| in vitro acth stimulation of corticosterone output in relation to cyclic nucleotide alterations in the crocodilian (caiman sclerops) adrenal. | | 1977 | 196975 |
| contrasting dna sequence organisation patterns in sauropsidian genomes. | the genomic dna organisation patterns of four sauropsidian species, namely python reticularis, caiman crocodilus, terrapene carolina triungius and columba livia domestica were investigated by reassociation of short and long dna fragments, by hyperchromicity measurements of reannealed fragments and by length estimations of s1-nuclease resistant repetitive duplexes. while the genomic dna of the three reptilian species shows a short period interspersion pattern, the genome of the avian species is o ... | 1979 | 533670 |
| cochlear potentials and auditory evoked potentials in the caiman (caiman crocodilus (l.)). | brain-stem auditory evoked potentials (baeps) and round window compound action potentials (caps) in response to rarefaction and condensation clicks were recorded from anaesthetized and artificially respired caiman. the recorded wave forms were substantially different from the brain-stem and round window potentials recorded in mammals, including man. in particular, wave latencies were much longer than in mammals. wave amplitudes increased and latencies decreased significantly and reversibly with ... | 1990 | 1688779 |
| calcitonin-gene related peptide is an evolutionarily conserved marker within the amniote thalamo-telencephalic auditory pathway. | the distribution of neurons and fibers containing calcitonin-gene-related peptide (cgrp) was mapped in the thalamo-telencephalic auditory pathways of four amniote species, rats, pigeons (columba livia), caiman (caiman crocodilus), and turtles (pseudemys scripta). in colchicine-treated turtles and pigeons, numerous cgrp+ perikarya were observed in the auditory relay nucleus of the thalamus (n. reuniens of reptiles, and n. ovoidalis of birds). in pigeons, these neurons were most abundant in the ou ... | 1991 | 1765582 |
| thalamic nuclei that project to reptilian telencephalon lack gaba and gad immunoreactive neurons and puncta. | brains of reptiles, caiman crocodilus, were processed by standard immunocytochemical methodology using a polyclonal antibody to gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) raised in rabbit and a polyclonal antibody to glutamic acid decarboxylase (gad) raised in sheep. no gaba(+) or gad(+) cells or puncta were observed over any thalamic nucleus known to project to the telencephalon in caiman. these findings suggest that all thalamic nuclei that project to the telencephalon in caiman lack intrinsic cells and p ... | 1988 | 3167560 |
| sequence comparison of gamma-crystallins from the reptilian and other vertebrate species. | lens crystallins were isolated from homogenates of reptilian eye lenses (caiman crocodylus apaporiensis) by gel-permeation chromatography and characterized by gel electrophoresis, and amino acid and n-terminal sequence analyses. four fractions corresponding to alpha-, delta/epsilon/beta-, beta- and gamma-crystallins were identified on the basis of their electrophoretic patterns as revealed by sds gel electrophoresis. comparison of the amino acid contents of reptilian crystallins with those of ma ... | 1987 | 3622758 |
| synchronized responses of primary auditory fibre-populations in caiman crocodilus (l.) to single tones and clicks. | measurements of the responses to tones and clicks were made from single primary auditory fibres of the caiman. the distribution of the amplitude and phase of the fundamental component of the response rate modulation over the best frequencies of the fibres is comparable to that reported in the cat, despite the fact that the basilar membrane in caiman is only 4.5 mm long. however, much higher intensities are needed in the caiman (75-85 db spl) than reported in the cat (20 db spl) to obtain systema ... | 1986 | 3771380 |
| the chemical synthesis and biological oxidation of 7-alpha-hydroxy[26-14c]cholesterol, 7-dehydro[26-14c]cholesterol and 26-hydroxy[26-14c]cholesterol. | 1. 26-hydroxycholesterol was obtained by reducing the methyl ester of (+/-)-3beta-hydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid, which was synthesized from 25-oxonorcholesterol. 2. methods for preparing 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol were modified to allow the micro-scale preparation of these [(14)c]sterols from [26-(14)c]-cholesterol. 3. 26-hydroxycholesterol was oxidized more readily than 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol or cholesterol by mitochondrial preparations from li ... | 1966 | 4287406 |
| direct reciprocal allosteric interaction of oxygen and hydrogen carbonate sequence of the haemoglobins of the caiman (caiman crocodylus), the nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus) and the mississippi crocodile (alligator mississippiensis). | | 1981 | 6286445 |
| spinally projecting neurons of the dorsal column nucleus in a reptile: locus of origin and trajectory of termination. | interconnections between the dorsal column nucleus and the spinal cord were investigated in a reptile, caiman crocodilus. after placement of an anterograde tracer into the dorsal column nucleus, descending fibers are seen to leave this nucleus to enter the dorsal funiculus where they course ventrally to terminate in lamina v of the spinal cord as far caudally as c2. placement of a retrograde tracer into cut fibers of the cervical spinal cord identified the relay cells of the dorsal column nucleu ... | 1996 | 8680847 |
| effects on mollicutes (wall-less bacteria) of synthetic peptides comprising a signal peptide or a membrane fusion peptide, and a nuclear localization sequence (nls) -- a comparison with melittin. | in order to investigate the effect of primary amphipathic peptides on mollicutes (wall-less bacteria), we have synthesised five molecules (p1, p2, p3, jm123, and jm133) comprising a 16 to 18-residue hydrophobic sequence and the nuclear localization sequence (nls) pkkkrkv of simian virus 40 large-t antigen, c-terminated by a cysteamide group. the hydrophobic cluster was in p1 the signal sequence of the heavy chain of caiman crocodilus immunoglobulin g and in jm123 the fusion peptide of human immu ... | 1997 | 9371427 |
| nucleotide sequences of reptile calcitonins: their high homology to chicken calcitonin. | the calcitonin genes of four species of reptiles (reeve's turtle, rat snake, grass lizard, and spectacled caiman) were amplified from the genomic dna, as well as from the mrna of the ultimobranchial glands of the former three species, by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method, and were sequenced. among several primer sets, only one primer set synthesized from the chicken calcitonin gene was compatible with those of the reptiles. the nucleotide sequences of the reptile calcitonin genes were h ... | 1997 | 9450396 |
