| effects of recombinant human growth hormone on anorexic nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus). | 1. eleven-month-old nile crocodiles with poor appetite and retarded growth were injected with 0.325 micrograms/g recombinant human growth hormone (hgh) twice a week for 4 weeks. 2. the treated animals had a mean intake per meal of 29.8 g/kg, while the controls ate only 2.8 g/kg. 3. the treated group gained 8.1% of their initial body weight, while the controls lost 6.3%. 4. during 4 weeks of treatment the body and head length increased by 3.93 and 1.29%, respectively, while no linear growth took ... | 1992 | 1359943 |
| effects of recombinant human growth hormone in juvenile nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus). | 1. recombinant human growth hormone (hgh) showed somatotropic activity in juvenile nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus). 2. body weight of crocodiles receiving 3.25 micrograms hgh/g body weight twice a week was increased by 49% after five weeks of treatment, compared to 31% increase in controls. 3. total length was increased by 15 and 5%, respectively, in the two groups. 4. food conversion efficiency increased from 28% in the controls to 36% in the hormone injected animals. 5. cessation of hor ... | 1990 | 1981037 |
| treatment and control of an outbreak of salmonellosis in hatchling nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus). | the therapeutic and managemental steps taken to bring a severe outbreak of salmonellosis in nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) under control are described. all the crocodiles were initially given intramuscular injections with kanamycin on alternating days for 8 d, coupled with adjustment of the ambient temperature to 29 degrees c. the holding pens were cleaned and disinfected with 2% formalin at the onset of treatment. daily scrubbing and disinfection was continued throughout the treatment p ... | 1991 | 2051444 |
| crocodile (crocodylus niloticus) bile acids and arrow poisons. | | 1985 | 4042148 |
| the catabolism of cholesterol in vitro. formation of 3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholestanoic acid from cholesterol by rat liver. | 1. both 25-d- and 25-l-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoic acid were isolated from the gall-bladder bile of crocodylus niloticus. 2. the catabolism of cholesterol to 25-d- and 25-l-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoic acid respectively was studied by using a rat liver preparation in vitro. the results show that rat liver can metabolize cholesterol to both forms of 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestanoic acid. however, a preference was noted for the form ... | 1969 | 5810058 |
| direct reciprocal allosteric interaction of oxygen and hydrogen carbonate sequence of the haemoglobins of the caiman (caiman crocodylus), the nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus) and the mississippi crocodile (alligator mississippiensis). | | 1981 | 6286445 |
| biologically active gastrin/cck-related peptides in the stomach of a reptile, crocodylus niloticus; identified and characterized by immunochemical methods. | we have used immunochemical, chromatographic, and bioassay techniques to characterize peptides related to gastrin and cck, from the stomach of the reptile crocodylus niloticus. by immunocytochemistry gastrin/cck-like peptides were localized in specific mucosal cells of the pylorus and in the duodenum. boiling water extracts of pyloric antrum cross reacted with four antisera specific for the c-terminal region of gastrin or cck, but estimates of concentration varied between antisera. antisera spec ... | 1982 | 7167403 |
| hepatitis in farmed hatchling nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) due to chlamydial infection. | an investigation into the cause of acute mortality in farmed hatchling crocodiles crocodylus niloticus led to the isolation of chlamydia from the livers of affected animals. prominent pathological finds were acute hepatitis with intracellular chlamydial colonies and generalized oedema. a chlamydia presumed to be c. psittaci was isolated from livers of affected hatchlings. mortality subsided after treatment with oxytetracycline. this disease is now recognized as being a major problem on crocodile ... | 1994 | 7745587 |
| transplanting a unique allosteric effect from crocodile into human haemoglobin. | crocodiles are able to remain under water for more than one hour without surfacing to breathe and often kill their prey by drowning it. how do crocodiles stay under water for a long time? when they hold their breath, bicarbonate ions, the final product of respiration, accumulate and drastically reduce the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin, releasing a large fraction of haemoglobin-bound oxygen into the tissues. we have now located the bicarbonate-ion-binding site at the alpha 1 beta 2-subunit inter ... | 1995 | 7816138 |
| phenotypic characterization of zimbabwean isolates of pasteurella multocida. | the phenotypic characteristics of 60 zimbabwean isolates of pasteurella multocida sensu stricto, from disease syndromes in different host species were studied. a number of representative strains were also serotyped. consistent results were obtained in the tests for; catalase, oxidase, urease, indole, acid in glucose, inositol, salicin and sucrose. there was no obvious relationship between serotype, host or disease and the pattern of utilization of certain substrates by an isolate. this has been ... | 1994 | 8160349 |
| microbial flora of frozen tail meat from captive nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus). | frozen tail meat samples from nine nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) were evaluated for microbial numbers and types. microbial analyses yielded a mean aerobic plate count (apc, 30 degrees c) of 4.86 log cfu/g, a mean coliform count (tc, 37 degrees c) of 3.77 log cfu/g and a mean faecal coliform count (fc, 44 degrees c) of 3.40 log cfu/g. salmonella was isolated from three samples, and beta-haemolytic streptococci from two samples. yersinia, aeromonas, staphylococcus aureus and bacillus cere ... | 1993 | 8466815 |
| mycoplasma-associated polyarthritis in farmed crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) in zimbabwe. | outbreaks of polyarthritis in farmed crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) on five farms in zimbabwe are described. cases were reported only among the rearing stock aged 1-3 years. no breeding stock suffered. morbidity was about 10% and the mortality even lower. all the sick animals consistently displayed swollen limb joints as well as progressive lameness and paresis. the synovial structures in subacute cases contained mycoplasmas and excess turbid mucus which, at a later stage of the disease, beca ... | 1995 | 8539034 |
| prevalence and serovar distribution of salmonella in fresh and frozen meat from captive nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus). | salmonella was isolated from 6 of 20 (30.0%) samples of fresh meat, and from 28 of 140 (20.0%) samples of frozen meat processed for human consumption from captive nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) in zimbabwe. salmonella enterica isolates showed a serovar distribution of 41.2% (14/34) subsp. enterica, 11.8% (4/34) subsp. salamae and 41.2% (14/34) subsp. diarizonae. analyses of fresh meat samples yielded aeromonas (a. hydrophila) in 18 of 20 samples (90%), and a mean aerobic plate count (apc ... | 1996 | 8722192 |
| vaccination of farmed crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) against mycoplasma crocodyli infection. | | 1997 | 9392069 |
