| configurational prey selection by bufo, alytes, bombina and hyla. | the aim of the present study is to answer the following questions; (1) is the ability of toads to distinguish between different configurational prey stimuli based on learning during ontogeny? (2) is the configurational meaning of a stimulus influenced by its distance from the animal? (3) are there differences in configurational prey selection among different anuran species? (1) experiments with postmetamorphic juveniles of alytes obstetricans indicate that preferences for worm-like objects can b ... | 1979 | 114268 |
| the effect of stress and adrenaline on the color of hyla cinerea and hyla arborea. | | 1978 | 571381 |
| sound localization in anurans. ii. binaural interaction in superior olivary nucleus of the green tree frog (hyla cinerea). | | 1978 | 621545 |
| discrimination of intermediate sounds in a synthetic call continuum by female green tree frogs. | male hyla cinerea produce two distinctive calls. acoustically intermediate calls are rare. females discriminate between synthetic intermediates that differ by one cycle of amplitude modulation (50 per second). processing appears to be continuous. the tree frog's auditory system thus provides a wide margin for the discrimination of its two principal signals. | 1978 | 628833 |
| ultrastructural changes in the dermal chromatophore unit of hyla arborea during color change. | the structural changes in the chromatophores of hyla arborea related to changes in skin color were studied by electron microscopy and reflectance microspectrophotometry. during a change form a light to a darker green color, the melanosomes of the melanophores disperse and finally surround the iridophores and partly the xanthophores. the iridophores change from cup-shape to a cylindrical or conical shape with a simultaneous change in the orientation of the platelets from being parallel to the upp ... | 1978 | 728971 |
| the relation between z--disk lattice spacing and sarcomere length in sartorius muscle fibres from hyla cerulea. | sartorius muscles from the green tree frog hyla cerulea were set at variety of muscle lengths and fixed for electron microscopy using acrolein followed by osmium tetroxide. the sarcomere length, s, was determined in thick sections using laser-diffraction. the z-disk lattice spacing, z, was measured in electron micrographs of thin sections from the same muscles. the z-disk lattice was found to expand as sarcomere length decreased such that the quantity sz2 was constant at 1-05 x 10(6) nm3 for all ... | 1976 | 1021089 |
| acoustic modulation of neural activity in the preoptic area and ventral hypothalamus of the green treefrog (hyla cinerea). | responses of neurons in the preoptic area and ventral hypothalamus to conspecific mating calls or white noise bursts were examined in male green treefrogs (hyla cinerea) during different seasons. in the winter, 34.3% of preoptic neurons and 46.7% of ventral hypothalamic cells demonstrated significant changes in activity level during presentation of a conspecific mating call. in contrast, only 13.3% of preoptic units and 16.7% of ventral hypothalamic cells responded to the white noise. the percen ... | 1992 | 1447726 |
| hormone-induced vocal behavior and midbrain auditory sensitivity in the green treefrog, hyla cinerea. | twenty four castrated male, 6 intact male, and 11 intact female hyla cinerea were injected subcutaneously with 25 micrograms arginine-vasotocin (avt) and induced to call 1 h later in response to the playback of a conspecific mating call. eighteen castrated males and 8 intact females were implanted 5 mg androgen pellets for 3 weeks prior to the neuropeptide injection. among castrated males, 6/9 testosterone (t) implanted, 4/9 dihydrotestosterone (dht) implanted and 2/6 non implanted individuals p ... | 1992 | 1573572 |
| thalamic and midbrain auditory projections to the preoptic area and ventral hypothalamus in the green treefrog (hyla cinerea). | iontophoretic injections of horseradish peroxidase (hrp) into either the preoptic area or ventral hypothalamus of the green treefrog, (hyla cinerea), demonstrated inputs from thalamic and midbrain auditory nuclei. in a pattern similar to that seen in rana catesbeiana and rana pipiens, the central thalamic and secondary isthmal nuclei were found to provide heavy input to the ventral hypothalamus. additionally, a lighter input from the anterior thalamic nucleus was seen. in contrast, the preoptic ... | 1991 | 1764635 |
| female green treefrogs (hyla cinerea) do not selectively respond to signals with a harmonic structure in noise. | 1. females of the green treefrog, hyla cinerea, communicate in noisy environments, with spectrally complicated signals. a previous study (megela simmons 1988), using the reflex modification technique, found that the masked threshold of green treefrogs to two-tone signals differed by about 10 db depending on whether or not the two components were harmonically-related. the present study used the same two-component stimuli to test the prediction that gravid females would better detect harmonic soun ... | 1990 | 2359052 |
| the energetic cost of the fever response in three species of ectothermic vertebrates. | three species of ectothermic vertebrates: goldfish (carassius auratus), green tree frogs (hyla cinerea), and desert iguanas (dipsosaurus dorsalis) were used in this study. metabolic rates for each species were determined at the normal afebrile preferred body temperature and at the febrile preferred body temperature or other higher body temperatures. the febrile metabolic rate (or higher rate) was significantly greater than the afebrile metabolic rate (or lower rate) in each species. the average ... | 1985 | 2863044 |
| the thermal physiology of two sympatric treefrogs hyla cinerea and hyla chrysoscelis (anura; hylidae). | metabolic rates, temperature acclimation, lipid deposition and temperature tolerance were investigated in two species of hylid treefrogs, the green treefrog (hyla cinerea) and the coastal plain (cope's) gray treefrog (hyla chrysoscelis). the rate of oxygen consumption at rest differed between the two species only at 30 degrees c; there was no difference in respiratory metabolism at lower ambient temperatures. hyla cinerea generally completed metabolic acclimation earlier than h. chrysoscelis, pa ... | 1986 | 2878786 |
| mauthner neurons survive metamorphosis in anurans: a comparative hrp study on the cytoarchitecture of mauthner neurons in amphibians. | giant medullary neurons were revealed in adult xenopus laevis and rana esculenta following hrp injections to the spinal cord. these neurons were identified as mauthner neurons because (1) they have the same position and orientation as the larval mauthner neurons, i.e., they lie at the level of the viiith nerve root. (2) they have two large dendritic trees that for each species are similar to those of the larval mauthner neurons, (3) they are clearly distinguishable from other large reticular neu ... | 1986 | 3081602 |