| evaluation of the infectivity of trichinella spp. for reptiles (caiman sclerops). | experimental inoculation with nine well-characterised trichinella isolates was performed on caimans (caiman sclerops) to determine their infectivity for reptiles belonging to the family crocodilidae. as controls, the same larval batches of trichinella isolates were inoculated into mice and guinea pigs. it was suggested that trichinella pseudospiralis was more likely to infect reptiles than encapsulating species, but whereas all trichinella species established in mice and guinea pigs, the caimans ... | 1998 | 9925275 |
| glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunopositive structures in the brain of a crocodilian, caiman crocodilus, and its bearing on the evolution of astroglia. | caiman crocodilus, as a representative of the order crocodilia, was used in immunohistochemical studies. immunohistochemical procedures were performed on free-floating sections using a monoclonal antibody against porcine glial fibrillary acidic protein (gfap) and employing standard avidin-biotin complex methodology. the astroglia of caiman exhibited robust immunoreactivity to the antibodies raised against mammalian gfap. in caiman, the predominant gfap-immunopositive elements are the radial epen ... | 2001 | 11223815 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of reptilian estrogen receptor cdnas. | cdnas encoding alligator (caiman), caiman crocodilus and whiptail lizard, cnemidophorus uniparens estrogen receptors (ers) were cloned and sequenced. this is the first report of full-length cdna sequences for reptilian ers, to our knowledge. the full-length alligator (caiman) er cdna (1764 bp, 587 amino acid residues) shows 68% amino acid homology with the full-length whiptail lizard er cdna (1746 bp, 581 amino acid residues). the respective ligand binding e domains have 87 and 83% amino acid ho ... | 2001 | 11604222 |
| activity of tabanids (insecta: diptera: tabanidae) attacking the reptiles caiman crocodilus (linn.) (alligatoridae) and eunectes murinus (linn.) (boidae), in the central amazon, brazil. | tabanid females are better known as hematophagous on man and other mammals, and linked to mechanical transmission of parasites. the association between tabanids and reptiles is poorly known, but has been gaining more corroboration through experiments and occasional observation in the tropics. the present study was conducted at a military base (cigs/bi-2), situated 54 km from manaus, amazonas, in a small stream in a clearing (02 degrees 45'33"s; 59 degrees 51'03"w). observations were made monthly ... | 2002 | 11992164 |
| poxvirus dermatitis outbreak in farmed brazilian caimans (caiman crocodilus yacare). | | 2002 | 12153064 |
| distribution and abundance of four caiman species (crocodylia: alligatoridae) in jaú national park, amazonas, brazil. | jaú national park is a large rain forest reserve that contains small populations of four caiman species. we sampled crocodilian populations during 30 surveys over a period of four years in five study areas. we found the mean abundance of caiman species to be very low (1.0 +/- 0.5 caiman/km of shoreline), independent of habitat type (river, stream or lake) and season. while abundance was almost equal, the species' composition varied in different waterbody and study areas. we analysed the structur ... | 2001 | 12189791 |
| studies on chromoproteins of cardiac and skeletal muscle of caimans (caiman sclerops). | in a number of caimans (caiman sclerops) we were unable to find traces of myoglobin in any of the histologically clearly cross-striated cardiac and skeletal muscles using spectrometric methods. the red colour of the heart is due to a high concentration of cytochrome c. this substance was also found in the muscles of the neck, back, tail, and the anterior extremities. | 1996 | 174058 |
| effects of stress and acth on plasma corticosterone levels in the caiman caiman crocodilus. | | 2003 | 182609 |
| bombesin-like immunoreactivity and the effect of bombesin in the gut, circulatory system and lung of the caiman, caiman crocodylus crocodylus, and the crocodile, crocodylus porosus. | the presence of bombesin-like material in nerves and endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal canal, the circulatory system and the lung of the caiman, caiman crocodylus crocodylus, has been investigated with immunohistochemistry (ihc) and radioimmunoassay (ria). the effect of bombesin has been studied on the vascularly perfused lung and on isolated strip preparations of the gut wall of the caiman, and on the circulatory system in vivo in both the caiman and the crocodile, crocodylus porosus. bom ... | 2008 | 2620708 |
| glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactivity in some dorsal thalamic nuclei in crocodilia. | glutamic acid decarboxylase (gad) immunocytochemical properties of thalamic nuclei known to project to the telencephalon were investigated in reptiles, caiman crocodilus and alligator mississippiensis, by monoclonal antibodies to gad epitopes designated as gad-1, gad-2 and gad-5. gad-immunoreactive puncta were observed with all three monoclonal antibodies in the following dorsal thalamic nuclei by avidin-biotin complex methodology: dorsolateralis anterior, dorsomedialis anterior, diagonalis, rot ... | 1994 | 7517022 |
| chloride-dependent organic phosphate sensitivity of the oxygenation reaction in crocodilian hemoglobins | we show that crocodilian hemoglobins (hbs), which previously have been considered to be model pigments lacking allosteric interaction with organic phosphate esters, do exhibit oxylabile atp and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (dpg) binding that decreases o2 affinity and increases ph sensitivity (bohr effect), in the absence of cl- and at the low cl- concentrations that may occur in crocodilian plasma during 'post-ingestive alkaline tides'. hbs from different species vary in their phosphate sensitivities. ... | 1994 | 9317219 |
| vocalization in juvenile crocodilians. | evidence is presented that the grunts and distress calls of juvenile alligators (alligator mississipiensis) are examples of graded calls, which are given in different form depending largely on contest. representative sonagrams of the distress calls of three other species of crocodilians (caiman crocodilus, crocodylus niloticus, and crocodylus siamensis) are presented and compared with sonagrams of alligator distress calls. these findings are discussed in light of current knowledge of the bioacou ... | 1977 | 930443 |