| salmonella isolated from crocodiles and other reptiles during the period 1985-1994 in south africa. | over a 10-year period, 173 isolates of salmonella were obtained during routine isolation from reptiles. of the 173 isolates, 92 different salmonella serovars were identified. of them, 61 (66%) belonged to subspecies i, nine to subspecies ii and 21 to subspecies iii (iiia and iiib), and one to subspecies iv. the majority of isolates were from farmed nile crocodiles (145), three from wild-caught african dwarf crocodiles, 11 from captive snakes, 13 from lizards and one from a tortoise. the isolates ... | 1997 | 9551479 |
| recovery rates, serotypes, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of salmonellae isolated from cloacal swabs of wild nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) in zimbabwe. | samples from the cloaca and the ventral skin surface of 67 nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) captured in four uninhabited areas at lake kariba, zimbabwe, were cultured for salmonella. all the skin samples tested negative for salmonella, whereas 18 of 67 (26.9%) cloacal samples grew salmonella. significantly more males than females yielded salmonella, but no statistically significant correlation among salmonella carriage, body size, and age was recorded. ten different serotypes of s. enteric ... | 1998 | 9638622 |
| pentastomid infections in cichlid fishes in the kruger national park and the description of the infective larva of subtriquetra rileyi n. sp. | during 1995, studies were conducted on the pentastome fauna of the cichlid fishes tilapia rendalli and oreochromis mossambicus in the kruger national park. the prevalence of infective pentastome larvae was 40.5% in t. rendalli and 9.2% in o. mossambicus. encapsulated nymphs of leiperia cincinnalis were taken from the mesentery, while sebekia wedli was either encapsulated or free-living in the swim bladder. the subtriquetrids moved about freely in the swim bladder. l. cincinnalis was present in 0 ... | 1998 | 9809320 |
| evaluation of the infectivity of trichinella spp. for reptiles (caiman sclerops). | experimental inoculation with nine well-characterised trichinella isolates was performed on caimans (caiman sclerops) to determine their infectivity for reptiles belonging to the family crocodilidae. as controls, the same larval batches of trichinella isolates were inoculated into mice and guinea pigs. it was suggested that trichinella pseudospiralis was more likely to infect reptiles than encapsulating species, but whereas all trichinella species established in mice and guinea pigs, the caimans ... | 1998 | 9925275 |
| experimental studies on the life-cycle of sebekia wedli (pentastomida: sebekidae). | four young nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) were infected with infective pentastome larvae obtained from naturally infected mozambique bream, oreochromis mossambicus, and red-breasted bream, tilapia rendalli swierstrai in the kruger national park. at day 95 post infection one of the crocodiles died and three female and four male s. wedli were recovered from its lungs. one pair was found in copula but the uteri of the females were not yet developed. males and females were of about equal siz ... | 1998 | 10192834 |
| pentastomid infections in nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) in the kruger national park, south africa, with a description of the males of alofia simpsoni. | two nile crocodiles were obtained from two different localities in the kruger national park, one a healthy specimen, the other in a severely debilitated condition. both were males over 3 m long and both harboured the three pentastome genera sebekia, alofia and leiperia. the genus sebekia was represented by three species, sebekia wedli giglioli, 1922, sebekia cesarisi giglioli, 1922 and sebekia okavangoensis riley & huchzermeyer, 1995. of the genus alofia two species, alofia simpsoni riley, 1994 ... | 1999 | 10486822 |
| infectivity of trichinella sp. isolated from crocodylus niloticus to the indigenous zimbabwean pig (mukota). | an experimental infection of the indigenous zimbabwean pig (mukota) with a trichinella sp. derived from crocodile (crocodylus niloticus) was performed. the same larval isolates of trichinella were infected to rats as a control. the muscles of both pigs and rats were found to be heavily infected with the first-stage larvae. the present study constitutes the first report of a successful experimental infection of the pig with trichinella sp. originating from crocodile. | 1999 | 10501623 |
| warm-blooded isochore structure in nile crocodile and turtle. | the genomes of warm-blooded vertebrates are characterized by a strong heterogeneity in base composition, with gc-rich and gc-poor isochores. the gc content of sequences, especially in third codon positions, is highly correlated with that of the isochore they are embedded in. in amphibian and fish genomes, gc-rich isochores are nearly absent. thus, it has been proposed that the gc increase in a part of mammalian and avian genomes represents an adaptation to homeothermy. to test this selective hyp ... | 1999 | 10555283 |
| leiperia cincinnalis sambon, 1922 (pentastomida) from nile crocodiles crocodylus niloticus in the kruger national park, south africa, with a description of the male. | a single male and several adult females of the pentastomid leiperia cincinnalis were recovered from the trachea of five of six nile crocodiles examined in 1995 and 1998. infective larvae, pre-adult males and females, as well as mature males, occurred in clusters in the pulmonary artery but infective larvae and pre-adult females were also occasionally taken from the lungs. irrespective of the developmental stage, the intensity of infection was 3, 6, 48, 72 and 79. sixty-four percent of eggs recov ... | 2000 | 10937664 |
| selected chemical parameters in the blood and metals in the organs of the nile crocodile, crocodylus niloticus, in the kruger national park. | healthy and sick crocodiles of varying sizes were examined from the olifants river in the central part of the kruger national park, the sabi river in the southern part and the shingwedzi river in the northern region. blood was collected for the determination of certain parameters and samples of fat, muscle, kidney and liver tissue were collected and analyzed for their heavy metal content. the results of the blood analyses are within the range recorded in the literature, but the metal analyses we ... | 2000 | 11028751 |
| trichinella zimbabwensis n.sp. (nematoda), a new non-encapsulated species from crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) in zimbabwe also infecting mammals. | since 1995, trichinella larvae have been detected in 39.5% of farmed crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) in zimbabwe. morphological, biological, biochemical and molecular studies carried out on one isolate from a farmed crocodile in 2001 support the conclusion that this parasite belongs to a new species, which has been named trichinella zimbabwensis n.sp. this species, whose larvae are non-encapsulated in host muscles, infects both reptiles and mammals. the morphology of adults and larvae is simil ... | 2002 | 12464425 |
| aeromonas hydrophila-associated skin lesions and septicaemia in a nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus). | aeromonas hydrophila is one of the most common bacteria associated with the aquatic environment. there are, however, limited data on a. hydrophila infection in crocodilians. the aim of this report is to describe a case of skin lesions and septicaemia associated with a. hydrophila in a nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus). a captive male crocodile in the zoological park of antalya (turkey) was found dead without showing signs of any disease. gross examination showed brown or red-spotted skin les ... | 2005 | 15900900 |
| papillary ovarian cystadenocarcinoma in a dog. | an 11-year-old female german shepherd dog was presented for investigation of progressive enlargement of the abdomen, periodic bloody discharge from the vulva and rapid exhaustion. transabdominal ultrasonography and lateral abdominal radiography demonstrated an echogenic formation with anechogenic cavities located cranial to the urinary bladder and a homogeneous shadow with an elliptical shape was located caudal to the rib arc. both showed indistinct borders. exploratory laparotomy identified bil ... | 2005 | 15900901 |