| selectivity for harmonic structure in complex sounds by the green treefrog (hyla cinerea). | 1. a psychophysical technique based on reflex modification was used to study the detection of two-tone complexes in background noise by the green treefrog (hyla cinerea). three different two-tone complexes were synthesized and presented to measure detection thresholds--a harmonic complex of 900 + 3000 hz (periodicity of 300 hz, mimicking the structure of the natural advertisement call); an inharmonic complex of 830 + 3100 hz; and a second harmonic complex of 828 + 2760 hz (periodicity of 276 hz) ... | 1988 | 3351790 |
| correlation between auditory thalamic area evoked responses and species-specific call characteristics. ii. h. hyla cinerea (anura: hylidae). | evoked potentials were recorded from the posterior dorsal thalamus of green treefrogs (hyla cinerea) in response to single tones and combinations of two and three tones. 1. the responses to two tones were largest when one of the component tones was 500 hz and when the second component was between 2000 and 4000 hz (fig.3). 2. the response to 500 + 3000 hz showed nonlinear facilitation; i.e., the amplitude of the response was greater than the sum of the responses to the component tones alone (figs ... | 1987 | 3668880 |
| a comparative sem-study on the teeth of 10 anuran species. | teeth of 10 anuran species have been investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (sem). generally a great variability of the structure of dentine crowns and the zone of division was noted not only between the single species, but also within one species on the same dentigerous bone. 4 species (hyla cinerea, rana ridibunda, r. hosei, ptychadena spec.) mostly have more or less bladed bicuspid and clearly divided teeth corresponding to the "lissamphibia"-pattern. 2 species (xenopus laevis, ... | 1987 | 3674455 |
| frequency selectivity of hearing in the green treefrog, hyla cinerea. | frequency selectivity of hearing was measured in the green treefrog, hyla cinerea. a psychophysical technique based on reflex modification was used to obtain masked threshold estimates for pure tones (300-5,400 hz) presented against two levels of broadband masking noise. a pure tone (s-1) presented 200 ms prior to a reflex-eliciting stimulus (s-2) inhibited the motor reflex response to s-2. the magnitude of this reflex modification effect varied systematically with the sound pressure level (spl) ... | 1986 | 3761225 |
| behavioral audiograms of the bullfrog (rana catesbeiana) and the green tree frog (hyla cinerea). | reflex modification was used in a psychophysical technique to measure absolute auditory sensitivity of two species of anurans. behavioral audiograms for these animals reveal that the bullfrog can detect sounds from 100 hz to 3.2 khz and the green tree frog from 100 hz to 5 khz. the shape and the sensitivity of these behavioral audiograms are similar to those of neural evoked-response audiograms of these animals. absolute auditory sensitivity of anurans is only partially related to the spectral c ... | 1985 | 3877086 |
| the digital pads of the tree frog, hyla cinerea. ii. the mucous glands. | | 1973 | 4120991 |
| the digital pads of the tree frog, hyla cinerea. i. the epidermis. | | 1973 | 4348422 |
| the significance of some spectral features in mating call recognition in the green treefrog (hyla cinerea). | | 1974 | 4547332 |
| the effects of melatonin treatment on gonosomatic index in the teleost, fundulus similis, and the tree frog, hyla cinerea. | | 1974 | 4829470 |
| the forebrain of hyla cinerea. | | 1966 | 5925221 |
| transcellular transfer of hrp in the amphibian visual system. | unilateral intraocular injections of horseradish peroxidase (hrp) were made in the green tree frog, hyla cinerea. survival times ranged from 1 to 28 days. control injections were placed in the orbit, peritoneum, or third ventricle. by 1 day after ocular injection anterogradely transported hrp was observed in the optic nerve and tract and in thalamic and midbrain retinal recipient zones. retrograde filling of motor neurons was also observed by 1 day. at 3 days, hrp-positive magnocellular preoptic ... | 1982 | 6178466 |
| two-tone suppression in auditory nerve fibers of the green treefrog (hyla cinerea). | the phenomenon of two-tone suppression was studied quantitatively in the peripheral auditory system of the green treefrog (hyla cinerea). linear relationships were found between best excitatory and best suppressor frequency, between response thresholds at these frequencies, between q 10db-values of excitatory and suppressor tuning curves and best excitatory frequency, and between both q 10db-values. | 1983 | 6875094 |
| location of efferent neurons to the labyrinth of the green tree frog (hyla cinerea). a horseradish peroxidase study. | the origin of centrifugal fibers to the labyrinth was determined by application of horseradish peroxidase to the severed octavus nerve of the green tree frog (hyla cinerea). labeled neurons were found exclusively in the nucleus reticularis medius of the reticular formation ipsilateral to the injection site. in particular, no retrogradely labeled neurons were found in the octavus nuclei. | 1982 | 7115197 |
| comparative contractile dynamics of calling and locomotor muscles in three hylid frogs. | isometric twitch and tetanus parameters, force-velocity curves, maximum shortening velocity (vmax) and percentage relaxation between stimuli (%r) across a range of stimulus frequencies were determined for a muscle used during call production (the tensor chordarum) and a locomotor muscle (the sartorius) for three species of hylid frogs, hyla chrysoscelis, h. versicolor and h. cinerea. the call of h. chrysoscelis has a note repetition rate (nrr) approximately twice as fast as the call of h. versic ... | 1995 | 7658189 |
| feeding kinematics of phyllomedusine tree frogs. | previous studies have demonstrated that the phyllomedusine hylids possess highly protrusible tongues, a derived characteristic within the family hylidae. in the present study, the kinematics of the feeding behavior of a phyllomedusine species, pachymedusa dacnicolor, was analyzed using high-speed video (180 frames s-1). its behavior was compared with that of hyla cinerea, a species with a weakly protrusible tongue. p. dacnicolor exhibits a faster rate of tongue protraction, a longer gape cycle a ... | 1995 | 7699314 |
| the lung-eardrum pathway in three treefrog and four dendrobatid frog species: some properties of sound transmission. | frequency-response curves of the tympanum and lateral body wall (lung area) were measured by laser doppler vibrometry in three treefrog (smilisca baudini, hyla cinerea, osteopilus septentrionalis) and four dendrobatid frog (dendrobates tinctorius, d. histrionicus, epipedobates tricolor, e. azureiventris) species. the high-frequency cut-off of the body wall response was always lower than that of the tympanum. the best response frequencies of the lateral body wall were lower than those of the tymp ... | 1994 | 7964416 |