| free amino acids in crocodilians fed proteins of different biological value. | changes in plasma levels of amino acids derived from fed protein were determined by feeding crocodilians (caiman crocodilus crocodilus and alligator mississipiensis) 7.5 g protein/kg body weight and by monitoring the plasma free amino acids for several days. zein and several other vegetable proteins produced no rise in plasma amino acids and were excreted intact in the feces. casein and fish muscle were rapidly digested but produced little rise in plasma amino acids, and the increases showed no ... | 1975 | 1127472 |
| hearing in the crocodilia. | measurements of auditory sensitivity in terms of the cochlear potentials were made in young specimens of three species of crocodilians, caiman crocodilus and alligator mississipiensis of the subfamily alligatorinae and crocodylus acutus of the subfamily crocodylinae. these species show considerable similarity in their capabilities for sound reception. all have the best sensitivity in a fairly broad middle range, and fall off for lower tones and particularly rapidly for the high tones. the level ... | 1971 | 5283940 |
| anatomical identification of a telencephalic somatosensory area in a reptile, caiman crocodilus. | telencephalic projections of a thalamic somatosensory area were investigated in a reptilian species, caiman crocodilus, by means of horseradish peroxidase (hrp) neurohistochemistry. injections of hrp into the medialis complex labeled axons that leave the ventral aspect of this nucleus to enter the dorsal peduncle of the lateral forebrain bundle where they ascend. these fibers course rostrally to enter the central portion of the lateral forebrain bundle. here, axons turn dorsally, pass through, a ... | 1994 | 8143143 |
| interconnections between the pretectum and visual thalamus in reptiles, caiman crocodilus. | interconnections between the visual thalamus and the pretectum were investigated in one species of reptiles, caiman crocodilus, by injections of horseradish peroxidase into nucleus rotundus. nucleus pretectalis was identified as a major target of rotundal efferents as well as a significant input to nucleus rotundus. the presence of a pretectal nucleus with neural connections and topographic location similar to nucleus pretectalis of caiman has been described in lizards and pigeons. taken togethe ... | 1992 | 1436668 |
| a different type of vertebrate thalamic organization. | the presence of a reptilian thalamic reticular nucleus was investigated in caiman crocodilus. injections of horseradish peroxidase made into the dorsal thalamus produced retrogradely labeled neurons in the nucleus of the dorsal peduncle of the lateral forebrain bundle. a separate population of thalamic neurons located in the nucleus of the dorsal peduncle of the lateral forebrain bundle with morphology different from those neurons projecting to the dorsal thalamus were found to be immunoreactive ... | 1990 | 1701334 |
| thalamic projections from a midbrain somatosensory area in a reptile, caiman crocodilus. | ascending projections to the thalamus from a midbrain somatosensory area were investigated in a reptile, caiman crocodilus. connections were determined utilizing horseradish peroxidase (hrp) neurohistochemistry in which tetramethylbenzidine was the chromogen. anterograde experiments, in which hrp injections were placed into the midbrain, revealed bilateral projections to the medialis complex of the dorsal thalamus. these observations were confirmed by hrp injections into the medialis complex whi ... | 1990 | 2257476 |
| reptilian somatosensory midbrain: identification based on input from the spinal cord and dorsal column nucleus. | a midbrain somatosensory area was identified in reptiles caiman crocodilus, by orthograde degeneration techniques after midcervical spinal cord transections or after dorsal column lesions. terminations of these somesthetic inputs were located in a caudal lateral part of the central nucleus of the torus semicircularis and contiguous dorsal mesencephalon. dorsal column projections were contralateral while spinal connections were mainly ipsilateral. in order to confirm the results of the anterograd ... | 1989 | 2720366 |
| percentage of intrinsic and relay cells in a thalamic nucleus projecting to general cortex in reptiles, caiman crocodilus. | small injections of horseradish peroxidase (hrp) restricted solely to the general cortex in reptiles, caiman crocodilus, resulted in retrogradely labeled cells located bilaterally in the nucleus dorsolateralis anterior of the thalamus. larger cortical injections of hrp labeled greater numbers of nucleus dorsolateralis anterior cells. hrp injections designed to label as much cortex as possible resulted in very few unlabeled ipsilateral neurons in the nucleus dorsolateralis anterior. the percentag ... | 1987 | 3580863 |
| dorsal funicular projections to the dorsal column nucleus in a reptile, caiman crocodilus. | projections to the dorsal column nucleus were investigated in the reptile caiman crocodilus following application of horseradish peroxidase (hrp) crystals to the cervical spinal cord after dorsal myelotomy. brains were processed for hrp histochemistry by use of tetramethylbenzidine as the chromogen. injection of the dorsal funiculus alone labelled axons that terminated solely in the ipsilateral dorsal column nucleus. application of hrp that extended beyond the dorsal funiculus labelled axons tha ... | 1986 | 3734152 |
| percentage of relay and intrinsic neurons in two sensory thalamic nuclei projecting to the non-cortical telencephalon in reptiles caiman crocodilus. | large injections of horseradish peroxidase were placed in the non-cortical telencephalon in a reptile, caiman crocodilus. the number of retrogradely labeled and unlabeled neurons in two sensory thalamic nuclei, nucleus rotundus (vision) and nucleus reuniens pars centralis (audition) were counted. the percentage of unlabeled cells in each nucleus was less than 1%. these data suggest that each of these thalamic nuclei contain few, if any, intrinsic or local circuit neurons. | 1986 | 3013374 |
| the origin of centrifugal fibers to the inner ear in caiman crocodilus. a horseradish peroxidase study. | the origin of acoustic and vestibular efferent fibers was investigated in caiman crocodilus. after injection of horseradish peroxidase (hrp) into the cochlear duct or into the ampullae of the horizontal and anterior semi-circular canals, cells in the medulla oblongata exhibited retrogradely transported hrp reaction product. efferent vestibular fibers were found in the medial reticular nucleus, at the level of the oliva superior. there were more labeled neurons ipsilateral to the injection site. ... | 1981 | 6172755 |
| [the origin of efferent fibers to the inner ear on reptiles. a hrp study in caiman crocodilus (author's transl)]. | the origin of efferent fibers to the inner ear was studied in caiman crocodilus. after injection of horseradish peroxidase into the basilar papilla or into the ampullae of the horizontal and anterior semicircular canals, neurons labeled by the granular reaction product of retrogradely transported hrp were found in the medulla oblongata bilaterally. parent cells of the efferent cochlear bundle were found in the medial reticular nucleus and in the rostroventral division of the superior olive bilat ... | 1981 | 7316872 |