| possible new chlamydophila species causing chlamydiosis in farmed nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus). | | 2005 | 15995239 |
| molecular cloning of estrogen receptor alpha of the nile crocodile. | estrogens are essential for normal reproductive activity in female and male vertebrates. in female reptiles, they are essential for ovarian differentiation during a critical developmental stage. to understand the molecular mechanisms of estrogen action in the nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus), we have isolated cdna encoding the estrogen receptor alpha (eralpha) from the ovary. degenerate pcr primers specific to er were designed and used to amplify nile crocodile cdna from the ovary. the full ... | 2006 | 16455277 |
| genome of crocodilepox virus. | here, we present the genome sequence, with analysis, of a poxvirus infecting nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) (crocodilepox virus; crv). the genome is 190,054 bp (62% g+c) and predicted to contain 173 genes encoding proteins of 53 to 1,941 amino acids. the central genomic region contains genes conserved and generally colinear with those of other chordopoxviruses (chpvs). crv is distinct, as the terminal 33-kbp (left) and 13-kbp (right) genomic regions are largely crv specific, containing 4 ... | 2006 | 16641289 |
| gastric nematodes of nile crocodiles, crocodylus niloticus laurenti, 1768, in the okavango river, botswana. | the ascaridoid nematodes dujardinascaris madagascariensis chabaud & caballero, 1966, dujardinascaris dujardini (travassos, 1920), gedoelstascaris vandenbrandeni (baylis, 1929) sprent, 1978 and multicaecum agile (wedl, 1861) baylis, 1923 were recovered from the stomach contents of crocodylus niloticus laurenti, 1768 from the okavango river, botswana, together with eustrongylides sp., a dioctophymatoid nematode usually parasitizing piscivorous birds. dujardinascaris madagascariensis was present in ... | 2006 | 16958261 |
| trichinella zimbabwensis in wild reptiles of zimbabwe and mozambique and farmed reptiles of ethiopia. | in 1995, a new species of trichinella (trichinella zimbabwensis) was discovered in farmed nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) in zimbabwe, where the mode of transmission was the consumption of the meat of slaughtered crocodiles, used as feed. to determine whether t. zimbabwensis affects poikilotherm vertebrates in the wild, monitor lizards (varanus niloticus) and nile crocodiles were collected in zimbabwe and mozambique. in 5 (17.6%) of the 28 monitor lizards from zimbabwe, t. zimbabwensis la ... | 2007 | 16982152 |
| development and application of an indirect elisa test for the detection of antibodies to mycoplasma crocodyli infection in crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus). | non-availability of a standardized rapid serodiagnostic test for quick and accurate diagnosis of mycoplasma crocodyli (m. crocodyli) infection in crocodiles was the underlining reason for conducting the present study. an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ielisa) for the detection of antibodies (ab) to m. crocodyli infection in crocodile sera was developed using sonicated antigen (ag) and anti-crocodile conjugate. the ielisa test was optimised with different reagents and at different st ... | 2007 | 17014973 |
| parent-offspring communication in the nile crocodile crocodylus niloticus: do newborns' calls show an individual signature? | young nile crocodiles crocodylus niloticus start to produce calls inside the egg and carry on emitting sounds after hatching. these vocalizations elicit maternal care and influence the behaviour of other juveniles. in order to investigate the acoustic structure of these calls, focusing on a possible individual signature, we have performed acoustic analyses on 400 calls from ten young crocodiles during the first 4 days after hatching. calls have a complex acoustic structure and are strongly frequ ... | 2007 | 17106675 |
| eustrongylides sp. (nematoda: dioctophymatoidea) from the stomach of a nile crocodile, crocodylus niloticus laurenti, 1768, in botswana. | during a study conducted between 2003 and 2005 on the diet of nile crocodiles in botswana, two young adult nematodes, one male and one female, belonging to the genus eustrongylides jägerskiöld, 1909 were recovered from the stomach contents of one of these animals. the caudal bursa of the male is present and the ejaculatory duct could be identified, but the spicule could not be seen. the vulva of the female has opened and the anus is situated on a terminal protruberance. measurements and drawings ... | 2006 | 17283733 |
| use of immunoblotting to detect antibodies to mycoplasma crocodyli infection in the sera of crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus). | an immunoblotting protocol for the detection of antibodies to mycoplasma crocodyli was developed using sonicated antigen of the reference strain 266/93. immunoblotting detected nine reacting antigens, of which the 33 and 40kda antigens were immunodominant. there was no difference in reactivity of the antigens against sera obtained from vaccinated and infected crocodiles. both antigens are candidates for other serological and molecular studies. this is the first report to develop and apply an imm ... | 2008 | 17360201 |
| isolation of serratia fonticola from skin lesions in a nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus) with an associated septicaemia. | this paper describes the first isolation of serratia fonticola in a nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus). this organism was initially isolated from skin lesions and blood and subsequently from a variety of organs during necropsy. s. fonticola was confirmed as the pathogen causing the infection. | 2008 | 17451977 |
| normal haematology and blood biochemistry of wild nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) in the okavango delta, botswana. | wild nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) of various size classes were captured in the okavango delta, botswana. blood was collected from the post occipital sinus and used for the determination of a wide range of haematological and biochemical parameters. these values were compared between the sexes and between 3 size classes. the values were also compared with the limited data available from farmed nile crocodiles, as well as from other wild nile crocodiles. the okavango crocodiles were compa ... | 2007 | 18237036 |
| do crocodilians get the flu? looking for influenza a in captive crocodilians. | it is well established that several wild aquatic bird species serve as reservoirs for the influenza a virus. it has also been shown that the influenza a virus can be transmitted to mammalian species such as tigers and domestic cats and dogs through ingestion of infected birds. another group of animals that should also be considered as potential hosts for the influenza a virus are the crocodilians. many crocodilian species share aquatic environments with wild birds that are known to harbor influe ... | 2008 | 18381628 |
| normal intestinal flora of wild nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) in the okavango delta, botswana. | bacterial and fungal cultures were performed from cloacal swabs collected from 29 wild nile crocodiles, captured in the okavango delta, botswana. sixteen species of bacteria and 6 fungal species were cultured. individual crocodiles yielded 1-4 bacterial species, and 0-2 fungal species. the most commonly isolated bacteria were microbacterium, enterococcus faecalis, aeromonas hydrophila, and escherichia coli. no salmonellae were cultured. the most commonly occurring fungus was cladosporium. severa ... | 2008 | 18846850 |