| measurement of temporal regularity of spike train responses in auditory nerve fibers of the green treefrog. | this paper describes a method which we have developed for quantifying the temporal regularity of neural spike trains in the sensory nervous system. our method relies on the use of a modified correlation approach for identifying response firing patterns. we apply the concept of an ambiguity function and related coefficients to measure the tonic/phase character and statistical variability of spike patterns. we tested this method in recordings from auditory nerve fibers of the green treefrog (hyla ... | 1994 | 7967723 |
| efferents from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to basal forebrain nuclei in the green treefrog (hyla cinerea). | injections of horseradish peroxidase (hrp) into the eye, striatum, preoptic area, or ventral hypothalamus of the green treefrog (hyla cinerea) demonstrated an indirect retinal pathway to each basal forebrain region via the suprachiasmatic nucleus (scn). intraocular injections resulted in hrp-filled fibers within the ventral portion of the scn bilaterally. apparent en passant and terminal swellings on these fibers were seen adjacent to scn cells. cells in both the ventral and dorsal portions of t ... | 1994 | 8193907 |
| the middle ear muscle of frogs does not modulate tympanic responses to sound. | the effect of the opercularis (= middle ear) muscle on the acoustic responsiveness of the tympanic middle ear of anuran amphibians was studied using laser vibrometric measurements of tympanic responses to sound. removal of the muscle or direct stimulation of denervated muscles had no measurable effects on tympanic responses to sound in either american bullfrogs (rana catesbeiana) or green treefrogs (hyla cinerea) at any frequency or at any sound-pressure level studied. these results suggest that ... | 1994 | 8201108 |
| perception of complex sounds by the green treefrog, hyla cinerea: envelope and fine-structure cues. | 1. the envelope periodicity of communication signals is an important feature distinguishing advertisement and aggressive calls for the green treefrog (hyla cinerea). envelope periodicity, a cue for periodicity pitch perception in humans, is affected by the fine-structure of the signal, a cue for timbre perception in humans. the present study examined perception of two acoustic features affecting waveform fine-structure--harmonic structure and phase structure--in male green treefrogs. 2. we analy ... | 1993 | 8229896 |
| trypanosome transmission by corethrella wirthi (diptera: chaoboridae) to the green treefrog, hyla cinerea (anura: hylidae). | seventy-two percent of 215 male green tree frog, hyla cinerea (schneider), captured in alachua and levy counties, fl, between april and mid-september 1978 and 1979 were infected with an undescribed trypanosoma sp. none of the 31 female frogs captured concurrently was infected. periodic sampling of the peripheral blood from the infected male frogs showed that the trypanosomes were present in high numbers only at night. conspecific trypanosomes also were found in the mid and hind guts of female co ... | 1993 | 8254641 |
| scotopic spectral sensitivity of the optomotor response in the green treefrog hyla cinerea. | amphibians are unusual among vertebrates in having two spectral classes of rod photoreceptors, unique amphibian "green" rods and typical vertebrate "red" rods. although amphibians have been the subject of extensive research on visual function, it is not known whether possession of two classes of rods is a general feature of amphibia, nor is it clear to what behaviors each class of rods contributes. the hylidae comprise one of the largest families within amphibia but have been little studied with ... | 1993 | 8376950 |
| spontaneous otoacoustic emissions in seven frog species. | spontaneous otoacoustic emissions were screened for in five advanced frog species (hyla cinerea, n = 10 ears; hyla chrysoscelis, n = 10; hyla versicolor, n = 7; leptodactylus albilabris, n = 2; rana pipiens pipiens, n = 8), and two primitive frog species (xenopus laevis, n = 9; bombina orientalis, n = 12). emissions were found in 90% of the advanced species' ears, whereas none of the primitive species' ears had emissions. emission frequencies ranged from 645 hz to 1680 hz. the absence of emissio ... | 1996 | 8951437 |
| the solution structure and activity of caerin 1.1, an antimicrobial peptide from the australian green tree frog, litoria splendida. | caerin 1.1 is one of the major antimicrobial peptides isolated from the skin of the australian green tree frog, litoria splendida. two-dimensional 1h-1h and 1h-13c nmr spectroscopy in trifluoroethanol/h2o (50:50, by vol.) have been used to assign the 1h and 13c-nmr spectra of this 25-amino-acid peptide. from an examination of these data, and using distance geometry and molecular dynamics calculations, the solution conformation of caerin 1.1 has been determined. the peptide adopts two well-define ... | 1997 | 9266696 |
| mucormycosis in a free-ranging green tree frog from australia. | mucor amphibiorum is reported for the first time from a free-ranging native amphibian, a green tree frog (litoria caerulea) from queensland, australia. the nasal cavity was largely replaced by granulomatous inflammatory tissue, and most internal organs had nodular granulomas. typical mother and daughter sphaerules of m. amphibiorum occurred in these nodules which were due to granulomatous inflammation as well as areas of more active mixed inflammation with necrosis. tissue homogenate from the sp ... | 1997 | 9391982 |
| hepatitis in the green tree frog (litoria caerulea) associated with infection by a species of myxidium. | | 1997 | 9469229 |
| coliforms, escherichia coli and salmonella serovars associated with a citrus-processing facility implicated in a salmonellosis outbreak. | a salmonellosis outbreak occurred during the summer of 1995 among individuals who consumed nonpasteurized orange juice from a florida citrus-processing facility. clinical isolates were identified by the centers for disease control as salmonella serovars hartford, gaminara, and rubislaw. at the processing facility, 70 samples (equipment swabs, fruit surface swabs, juice, and miscellaneous environmental samples) were collected before, during, and after processing runs on two different dates. bottl ... | 1998 | 9708296 |
| social signals influence hormones independently of calling behavior in the treefrog (hyla cinerea). | social signals play an important role in regulating hormone-behavior relationships. in anurans (frogs and toads), acoustic signals are an essential aspect of reproductive behavior; however, the physiological consequences of receiving social signals has remained largely undescribed. each night for 5, 10, or 20 days, we presented acoustically isolated male treefrogs with a conspecific mating chorus, an array of tones, or no sound. we recorded calling rate of individuals throughout the experiment a ... | 2000 | 11104638 |