| distribution of neurons projecting to the retina of caiman crocodilus. | horseradish peroxidase (hrp) was injected into the vitreous of the eye, the orbital cavity, or the optic tectum of caiman crocodilus. following intravitreal injections, retrograde transport of the enzyme was observed bilaterally, but predominantly contralaterally, in a large oblong field of cells at the isthmic level of the midbrain, bounded medially by the trochlear nucleus and laterally by the nucleus isthmi. control injections of hrp into the orbital cavity and eye muscles labelled motoneuron ... | 1978 | 81087 |
| caiman kininogen-like cysteine proteinase inhibitor. | kininogens are the major mammalian plasma cysteine proteinase inhibitors; a kininogen-like protein was also found in the snake bothrops jararaca plasma. this communication describes a kininogen-like protein in plasma of caiman crocodilus vacare. caiman crude plasma, unlike snake plasma, contains a detectable cysteine proteinase inhibitor. the inhibitor was purified by deae-sephadex ion-exchange chromatography and chromatography on carboxy-methylated-papain-sepharose. the estimated molecular weig ... | 1992 | 1466283 |
| retinal projections in two crocodilian species, caiman crocodilus and crocodylus niloticus. | the retinal projections of caiman crocodilus and crocodylus niloticus were investigated by means of the orthograde axonal transport of either rhodamine beta-isothiocyanate or tritiated proline. in these two species, each tracer revealed contralateral retinal projections to three hypothalamic regions (subventricular gray matter, nucleus suprachiasmaticus, and area optica hypothalami lateralis), five thalamic regions (nuclei ovalis, dorsolateralis anterior, ventrolateralis and ventrobasalis, and l ... | 1999 | 10424875 |
| neuropeptide control of the cardiovascular system in fish and reptiles. | accumulating evidence shows the involvement of neuropeptides in cardiovascular control in mammals as well as non-mammalian species. our own immunohistochemical studies indicate a sparse innervation only in cyclostomes, holostean fish and lungfish, a more extensive variation and distribution in elasmobranchs and teleosts, and a rich and varied innervation of the cardiovascular system in crocodiles and lizards. vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (vip), neuropeptie y (npy), gastrin releasing peptide ... | 2016 | 8728849 |
| preliminary characterization of a kazal-type serine protease inhibitor from caiman crocodilus yacare plasma. | blood serine protease inhibitors are becoming better understood and increasingly applied in blood clotting, cancer and other diseases. reptiles are suitable models for blood coagulation and related processes, moreover, caiman is a good comparative model of a non-poisonous reptile. recently, we reported the purification of a kininogen, the presence of proteases involved in blood clotting, and a serine protease inhibitor in caiman crocodilus yacare plasma. in this paper, we described the partial s ... | 1999 | 10615009 |
| caiman crocodilus yacare plasma kininogen detection. | | 1996 | 8796273 |
| incremental markings of enamel in ectothermal vertebrates. | the deposition of enamel is marked by the formation of growth lines, which reflect incremental growth. although periodic markings have been observed in enamel of non-mammalian vertebrates, the cross-striation interval and the pattern of enamel deposition have not been formally investigated. here a structural study was made of the enamel in four non-mammalian vertebrates, with emphasis on periodic markings. teeth from rana catesbeiana, tropidurus torquatus, caiman crocodilus and a canadian carnos ... | 2000 | 10739857 |
| midbrain projecting dorsal column nucleus neurons in a reptile. | the origin of midbrain projecting cells in the dorsal column nucleus (dcn) was investigated in reptiles, caiman crocodilus, using a retrograde tracer. labeled neurons were confined to a caudal-central portion of the dcn. midbrain projecting dcn neurons had round, oval, or triangular soma and were small. while neurons that project to the spinal cord in caiman are also located in the caudal half of the dcn, midbrain projecting cells are located more dorsally and are smaller than those whose axons ... | 2002 | 12127021 |
| lactate dehydrogenase genes of caiman and chinese soft-shelled turtle, with emphasis on the molecular phylogenetics and evolution of reptiles. | l-lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) cdnas encoding for ldh-a(4) (muscle) and ldh-b(4) (heart) isozymes from caiman (caiman crocodilus apaporiensis) belonging to the order crocodilia and chinese soft-shelled turtle (pelodiscus sinensis) belonging to the order chelonia were sequenced. the phylogenetic relationships of the newly determined cdna and their deduced protein sequences, as well as the previously published sequences of vertebrate ldh isozymes, were analyzed by various phylogenetic tree construc ... | 2001 | 11722846 |
| observations on the thermal selection of the pantanal caiman (caiman crocodilus yacare) hatchlings (crocodylia: alligatoridae). | three options of water temperatures in a thermal gradient that changed from 22 to 35 degrees c were offered to pantanal caiman (caiman croocodilus yacare) hatchlings. animals from two nests were submitted to temperatures during 19 days (nest 1 -- 20 caimans caught in the nature hours after hatching), corresponding to 1 to 7 observations periods, and 13 days (nest 2 -- 20 animals obtained by artificial incubation) relative to observation period 8. caimans remain fasting during experimental period ... | 2001 | 11514901 |
| the mitochondrial genomes of the iguana (iguana iguana) and the caiman (caiman crocodylus): implications for amniote phylogeny. | the complete mitochondrial genomes of two reptiles, the common iguana (iguana iguana) and the caiman (caiman crocodylus), were sequenced in order to investigate phylogenetic questions of tetrapod evolution. the addition of the two species allows analysis of reptilian relationships using data sets other than those including only fast-evolving species. the crocodilian mitochondrial genomes seem to have evolved generally at a higher rate than those of other vertebrates. phylogenetic analyses of 288 ... | 2001 | 11297180 |
| comparative analysis of fmrfamide-like immunoreactivity in caiman (caiman crocodilus) and turtle (trachemys scripta elegans) brains. | the distribution of fmrfamide (fmrfa)-like peptides in caiman (caiman crocodilus) and turtle (trachemys scripta elegans) brains was studied by immunohistochemistry. in both species, distinct groups of fmrfa-like immunoreactive (ir) perikarya were present in the medial septal nucleus, accumbens nucleus, nucleus of the diagonal band of broca, suprachiasmatic area, lateral hypothalamic area, and periventricular hypothalamic nucleus. a few fmrfa-ir neurons in the hypothalamic area were located in th ... | 1999 | 10639745 |
