| fatal mycotic pulmonary disease of captive american alligators. | fatal pulmonary disease occurred in two captive american alligators. the entomopathogenic fungus, beauveria bassiana, was isolated from pulmonary lesions in both alligators. an extended hibernation period because of a severe winter and a failure of the zoo heating system may have predisposed the alligators to infection. | 1979 | 452316 |
| isolation of aeromonas hydrophila from the american alligator, alligator mississippiensis. | aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from the internal organs of nine adult alligators, alligator mississippiensis, which died without apparent cause, suggesting the bacterium may have been a factor. one hundred and twenty-three alligators ranging in age from six months to over 10 years were captured from five locations in the southeastern united states and sampled for a. hydrophila. the bacterium was isolated from the oral cavity of 85% of the animals, on the external jaw area from over 50% and fr ... | 1979 | 480514 |
| cleavage of the taurine conjugate of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid by rat fecal bacteria. | this paper describes a method for the hydrolysis of the taurine conjugates of the 25r and the 25s diastereoisomers of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid (thca) with retention of original configuration of c-25. rat fecal suspensions were incubated with the taurine conjugate of thca for 5 and 60% of the free thca was recovered. when bile from alligator mississippiensis, which contains mostly the taurine conjugate of thca, was analyzed by this method, thca was obtained ... | 1979 | 500682 |
| fatal beauveria bassiana infection in a captive american alligator. | the entomopathogenic fungus, beauveria bassiana, was isolated from pulmonary lesions of a dead american alligator (alligator mississipiensis) at the oklahoma city zoo. colonies of the fungus, which had sporulated in vivo, were found in the thoracic air spaces. septate, branching hyphae and fungal spores were seen in stained histologic sections of pleura and lung. dissemination to other viscera had not occurred. this case indicated that b bassiana, a rare vertebrate pathogen, may be a fatal mycot ... | 1979 | 521377 |
| the parasite fauna of the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis) in south carolina. | twelve american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) were obtained from three different areas of south carolina. one species of pentastome (sebekia oxycephala), two species of nematodes (dujardinascaris waltoni and multicaecum tenuicolle), four species of trematodes (polycotyle ornata, acanthostomum coronarium, archaeodiplostomum acetabulatum and pseudocrocodilicola americaniense) and one species of hemogregarine (haemogregarina crocodilnorum) were recovered. polycotyle ornata was observed on ... | 1978 | 739582 |
| structural characterization of tachykinins (neuropeptide gamma, neurokinin a, and substance p) from a reptile, alligator mississipiensis. | an extract of the whole brain of the alligator (alligator mississipiensis) contained very high concentrations of substance p-like immunoreactivity (405 pmol/g wet tissue) and neurokinin a-like immunoreactivity (514 pmol/g), as measured with antisera raised against the mammalian peptides. the primary structure of alligator substance p was established as: arg-pro-arg-pro-gln-gln-phe-phe-gly-leu-met-nh2. this sequence is the same as that of chicken substance p and shows one substitution (arg for ly ... | 1992 | 1282482 |
| cloning and expression analysis of two zfy-related zinc finger genes from alligator mississippiensis, a species with temperature-dependent sex determination. | in order to investigate the molecular mechanism of temperature-dependent sex determination, a human zinc finger gene (zfy), known to be highly conserved amongst other species, was used to isolate homologues from the genome of the american alligator, alligator mississippiensis. zfy was originally a candidate for the primary testis-determining gene in man, but is now thought to function further down the sex-determining cascade. two alligator genes are described, zfc and znc6. both code for zinc fi ... | 1992 | 1398103 |
| synthesis of 3 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid from 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid: configuration in the bile of alligator mississippiensis. | synthesis of 25r- and 25s-diastereoisomers of 3 alpha,7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid from 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid is described. the 25s-diastereoisomer of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan- 26-oic acid was obtained by vigorous hydrolysis of the bile of alligator mississippiensis followed by repeated crystallization of the hydrolysate, and the 25r-diastereoisomer was isolated by hydrolysis of the bile salts in bile of a m ... | 1992 | 1519259 |
| microsomal activation of benzo[a]pyrene by alligator mississippiensis: mechanisms, mutagenicity and induction. | | 1991 | 1783208 |
| primary structure of two forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from brains of the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis). | two forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) have been purified from brains of the american alligator, alligator mississippiensis, using reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (hplc). the concentration of total gnrh was 8.8 ng/g of frozen brain tissue or 21.1 ng per brain. the amino acid sequence of each form of gnrh was determined using automated edman degradation. the presence of the n-terminal pglu residue was established by digestion studies with bovine pyroglutamyl aminopep ... | 1991 | 1882082 |
| inositol phosphate formation in uterine tissue from two species of reptiles is stimulated by arginine vasotocin and influenced by stage of reproduction. | phosphoinositide hydrolysis, resulting in inositol trisphosphate (ip3) and diacylglycerol (dg) formation, has been implicated in oxytocin-stimulated pulsatile secretion of prostaglandin f2 alpha (pgf2 alpha) from uterine endometrium of sheep and other mammals. in reptiles, arginine vasotocin (avt) stimulates uterine secretion of pgf2 alpha. these studies investigated the ability of avt to stimulate incorporation of [3h]inositol into inositol mono-, bis-, and trisphosphates in two reptilian speci ... | 1991 | 1936930 |
| essential fatty acid nutrition of the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis). | the essential fatty acid (efa) nutrition of young american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) was examined by feeding a variety of fats/oils with potential efa activity. over a 12-wk period, alligators fed diets containing 2.5 or 5.0% chicken liver oil grew longer and heavier and converted feed to body mass more efficiently than alligators fed other fat/oil combinations that lacked or contained only trace amounts of arachidonic acid [20:4(n-6)]. alligators fed an efa-deficient diet (contain ... | 1990 | 2114472 |
| brain-stem auditory evoked potentials in the alligator. effects of temperature and hypoxia. | brain-stem auditory evoked potentials (baeps) were recorded from young alligators (alligator mississippiensis), and the effects of hypothermia, hyperthermia and hypoxia on the wave forms were determined. the wave form shape was similar to the human baep, although extra waves were routinely seen. the responses were highly repeatable and varied in a predictable manner as a function of stimulus frequency, polarity, intensity, and body temperature. rarefaction clicks produced longer wave form latenc ... | 1987 | 2439283 |