| trichinella zimbabwensis in wild nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) of south africa. | recent discovery of trichinella zimbabwensis in crocodiles from zimbabwe, lake cahora basa, mozambique, and from lake abaja, ethiopia, prompted strict control measures to curb the possible spread of the infection to humans and also to prevent its introduction to other countries, which were considered free of this pathogen. in 2006, the chief directorate veterinary services of mpumalanga province of south africa launched a survey to investigate the status of wild and commercial breeding crocodile ... | 2009 | 19167165 |
| trichinella zimbabwensis in a naturally infected mammal. | trichinella zimbabwensis has been detected in wild and farmed nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) and in wild monitor lizards (varanus niloticus) of several african countries, but it has never been detected in mammals in nature, in spite of its infectivity to rodents, pigs, foxes and monkeys under laboratory conditions. the aim of this work was to describe the first detection of t. zimbabwensis in a naturally infected lion (panthera leo) of the kruger national park (knp) of south africa. the ... | 2010 | 19580688 |
| heterochronic shift between early organogenesis and migration of cephalic neural crest cells in two divergent evolutionary phenotypes of archosaurs: crocodile and ostrich. | living archosaurs (crocodiles and birds) represent an intriguing evo-devo model system. although close in phylogenetic relationship, the two lineages show considerable divergence in trends of phenotypic evolution. the head anatomy of recent crocodilians has changed little in comparison with that of their crocodylomorph ancestors. the head phenotype of the avians (birds), as well as some non-avian theropods, shows numerous evolutionary innovations that differ considerably from the crocodylomorph ... | 2009 | 19754710 |
| prenatal development of crocodylus niloticus niloticus laurenti, 1768. | prenatal development in crocodilians represents a very interesting model for comparative studies. as the speed of prenatal development of crocodilians varies depending on incubation conditions, the staging of embryos and fetuses is a very important prerequisite for data correlation. to establish a background for future developmental studies on crocodylus niloticus, we characterized its prenatal development in a collection comprising 169 animals during embryonic/incubation days 9-70. the characte ... | 2010 | 20073049 |
| crocodiles in the sahara desert: an update of distribution, habitats and population status for conservation planning in mauritania. | relict populations of crocodylus niloticus persist in chad, egypt and mauritania. although crocodiles were widespread throughout the sahara until the early 20(th) century, increased aridity combined with human persecution led to local extinction. knowledge on distribution, occupied habitats, population size and prey availability is scarce in most populations. this study evaluates the status of saharan crocodiles and provides new data for mauritania to assist conservation planning. | 2011 | 21364897 |
| quantitative immunocytochemical analysis of the endocrine pancreas of the nile crocodile. | four major pancreatic hormones were immunolocalized at the light and electron microscopic levels in the pancreas of the nile crocodile, crocodilus niloticus. immunogold was used for electron microscopy, and peroxidase-antiperoxidase was used for light microscopy. somatostatin-positive d-cells and pancreatic polypeptide-containing f-cells accounted for about 60% of the immunoreactive cells in the ventral pancreas. glucagon-positive a-cells were the least frequent cell type in the ventral pancreas ... | 2013 | 3554958 |
| characterization of serum phospholipase a(2) activity in three diverse species of west african crocodiles. | secretory phospholipase a(2), an enzyme that exhibits substantial immunological activity, was measured in the serum of three species of diverse west african crocodiles. incubation of different volumes of crocodile serum with bacteria labeled with a fluorescent fatty acid in the sn-2 position of membrane lipids resulted in a volume-dependent liberation of fluorescent probe. serum from the nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus) exhibited slightly higher activity than that of the slender-snouted cro ... | 2011 | 22110960 |
| an investigation of the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of crocodile oil. | crocodile oil has been used by traditional practitioners world-wide to treat microbial infections and inflammatory conditions. however, the scientific rationale behind its use is not completely understood. this study provides an updated fatty acid profile and novel scientific evidence of the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of crocodile oil, obtained from the nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus), justifying its use by traditional healers. | 2012 | 22759702 |
| microbial quality of frozen nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus) meat samples from three selected farms in zimbabwe. | microbial quality of frozen nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus) meat from three farms in zimbabwe was assessed based on 2051 samples collected for pre-export testing during 2006 to 2011. data were perused by season and year in terms of aerobic plate (apc), coliform (cc), escherichia coli (ecc) and listeria monocytogenes (lmc) counts and the presence of salmonella spp. the log10-transformed data were compared among the farms and seasons using the kruskal-wallis test. microbial quality of the sa ... | 2014 | 24291179 |
| a preliminary disease survey in the wild nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus) population in the okavango delta, botswana. | the objective of this study was to conduct a preliminary survey of diseases that might be present in the wild nile crocodile population in the okavango delta, botswana. blood samples were collected from crocodiles ranging in size from 34.0 cm to 463.0 cm total length. samples were examined for blood parasites and underwent a haematological analysis. before release the crocodiles were examined for various clinical abnormalities. of the 144 crocodiles examined, none were visibly sick or displayed ... | 2011 | 22332299 |
| development of an elisa to detect the humoral immune response to trichinella zimbabwensis in nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus). | crocodiles are known reservoir hosts of trichinella papuae and trichinella zimbabwensis, two zoonotic parasites that also infect mammals. since commercial crocodile farming represents a key source of income in several countries, it is important to monitor this nematode infection in both farmed crocodiles and in breeding stocks which are frequently introduced from the wild. for this purpose, an indirect elisa was developed to detect the anti-trichinella immune response in crocodile sera. new zeal ... | 2013 | 23433644 |
| differential immune responses in mice infected with the tissue-dwelling nematode trichinella zimbabwensis. | to improve diagnostic tools, immunotherapies and vaccine development for trichinellosis surveillance and control there is a need to understand the host immune responses induced during infection with trichinella zimbabwensis, a tissue-dwelling nematode. in this study, we sought to determine immune responses induced in mice during t. zimbabwensis infection. the parasite strain used (code iss1209) was derived from a naturally infected crocodile (crocodylus niloticus) and is the main trichinella spe ... | 2016 | 26294082 |