| calcium binding protein immunoreactivity in nucleus rotundus in a reptile, caiman crocodilus. | nucleus rotundus is a prominent nucleus in the dorsal thalamus of nonmammalian amniotes. in one group of reptiles, caiman crocodilus, previous studies have identified three parts of this neuronal aggregate. the central portion, the rotundal core, which receives visual input from the midbrain and projects to a restricted portion of the telencephalon, contains relay cells only. previous examinations using nissl morphology indicated that neurons of the rotundal core were not a homogeneous populatio ... | 2017 | 10473904 |
| the existence of merkel cells in the lingual connective tissue of the surinam caiman, caiman crocodilus crocodilus (order crocodilia). | the tongue of the surinam caiman (a reptilian species) was studied by light microscopy including immunohistochemistry for protein gene product 9.5 (pgp 9.5), and transmission electron microscopy. the connective tissue immediately under taste buds housed a cluster of cells immunoreactive for pgp 9.5. these cells synapsed on nerves, and their cytoplasm contained characteristic granules of 90 nm in the mean diameter, glycogen particles, and bundles of intermediate filaments. in light of these ultra ... | 1999 | 10223746 |
| some morphological features of a visual thalamic nucleus in a reptile: observations on nucleus rotundus in caiman crocodilus. | the morphology of nucleus rotundus, a visual thalamic nucleus, was investigated in one species of reptiles. caiman crocodilus, using nisst stained material in transverse, sagittal, and horizontal planes. the topographical location of nucleus rotundus and its relationship to surrounding thalamic nuclear groups are described. nucleus rotundus in caiman can be subdivided into three areas: (1) an outer shell; (2) an inner core; and (3) a cell poor zone located between the shell and core. most rotund ... | 1997 | 9150894 |
| [histology and histochemistry of the kidney and ureters of the caiman crocodilus yacare (daudin, 1802)--crocodilia reptilia)]. | the elongated kidneys of caiman crocodilus yacare are found in pairs and have two lobes. each lobe is crossed lengthwise down the middle by the renal vein and artery along which there are the renal corpuscules in groups of two or four which delimit the medullar renal region. these corpuscules are generally poorly developed and there is a center of connective tissue with few capillary loops. the bowman capsule is of pavement or cubic epithelium and leads into a narrow, short, non-secretory neck s ... | 1995 | 7569146 |
| the thalamus of reptiles and mammals: similarities and differences. | certain aspects of thalamic organization in reptiles and mammals are reviewed. features shared by the dorsal thalamus of reptiles and that of mammals include projection to the telencephalon, specific and non-specific non-telencephalic afferents, and input from the thalamic reticular nucleus. differences between the dorsal thalamus of reptiles and that of mammals are the absence of reciprocal telencephalic efferents to the dorsal thalamus and lack of local circuit neurons in reptiles (with the ex ... | 1995 | 8564463 |
| morphological and gad immunocytochemical properties of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in a reptile. | morphological and glutamic acid decarboxylase (gad) immunocytochemical properties of the dorsal part of the lateral geniculate nucleus were investigated in reptiles, caiman crocodilus. gad immunoreactive neurons, although sparse, were found in the dorsal part of the lateral geniculate nucleus. in addition, puncta and fibers immunoreactive for gad were also observed in this same nucleus. these results in caiman utilizing gad are similar to observations on the dorsal part of the lateral geniculate ... | 1994 | 8193926 |
| anatomical identification of a postsynaptic dorsal column system in a reptile, caiman crocodilus. | the presence of a postsynaptic dorsal column system was investigated in reptiles, caiman crocodilus. several experiments were undertaken. first, a cytoarchitectonic analysis of the spinal cord was performed to identify its laminar organization. second, the termination of dorsal root fibers in the dorsal horn of the upper cervical cord, brachial enlargement, and lumbar intumescence was studied utilizing anterograde tracing techniques. third, placement of retrograde tracers into the dorsal column ... | 1994 | 8038986 |
| pcr assays of variable nucleotide sites for identification of conservation units. | a number of authors have recently suggested that the best approach for identifying units of conservation is to follow a systematics model of character analysis (amato, 1991; cracraft, 1991; vogler and desalle, 1994). this approach necessitates the use of an operational, typological, evolutionary species concept. the use of the phylogenetic species concept has the utility and philosophical logic appropriate for this task. additionally, there is a large body of literature that uses this framework, ... | 1994 | 7994108 |
| neuronal subpopulations in a reptilian thalamic reticular nucleus. | in reptiles, caiman crocodilus, some neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus are immunoreactive for parvalbumin. utilizing double-labeling experiments with fluorescent tracers and indirect fluorescence immunocytochemistry, some of these parvalbumin immunoreactive neurons were found to project to the dorsal thalamus. other thalamic reticular neurons not immunoreactive for parvalbumin were also found to terminate in the dorsal thalamus. these findings suggest that the thalamic reticular nucleus ... | 1993 | 8347828 |
| individualization and estimation of relatedness in crocodilians by dna fingerprinting with a bkm-derived probe. | individual-specific dna fingerprints of crocodilians were obtained by the use of bkm-2(8) probe. pedigree analyses of crocodylus palustris, c. porosus and caiman crocodilus revealed that the multiple bands (22-23 bands with aludigest) thus obtained were inherited stably in a mendelian fashion. unique fingerprints permitted us to identify individuals, assign parentage, and reconstruct the dna profile of a missing parent. average band sharing between unrelated crocodiles was found to be 0.37. band ... | 1993 | 8479440 |