| initial antibiotic therapy for alligator bites: characterization of the oral flora of alligator mississippiensis. | an open thumb fracture resulting from an alligator bite became infected with aeromonas hydrophila, enterobacter agglomerans, and citrobacter diversus. the patient was treated by surgical debridement and antibiotic therapy. we obtained cultures from the mouth of ten alligators to characterize their oral flora. initial empiric therapy after alligator bites should be directed at gram-negative species, in particular, aeromonas hydrophila and anaerobic species including clostridium. of the numerous f ... | 1989 | 2783788 |
| the hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxygenase (mfo) system of alligator mississippiensis: induction by 3-methylcholanthrene (mc). | 1. pretreatment of alligators i.p. with 3-methylcholanthrene (mc) resulted in a 1.6-fold increase (p less than 0.001) in cytochrome p-450 specific content and a bathochromic shift in the absorption maximum of reduced, co-liganded microsomes (448 nm). 2. control and mc microsomal cytochrome p-450 binding spectra with a number of type i and type ii ligands were similar. 3. mc treatment of alligators resulted in a 12-fold increase in benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity, which was inhibited 82% by 0 ... | 1989 | 2815823 |
| isolation and partial characterization of a cadmium-binding protein from the liver of alligators exposed to cadmium. | seven american alligators, alligator mississippiensis, were each administered a single, intracardiac injection of cadmium chloride, at a dose of 1.0 mg cd/kg body wt. at sacrifice, the highest concentration of cd was found in the liver, bound to a cytosolic protein with characteristics similar to mammalian metallothionein (mt). gel filtration (sephadex g-75) of the cytosol revealed a peak containing cd and to a lesser extent, zinc (zn), having the same relative elution volume (ve/vo) as rat hepa ... | 1985 | 2865051 |
| conserved restriction sites within the ribosomal rna genes of vertebrates. | we have mapped the cleavage sites of four restriction enzymes which recognize six-base sequences within the nuclear ribosomal (rrna) genes of twelve vertebrates, including several placental mammals (homo sapiens, man; bos taurus, cow; equus caballus, horse; sus scofra, pig; ovis aries, sheep; rattus rattus, rat), a marsupial (didelphis marsupialis, opossum), a bird (gallus domesticus, chicken), an amphibian (xenopus laevis), a reptile (alligator mississipiensis), a bony fish (cynoscion nebulosus ... | 1986 | 3004584 |
| development of the pulmonary vein in the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis). | the origin of the embryonic common pulmonary vein in terrestrial vertebrates is still uncertain. most earlier studies in nonhuman embryos describe the vein as entering the sinus venosus. the currently prevailing view, however, based largely on the study of human material, is that the embryonic common pulmonary vein is associated with the left atrium from its inception. we recently observed the pulmonary vein entering the sinus venous part of the right atrium in several normal dog embryos of a st ... | 1988 | 3213967 |
| concentrations of contaminants in muscle of the american alligator in florida. | samples of tail muscle from 32 american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) in florida were analyzed for contaminant concentrations to provide preliminary information on the potential public health hazard of meat consumption. detectable levels were found for eight metals; copper, zinc, iron, chromium, mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic. mean residue was highest for mercury (geometric mean = 0.61 ppm). dde, ddd, ddt, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, lindane, and pcb's were found. mean residue co ... | 1988 | 3352097 |
| gram-negative septicemia in american alligators (alligator mississippiensis). | six species of bacteria (family enterobacteriaceae) not commonly reported as associated with disease in american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) were documented, suggesting that aeromonas is not the only bacterium responsible for septicemia in crocodilians. these included citrobacter freundii, enterobacter agglomerans, proteus sp., morganella morganii, serratia marcescens, and klebsiella oxytoca. clinical signs of disease included intensive basking, anorexia, lethargy, flaccid limb paral ... | 1986 | 3503133 |
| identification of diverse molecular forms of gnrh in reptile brain. | gonadotropin-releasing hormone (gnrh) molecular forms in the brains of three reptiles, alligator mississippiensis (alligator), calcides ocellatus tiligugu (skink) and podarcis s. sicula (lizard) were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) and radioimmunoassay with region-specific antisera, and by assessment of luteinizing (lh)-releasing activity in chicken dispersed pituitary cells. in alligator brain two gnrhs had identical properties to the two known forms of chicken hy ... | 1986 | 3550725 |
| mycotic pneumonia caused by fusarium moniliforme in an alligator. | fatal pulmonary infection in a captive alligator (alligator mississippiensis) is reported. at necropsy, the animal appeared to be in excellent nutritional condition, but a severe necrotizing bronchitis with bronchiectasis was present. histological examination revealed numerous branched, septate, hyaline hyphae within the necrotic debris lining the bronchi and rarely infiltrating into the adjacent stroma. the fungus cultured from the lung was identified as f. moniliforme. | 1985 | 4095646 |
| the endocrine pancreas of alligator mississippiensis. an immunocytochemical investigation. | immunocytochemical methods for light and electron microscopy were used to demonstrate the regulatory peptides present in the endocrine pancreas of the alligator, alligator mississippienses. the peptides studied included insulin, glucagon (pancreatic and enteric), somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide (avian, bovine and human), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance p, metenkephalin, beta-endorphin, c-terminal gastrin/cck and gastric inhibitory polypeptide. endocrine cells were detected usin ... | 1982 | 6124317 |
| isolation and characterization of reptilian insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide: complete amino acid sequence of alligator (alligator mississippiensis) insulin and pancreatic polypeptide. | the insulin, glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, and somatostatin contents of acid-alcohol extracts of alligator pancreas have been estimated by heterologous radioimmunoassay, and the insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide have been isolated. the amino acid sequences of the insulin and pancreatic polypeptide were determined. the sequence of the insulin a chain is identical to that of chicken insulin a chain, while the b chain exhibits three conservative substitutions when compared to that o ... | 1984 | 6146554 |
| direct reciprocal allosteric interaction of oxygen and hydrogen carbonate sequence of the haemoglobins of the caiman (caiman crocodylus), the nile crocodile (crocodylus niloticus) and the mississippi crocodile (alligator mississippiensis). | | 1981 | 6286445 |
| developmental mechanisms in normal and abnormal palate formation with particular reference to the aetiology, pathogenesis and prevention of cleft palate. | palatal development was studied macroscopically, microscopically and ultrastructurally in foetuses of inbred wistar rats and alligator mississippiensis. in the rat, elevation of the palatal shelves from a vertical position lateral to the tongue to a horizontal position above the tongue, occurs very rapidly. this reorientation is postulated to be caused by an intrinsic turgor shelf force generated by the hydration of mesenchymal mucopolysaccharides (predominantly hyaluronic acid). cleft palate wa ... | 1981 | 6455154 |