| distortion product otoacoustic emissions in the tree frog hyla cinerea. | the frog inner ear contains two hearing organs: the amphibian and the basilar papilla. the amphibian papilla is sensitive to low- and mid-frequency stimuli (0.1--0.5 and 0.5--1.3 khz, respectively, in hyla cinerea), while the basilar papilla is sensitive to high-frequency stimuli (2.8--3.9 khz in h. cinerea). distortion product otoacoustic emissions (dpoae) were recorded from the ear of the tree frog h. cinerea. in each of six ears investigated, a cubic distortion product (dp) at 2f(1)--f(2) was ... | 2001 | 11223293 |
| behavioral and hormonal effects of exogenous vasotocin and corticosterone in the green treefrog. | vasotocin (avt) promotes courtship in a wide range of vertebrates. however, this effect is not independent of steroid hormones. for example, androgens may work in concert with avt and corticosterone (cort) may work to oppose avt action. in frogs, avt promotes calling, and in some species, cort inhibits calling. in addition, androgens are known to modulate avt in the brain, and cort may depress androgen secretion. previous work in amphibians has suggested that avt promotes courtship by overcoming ... | 2001 | 11316424 |
| social context influences androgenic effects on calling in the green treefrog (hyla cinerea). | courtship behavior in frogs is an ideal model for investigating the relationships among social experience, gonadal steroids, and behavior. reception of mating calls causes an increase in androgen levels in listening males, and calling, in turn, depends on the presence of androgens. however, previous studies found that androgen replacement does not always restore calling to intact levels, and the relationship between androgens and calling may be context dependent. we examined the influence of and ... | 2001 | 11716585 |
| single-strand conformation polymorphism-based analysis reveals genetic variation within spirometra erinacei (cestoda: pseudophyllidea) from australia. | this study examined genetic variability within spirometra erinacei (cestoda: pseudophyllidea) from different host species and geographical origins in australia using a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based mutation detection approach, followed by dna sequencing. part of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (p cox 1) was amplified by pcr, scanned for sequence variation by single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp), and representative samples from different host species were selected for dn ... | 2002 | 12030766 |
| basidioboliasis in anurans in florida. | members of the genus basidiobolus, a saprophytic fungus, have been associated with the digestive tracts of a wide variety of amphibians and reptiles. to elucidate the relationship of basidiobolus sp. with amphibians in central florida (usa), we document the occurrence of the fungus in the digestive tracts of bufo terrestris, buffo quercicus, hyla femoralis, hyla cinerea, hyla gratiosa, hyla squirella, osteopilus septentrionalis, and rana utricularia. species that occupy terrestrial habitats (b. ... | 2002 | 12038150 |
| testicular myxosporidiasis in anurans, with a description of myxobolus fallax n. sp. | during studies of amphibian sperm cryopreservation, a new species of myxosporidean parasite (myxozoa, myxosporae) was observed in the testes of the australian dwarf green tree frog litoria fallax (peters). myxosporidiasis was found to have no affect on l. fallax body condition or sperm numbers. myxobolus spores from l. fallax are morphologically distinct from myxobolus hylae spores (infecting the sympatric litoria aurea lesson) and the three previously named (exotic to australia) myxobolus speci ... | 2002 | 12075129 |
| reproductive character displacement in the acoustic communication system of green tree frogs (hyla cinerea). | interactions between species can affect the evolution of their sexual signals, receiver selectivity, or both. one commonly expected outcome is reproductive character displacement, whereby adverse consequences of mismating select for greater differentiation of communication systems in areas of sympatry than in areas of allopatry. we found evidence of reproductive character displacement in the acoustic communication system of green tree frogs (hyla cinerea). the strength of female preferences for ... | 2003 | 12778558 |
| use of hyla cinerea in assay of melanophorotropic potency of acth. | | 1954 | 13155556 |
| studies on the development, succession and replacement of teeth in the frog hyla cinerea. | | 1961 | 13899582 |
| a forty-three year museum study of northern cricket frog (acris crepitans) abnormalities in arkansas: upward trends and distributions. | the northern cricket frog (acris crepitans) is a resident of streams, rivers, and wetlands of eastern north america. we documented abnormalities in a. crepitans housed in the arkansas state university museum of zoology herpetology collection. abnormality frequency increased from 1957 to 2000 (chi 2 = 43.76, df = 3, p < 0.001). from 1957 through 1979 only 3.33% of specimens were unusual. this rate was 6.87% during the 1990s, and in 2000 it was 8.48%. high frequencies of abnormalities were identif ... | 2003 | 14567212 |
| chemical and olfactory characterization of odorous compounds and their precursors in the parotoid gland secretion of the green tree frog, litoria caerulea. | when stressed or challenged by a predator, the australian green tree frog, litoria caerulea, emits a characteristic nutty odor from its parotoid glands. this study identifies the source of the odor as the cyclic amide 2-pyrrolidone (2-pyro). in addition, we demonstrate the presence of 2-pyro's straight chain form, gamma-aminobutyric acid or gaba, in the frog's glandular secretion and propose an odorant-precursor relationship. what role both compounds play in the frog's defensive strategy remains ... | 2003 | 14584677 |
| a protein with antimicrobial activity in the skin of schlegel's green tree frog rhacophorus schlegelii (rhacophoridae) identified as histone h2b. | an extract of the skin of schlegel's green tree frog, rhacophorus schlegelii (anura: rhacophoridae), contained a protein that inhibited the growth of the gram-negative bacterium escherichia coli but was inactive against the gram-positive bacterium staphylococcus aureus. the protein was purified to near homogeneity by reverse-phase hplc and amino acid sequence analysis of the products of an endoproteinase glu-c digest identified the protein as histone h2b. the complete primary structure of the 12 ... | 2003 | 14651982 |
| evaluating predation pressure on green treefrog larvae across a habitat gradient. | the effect of a predator on the abundance of a prey species depends upon the predator's abundance and its ability to capture that prey. the objectives of this research were to evaluate the community structure of predators of green treefrog (hyla cinerea) tadpoles across habitat types and evaluate the effectiveness of individual predators on h. cinerea tadpoles. correspondence and cluster analyses of predator frequencies across 23 aquatic habitats indicated that the majority of variance in predat ... | 2004 | 15179584 |