| arrangement and innervation of the iliocostalis and longissimus muscles of the brown caiman (caiman crocodilus fuscus: alligatoridae, crocodilia). | the axial musculature of the brown caiman was investigated in detail with particular attention to the nerve supply, using a binocular stereomicroscope. due to the prominent development of the longissimus (lo) and the iliocostalis (ic) muscles of the caiman, the pattern of distribution of the spinal nerves in the body wall was unique; there also was less differentiation of the external intercostalis. there were four primary divisions of the spinal nerves in the thoracic region of the caiman, from ... | 1991 | 1759688 |
| pox virus infection in captive juvenile caimans (caiman crocodilus fuscus) in south africa. | light grey macules developed on the skin and in the mouths of juvenile caimans, (caiman crocodilus fuscus) (n = 8), kept in the quarantine section of the reptile park at the national zoological gardens, pretoria, republic of south africa. the gross, histopathological and ultrastructural features of the lesions were commensurate with pox virus infection. this outbreak closely resembled the disease described elsewhere in 3 juvenile captive caimans. | 1991 | 1663167 |
| calcium binding protein immunoreactivity in a reptilian thalamic reticular nucleus. | immunoreactivity to antisera directed against a variety of calcium binding proteins was investigated in the thalamic reticular nucleus of one species of reptiles, caiman crocodilus. cells and fibers were immunoreactive for parvalbumin whereas fibers but not neurons were immunoreactive for calbindin and calcitonin gene related peptide. these data support the observations that caiman thalamic reticular nucleus contains at least two neuronal populations. one group, whose cells are immunoreactive fo ... | 1991 | 1933314 |
| motilin-immunoreactive cells in the duodenum, pyloric stomach and pancreas of caimans (caiman latirostris and caiman crocodilus, alligatorinae): a further comparison using region-specific motilin antisera. | motilin-immunoreactive cells in the duodenum, pyloric stomach and pancreas of caiman latirostris and caiman crocodilus were investigated using region specific antisera for porcine and canine motilin molecules. motilin-immunoreactive cells were found in the duodenum, pyloric stomach and pancreas of both caiman species. these cells were primarily open-type endocrine ones in the epithelium of the duodenum and pyloric stomach. motilin-immunoreactive cells were observed in both the exocrine and endoc ... | 1991 | 1954044 |
| actin, myosin and alpha-actinin containing filament bundles in hyaline cells of the caiman cochlea. | hyaline cells of the auditory organ of the spectacled caiman contain smooth muscle-like filament bundles within their basal cell pole. these bundles were heavily labeled with antibodies to actin, myosin and alpha-actinin (muscular z-line protein). since hyaline cells are firmly attached to the basilar membrane these cells may actively modify the stiffness of the basilar membrane. a contractile mechanism in hyaline cells might affect frequency tuning of primary auditory afferents. this frequency ... | 1991 | 1717422 |
| reptilian dorsal column nucleus lacks gad immunoreactive neurons. | brains of reptiles, caiman crocodilus, were processed by standard immunocytochemical methodology using a polyclonal antibody to glutamic acid decarboxylase (gad) as well as several monoclonal antibodies to gad. no neurons immunoreactive for gad, gad(+), were observed in the dorsal column nucleus, although gad(+) puncta were seen. these findings suggest that in caiman, the dorsal column nucleus, like the dorsal thalamus, lacks local circuit neurons. | 1989 | 2611654 |
| flow dynamics of the crocodilian heart. | we report for the first time the flow events corresponding to the pressure patterns in the left and right aorta (lao and rao) during the cardiac cycle in the caiman (caiman crocodylus ssp). these experiments show a complex lao flow pattern; an initial small anterograde flow in the early systole is reversed to a backflow at midsystole. at the end of systole there is again a small anterograde flow. this second flow pulse corresponds to a pressure peak ("foramen spike") in the lao pressure trace. t ... | 1989 | 2705575 |
| calcium binding protein in the basal ganglia system of a non-mammalian vertebrate: an immunohistochemical study in the reptile caiman crocodilus. | in caiman, calbindin d28k immunoreactivity (cabp) was observed within many neurons of the substantia nigra (sn) but only in the caudal portion of the area ventralis of tsai (avt). a dense cabp fiber plexus showing some regional inhomogeneity was observed in the dorsolateral portion of the telencephalic ventrolateral area (vla). these results are consistent with previous reports that the sn and avt project to the dorsolateral and medial portions of the vla, and strongly support the theory that th ... | 1988 | 3401743 |
| catecholamine neurons in the brainstem of the reptile caiman crocodilus. | immunohistochemical methods were used to map the distribution of neurons exhibiting tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity (th) in the brainstem of the reptile caiman crocodilus. the results reveal that many catecholamine systems previously described in mammalian and avian species are present in the brainstem of the caiman. within the medulla, many immunoreactive neurons surround the central canal. this neuronal field extends rostrally to the level of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. m ... | 1988 | 2897382 |
| [nerve supply of the ventral trunk musculature of the brown caiman (caiman crocodilus fuscus: alligatoridae, crocodilia), and its morphological consideration]. | | 1988 | 3407381 |
| somatostatin-containing and other endocrine cells in the pancreas of the spectacled caiman. | light-microscopic immunocytochemistry was used to localize 4 major pancreatic hormones in the pancreas of the spectacled caiman, caiman fuscus. somatostatin, insulin, glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide were localized by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex technique. a relatively large population of somatostatin-containing d cells was present. the d cells were nearly as numerous as the insulin-containing b cells and glucagon-containing a cells which were the most common cell types. all three c ... | 1987 | 2888255 |
| cholinergic neurons in the telencephalon of the reptile caiman crocodilus. | choline acetyltransferase (chat) immunohistochemistry was used to characterize the distribution of cholinergic neurons in the telencephalon of the reptile, caiman crocodilus. chat-positive cell bodies were observed within the small-celled portion of the ventrolateral area of the telencephalon (vla s.c.), a region previously considered comparable to the mammalian caudate nucleus and putamen. a large field of cholinergic neurons was observed within the ventral paleostriatum (vp), a region comparab ... | 1985 | 4047484 |