| inflammation induced by subcutaneous turpentine inoculation of young american alligators (alligator mississippiensis). | turpentine-induced skin lesions in young american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) kept at 25 c were used to study inflammatory response in a reptile. skin harvested at intervals between 4 hours and 30 days after inoculations were done had no gross changes until days 24 to 26, when superficial skin necrosis was evident. early responses of congestion and dermal edema (4 to 8 hours) were seen by light microscopy, and these were followed by necrosis and granulocyte migration (1 to 3 days). l ... | 1984 | 6497146 |
| diazepam and succinylcholine chloride for restraint of the american alligator. | diazepam followed by succinylcholine chloride was administered intramuscularly to 26 healthy mature female alligators on 2 occasions. the mean diazepam dosage was 0.37 mg/kg (range, 0.22 mg/kg to 0.62 mg/kg) and the mean succinylcholine chloride dosage was 0.24 mg/kg (range, 0.14 mg/kg to 0.37 mg/kg). this drug combination reduced stress and allowed adequate immobilization for restraint and handling. the reduced drug volume, low dosage of succinylcholine chloride required, short induction period ... | 1984 | 6511577 |
| morphologic, cytochemical, and functional studies of peripheral blood cells of young healthy american alligators (alligator mississippiensis). | samples of peripheral blood collected from healthy young american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) were studied to determine baseline values and characterize cell types. mean total leukocyte counts were 6.4 +/- 2.9 x 10(3)/mm3, with mean differential values of 54.7 +/- 47.5% heterophils, 10.4 +/- 6.0% eosinophils, 12.7 +/- 16.8% basophils, 23.9 +/- 4.9% lymphocytes, and 0.7 +/- 0.5% monocytes. mean total thrombocyte counts were 23.0 +/- 7.0 x 10(3)/mm3, and mean total erythrocyte counts w ... | 1984 | 6732012 |
| a haemogregarine from the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis). | haemogregarina crocodilinorum börner 1901 is redescribed from the blood of the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis). gametocytes occurred in erythrocytes and erythrocytic schizonts contained about eight merozoites (range, 6--12). gametogony and sporogony occurred in the gut of the leech, placobdella multilineata and intracellular, unisporocystic oocysts were found within epithelial cells of the leech's intestinal wall. presumed sporozoites were present in the intestinal contents. atte ... | 1980 | 7391873 |
| purification and primary structure of galanin from the alligator stomach. | galanin-like immunoreactivity (6 pmol/g tissue) was detected by radioimmunoassay in an extract of the stomach of the alligator, alligator mississipiensis, but the peptide was present only in low concentration (< 0.5 pmol/g) in extracts of the brain and small intestine. alligator galanin comprises 29 amino acid residues and contains an alpha-amidated c-terminal residue. residues 1-22 of alligator galanin are identical to the corresponding sequence in pig/sheep/rat galanins, demonstrating that str ... | 1994 | 7524049 |
| the karyotype of alligator mississippiensis, and chromosomal mapping of the zfy/x homologue, zfc. | comparative mapping studies of x-linked genes in mammals have provided insights into the evolution of the x chromosome. many reptiles including the american alligator, alligator mississippiensis, do not appear to possess heteromorphic sex chromosomes, and sex is determined by the incubation temperature of the egg during embryonic development. mapping of homologues of mammalian x-linked genes in reptiles could lead to a greater understanding of the evolution of vertebrate sex chromosomes. one of ... | 1994 | 7720416 |
| chromosomal and temperature-dependent sex determination: the search for a conserved mechanism. | to test the hypothesis that the same (or similar) genes may be involved in chromosomal sex determination and temperature dependent sex determination we investigated the expression of the mammalian testis determining gene sry in the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis), a species with temperature dependent sex. we have cloned alligator sry-related genes (a-srys) which constitute three major gene classes with high degrees of sequence homology (45-87%) to mammalian sry and related genes. ... | 1994 | 7931128 |
| molecular mechanisms of tsd in reptiles: a search for the magic bullet. | significant progress has been made in understanding mechanisms of genetic sex determination. the zfy gene encodes a zinc finger protein but is not the primary signal in sex determination. the sry gene is the testis determining gene in man, mouse, rabbit, and probably marsupial mouse and wallaby. temperature dependent sex determination probably involves a modification of development of the indifferent gonad due to differential expression of one or more specific dna sequences whose behavior is con ... | 1994 | 7931129 |
| neuroendocrine peptides (npy, grp, vip, somatostatin) from the brain and stomach of the alligator. | despite the important position of the reptiles in phylogeny, relatively few regulatory peptides from reptilian species have been characterized structurally. neuropeptide y was isolated from the brain of the alligator, alligator mississippiensis, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (vip), gastrin-releasing peptide (grp), its cooh-terminal decapeptide (grp-10), and somatostatin-14 were isolated from the alligator stomach. the primary structures of npy and somatostatin-14 are the same as the corr ... | 1993 | 8101369 |
| purification and primary structure of alligator neurotensin. | the gastrointestinal neurohormones of reptiles have been poorly characterized structurally. neurotensin has been purified to apparent homogeneity from an extract of the small intestine of the alligator, alligator mississipiensis. the primary structure of the peptide (pglu-leu-his-val-asn-lys-ala-arg-arg-pro-tyr-ile-leu) is identical to that of chicken neurotensin. the data provide further evidence for a close phylogenetic relationship between crocodilians and birds. | 1993 | 8284256 |
| new angiotensin i isolated from a reptile, alligator mississippiensis. | angiotensin i (ang i) of the american alligator alligator mississippiensis was isolated from incubates of homologous plasma and kidney extract, and its amino acid sequence was determined as h-asp-arg-val-tyr-val-his-pro-phe-ala-leu-oh. the presence of strongly hydrophobic alanine at position 9 is unusual among angs i sequenced to date. since alanine can be converted to serine by a one-point mutation of the triplet nucleotides, the phylogenetic proximity of the alligator to birds, whose ang i has ... | 1993 | 8319878 |
| primary structure of neuropeptide y from brains of the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis). | the purification of npy from brains of the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis) was achieved using reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (hplc). the amino acid sequence was determined using automated edman degradation as tyr-pro-ser-lys-pro-asp-asn-pro-gly-glu- asp-ala-pro-ala-glu-asp-met-ala-arg-tyr-tyr-ser-ala-leu-arg-his-tyr-ile- asn-leu - ile-thr-arg-gln-arg-tyr. alligator npy is the first non-mammalian vertebrate to have 100% sequence identity to human npy. the con ... | 1993 | 8351403 |
| localization of insulin-like growth factor-i-like immunoreactivity in the reproductive tract of the vitellogenic female american alligator, alligator mississippiensis. | insulin-like growth factor i (igf-i) is a 70 amino acid, mitogenic polypeptide, which, in mammals, acts through an endocrine, paracrine, and/or autocrine pathway to regulate growth and development. the primary goal of this study was to determine whether or not igf-i-like immunoreactivity is present in the oviduct of the vitellogenic american alligator, alligator mississippiensis, and if immunoreactivity patterns vary among the three functional oviducal regions: the albumen-secreting tube region, ... | 1993 | 8379588 |