| am representation in green treefrog auditory nerve fibers: neuroethological implications for pattern recognition and sound localization. | in addition to spectral call components, temporal patterns in the advertisement-call envelope of green treefrog males ( hyla cinerea) provide important cues for female mate choice. rapid amplitude modulation (am) with rates of 250-300 hz is typical for this species' advertisement calls. here we report data on the encoding of these rapid call modulations by studying the responses of single auditory nerve fibers to two-tone stimuli with envelope periodicities close to those of the natural call. th ... | 2004 | 15480704 |
| what's your diagnosis? limb discoloration on a depressed tree frog (hyla cinerea). | | 2005 | 15735634 |
| distribution of orexin/hypocretin immunoreactivity in the nervous system of the green treefrog, hyla cinerea. | we examined the distribution of orexin/hypocretin immunoreactive neurons and projections throughout the brain of the green treefrog (hyla cinerea). orexin a and b neurons were located in a single population centered on the suprachiasmatic nucleus. orexin a and b fibers were visible across the brain, with the highest density within the preoptic area and hypothalamus. our data suggest different distributions of orexin neurons but not projections between families of amphibians. | 2005 | 15829232 |
| mid-frequency suppression in the green treefrog (hyla cinerea): mechanisms and implications for the evolution of acoustic communication. | advertisement calls of green treefrogs (hyla cinerea) have two spectral peaks centered at about 1 khz and 3 khz. addition of a component of intermediate frequency (1.8 khz) to a synthetic call reduced its attractiveness to females relative to an alternative lacking this component. this mid-frequency suppression occurred over a 20-db range of playback levels. addition of other intermediate frequencies had weak effects on preferences at some playback levels, in some localities, and at lower-than-n ... | 2005 | 15928971 |
| virulence of the amphibian chytrid fungus batrachochytium dendrobatidis varies with the strain. | although mortality in 3 groups of 15 green tree frogs litoria caerulea exposed to 3 isolates of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis was 100%, time to death varied with isolate, highlighting the importance of strain and/or passage history in pathogenicity studies and possibly in the epidemiology of chytridiomycosis. a standard naming scheme for isolates of b. dendrobatidis is proposed. | 2005 | 16465833 |
| distribution of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and pathology in the skin of green tree frogs litoria caerulea with severe chytridiomycosis. | although histopathology is used routinely for diagnosis of chytridiomycosis in live and dead amphibians, there are no quantitative data on the distribution of the causative fungus, batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, in the skin. we performed quantitative histological examinations on 6 sites on the body and 4 toes of 10 free-ranging adult green tree frogs litoria caerulea found recently dead or dying from chytridiomycosis. large numbers of sporangia occurred in all areas of ventral skin and toes; on ... | 2005 | 16465835 |
| new caerin antibiotic peptides from the skin secretion of the dainty green tree frog litoria gracilenta. identification using positive and negative ion electrospray mass spectrometry. | the skin secretion of the dainty green tree frog litoria gracilenta contains 16 peptides, which protect the animal from predators, both large and small. a combination of negative and positive ion electrospray mass spectrometry together with lys-c enzymic digest and edman sequencing identifies three new wide-spectrum caerin 1 antibiotics, namely caerin 1.17 [glfsvlgsvakhllphvapiiaekl-nh2], caerin 1.18 [glfsvlgsvakhllphvvpviaekl-nh2], and caerin 1.19 [glfkvlgsvakhllphvapiiaekl-nh2], and a narrow s ... | 2006 | 16554081 |
| directional introgression of mitochondrial dna in a hybrid population of tree frogs: the influence of mating behavior. | a total of 305 individuals from a hybrid population of north american tree frogs was characterized for allozyme and mitochondrial dna (mtdna) genotype. species-specific mating behaviors had suggested the potential for directional hybridization, in which matings between hyla cinerea males and hyla gratiosa females numerically predominate over the reciprocal combination. such directional bias leads to predictions about expected distributions of the female-transmitted mtdna markers in f(1), backcro ... | 1986 | 16593687 |
| sexually mediated shedding of myxobolus fallax spores during spermiation of litoria fallax (anura). | myxobolus fallax (myxosporea) infects the testes of the dwarf green tree frog litoria fallax without apparently affecting the host's health, behavior, or testicular sperm numbers or quality. we investigated the shedding m. fallax spores and the relationship between m. fallax infection and fertility in l. fallax. during natural spawning, comparisons were made between the prevalence and intensity of m. fallax infection, spore shedding, and fertilization rates. during the hormonal induction of sper ... | 2006 | 17067075 |
| effects of meal size, meal type, and body temperature on the specific dynamic action of anurans. | specific dynamic action (sda), the increase in metabolism stemming from meal digestion and assimilation, varies as a function of meal size, meal type, and body temperature. to test predictions of these three determinants of sda, we quantified and compared the sda responses of nine species of anurans, bombina orientalis, bufo cognatus, ceratophrys ornata, dyscophus antongilli, hyla cinerea, kassina maculata, kassina senegalensis, pyxicephalus adspersus, and rana catesbeiana subjected to meal size ... | 2007 | 17106741 |
| gabaergic projection neurons in the basal ganglia of the green tree frog (hyla cinerea). | the basal ganglia of tetrapods have been considered to be a conservative system sharing a common pattern with respect to connectivity and transmitters. one important transmitter found in mammalian basal ganglia is gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) which is used by nearly all striatal and pallidal projection neurons. in order to investigate whether gabaergic projection neurons exist in the basal ganglia of anurans as well, we combined tracer applications in the diencephalic portion of the lateral fo ... | 2007 | 17275797 |
| regional distribution and migration of proliferating cell populations in the adult brain of hyla cinerea (anura, amphibia). | we examined the distribution of adult cell proliferation throughout the brain of an anuran amphibian using 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (brdu). brdu, a thymidine analog, is a commonly used cellular marker that is incorporated into actively dividing progenitor cells. adult green treefrogs, hyla cinerea, received injections of brdu and were sacrificed 2 h, 2 days, 2 weeks, or 30 days later. immunohistochemistry revealed brdu-immunopositive (brdu+) cells to be distributed in ventricular zones throughout ... | 2007 | 17573049 |