| assessment of selected biochemical parameters and humoral immune response of nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) experimentally infected with trichinella zimbabwensis. | fifteen crocodiles were randomly divided into three groups of five animals. they represented high-infection, medium-infection and low-infection groups of 642 larvae/kg, 414 larvae/kg and 134 larvae/kg bodyweight, respectively. the parameters assessed were blood glucose, creatine phosphokinase (cpk), lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), aspartate transaminase (ast) and alanine transaminase (alt). the humoral immune response to trichinella zimbabwensis infection was evaluated in all three groups by an ind ... | 2014 | 25686027 |
| assessment of selected biochemical parameters and humoral immune response of nile crocodiles (<i>crocodylus niloticus</i>) experimentally infected with <i>trichinella zimbabwensis</i>. | fifteen crocodiles were randomly divided into three groups of five animals. they represented high-infection, medium-infection and low-infection groups of 642 larvae/kg, 414 larvae/kg and 134 larvae/kg bodyweight, respectively. the parameters assessed were blood glucose, creatine phosphokinase (cpk), lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), aspartate transaminase (ast) and alanine transaminase (alt). the humoral immune response to trichinella zimbabwensis infection was evaluated in all three groups by an ind ... | 2014 | 28235303 |
| distribution patterns and predilection muscles of trichinella zimbabwensis larvae in experimentally infected nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus laurenti). | no controlled studies have been conducted to determine the predilection muscles of trichinella zimbabwensis larvae in nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) or the influence of infection intensity on the distribution of the larvae in crocodiles. the distribution of larvae in muscles of naturally infected nile crocodiles and experimentally infected caimans (caiman crocodilus) and varans (varanus exanthematicus) have been reported in literature. to determine the distribution patterns of t. zimbabw ... | 2014 | 24833069 |
| distribution patterns and predilection muscles of <i>trichinella zimbabwensis</i> larvae in experimentally infected nile crocodiles (<i>crocodylus niloticus</i> laurenti). | no controlled studies have been conducted to determine the predilection muscles of trichinella zimbabwensis larvae in nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) or the influence of infection intensity on the distribution of the larvae in crocodiles. the distribution of larvae in muscles of naturally infected nile crocodiles and experimentally infected caimans (caiman crocodilus) and varans (varanus exanthematicus) have been reported in literature. to determine the distribution patterns of t. zimbabw ... | 2014 | 28235274 |
| the occurrence of trichinella zimbabwensis in naturally infected wild crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) from the kruger national park, south africa. | trichinella zimbabwensis has been found naturally infecting crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) in zimbabwe, mozambique, ethiopia and south africa, as well as monitor lizards (varanus niloticus) in zimbabwe. the reports on natural infections were mostly accidental rather than structured surveys and involved very few animals. previous surveillance studies in south africa reported a 38.5% prevalence of t. zimbabwensis among wild crocodiles tested from the mpumalanga province and kruger national park ... | 2013 | 22335961 |
| field and experimental evidence of a new caiman trypanosome species closely phylogenetically related to fish trypanosomes and transmitted by leeches. | trypanosoma terena and trypanosoma ralphi are known species of the south american crocodilians caiman crocodilus, caiman yacare and melanosuchus niger and are phylogenetically related to the tsetse-transmitted trypanosoma grayi of the african crocodylus niloticus. these trypanosomes form the crocodilian clade of the terrestrial clade of the genus trypanosoma. a pcr-survey for trypanosomes in caiman blood samples and in leeches taken from caimans revealed unknown trypanosome diversity and frequen ... | 2015 | 26767165 |
| the phylogeography of trypanosomes from south american alligatorids and african crocodilids is consistent with the geological history of south american river basins and the transoceanic dispersal of crocodylus at the miocene. | little is known about the diversity, phylogenetic relationships, and biogeography of trypanosomes infecting non-mammalian hosts. in this study, we investigated the influence of host species and biogeography on shaping the genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationship, and distribution of trypanosomes from south american alligatorids and african crocodilids. | 2013 | 24499634 |
| similarity of crocodilian and avian lungs indicates unidirectional flow is ancestral for archosaurs. | patterns of airflow and pulmonary anatomy were studied in the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis), the black caiman (melanosuchus niger), the spectacled caiman (caiman crocodilus), the dwarf crocodile (osteolaemus tetraspis), the saltwater crocodile (crocodylus porosus), the nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus), and morelet's crocodile (crocodylus moreletii). in addition, anatomy was studied in the orinoco crocodile (crocodylus intermedius). airflow was measured using heated thermis ... | 2015 | 26141868 |
| technique for the collection of clear urine from the nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus). | urine samples can be a very useful diagnostic tool for the evaluation of animal health. in this article, a simple technique to collect urine from the nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus) was described, based on a similar unpublished technique developed for the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis) using a canine urinary catheter. with this technique, it was possible to collect relatively clean urine samples from nile crocodiles of different sizes using canine urinary catheters or smal ... | 2012 | 23327128 |
| structure, innervation and response properties of integumentary sensory organs in crocodilians. | integumentary sensory organs (isos) are densely distributed on the jaws of crocodilians and on body scales of members of the families crocodilidae and gavialidae. we examined the distribution, anatomy, innervation and response properties of isos on the face and body of crocodilians and documented related behaviors for an alligatorid (alligator mississippiensis) and a crocodylid (crocodylus niloticus). each of the isos (roughly 4000 in a. mississippiensis and 9000 in c. niloticus) was innervated ... | 2012 | 23136155 |
| [direct allosteric interaction of oxygen and bicarbonate: n-acetyl-alanyl-seryl-phenylalanine, n-terminal sequence of the beta-chains of the haemoglobins of nil crocodile (crocodylusniloticus) and mississippi crocodile (alligator mississippiensis) (author's transl)]. | to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the direct allosteric exchange of oxygen and hydrogen carbonate in the hemoglobins of crocodiles, the n-terminal sequence of the beta-chains of the crocodiles of the nile (crocodylus niloticus) and of the mississippi (alligator mississippiensis) was studied. the n-terminal end of the peptide is blocked. by mass spectrometry the n-terminal sequences of both species were found to be n-acetyl-alanyl-seryl-phenylalanine. these data explain the absence of hemog ... | 2016 | 7303821 |
| vocalization in juvenile crocodilians. | evidence is presented that the grunts and distress calls of juvenile alligators (alligator mississipiensis) are examples of graded calls, which are given in different form depending largely on contest. representative sonagrams of the distress calls of three other species of crocodilians (caiman crocodilus, crocodylus niloticus, and crocodylus siamensis) are presented and compared with sonagrams of alligator distress calls. these findings are discussed in light of current knowledge of the bioacou ... | 1977 | 930443 |