| purification and properties of alligator mississipiensis cytochrome c. | cytochrome c has been purified to homogeneity from alligator liver (alligator mississipiensis) using aluminum sulfate precipitation, cm-cellulose and gel-filtration chromatography, and reverse-phase hplc. the protein exhibited a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an approximate molecular weight of 12,000 da. oxidized and reduced visible spectra yielded maxima at 408 (tau) nm and 315 (delta), 415 (tau), 520 (beta), and 550 (alpha) nm, respectively, while ... | 1993 | 8384830 |
| tissue mercury concentrations in alligators (alligator mississippiensis) from the florida everglades and the savannah river site, south carolina. | mercury pollution is a serious problem in some areas of the southeastern united states. due to biomagnification, long-lived predators should have high hg concentrations in affected areas. american alligators(alligator mississippiensis) are important predators in many southwestern wetlands, but little information is available on hg concentrations in this species. we collected tissues from alligators inhabiting two sites in the everglades, florida (n = 18) and a manmade reservoir in south carolina ... | 1997 | 9096083 |
| assessment of transmyocardial perfusion in alligator hearts. | techniques for achieving myocardial perfusion directly from the left ventricular chamber are currently under investigation. although originally based on the anatomy of reptilian hearts, which are rich in transmural channels and reported to have a poorly developed coronary vasculature, the blood flow capacity of a transmyocardial blood supply has not been studied in these hearts. with the ultimate goal of providing insight into the potential for achieving transmyocardial perfusion in human hearts ... | 1997 | 9118529 |
| in vitro synergistic interaction of alligator and human estrogen receptors with combinations of environmental chemicals. | the effect of mixtures of environmental chemicals with hormonal activity has not been well studied. to investigate this phenomenon, the estrogen receptor (er) from the american alligator (aer) or human (her) was incubated with [3h]17beta-estradiol in the presence of selected environmental chemicals individually or in combination. the environmental chemicals included the insecticide chlordane, which has no estrogenic activity, and the pesticides dieldrin and toxaphene, which have very weak estrog ... | 1997 | 9168004 |
| mercury distribution in american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) in florida. | thirty american alligators (alligator mississippiensis), including 24 wild-caught and six control captive farm-raised alligators, were analyzed for whole body mercury contamination. wild-caught animals were collected from water conservation area 3 in the everglades ecosystem (n = 12) and from alachua, brevard, and collier counties outside the everglades (n = 12). using cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry, samples of brain, cervical spinal cord, liver, paired kidneys, paired testes, pa ... | 1997 | 9226618 |
| guanylyl cyclase receptors and guanylin-like peptides in reptilian intestine. | receptors for guanylin and uroguanylin were identified on the mucosal surface of enterocytes lining the intestine of the bobtail skink (tiliqua rugosa), king's skink (egernia kingii), and knight anole (anolis equestris) by receptor autoradiography using 125i-st (escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin) as the radioligand. specific, high-affinity binding of 125i-st to receptors was found on the microvillus border of enterocytes and little or no specific binding of 125i-st was observed in other s ... | 1997 | 9245531 |
| purification, amino acid sequence, synthesis, and receptor selectivity of alligator gastrin. | gastrin-like immunoreactive peptides were extracted from the gastric antrum of the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis) and purified by fractionation using c18 sep-paks, sephadex g-50, ph stable c8 reversed-phase hplc, and c18 reversed-phase hplc. three major immunoreactive peaks were purified and found to correspond to 49, 45, and 34 residue peptides by microsequence analysis. the amino acid sequence of the largest peptide was dwlaslsqdq khliskflph iygelan qen ywqeddalhd hdypgwmdf-am ... | 1997 | 9356227 |
| cellular bioavailability of natural hormones and environmental contaminants as a function of serum and cytosolic binding factors. | environmental contaminants have been reported to function as hormone mimics in various wildlife species. to investigate a potential mechanism for the interaction of contaminants with the endocrine system, we evaluated the cellular bioavailability of numerous chemicals. hormone binding proteins from oviductal cytosol of the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis) and yellow-bellied turtle (trachemys scripta) were used in competitive binding assays with [3h] 17 beta-estradiol. most of the ... | 1998 | 9460179 |
| antibiotic effects on cytochromes p450 content and mixed-function oxygenase (mfo) activities in the american alligator, alligator mississippiensis. | there are no food and drug administration (fda)-approved antimicrobial agents for use in cultured american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) destined for human consumption yet some producers administer antibiotics for prophylaxis. the cytochromes p450-dependent mixed-function oxygenases (mfo) catalyze the oxidation of xenobiotic compounds such as drugs, pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. herein, we describe the effects of oxytetracycline, ceftazidime and enrofloxacin on the m ... | 1998 | 9731949 |
| liver microsomal cytochromes p450-dependent alkoxyphenoxazone o-dealkylation in vitro by alligator and rat: activities, inhibition, substrate preference, and discrimination factors. | six substituted alkoxyphenoxazones (resorufins) and four inhibitors of p450-dependent mixed-function oxygenases (mfo) were used to probe the breadth and extent of p450 metabolism induced by pretreatment with five xenobiotic chemicals in liver microsomes of the american alligator, alligator mississippiensis. phenobarbital (pb), 3-methylcholanthrene (3mc), and pb-3mc co-pretreatment elicited major induction of alligator mfo activity measured by alkoxyresorufin o-dealkylation (arod). the induced le ... | 1999 | 9890444 |
| temperature-dependent sex determination: upregulation of sox9 expression after commitment to male development. | in mammals, birds and reptiles the morphological development of the gonads appear to be conserved. this conservation is evident despite the different sex determining switches employed by these vertebrate groups. mammals exhibit chromosomal sex determination (csd) where the key sex determining switch is the y-linked gene, sry. although sry is the trigger for testis determination in mammals, it is not conserved in other vertebrate groups. however, a gene closely related to sry, the highly conserve ... | 1999 | 10090144 |
| immunochemical analysis of liver microsomal cytochromes p450 of the american alligator, alligator mississippiensis. | ten antibodies raised against various mammalian and fish cytochromes p450 (cyp) enzymes were used to probe the effects of xenobiotic pretreatment on liver microsomes of the american alligator, alligator mississippiensis. pretreatment with phenobarbital (pb), 3-methylcholanthrene (3mc), and pb plus 3mc elicited significant induction of multiple cyp enzymes in alligator, as detected by antibodies to cyp1a, cyp2b, cyp2c, cyp2e, cyp2k, and cyp3a. in contrast to the rat, 3mc treatment induced alligat ... | 1999 | 10373399 |