| heavy metal levels in ribbon snakes (thamnophis sauritus) and anuran larvae from the mobile-tensaw river delta, alabama, usa. | the mobile-tensaw river delta (mtd) drains more than 75% of the state of alabama and leads into mobile bay and the northern gulf of mexico. although it is a relatively healthy watershed, the mtd is potentially impacted by inputs of contaminants such as heavy metals. the levels of lead, copper, cadmium, and mercury were measured in whole body samples of eastern ribbon snakes (thamnophis sauritus) collected from the mtd. lead, copper, and cadmium levels were also measured in anuran larvae (rana ca ... | 2007 | 17713811 |
| sexual parasitism in the green tree frog (hyla cinerea). | noncalling adult male tree frogs were found in close association with about 16 percent of the calling males in a pond in georgia. in 13 of 30 field experiments a noncalling satellite male intercepted and achieved amplexus with a gravid female moving toward the calling male. this mating strategy, which conserves energy required for calling, resembles the strategy employed by other vertebrates. | 1978 | 17745109 |
| localization of an elevated sound source by the green tree frog. | female green tree frogs readily localized an elevated sound source. prior to hopping on sticks that formed a three-dimensional grid, females usually scanned laterally with their heads elevated after first scanning in the normal, nonelevated fashion. unlike mammals and owls, frogs lack external anatomical features specialized for resolving vertical and horizontal components of source direction. | 1982 | 17817539 |
| electrolyte depletion and osmotic imbalance in amphibians with chytridiomycosis. | mounting evidence implicates the disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, in global amphibian declines and extinctions. while the virulence of this disease has been clearly demonstrated, there is, as yet, no mechanistic explanation for how b. dendrobatidis kills amphibians. to investigate the pathology of chytridiomycosis, blood samples were collected from uninfected, aclinically infected and clinically diseased amphibians and analyzed for a wide range of bi ... | 2007 | 17972752 |
| surface movement in water of splendipherin, the aquatic male sex pheromone of the tree frog litoria splendida. | the aquatic sex pheromone splendipherin (glvssigkalgglladvvkskgqpa-oh) of the male green tree frog litoria splendida moves across the surface of water to reach the female. surface pressure and x-ray reflectometry measurements confirm that splendipherin is a surface-active molecule, and are consistent with it having an ordered structure, whereby the hydrophilic portion of the peptide interacts with the underlying water and the hydrophobic region is adjacent to the vapour phase. the movement of sp ... | 2008 | 18494800 |
| antimicrobial action of histone h2b in escherichia coli: evidence for membrane translocation and dna-binding of a histone h2b fragment after proteolytic cleavage by outer membrane proteinase t. | previous studies have led to the isolation of histone h2b with antibacterial properties from an extract of the skin of the schlegel's green tree frog rhacophorus schlegelii and it is now demonstrated that the intact peptide is released into norepinephrine-stimulated skin secretions. in order to investigate the mechanism of action of this peptide, a maltose-binding protein (mbp)-fused histone h2b (mbp-h2b) conjugate was prepared and subjected to antimicrobial assay. the fusion protein showed bact ... | 2008 | 18706965 |
| potential roles of histones in host defense as antimicrobial agents. | antimicrobial peptides (amps), which are widely distributed in various organisms, comprise part of the host innate defense system to kill or damage bacterial and fungal pathogens. amphibian skin is known to produce various amps, and is used as a source material in attempts to identify novel therapeutic amps. more than one hundred frog amps have been identified to date. in our previous study, we isolated histone h2b with antibacterial properties from the skin of the schlegel's green tree frog rha ... | 2008 | 18782037 |
| a zoospore inhibition technique to evaluate the activity of antifungal compounds against batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and unsuccessful treatment of experimentally infected green tree frogs (litoria caerulea) by fluconazole and benzalkonium chloride. | effective and safe treatments of chytridiomycosis in amphibians, caused by batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, are needed to help prevent mortality in captive programs for threatened species, to reduce the risk of spread, and to better manage the disease in threatened populations. we describe a simple method to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of antifungal agents that involves adding zoospores to various drug concentrations in 96 well plates and microscopic observation after four ... | 2009 | 19117582 |
| female reproductive state influences the auditory midbrain response. | female behavioral responses to sensory stimuli can be highly variable across the reproductive cycle. female green treefrogs (hyla cinerea) use the male vocal signal to locate and choose a mate. gravid females approach a vocalizing male to mate but do not approach if they have recently mated. such differences in behavioral response may be due in part to shifts in the neural representation of auditory information in the brain. in this study, we investigated the influence of female reproductive sta ... | 2009 | 19184041 |
| a novel mechanism of sperm motility in a viscous environment: corkscrew-shaped spermatozoa cruise by spinning. | fertilization of the green tree frog, rhacophorus arboreus, occurs in the viscous environment of a foam nest, which is laid on vegetation. their spermatozoa have a characteristic corkscrew-shaped head and a thick tail that extends perpendicularly to its longitudinal axis. however, it is unclear how these corkscrew-shaped spermatozoa move in this highly viscous environment. here, we found that the spinning of the corkscrew-shaped head, caused by winding and unwinding of the tail, enables the sper ... | 2009 | 19334064 |
| sex differences and androgen influences on midbrain auditory thresholds in the green treefrog, hyla cinerea. | reproductive hormones can modulate communication-evoked behavior by acting on neural systems associated with motivation; however, recent evidence suggests that modulation occurs at the sensory processing level as well. the anuran auditory midbrain processes communication stimuli, and is sensitive to steroid hormones. using multiunit electrophysiology, we tested whether sex and circulating testosterone influence auditory sensitivity to pure tones and to the natural vocalization in the green treef ... | 2009 | 19371774 |
