (cm/s) values were relatively low: ... | 2010 | 20187871 |
| pharmacokinetic behavior of enrofloxacin in estuarine crocodile (crocodylus porosus) after single intravenous, intramuscular, and oral doses. | the disposition kinetics of enrofloxacin at a single dose of 5 mg/kg body weight were determined in clinically healthy captive-reared estuarine crocodiles (crocodylus porosus) after intravenous (i.v.), intramuscular (i.m.), and oral (p.o.) administration. enrofloxacin plasma concentrations were determined by diode array detection-high-performance liquid chromatography (limit of detection/limit of quantitation: 0.05 microg/ml). data were subjected to noncompartmental analysis. the integrated phar ... | 2009 | 20063816 |
| qtl mapping for two commercial traits in farmed saltwater crocodiles (crocodylus porosus). | the recent generation of a genetic linkage map for the saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus) has now made it possible to carry out the systematic searches necessary for the identification of quantitative trait loci (qtl) affecting traits of economic, as well as evolutionary, importance in crocodilians. in this study, we conducted genome-wide scans for two commercially important traits, inventory head length (which is highly correlated with growth rate) and number of scale rows (sr, a skin qua ... | 2010 | 19917044 |
| thermal acclimation and regulation of metabolism in a reptile (crocodylus porosus): the importance of transcriptional mechanisms and membrane composition. | energy metabolism is fundamental for animal fitness because it fuels locomotion, growth, and reproduction. mitochondrial capacities often acclimate to compensate for negative thermodynamic effects. our aim was to determine the importance of transcriptional regulation and membrane fatty acid composition in modulating oxidative capacities at body temperatures selected in a cold and a warm environment by a reptile (crocodylus porosus). in the cool environment (mean selected t(b) = 21 degrees c), mr ... | 2009 | 19732017 |