| identification and characterization of proteins synthesized de novo and secreted by the reproductive tract of the american alligator, alligator mississippiensis. | the objectives of this study were to identify, characterize and examine differences in proteins synthesized de novo and secreted by different regions of the reproductive tract of the american alligator, alligator mississippiensis, during three reproductive (vitellogenic, gravid, post-clutch) and one non-reproductive state. after capture, alligators from lakes in north central florida were anaesthetized, the reproductive tract excised aseptically, the size of any follicle determined, and differen ... | 1999 | 10434925 |
| neuroendocrine peptides (insulin, pancreatic polypeptide, neuropeptide y, galanin, somatostatin, substance p, and neuropeptide gamma) from the desert tortoise, gopherus agassizii. | the traditional view that testudines (tortoises and turtles) should be regarded as the surviving clade of the anapsid reptiles rather than classified with the diapsid reptiles (snakes, lizards, and crocodiles) has recently been challenged. neuropeptide y, neuropeptide gamma, and somatostatin-14 were isolated from an extract of the brain, substance p and galanin from an extract of the intestine, and insulin and pancreatic polypeptide from an extract of the pancreas of the desert tortoise, gopheru ... | 1999 | 10477126 |
| modulation of endocrine pathways by 4,4'-dde in the deer mouse peromyscus maniculatus. | 4,4'-ddt and 4,4'-dde are widespread environmental contaminants that cause eggshell thinning in birds, altered sex ratios in the american alligator, and changes in the anal-genital distance in rodents. these contaminants are known to cause some of their toxicity by altering steroid receptor-mediated mechanisms. however, chemical-specific alterations in the expression of hormone-metabolizing enzymes may also be a mechanism for endocrine disruption, by altering the half-life of hormones in critica ... | 1999 | 10492900 |
| temperature-dependent sex determination in the american alligator: amh precedes sox9 expression. | gonadal morphogenesis is very similar among mammals, birds, and reptiles. despite this similarity, each group utilises quite different genetic triggers for sex determination. in mammals, testis development is initiated by action of the y-chromosome gene sry. current evidence suggests that sry may act together with a related gene, sox9, to activate another gene(s) in the pathway of testicular differentiation. a downstream candidate for regulation by sry and sox9 is amh. in mouse, sox9 is expresse ... | 1999 | 10633860 |
| temperature-dependent sex determination in the american alligator: expression of sf1, wt1 and dax1 during gonadogenesis. | sex determination in mammals and birds is chromosomal, while in many reptiles sex determination is temperature dependent. morphological development of the gonads in these systems is conserved, suggesting that many of the genes involved in gonad development are also conserved. the genes sf1, wt1 and dax1 play various roles in the mammalian testis-determining pathway. sf1 and wt1 are thought to interact to cause male-specific gene expression during testis development, while dax1 is believed to inh ... | 2000 | 10675033 |
| regional hypoxia elicits regional changes in chorioallantoic membrane vascular density in alligator but not chicken embryos. | hypoxic incubation increases vascularization in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (cam). the effect of regional hypoxia on the vascular density of american alligator (alligator mississippiensis) and chicken (gallus gallus) cams was studied to determine if hypoxic proliferation of blood vessels is localized or global across the cam. eggs were incubated under normoxic conditions with a portion of the eggshell covered with non-toxic beeswax to induce external regional hypoxia. cams were examined u ... | 2000 | 10779731 |
| origin of enamel prisms and hunter-schreger bands in reptilian enamel. | enamel prisms in mammalian enamel structure including human are considered to have originated in the reptilian enamel. the author has reported the original pattern of enamel prisms and of hunter-schreger bands in fossil reptiles of mosasaurus sp. and phytosaurus sp. the origin of the patterns of crystallite groups appear to arise in the fossil reptiles. mosasaurus sp. had an island pattern and phytosaurus sp. had a slender pattern. these two types are of various sizes, and are formed by variable ... | 1998 | 11063014 |
| detection of antibodies to a pathogenic mycoplasma in american alligators (alligator mississippiensis), broad-nosed caimans (caiman latirostris), and siamese crocodiles (crocodylus siamensis). | an epidemic of pneumonia with fibrinous polyserositis and multifocal arthritis emerged in captive american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) in florida, united states, in 1995. mycoplasma alligatoris sp. nov. was cultured from multiple organs, peripheral blood, synovial fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid of affected alligators. in a subsequent experimental inoculation study, the henle-koch-evans postulates were fulfilled for m. alligatoris as the etiological agent of fatal mycoplasmosis of all ... | 2001 | 11136785 |
| morbidity and mortality associated with a new mycoplasma species from captive american alligators (alligator mississippiensis). | nine of 74 american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) from a captive florida herd of 3-4-m-long, 200-350-kg, adult males greater than 30 yr of age died within a 10-day period during 1995. nonspecific clinical signs included anorexia, lethargy, muscle weakness, paraparesis, bilateral white ocular discharge, and various degrees of periocular, facial, cervical, and limb edema. pneumonia, pericarditis, and arthritis were found on postmortem evaluation of the spontaneously dead and euthanatized ... | 2000 | 11237136 |
| mycoplasma alligatoris sp. nov., from american alligators. | mycoplasmas were isolated from multiple tissues of diseased american alligators (alligator mississippiensis). this paper presents biochemical, serological and molecular genetic characterizations of a lethal pathogen of alligators for which the name mycoplasma alligatoris sp. nov. is proposed. the type strain is a21jp2t (atcc 700619t). | 2001 | 11321088 |
| expression of dax-1 during gonadal development of the frog. | dax-1, a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of transcription factors, is known to be involved in gonadal development in mammals. to date, dax-1 has only been isolated in reptiles, birds and mammals. the expression of dax-1 is down-regulated in the developing testis, but persists in the ovary of mice (swain et al., nat. genet. 12 (1996) 404) and chicken (smith et al., j. mol. endocrinol. 24 (2000) 23). curiously, there is no sex difference in the expression patterns of dax-1 in th ... | 2001 | 11738819 |
| alterations in sexually dimorphic biotransformation of testosterone in juvenile american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) from contaminated lakes. | the goal of this study was to determine whether hepatic biotransformation of testosterone is normally sexually dimorphic in juvenile alligators and whether living in a contaminated environment affects hepatic dimorphism. lake woodruff served as our reference site. moonshine bay, located on the west side of lake okeechobee, served as an intermediate site. lake apopka, the belle glade area located at the south end of lake okeechobee, and water conservation area 3a, in the northern everglades, serv ... | 2001 | 11748033 |