| endoscopic diagnosis and removal of gastric foreign bodies in a caiman (caiman crocodilus crocodilus). | an 8-year-old caiman (caiman crocodilus crocodilus) was presented, its history being given as absence of bowel movements and anorexia after ingestion of a rubber toy. radiologic examination of the abdomen revealed no abnormalities. on gastroscopic examination many radiolucent foreign bodies were detected and removed. five days after the removal of the foreign bodies from the stomach the caiman was alert and active and showed a normal appetite. | 1985 | 4049720 |
| mechanics of the basilar membrane in caiman crocodilus. | vibration measurements were made at a number of positions near the proximal (basal) end of the basilar membrane, and on the columella footplate, of caiman crocodilus using a capacitive probe. the measurements established the existence of a mechanical travelling wave in this species. they showed no significant change of mechanical tuning with temperature, and were highly significantly different from previous reports of neural temperature sensitivity (smolders, j. and klinke, r. (1984): j. comp. p ... | 1985 | 4030507 |
| complete nucleotide sequences of three vh genes in caiman, a phylogenetically ancient reptile: evolutionary diversification in coding segments and variation in the structure and organization of recombination elements. | complete nucleotide sequences are described for three caiman (caiman crocodylus crocodylus) immunoglobulin vh genes (c3, e1, and g4) that hybridize with a murine vh probe. the e1 and g4 genes are physically linked (intergenic distance, approximately equal to 6.5 kilobases) in the same transcriptional orientation but are not directly contiguous with the c3 gene. when the coding segments, including both framework and complementarity-determining regions, of these genes and the murine probe sequence ... | 1985 | 2983316 |
| enkephalin-like immunoreactivity within the telencephalon of the reptile caiman crocodilus. | immunohistochemical methods were used to characterize the distribution of staining for leucine enkephalin-like and methionine enkephalin-like immunoreactivities in the telencephalon of caiman crocodilus. very similar distributions of both leucine enkephalin-like and methionine enkephalin-like immunoreactivity were observed. the greatest accumulations of enkephalin-like immunoreactive material were observed within the ventrolateral area of the telencephalon, a region considered comparable to the ... | 1984 | 6371580 |
| the dorsal column nucleus in a reptile, caiman crocodilus. | the dorsal column nucleus of caiman crocodilus was identified by using standard orthograde techniques to trace the degeneration that resulted from dorsal rhizotomies in brachial and lumbar regions. although the dorsal column nucleus was difficult to locate in nissl and fiber preparations, it was easily identified in histochemical material because it stained intensely with succinate dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase. | 1983 | 6633941 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of an immunoglobulin vh gene homologue from caiman, a phylogenetically ancient reptile. | immunoglobulin variable (v) gene regions typify extensive multigenic families in terms of overall size, chromosomal arrangement and presence of large numbers of apparent pseudogenes. a unique mechanism of somatic reorganization involving recombination of vh, d and jh or vl and jl segments accompanies the differentiation of lymphoid cells and together with somatic mutation and other types of recombination accounts for v-region diversity. although these processes have been well characterized in hi ... | 1983 | 6406897 |
| caiman crocodylus hemoglobin. complete primary structures of alpha and beta chains; phylogenic and regulatory aspects. | in some reptiles, the hemoglobin oxygen affinity is lowered by co2 and not by the usual phosphate cofactors. to understand the molecular mechanism of this regulation, caiman crocodylus hemoglobin's primary structure has been determined. the alignment of the 141 residues of the alpha chain as well as the 146 of the beta chain were obtained by classical method of sequence analysis and are compared with some mammalian, avian, amphibian, and fish hemoglobin chains. furthermore, from these sequences, ... | 1982 | 7174198 |
| the feeding apparatus of caiman crocodilus; a functional-morphological study. | a functional morphological study on the cranio-facial region of caiman crocodilus was carried out. the anatomy of the skull, mandible, cartilaginous structures and the muscles of the jaw was described. myography experiments, an x-ray study and observations of behaviour gave insight into the sequence of actions during food-intake. evidence has been obtained that the cartilago transiliens, attached to the medial side of the mandible, is used to block the jaws relative to each other. for each food- ... | 1982 | 7103110 |
| quantitative investigation of temperature effects in primary auditory fibers in caiman crocodilus. | characteristic frequencies (cf) of primary auditory afferents in the caiman depend upon body temperature. in the range tested (11 degrees c - 34 degrees c), the change is in the order of 1.5 octaves. low temperature leads to low cf. | 1982 | 7092709 |
| sensory transduction and neuronal transmission as related to ultrastructure and encoding of information in different labyrinthine receptor systems of vertebrates. | mechano-electric transduction and neuronal transmission were studied in sensory systems ascending from and descending to single receptor cells of the labyrinth organs in submammalian vertebrates. the animals were young crocodiles (caiman crocodilus), geckos (gekko gecko, tarentola mauritanica), and turtles (pseudemys scripta elegans, chinemys reevesii). intracellular receptor potentials from the apical region of the hair cell (or from the ciliary surface) were recorded in the ampullar, macular, ... | 1982 | 6289788 |
| organization of ascending spinal projections in caiman crocodilus. | ascending spinal projections in the caiman (caiman crocodilus) were demonstrated with nauta and fink-heimer methods following hemisections of the third spinal segment in a series of twelve animals. these results were compared with earlier data in the literature obtained from a turtle, a snake, and a lizard using the same experimental and histological procedures. the results show remarkable similarities considering that each species represents a different reptilian order with different evolutiona ... | 1981 | 7214482 |
| basal ganglionic pathways to the tectum: studies in reptiles. | relations between the basal ganglia and the tectum were investigated in two different orders of reptiles: turtles (chrysemys scripta) and crocodilians (caiman crocodilus). in both species, efferents from the paleostriatal complex, a telencephalic region considered comparable to the mammalian basal ganglia on the basis of topographic, histochemical, and hodological criteria, were found to project to a prominent pretectal cell group called the dorsal nucleus of the posterior commissure (ndcp). cel ... | 1980 | 7440783 |