| nest predation and maternal care in the nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus) at lake st lucia, south africa. | information regarding nest predation, nest abandonment, and maternal care in the nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus) is largely restricted to anecdotal observations, and has not been studied quantitatively. consequently, we investigated their nesting biology using camera-traps over four years at lake st lucia, south africa. we obtained 4305 photographs (daylight captures=90.1%, nocturnal=9.9%) of 19 nest-guarding females. of 19 monitored nests, 37% were raided by predators (mean=12.1±6.2days s ... | 2016 | 27816524 |
| comparison of the lipid properties of healthy and pansteatitis-affected african sharptooth catfish, clarias gariepinus (burchell), and the role of diet in pansteatitis outbreaks in the olifants river in the kruger national park, south africa. | pansteatitis has been identified in wild populations of sharptooth catfish, clarias gariepinus (burchell), and nile crocodiles, crocodylus niloticus laurenti, inhabiting the same waters in the olifants river gorge in the kruger national park, south africa. mesenteric and pectoral fat tissue was investigated microscopically and by fatty acid analysis in healthy and pansteatitis-affected catfish from both captive and wild populations. variation in fatty acid composition between pectoral and mesent ... | 2013 | 23634747 |
| steatitis in wild sharptooth catfish, clarias gariepinus (burchell), in the olifants and lower letaba rivers in the kruger national park, south africa. | large numbers of adult nile crocodiles, crocodylus niloticus (laurenti), died from pansteatitis during autumn and winter 2008 in the lower letaba and olifants river gorge in the kruger national park, south africa. consequently, the health status of fish from these waters was investigated. the study presents the pathological findings in fish inhabiting these rivers within the boundaries of the park. changes typical of steatitis were diagnosed in many of the larger specimens of sharptooth catfish, ... | 2011 | 21675995 |
| long-term surgical anaesthesia with isoflurane in human habituated nile crocodiles. | a suitable long-term anaesthetic technique was required for implantation of physiological sensors and telemetric devices in sub-adult nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) to allow the collection of physiological data. five nile crocodiles with a median body mass of 24 kg were used. after manual capture, they were blindfolded and 0.2 ml (1 mg/ml) medetomidine was administered intramuscularly in four of the animals which had an estimated body mass between 20 kg and 30 kg. one crocodile with an e ... | 2017 | 28281769 |
| nest-site selection, nesting behaviour and spatial ecology of female nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) in south africa. | nesting biology and ecology have been investigated for nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus), but information on behaviour and movement patterns of nesting females during nest guarding is scant. consequently, we investigated the home ranges, nest-site selection strategies, movement patterns, activity levels and nest fidelity of four nesting females using telemetry. gravid females selected winter basking/breeding areas close (351±2m) to nest-sites. mean home range and core-use areas of nesting f ... | 2017 | 28013064 |
| pentastome assemblages of the nile crocodile, crocodylus niloticus laurenti (reptilia: crocodylidae), in the kruger national park, south africa. | thirty-two specimens of the nile crocodile, crocodylus niloticus laurenti (reptilia: crocodylidae), from the kruger national park, south africa, and its vicinity were examined for pentastomid parasites during 1995 to 1999 and 2010 to 2011. pentastomid parasites occurred throughout the year and were widespread in the study area with an overall prevalence of 97% and an overall mean abundance of 23.4 (0-81). pentastome assemblages comprised six species in three sebekid genera: alofia nilotici riley ... | 2016 | 27973338 |
| a juvenile subfossil crocodylian from anjohibe cave, northwestern madagascar. | madagascar's subfossil record preserves a diverse community of animals including elephant birds, pygmy hippopotamus, giant lemurs, turtles, crocodiles, bats, rodents, and carnivorans. these fossil accumulations give us a window into the island's past from 80,000 years ago to a mere few hundred years ago, recording the extinction of some groups and the persistence of others. the crocodylian subfossil record is limited to two taxa, voay robustus and crocodylus niloticus, found at sites distributed ... | 2016 | 27672490 |
| fine scale patterns of genetic partitioning in the rediscovered african crocodile, crocodylus suchus (saint-hilaire 1807). | landscape heterogeneity, phylogenetic history, and stochasticity all influence patterns of geneflow and connectivity in wild vertebrates. fine-scale patterns of genetic partitioning may be particularly important for the sustainable management of widespread species in trade, such as crocodiles. we examined genetic variation within the rediscovered african crocodile, crocodylus suchus, across its distribution in west and central africa. we genotyped 109 individuals at nine microsatellite loci from ... | 2016 | 27114867 |
| perfluorinated alkyl acids in the plasma of south african crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus). | perfluorinated alkyl acids (pfaas) are environmental contaminants that have been used in many products for over 50 years. interest and concern has grown since 2000 on the widespread presence of pfaas, when it was discovered that pfaas were present in wildlife samples around the northern hemisphere. since then, several studies have reported pfaas in wildlife from many locations, including the remote regions of antarctica and the arctic. although there are a multitude of studies, few have reported ... | 2016 | 27038902 |
| blood lead concentrations in free-ranging nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) from south africa. | generally crocodilians have received little attention with regard to the effects of lead toxicity despite their trophic status as apex, generalist predators that utilize both aquatic and terrestrial habitats, thereby exposing them to a potentially wide range of environmental contaminants. during july-october 2010 we collected whole blood from 34 sub-adult and adult free-ranging nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) from three separate populations in northeastern south africa in order to analyze ... | 2016 | 27038476 |
| continued growth of the central nervous system without mandatory addition of neurons in the nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus). | it is generally believed that animals with larger bodies require larger brains, composed of more neurons. across mammalian species, there is a correlation between body mass and the number of brain neurons, albeit with low allometric exponents. if larger bodies imperatively require more neurons to operate them, then such an increase in the number of neurons should be detected across individuals of a continuously growing species, such as the nile crocodile. in the current study we use the isotropi ... | 2016 | 26914769 |
| developmental alterations and endocrine-disruptive responses in farmed nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) exposed to contaminants from the crocodile river, south africa. | in the present study, the developmental (including fertility) and endocrine-disruptive effects in relation to chemical burden in male and female nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus), from a commercial crocodile farm in the brits district, south africa, exposed to various anthropogenic aquatic contaminants from the natural environment was investigated. hepatic transcript levels for vitellogenin (vtg), zona pellucida (zp) and erα (also in gonads) were analyzed using real-time pcr. plasma estradi ... | 2016 | 26851571 |