| pathology of experimental mycoplasmosis in american alligators. | mycoplasma alligatoris was the suspected etiology of an epidemic of acute multisystemic inflammatory disease which emerged in captive american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) in florida (usa) in 1995. in an experimental inoculation study conducted from april through october 1999, 18 alligators were inoculated with 10(2), 10(4), or 10(6) colony forming units (cfu) of m. alligatoris by instillation into the glottis. as early as 1 wk post-inoculation (pi), mycoplasma were cultured from bloo ... | 2001 | 11763730 |
| characterization and cardiovascular actions of endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 from the american alligator. | the structures and biological activities of the isoforms of endothelin (et) in a reptile are unknown. et-3, whose primary structure is identical to human et-3 except for the substitution phe4 --> tyr, and a peptide identical to human et-1 were isolated from an extract of the lung of the alligator, alligator mississipiensis. bolus intravenous injections of alligator et-3 (10, 30, and 100 pmol/kg) into anesthetized alligators produced dose-dependent decreases in systemic blood pressure (p(sys)) an ... | 2002 | 11792671 |
| temporal and spatial variation in plasma thyroxine (t4) concentrations in juvenile alligators collected from lake okeechobee and the northern everglades, florida, usa. | we examined variation in plasma thyroxine (t4) in juvenile american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) collected from three sites within the kissimmee river drainage basin (fl, usa). based on historical sediment data, moonshine bay served as the low contaminant exposure site, water conservation area 3a served as an intermediate contaminant exposure site, and belle glade served as the high contaminate exposure site. in may 1999, alligators (n = 22) from water conservation area 3a exhibited h ... | 2002 | 12013137 |
| thyroid status in juvenile alligators (alligator mississippiensis) from contaminated and reference sites on lake okeechobee, florida, usa. | exposure to environmental contaminants has been shown to alter normal thyroid function in various wildlife species, including the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis). abnormalities in circulating levels of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (t4) have been reported in juvenile alligators from several contaminated lakes in florida. to further elucidate these functional thyroid abnormalities, this study examines the structure of thyroids and circulating t4 concentrations from juvenile alliga ... | 2002 | 12137046 |
| comparative patterns of postcranial ontogeny in therian mammals: an analysis of relative timing of ossification events. | data on the relative sequence of ossification of postcranial elements for eight therian mammals (myotis lucifugus, homo sapiens, rattus norvegicus, mus musculus, mesocricetus auratus, cavia porcellus, didelphis albiventris, and sminthopsis macroura) and three outgroups (chelydra serpentina, alligator mississippiensis, and lacerta vivipara) were taken from the literature. for each species, a matrix was constructed in which the relative timing of the onset of ossification in 24 elements was summar ... | 2002 | 12362432 |
| in vitro drug susceptibility pattern of mycoplasma alligatoris isolated from symptomatic american alligators (alligator mississippiensis). | a recently described mycoplasma, mycoplasma alligatoris, was isolated from dead american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) that had demonstrated clinical signs of lethargy, anorexia, bilateral ocular discharge, edema. paraparesis, and polyarthritis. the in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration for nine antibacterial agents was determined through serial dilution in broth and plate culture for m. alligatoris isolates. the inhibitory concentration obtained for doxycycline, enrofloxacin, sara ... | 2002 | 12398297 |
| low mitochondrial dna variation among american alligators and a novel non-coding region in crocodilians. | we analyzed 1317-1823 base pairs (bp) of mitochondrial dna sequence beginning in the 5' end of cytochrome b (cyt b) and ending in the central domain of the control region for 25 american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) and compared these to a homologous sequence from a chinese alligator (a. sinensis). both species share a non-coding spacer between cyt b and trna(thr). chinese alligator cyt b differs from that of the american alligator by 17.5% at the nucleotide level and 13.8% for inferr ... | 2002 | 12461811 |
| microsatellite dna analyses support an east-west phylogeographic split of american alligator populations. | we examined the population genetic structure of american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) sampled from 12 localities across the southeastern united states. the primary goal of this study was to determine the extent of population differentiation among alligators from four florida lakes using eight microsatellite loci and compare the results to additional sites located at varying distances from them. analyses of population structure revealed little differentiation (f(st)=0.039; rho=0.012) a ... | 2002 | 12461815 |
| microgeographic variation in caiman latirostris. | in theory, geographic scale is related to genetic variation at the population level, whereas microgeographic scale may reveal intra-population structure such as social groups and families. in the present work, both levels of genetic variation in the broad-snouted caiman (caiman latirostris) were evaluated in small wetlands associated with the piracicaba river and some of its tributaries in the state of são paulo, brazil. genetic variation was determined using microsatellite dna markers originall ... | 2002 | 12461818 |
| experimental inoculation of broad-nosed caimans (caiman latirostris) and siamese crocodiles (crocodylus siamensis) with mycoplasma alligatoris. | an outbreak of mycoplasmosis caused by mycoplasma alligatoris resulted in the death or euthanasia of 60 american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) from a population of 74 captive bull alligators in florida in 1995. the natural reservoir, routes of transmission, and host range of m. alligatoris are unknown. this study was undertaken to determine whether crocodilian species other than american alligators are susceptible to m. alligatoris. six broad-nosed caimans (caiman latirostris) and six ... | 2001 | 12790420 |
| antibacterial properties of serum from the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis). | treatment of alligator (alligator mississippiensis) and human serum samples with escherichia coli resulted in a time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of bacterial proliferation. when inoculated with e. coli, alligator serum exhibited 10-fold lower bacterial survival rates after 1 h than human serum. in addition, the antibacterial spectrum of alligator serum was shown to be much broader than that of human serum, with growth inhibition occurring in 100% of bacterial strains tested (compared ... | 2003 | 14602158 |
| vertebrate phylogeny of hydrogen sulfide vasoactivity. | hydrogen sulfide (h(2)s) is a recently identified endogenous vasodilator in mammals. in steelhead/rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, osteichthyes), h(2)s produces both dose-dependent dilation and a unique dose-dependent constriction. in this study, we examined h(2)s vasoactivity in all vertebrate classes to determine whether h(2)s is universally vasoactive and to identify phylogenetic and/or environmental trends. h(2)s was generated from nahs and examined in unstimulated and precontracted syste ... | 2005 | 15345473 |
| eat and run: prioritization of oxygen delivery during elevated metabolic states. | the principal function of the cardiopulmonary system is the matching of oxygen and carbon dioxide transport to the metabolic requirements of different tissues. increased oxygen demands (vo2), for example during physical activity, result in a rapid compensatory increase in cardiac output and redistribution of blood flow to the appropriate skeletal muscles. these cardiovascular changes are matched by suitable ventilatory increments. this matching of cardiopulmonary performance and metabolism durin ... | 2004 | 15556104 |