| sex-specific modulation of cell proliferation by socially relevant stimuli in the adult green treefrog brain (hyla cinerea). | social experience plays an important role in regulating the neural, physiological and hormonal changes that accompany the expression of reproductive behavior in vertebrates. this suite of functions is sexually dimorphic, with different neural control areas preeminent in males and females. in anuran amphibians, social experience comes in the form of acoustic communication, which is central to their reproductive behavior. we sought to determine whether acoustic cues regulate cell proliferation in ... | 2009 | 19729900 |
| pathogenesis of chytridiomycosis, a cause of catastrophic amphibian declines. | the pathogen batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd), which causes the skin disease chytridiomycosis, is one of the few highly virulent fungi in vertebrates and has been implicated in worldwide amphibian declines. however, the mechanism by which bd causes death has not been determined. we show that bd infection is associated with pathophysiological changes that lead to mortality in green tree frogs (litoria caerulea). in diseased individuals, electrolyte transport across the epidermis was inhibited ... | 2009 | 19900897 |
| genotypic analysis of mucor from the platypus in australia. | mucor amphibiorum is the only pathogen known to cause significant morbidity and mortality in the free-living platypus (ornithorhynchus anatinus) in tasmania. infection has also been reported in free-ranging cane toads (bufo marinus) and green tree frogs (litoria caerulea) from mainland australia but has not been confirmed in platypuses from the mainland. to date, there has been little genotyping specifically conducted on m. amphibiorum. a collection of 21 mucor isolates representing isolates fro ... | 2010 | 20090018 |
| museum material reveals a frog parasite emergence after the invasion of the cane toad in australia. | abstract: | 2010 | 20537137 |
| effects of amphetamine on conditioned place preference and locomotion in the male green tree frog, hyla cinerea. | neural systems mediating motivation and reward have been well described in mammalian model systems, especially with reference to reward properties of drugs of abuse. far less is known of the neural mechanisms underlying motivation and reward in non-mammals. the behavioral procedure conditioned place preference (cpp) is often used to quantify reward properties of psychoactive drugs. the indirect dopamine agonist d-amphetamine (amph) is known for its properties for inducing cpp in mammals and for ... | 2010 | 20587994 |
| changes in plasma testosterone levels and brain avt cell number during the breeding season in the green treefrog. | we exposed groups of adult male green treefrogs, hyla cinerea, to acoustic stimuli (natural chorus or random tones) for seven consecutive nights at three time points during their natural breeding season (may, july, and september) and assessed seasonal changes in plasma androgen levels and number of arginine vasotocin (avt) immunoreactive cells in the brain over this time period. we also tested whether social cues altered either androgens or avt-ir cell number or size at each time point. finally, ... | 2010 | 20664184 |
| cutaneus myxosporidiasis in the australian green tree frog (litoria caerulea). | this case is reported with the intention of highlighting the presentation of cutaneous myxosporidiasis in australian tree frog (litoria caerulea) caused by genus myxobolus. the morphology and morphometric characteristic of the spores were determined using light microscopy and differential interference contrast microscopy. spores were pyriform in shape in frontal view and oval in lateral view, and the average size was respectively 11.4 × 6.0 × 4.5 μm (12.1 - 9.5 × 6.3 - 5.4 × 5.0 - 4.1 μm). to th ... | 2010 | 20922417 |
| microfungi in drinking water: the role of the frog litoria caerulea. | microfungi were recovered from all parts of a municipal water distribution system in sub-tropical australia even though virtually no colony-forming units were recovered from the treated water as it left the treatment plant. a study was then undertaken to determine the potential sources of the microfungal population in the distribution system. observation of frogs (litoria caerulea) using the internal infrastructure of a reservoir as diurnal sleeping places, together with observation of visible m ... | 2010 | 20948957 |
| the fungicide chlorothalonil is nonlinearly associated with corticosterone levels, immunity, and mortality in amphibians. | background: contaminants have been implicated in declines of amphibians, a taxon with vital systems similar to those of humans. however, many chemicals have not been thoroughly tested on amphibians or do not directly kill them.objective: our goal in this study was to quantify amphibian responses to chlorothalonil, the most commonly used synthetic fungicide in the united states.methods: we reared rana sphenocephala (southern leopard frog) and osteopilus septentrionalis (cuban treefrog) in outdoor ... | 2011 | 21463979 |
| ultrastructural analysis of spermiogenesis in rhacophorus arboreus (amphibia, anura, rhacophoridae). | the spermatozoa of the japanese green tree frog, rhacophorus arboreus (amphibia, anura, rhacophoridae), have a characteristic corkscrew-shaped head and a thick tail that extends perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the head. we examined the process of spermatogenesis in rh. arboreus, particularly spermiogenesis, using light and transmission electron microscopy. spermiogenesis was categorized into the early, mid, and late stages based on the spermatid morphology and their location within the ... | 2011 | 21780156 |
| Fitting a Structured Juvenile-Adult Model for Green Tree Frogs to Population Estimates from Capture-Mark-Recapture Field Data. | We derive point and interval estimates for an urban population of green tree frogs (Hyla cinerea) from capture-mark-recapture field data obtained during the years 2006-2009. We present an infinite-dimensional least-squares approach which compares a mathematical population model to the statistical population estimates obtained from the field data. The model is composed of nonlinear first-order hyperbolic equations describing the dynamics of the amphibian population where individuals are divided i ... | 2011 | 21993950 |
| socially modulated cell proliferation is independent of gonadal steroid hormones in the brain of the adult green treefrog (hyla cinerea). | gonadal steroid hormones have been shown to influence adult neurogenesis in addition to their well-defined role in regulating social behavior. adult neurogenesis consists of several processes including cell proliferation, which can be studied via 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (brdu) labeling. in a previous study we found that social stimulation altered both cell proliferation and levels of circulating gonadal steroids, leaving the issue of cause/effect unclear. in this study, we sought to determine wh ... | 2012 | 22269468 |