| the paleostriatal system of caiman crocodilus. | the organization and projections of the presumed homologue of the mammalian corpus striatum, the ventrolateral area (vla) of the telencephalon, were investigated in the reptile caiman crocodilus. the caiman vla was divided into two major cell fields on the basis of cytoarchitectonic criteria: a rostromedial small celled field (vla s.c.) and a large celled field occupying the dorsal, lateral and ventrocaudal portions of the vla (vla l.c.). histochemical results indicate that the vla s.c. contains ... | 1980 | 7372857 |
| preliminary study of a reptile, caiman crocodylus, haemoglobin [proceedings]. | | 1980 | 6155848 |
| discharge properties of primary auditory fibres in caiman crocodilus: comparisons and contrasts to the mammalian auditory nerve. | single fibre recordings were performed from the auditory nerve of the caiman, caiman crocodilus. all neurones were spontaneously active (1-80 imp/s). clicks evoked multiple peaks in the post stimulus time histogram spaced at 1/cf. at high intensities irregularities were observed. the latencies of the first peak observable were intensity-dependent and related to cf. the number of peaks was correlated with tuning properties of the fibre. frequency threshold curves were asymmetrical, with low frequ ... | 1980 | 7358100 |
| anatomical evidence for an ascending somatosensory pathway to the telencephalon in crocodiles, caiman crocodilus. | a series of experiments in caiman crocodilus that outlines an ascending somatosensory pathway to the telencephalon is described. this telencephalic somatosensory area was found to correspond to a region high in succinate dehydrogenase activity. | 1980 | 6159226 |
| poxlike skin lesions in captive caimans. | three juvenile captive spectacled caimans (caiman sclerops) had scattered, gray-white, circular, 1- to 3-mm skin lesions. in one caiman, the lesions were particularly prominent on the phalanges, palpebrae, and integument overlying the maxillae and mandible. digital biopsy revealed large eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions within epithelial cells. transmission electron microscopy of lesions from the lower jaw revealed viral particles morphologically similar to poxvirus. | 1979 | 230171 |
| electron microscopy of retinal tapetum (caiman crocodilus). | the distribution and ultrastructure of the retinal tapetum lucidum in caiman crocodilus is described. in the light adapted eye the tapetum is recognized in the superior half of the fundus. it consists of guanine containing crystalline platelets which are spread almost over the entire retinal pigment epithelial cells which can be divided into different layers: 1. the basal surface facing the choriocapillary vessels is differentiated into numerous densely packed true microfolds which are commonly ... | 1978 | 215048 |
| [hypothetical elements, hemoglobins and proteins in the blood of the caiman crocodilus (linneaus)]. | | 1978 | 552758 |
| [structural peculiarities of the proprioceptors in caiman sclerops]. | | 1977 | 607970 |
| a paradigm for the mandibula of caiman crocodilus [proceedings]. | | 1977 | 920291 |
| computer analysis of the electroencephalographic activity of the caiman olfactory bulb. | bipolar eeg records of olfactory activity of caiman sclerops were computer analyzed and the derived power spectral density functions (psd) were statistically compared by the method of bendat and piersol (1971) and fails and verlander (1977). these recordings included surface and underwater episodes. the caiman olfactory eeg may legitimately be divided into four types of activity: a spindle form of high amplitude and long duration (1-3 sec), a spindle of lower amplitude, short duration (less than ... | 1977 | 67935 |
| fine structure of the retinal epithelium of the spectacled caiman (caiman sclerops). | the fine structure of the retinal epithelium, bruch's membrane and choriocapillaries has been studied by electron microscopy in the spectacled caiman (caiman sclerops). the retinal epithelium throughout most of the retina is morphologically very typical of that described for other vertebrates. this typical appearance involves a single layer of pigmented cuboidal cells with extensive basal (scleral) infoldings and numerous apical (vitreal) processes enclosing photoreceptor outer segments. a semic ... | 1977 | 857563 |
| drug-induced brain monoamine depletion and its behavioral correlates in caiman sclerops. | | 1977 | 20272 |
| monoamine distribution in the brain of caiman sclerops. | | 1977 | 15783 |
| morphological and physiological findings on hair cells with impaired metabolism (nitrogen, monoiodoacetate) in caiman crocodilus with reference to sudden deafness. | morphological and physiological studies were carried out on caiman crocodilus under experimentally produced metabolic changes. during n2-respiration the cochlear potentials responded differently. the negative component (cm-) of the cochlear microphonics decreased continuously, whereas the cm+ component showed only a little change. the summation action potential (ap) exhibited a similar behaviour to that of cm-. these alterations were reversible up to periods of 30 min n2-respiration. the morphol ... | 1976 | 989728 |
| morphology and function of the parathyroid gland of the caiman, caiman crocodilus. | | 1976 | 955378 |
| studies on ventilation of caiman crocodilus (crocodilia: reptilia). | the ventilatory mechanics of freely moving caiman crocodilus were studied by cinefluorescopy and electromyography. the buccal oscillations serve only to flush the internal nares in olfaction. ventilations are coincident with abdominal oscillations. the larynx ordinarily lies adpressed to the internal nares so that the posterior buccal chamber is excluded from the path of air flow during ventilation and does not contribute to respiratory dead space. the pulmonary pressures may be variably polypha ... | 1976 | 951534 |
| anatomical identification of a telencephalic visual area in crocodiles: ascending connections of nucleus rotundus in caiman crocodilus. | nucleus rotundus receives a major input from the optic tectum in crocodiles, caiman crocodilus. telencephalic projections of nucleus rotundus were studied in caiman by means by the fink-heimer procedure after anodal, stereotaxic lesions. efferent axons of nucleus rotundus assemble on the ventromedial aspect of this nucleus and swing ventrolaterally to enter the dorsal peduncle of the lateral forebrain bundle. these ascending fibers continue rostrally in the dorsal peduncle of the lateral forebra ... | 1975 | 1184787 |
| [comparative morphological studies of the acoustic system in some selected reptiles. a. caiman crocodilus]. | | 1975 | 1162280 |