| alligators as west nile virus amplifiers. | recent evidence suggests that american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) may be capable of transmitting west nile virus (wnv) to other alligators. we experimentally exposed 24 juvenile alligators to wnv parenterally or orally. all became infected, and all but three sustained viremia titers >5.0 log10 pfu/ml (a threshold considered infectious for culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes) for 1 to 8 days. noninoculated tankmates also became infected. the viremia profiles and multiple routes of infe ... | 2004 | 15663852 |
| amoebacidal effects of serum from the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis). | treatment of axenic naegleria gruberi cultures with alligator serum resulted in time-dependent amoebacidal activity, with measurable activity at 5 min and maximal activity occurring at 20 min. the amoebacidal activity was concentration dependent, with measurable activity at 25% serum, whereas treatment of amoebas with undiluted serum resulted in only 16% survival. the efficacy was dependent on the concentration of amoebas, with higher survival rates at high amoeba densities and lower survival ra ... | 2004 | 15715248 |
| antiviral activity of serum from the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis). | serum from wild alligators was collected and tested for antibiotic activity against three enveloped viruses using cell-based assays. alligator serum demonstrated antiviral activities against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1; ic50=0.9%), west nile virus (wnv; ic50=4.3%), and herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1; ic50=3.4%). the inhibitory concentration (ic50) is defined as the concentration of serum that inhibits 50% of viral activity. the antiviral effects of the alligator serum were dif ... | 2005 | 15781130 |
| west nile virus infection in farmed american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) in florida. | in september and october 2002, an epizootic of neurologic disease occurred at an alligator farm in florida (usa). three affected american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) were euthanatized and necropsied, and results confirmed infection with west nile virus (wnv). the most significant microscopic lesions were a moderate heterophilic to lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalomyelitis, necrotizing hepatitis and splenitis, pancreatic necrosis, myocardial degeneration with necrosis, mild interstit ... | 2005 | 15827215 |
| validation and use of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to west nile virus in american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) in florida. | in october 2002, west nile virus (wnv) was identified in farmed american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) in florida showing clinical signs and having microscopic lesions indicative of central nervous system disease. to perform seroepidemiologic studies, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to determine exposure of captive and wild alligators to wnv. to validate the test, a group of wnv-seropositive and -seronegative alligators were identified at the affecte ... | 2005 | 15827216 |
| seasonal variation in plasma thyroxine concentrations in juvenile alligators (alligators mississippiensis) from three florida lakes. | circulating concentrations of thyroxine (t(4)) vary seasonally in many vertebrates. this study examined the seasonal variation in plasma concentrations of t(4) in juvenile american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) from three populations in central florida, usa. one site, lake woodruff national wildlife refuge, is considered a reference site whereas the other two lakes, lake apopka and orange lake, are significantly impacted by human activity. juvenile american alligators ranging from 75-1 ... | 2005 | 15894497 |
| identification of alternative pathway serum complement activity in the blood of the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis). | incubation of different dilutions of alligator serum with sheep red blood cells (srbcs) that had not been sensitized with antibodies resulted in concentration-dependent hemolytic activity. this hemolytic activity was not affected by the presence of ammonium hydroxide and methylamine, known inactivators of the classical complement cascade. however, the hemolytic activities were inhibited by edta and salicylaldoxime, indicating that the alternate pathway is primarily responsible for these activiti ... | 2005 | 15921941 |
| role of divalent metal ions in serum complement activity of the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis). | treatment of alligator serum with different concentrations of edta resulted in a concentration-dependent inhibition of serum-mediated sheep red blood cell (srbc) hemolysis. this inhibition of serum-dependent hemolysis was observed for other chelators of divalent metal ions, such as phosphate and citrate. treatment of alligator serum with 5 mm edta completely inhibited srbc hemolysis, which could be totally restored by the addition of 5 mm ca(2+) or mg(2+), but not cu(2+) or ba(2+). these data in ... | 2005 | 15922642 |
| structure and function of the esophagus of the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis). | esophageal structure and function were studied in juvenile american alligators (alligator mississippiensis). the anatomy of alligators differs from humans in several important aspects: the crocodilian esophagus is more muscular and is composed entirely of smooth muscle. functionally, the crocodilian esophagus is similar to that of mammals, but alligators have peak esophageal peristaltic pressures that are 2-3-fold greater than pressures in the human esophagus. as is found in humans, the incidenc ... | 2005 | 16081603 |
| broad spectrum antimicrobial activity of leukocyte extracts from the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis). | leukocytes were isolated from whole blood of wild alligators by differential sedimentation. the leukocytes were disrupted in 5% acoh and the crude extracts processed by ultrafiltration. the extracts were subjected to solvent exchange (0.1% acoh) and the fraction that contained macromolecules between 1 and 10 kda were subjected to further analyses. the acid extracts of the alligator leukocytes exhibited substantial antimycotic activities against six of eight species of candida yeast tested. in ad ... | 2006 | 16298430 |
| lymphoid follicular cloacal inflammation associated with a novel herpesvirus in juvenile alligators (alligator mississippiensis). | multifocal hyperemic nodules and plaques associated with the cloacal mucosa of juvenile alligators (alligator mississippiensis) at a public aquarium were investigated. grossly, pale pink to dark red multifocal, circular lesions of varying degrees of severity were identified on the cloacal and, in males, phallus mucosa. cloacal mucosa biopsies were obtained from 2 of the alligators. these samples were examined histologically and by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using consensus primers targeting ... | 2005 | 16312242 |
| [importance of development of ecotoxicogenomics in understanding molecular mechanisms of chemicals in developing animals]. | developing organisms are sensitive to estrogenic chemicals. exposure to estrogens or estrogenic chemicals during critical periods of development induces persistent changes in reproductive as well as nonreproductive organs, including persistent molecular alterations. chemicals released into the environment potentially disrupt the endocrine system in wild animals and humans, some of which exhibit estrogenic or anti-androgenic activity by binding to estrogen or androgen receptors. estrogen-responsi ... | 2006 | 16506650 |