| fine structure of the dorsal lingual epithelium in tarentola annularis and crocodylus niloticus. | the present study examined the morphological features, histological and histochemical aspect of the tongue of two reptilian species, tarentola annularis (family: gekkonidae) and crocodylus niloticus (family: crocodylidea), with different habitats, feeding patterns and behaviours, by light and scanning electron microscope. it was observed, that the bifurcation of the tongue was more visible in tarentola annularis. conical and filamentous papillae were observed on the lingual body of tarentola ann ... | 2016 | 26503178 |
| crocodylus niloticus (crocodilia) is highly sensitive to water surface waves. | crocodiles show oriented responses to water surface wave stimuli but up to now behavioral thresholds are missing. this study determines the behavioral thresholds of crocodilians to water surface waves. nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) were conditioned to respond to single-frequency water surface wave stimuli (duration 1150 ms, frequency 15, 30, 40, 60 and 80 hz), produced by blowing air onto the water surface. our study shows that c. niloticus is highly sensitive to capillary water surface ... | 2015 | 26153334 |
| biotransformation and oxidative stress responses in captive nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus) exposed to organic contaminants from the natural environment in south africa. | in the present study, the biotransformation and oxidative stress responses in relation to chemical burden in the liver of male and female nile crocodiles--crocodylus niloticus--from a commercial crocodile farm passively exposed to various anthropogenic aquatic pollutants was investigated. in general, the data showed that male crocodiles consistently produced higher biotransformation and oxidative stress responses compared to females. relationships between these responses and concentrations of al ... | 2015 | 26086370 |
| redescription and molecular characterisation of dujardinascaris madagascariensis and a note on d. dujardini (nematoda: heterocheilidae), parasites of crocodylus niloticus, with a key to dujardinascaris spp. in crocodilians. | an examination of one specimen of nile crocodile, crocodylus niloticus (laurenti, 1768), from lake turkana (kenya), revealed the presence of two ascaridoid nematodes belonging to the genus dujardinascaris baylis, 1947. dujardinascaris madagascariensis chabaud & caballero, 1966 was studied by scanning electron microscopy, redescribed, and differentiated from d. dujardini (travassos, 1920). dujardinascaris madagascariencsis is the second of the genus to be sequenced. an internal fragment of the sm ... | 2014 | 25544522 |
| capture of farmed nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus): comparison of physiological parameters after manual capture and after capture with electrical stunning. | the electric stunner (e-stunner) is commonly used to handle nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) on commercial farms in south africa, but while it seems to improve handling and safety for the keepers, no information regarding physiological reactions to e-stunning is currently available. the aim of this study was therefore to compare various physiological parameters in farmed c niloticus captured either manually (noosing) or by using an e-stunner. a total of 45 crocodiles were captured at a sou ... | 2014 | 25096588 |
| non-invasive assessment of adrenocortical function in captive nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus). | the occurrence of stress-inducing factors in captive crocodilians is a concern, since chronic stress can negatively affect animal health and reproduction, and hence production. monitoring stress in wild crocodiles could also be beneficial for assessing the state of health in populations which are potentially threatened by environmental pollution. in both cases, a non-invasive approach to assess adrenocortical function as a measure of stress would be preferable, as animals are not disturbed durin ... | 2014 | 25066028 |
| the post-occipital spinal venous sinus of the nile crocodile crocodylus niloticus: its anatomy and use for blood sample collection and intravenous infusions. | the post-occipital sinus of the spinal vein is often used for the collection of blood samples from crocodilians. although this sampling method has been reported for several crocodilian species, the technique and associated anatomy has not been described in detail in any crocodilian, including the nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus). the anatomy of the cranial neck region was investigated macroscopically, microscopically, radiographically and by means of computed tomography. latex was injected ... | 2014 | 24831995 |
| the post-occipital spinal venous sinus of the nile crocodile (<i>crocodylus niloticus</i>): its anatomy and use for blood sample collection and intravenous infusions. | the post-occipital sinus of the spinal vein is often used for the collection of blood samples from crocodilians. although this sampling method has been reported for several crocodilian species, the technique and associated anatomy has not been described in detail in any crocodilian, including the nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus). the anatomy of the cranial neck region was investigated macroscopically, microscopically, radiographically and by means of computed tomography. latex was injected ... | 2014 | 28235301 |
| chlorinated, brominated, and fluorinated organic pollutants in nile crocodile eggs from the kruger national park, south africa. | repeated annual episodes of nile crocodile deaths in two isolated areas of the kruger national park prompted the investigation of possible organohalogen pollutant involvement. crocodile eggs were collected close to one of the mortality sites (gorge) as well as from a crocodile farm (cf) as reference. ∑ddt was significantly higher in gorge (450ng/g wm) than in cf eggs (85ng/g wet mass). percentage ddt of ∑ddt was significantly higher in cf (14 per cent) than in gorge eggs (5 per cent). mean ∑ddt ... | 2014 | 24703242 |
| an experimental and morphometric test of the relationship between vertebral morphology and joint stiffness in nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus). | despite their semi-aquatic mode of life, modern crocodylians use a wide range of terrestrial locomotor behaviours, including asymmetrical gaits otherwise only found in mammals. the key to these diverse abilities may lie in the axial skeleton. correlations between vertebral morphology and both intervertebral joint stiffness and locomotor behaviour have been found in other animals, but the vertebral mechanics of crocodylians have not yet been experimentally and quantitatively tested. we measured t ... | 2014 | 24574389 |
| pansteatitis of unknown etiology associated with large-scale nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus) mortality in kruger national park, south africa: pathologic findings. | annual mortality events in nile crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) in the olifants river gorge in kruger national park, south africa, were experienced between 2008 and 2012, during which at least 216 crocodiles died. live crocodiles were lethargic. necropsy examination of 56 affected crocodiles showed dark yellow-brown firm nodules in both somatic fat and the abdominal fat body. in all of the 11 crocodiles submitted for histology, degenerative, necrotic, and inflammatory changes supported a diagn ... | 2013 | 24450048 |
| kupffer cell structure in the juvenile nile crocodile, crocodylus niloticus. | the morphology of kupffer cells was examined in the liver of the juvenile nile crocodile using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. pleomorphic kupffer cells were located in the sinusoids, in the space of disse, in the hepatic parenchyma and often connected adjacent sinusoids. the cell surfaces were irregular due to the presence of filopodia and lamelliapodia with phagocytosis of white blood cells, red blood cells and thrombocytes being evident. the cells were in close contact ... | 2014 | 24142864 |