| stochastic juvenile--adult models with application to a green tree frog population. | we derive several stochastic models from a deterministic population model that describes the dynamics of age-structured juveniles coupled with size-structured adults. numerical simulation results of the stochastic models are compared with the solution of the deterministic model. these models are then used to understand the effect of demographic stochasticity on the dynamics of an urban green tree frog (hyla cinerea) population. | 2011 | 22877230 |
| experimental evolution alters the rate and temporal pattern of population growth in batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a lethal fungal pathogen of amphibians. | virulence of infectious pathogens can be unstable and evolve rapidly depending on the evolutionary dynamics of the organism. experimental evolution can be used to characterize pathogen evolution, often with the underlying objective of understanding evolution of virulence. we used experimental evolution techniques (serial transfer experiments) to investigate differential growth and virulence of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd), a fungal pathogen that causes amphibian chytridiomycosis. we teste ... | 2014 | 25478154 |
| first line of defence: the role of sloughing in the regulation of cutaneous microbes in frogs. | amphibian populations worldwide are currently experiencing unprecedented declines due to the combined effects of emerging infectious disease and climate change. the skin is the first line of defence in preventing establishment of pathogens and associated infections. although amphibians undergo regular sloughing of the outer layer of the skin, the potential for regular sloughing to play a role in influencing cutaneous microbial populations and pathogens has been largely overlooked. in the present ... | 2014 | 27293633 |
| linking manipulative experiments to field data to test the dilution effect. | the dilution effect, the hypothesis that biodiversity reduces disease risk, has received support in many systems. however, few dilution effect studies have linked mechanistic experiments to field patterns to establish both causality and ecological relevance. we conducted a series of laboratory experiments and tested the dilution effect hypothesis in an amphibian-batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) system and tested for consistency between our laboratory experiments and field patterns of amphibia ... | 2014 | 24289288 |
| efficacy of treatment and long-term follow-up of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis pcr-positive anurans following itraconazole bath treatment. | all anuran specimens in the wildlife conservation society's collections testing positive for batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) were treated with itraconazole and then studied after treatment to assess the long-term effects of itraconazole and the drug's effectiveness in eliminating bd carriers. twenty-four individuals and eight colonies of 11 different species (75 total specimens) tested positive for bd via polymerase chain reaction (pcr) on multicollection survey. all positive individuals and ... | 2013 | 23805558 |
| host stress response is important for the pathogenesis of the deadly amphibian disease, chytridiomycosis, in litoria caerulea. | chytridiomycosis, a disease caused by batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, has contributed to worldwide amphibian population declines; however, the pathogenesis of this disease is still somewhat unclear. previous studies suggest that infection disrupts cutaneous sodium transport, which leads to hyponatremia and cardiac failure. however, infection is also correlated with unexplained effects on appetite, skin shedding, and white blood cell profiles. glucocorticoid hormones may be the biochemical connec ... | 2013 | 23630628 |
| chloramphenicol with fluid and electrolyte therapy cures terminally ill green tree frogs (litoria caerulea) with chytridiomycosis. | terminal changes in frogs infected with the amphibian fungal pathogen batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) include epidermal degeneration leading to inhibited epidermal electrolyte transport, systemic electrolyte disturbances, and asystolic cardiac arrest. there are few reports of successful treatment of chytridiomycosis and none that include curing amphibians with severe disease. three terminally ill green tree frogs (litoria caerulea) with heavy bd infections were cured using a combination of c ... | 2012 | 22779237 |
| field and laboratory studies of the susceptibility of the green treefrog (hyla cinerea) to batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection. | amphibians worldwide are experiencing devastating declines, some of which are due to the amphibian chytrid fungus (batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, bd). populations in the southeastern united states, however, have not been noticeably affected by the pathogen. the green treefrog (hyla cinerea) is abundant and widespread in the southeastern united states, but has not been documented to harbor bd infection. this study examined the susceptibility of h. cinerea to two strains of bd in the lab and the ... | 2012 | 22685572 |
| pathology of a bohle-like virus infection in two australian frog species (litoria splendida and litoria caerulea). | gross and histopathological examination was performed on seven captive magnificent tree frogs (litoria splendida) and one green tree frog (litoria caerulea) that had died or been humanely destroyed while naturally infected with mahaffey road virus, a bohle iridovirus-like ranavirus. necropsy examination revealed skin lesions consisting of multiple small pale or haemorrhagic papules and ulcers in most frogs. other common gross findings were perineural haemorrhage affecting the spinal nerves, hydr ... | 2015 | 25678427 |
| isolation and characterisation of a novel bohle-like virus from two frog species in the darwin rural area, australia. | twelve captive magnificent tree frogs litoria splendida and 2 green tree frogs l. caerulea on a property in the darwin rural area (northern territory, australia) either died or were euthanased after becoming lethargic or developing skin lesions. samples from both species of frog were submitted for histopathology and virus isolation. an irido-like virus was cultured from tissue samples taken from both species and was characterised using electron microscopy, restriction enzyme digests and nucleic ... | 2012 | 22832715 |
| mycobacterium marinum infection in japanese forest green tree frogs (rhacophorus arboreus). | four japanese forest green tree frogs (rhacophorus arboreus) were presented with emaciation, abdominal distention and ulcerative and nodular cutaneous lesions affecting the brisket, limbs, digits and ventral abdomen. another three frogs had been found dead in the same tank 1 year previously. necropsy examination of these seven frogs revealed splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, with multiple tan-yellow nodular foci present in the liver, spleen, heart, lungs, ovaries and kidneys. microscopically, five ... | 2014 | 25047922 |