| effects of bacterial lipopolysachharide on peripheral leukocytes in the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis). | alligators were injected intraperitoneally with four different doses (10, 1.0, 0.1, and 0.01 mg/kg body weight) of a mixture of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (lps) derived from three different types of bacteria (escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and klebsiella pneumoniae). injection of the alligators with the lps mixture resulted in a dose- and time-dependent increase in total peripheral leukocytes lymphocytes increased at days 3 and 4 post-injection, and decreased back to baseline level ... | 2006 | 16516979 |
| isolation of the alligator (alligator mississippiensis) thyroid hormone receptor alpha and beta transcripts and their responsiveness to thyroid stimulating hormone. | thyroid hormones (ths) play key regulatory roles in growth, development and metabolism in vertebrates. modulation of the cellular hormonal response is largely through the activity of two nuclear th receptors, tralpha and trbeta, which act as transcription factors and alter gene expression programs. little information is available regarding their structure and regulation in reptiles. we have cloned the expressed sequences encoding these two receptors in the american alligator, alligator mississip ... | 2006 | 16884722 |
| blood meal identification from mosquitoes collected at a commercial alligator farm. | outbreaks of west nile virus on a florida alligator farm prompted an investigation of which species of mosquitoes were feeding on the animals at the farm. mosquitoes were collected on 4 separate overnight trips in september and october 2003 by using co2-baited centers for disease control light traps and wooden resting boxes that were placed inside or near the alligator housing pens. mosquitoes were identified to species, bloodfed individuals were separated, and their abdomens were removed for dn ... | 2006 | 17067063 |
| characterization of inhibitor of growth 2 tumor suppressor in alligator mississippiensis, its conservation in archosauria, and response to thyroid stimulating hormone. | inhibitor of growth 2 (ing2) belongs to a family of tumor suppressors that are important regulators of a wide range of cellular processes including proliferation, apoptosis, and dna repair. ing family members are found in yeast, plants, invertebrates and many vertebrate species. however, to date, ing has not been characterized in reptiles. herein we describe the isolation of expressed ing2 sequence in the american alligator, alligator mississippiensis, and compare this sequence with that isolate ... | 2007 | 17208481 |
| growth plate formation and development in alligator and mouse metapodials: evolutionary and functional implications. | mammalian metapodials (metacarpals and metatarsals), unlike most long bones, form a single growth plate, and undergo longitudinal growth at only one end. the growth dynamics of non-mammalian tetrapod metapodials have not been systematically examined in order to determine if unidirectional growth is unique to mammals. here we compare murine metapodial ossification in growth stages that parallel those of embryonic, juvenile and subadult american alligators (alligator mississippiensis). safranin o ... | 2007 | 17285637 |
| an indoor air quality study of an alligator (alligator mississippiensis) holding facility. | an environmental microbiologic investigation was conducted in an alligator (alligator mississippiensis) holding facility in a zoo in the southeastern u.s. the facility had housed five alligators between march 1999 and february 2005. in the exhibit, one alligator died and all experienced poor health. it was hypothesized that environmental microbial contamination was associated with these issues. samples were collected for fungal identification and quantification, microcystin analysis, and airborn ... | 2006 | 17312787 |
| in vitro antibiotic susceptibility of mycoplasma iguanae proposed sp. nov. isolated from vertebral lesions of green iguanas (iguana iguana). | mycoplasma iguanae proposed species nova was isolated from vertebral abscesses of two feral iguanas (iguana iguana) from florida. three strains were evaluated for sensitivity to a variety of antibiotics. the minimum inhibitory concentrations for m. iguanae, assessed by broth dilution methods, of clindamycin, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, and tylosin (all <1 microg/ml) were lower than those of chloramphenicol (32 micro/ml) and erythromycin (64 microg/ml). the profile was identical t ... | 2006 | 17312804 |
| seroprevalence of mycoplasma alligatoris among free-ranging alligators (alligator mississippiensis) in florida--2003. | mycoplasma alligatoris causes acute lethal infection of alligators (alligator mississippiensis). the objective of this study was to assess the current seroprevalence of m. alligatoris among free-ranging, juvenile and subadult alligators in florida. thirty-two of 592 (5.4%) plasma samples from alligators at 12 of 20 sites (60%) in april and october 2003 were tested seropositive (titer 1: > or = 32) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for anti-m. alligatoris antibodies. these results show that al ... | 2005 | 17323582 |
| phylogenomic investigation of cr1 line diversity in reptiles. | it is unlikely that taxonomically diverse phylogenetic studies will be completed rapidly in the near future for nonmodel organisms on a whole-genome basis. however, one approach to advancing the field of "phylogenomics" is to estimate the structure of poorly known genomes by mining libraries of clones from suites of taxa, rather than from single species. the present analysis adopts this approach by taking advantage of megabase-scale end-sequence scanning of reptilian genomic clones to characteri ... | 2006 | 17345672 |
| parental exposure to pesticides and poor clutch viability in american alligators. | in central florida, alligators (alligator mississippiensis) inhabiting lakes contaminated with organochlorine pesticides (ocps) produce eggs that have high ocp concentrations and low clutch viability (proportion of eggs in a clutch that yield a live hatchling) compared to those from less contaminated lakes (reference lakes). however, a clear dose-response relationship has not been established between ocps and poor clutch viability. in order to better elucidate a cause and effect relationship bet ... | 2007 | 17822132 |
| developmental morphology of the neonatal alligator (alligator mississippiensis) ovary. | american alligator (alligator mississippiensis) ovary development is incomplete at hatching. during the months following hatching, the cortical processes of oogenesis started in ovo continues and folliculogenesis is initiated. additionally, the medullary region of the gonad undergoes dramatic restructuring. we describe alligator ovarian histology at hatching, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months of age in order to characterize the timing of morphological development and compare these findings to chicke ... | 2008 | 17957708 |
| febrile response to infection in the american alligator (alligator mississippiensis). | temperature probes were inserted into the stomachs of juvenile american alligators (alligator mississippiensis) maintained outdoors at ambient fluctuating temperatures. internal body temperatures (t(b)) were measured every 15 min for two days, and then the alligators were injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps), pyrogen-free saline, or left untreated. alligators injected intraperitoneally with lps exhibited maximum t(b)s 2.6+/-1.1 degrees c and 3.5+/-1.2 degrees c higher than untreated ... | 2007 | 17977038 |