| the continuously growing central nervous system of the nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus). | it is a central assumption that larger bodies require larger brains, across species but also possibly within species with continuous growth throughout the lifetime, such as the crocodile. the current study investigates the relationships between body growth (length and mass) and the rates of growth of various subdivisions of the central nervous system (cns) (brain, spinal cord, eyes) in nile crocodiles weighing between 90 g and 90 kg. although the brain appears to grow in two phases in relation t ... | 2013 | 23832836 |
| crocodylians evolved scattered multi-sensory micro-organs. | during their evolution towards a complete life cycle on land, stem reptiles developed both an impermeable multi-layered keratinized epidermis and skin appendages (scales) providing mechanical, thermal, and chemical protection. previous studies have demonstrated that, despite the presence of a particularly armored skin, crocodylians have exquisite mechanosensory abilities thanks to the presence of small integumentary sensory organs (isos) distributed on postcranial and/or cranial scales. | 2013 | 23819918 |
| pulmonary anatomy in the nile crocodile and the evolution of unidirectional airflow in archosauria. | the lungs of birds have long been known to move air in only one direction during both inspiration and expiration through most of the tubular gas-exchanging bronchi (parabronchi). recently a similar pattern of airflow has been observed in american alligators, a sister taxon to birds. the pattern of flow appears to be due to the arrangement of the primary and secondary bronchi, which, via their branching angles, generate inspiratory and expiratory aerodynamic valves. both the anatomical similarity ... | 2013 | 23638399 |
| the muscles of the infrapubic abdominal wall of a 6-month-old crocodylus niloticus (reptilia: crocodylia). | the muscles of the infrapubic abdominal wall of crocodilians play an important role in their ventilatory mechanism. yet the anatomy and homology of these muscles is poorly understood. to gain new insights into the anatomy of the crocodilian infrapubic abdominal wall, we dissected a specimen of crocodylus niloticus. origin and insertion of the muscles, as well as their arrangement relative to each other was examined in great detail. the findings were compared with those of other crocodilian taxa ... | 2013 | 22909340 |
| acoustic communication in crocodilians: information encoding and species specificity of juvenile calls. | in the crocodylia order, all species are known for their ability to produce sounds in several communication contexts. though recent experimental studies have brought evidence of the important biological role of young crocodilian calls, especially at hatching time, the juvenile vocal repertoire still needs to be clarified in order to describe thoroughly the crocodilian acoustic communication channel. the goal of this study is to investigate the acoustic features (structure and information coding) ... | 2012 | 22820991 |
| complete amino acid sequence of globin chains and biological activity of fragmented crocodile hemoglobin (crocodylus siamensis). | hemoglobin, α-chain, β-chain and fragmented hemoglobin of crocodylus siamensis demonstrated both antibacterial and antioxidant activities. antibacterial and antioxidant properties of the hemoglobin did not depend on the heme structure but could result from the compositions of amino acid residues and structures present in their primary structure. furthermore, thirteen purified active peptides were obtained by rp-hplc analyses, corresponding to fragments in the α-globin chain and the β-globin chai ... | 2012 | 22648692 |
| extensive homology of chicken macrochromosomes in the karyotypes of trachemys scripta elegans and crocodylus niloticus revealed by chromosome painting despite long divergence times. | we report extensive chromosome homology revealed by chromosome painting between chicken (gallus gallus domesticus, gga, 2n = 78) macrochromosomes (representing 70% of the chicken genome) and the chromosomes of a turtle, the red-eared slider (trachemys scripta elegans, tsc, 2n = 50), and the nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus, cni, 2n = 32). our data show that gga1-8 arms seem to be conserved in the arms of tsc chromosomes, gga1-2 arms are separated and homologous to cni1p, 3q, 4q and 5q. in ad ... | 2012 | 22572532 |
| reassessment of genome size in turtle and crocodile based on chromosome measurement by flow karyotyping: close similarity to chicken. | the genome size in turtles and crocodiles is thought to be much larger than the 1.2 gb of the chicken (gallus gallus domesticus, gga), according to the animal genome size database. however, gga macrochromosomes show extensive homology in the karyotypes of the red eared slider (trachemys scripta elegans, tsc) and the nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus, cni), and bird and reptile genomes have been highly conserved during evolution. in this study, size and gc content of all chromosomes are measur ... | 2012 | 22491763 |
| the mummy returns… and sheds new light on old questions. | whether as the ancient egyptian crocodile-god sobek, a terrifying predator of african waterways, or simply as a premium handbag leather, the nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus) has long held the fascination of mankind. despite 200 years of study, however, uncertainty remains as to its taxonomy. while resolving such issues are key to understanding the origins and biogeography of the so-called true crocodiles of genus crocodylus, given widespread ongoing range contraction, such issues are paramo ... | 2011 | 24137623 |
| comparative analysis of hatching rates and clutch sizes of nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus) eggs collected on- and off-farm in zimbabwe. | the nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus) is a large aquatic reptile predominant in the tropics in africa and zimbabwe in particular. clutch sizes and hatching rates of nile crocodile eggs collected from the wild and on-farm in lowveld, highveld and kariba regions of zimbabwe were evaluated. a total of 274 egg records for the period 2000 to 2008 from 39 farms were collected from the crocodile farmers association of zimbabwe. the effect of source of eggs was analysed using the non-parametric one ... | 2012 | 21947863 |
| an ancient icon reveals new mysteries: mummy dna resurrects a cryptic species within the nile crocodile. | the nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus) is an ancient icon of both cultural and scientific interest. the species is emblematic of the great civilizations of the nile river valley and serves as a model for international wildlife conservation. despite its familiarity, a centuries-long dispute over the taxonomic status of the nile crocodile remains unresolved. this dispute not only confounds our understanding of the origins and biogeography of the 'true crocodiles' of the crown genus crocodylus, ... | 2011 | 21906195 |
| a phylogenetic hypothesis for crocodylus (crocodylia) based on mitochondrial dna: evidence for a trans-atlantic voyage from africa to the new world. | the phylogenetic relationships among extant species of crocodylus (crocodylia) have been inconsistently resolved by previous systematic studies. here we used nearly complete mitochondrial (mt) genomes (∼16,200 base pairs) for all described crocodylus species, eight of which are new to this study, to derive a generally well-supported phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus. model-based analyses support monophyly of all asian+australian species and paraphyly of crocodylus niloticus (nile crocodile) ... | 2011 | 21459152 |