| configurational prey selection by bufo, alytes, bombina and hyla. | the aim of the present study is to answer the following questions; (1) is the ability of toads to distinguish between different configurational prey stimuli based on learning during ontogeny? (2) is the configurational meaning of a stimulus influenced by its distance from the animal? (3) are there differences in configurational prey selection among different anuran species? (1) experiments with postmetamorphic juveniles of alytes obstetricans indicate that preferences for worm-like objects can b ... | 1979 | 114268 |
| a family of bombinin-related peptides from the skin of bombina variegata. | a peptide fraction was isolated from the skin of bombina variegata that showed antimicrobial activity. this fraction contained several molecular species, all of them consisting of 27 amino acid residues, with a constant c-terminal region (from residues 14-27), including an amidated carboxyl end and a variable n-terminal segment. these peptides are related but not identical to bombinin [csordas, a. & michl, h. (1970) monatsh. chem. 101, 182-189]. by using synthetic oligonucleotides corresponding ... | 1991 | 1712299 |
| bombinin-like peptides with antimicrobial activity from skin secretions of the asian toad, bombina orientalis. | the structures and hemolytic and bactericidal activities of three bombinin-like peptides, or blp-1-3, from the skin of bombina orientalis are described. the peptides were isolated from the skin of b. orientalis and sequenced by tandem mass spectrometry and are amphipathic, cationic peptides of 25-27 amino acids in length. the sequence of the most abundant member (blp-1) is: gly-ile-gly-ala-ser-ile-leu-ser-ala-gly-lys-ser-ala-leu-lys-gly-leu- ala-lys-gly-leu-ala-glu-his-phe-ala-asn-nh2. all three ... | 1991 | 1744108 |
| the action of bombesin on the systemic arterial blood pressure of some experimental animals. | 1. the changes in blood pressure in response to parenteral administration of bombesin, the active tetradecapeptide of the skin of the european discoglossid frogs bombina bombina and bombina variegata variegata have been investigated in some experimental animals.2. in most species, the polypeptide elicited hypertension which was usually gradual in onset and slow to disappear. blood pressure increases rarely exceeded 40-50 mmhg. at the beginning of an experiment some dose-response relationship cou ... | 1972 | 4342029 |
| antimicrobial activity in the skin secretions of bombina variegata pachypus. | | 1973 | 4579863 |
| the formation of somites and early myotomal myogenesis in xenopus laevis, bombina variegata and pelobates fuscus. | myogenesis in xenopus laevis and in bombina variegata is similar despite differences in the structure of the nonsegmented mesoderm and in the formation of the myotomes. in x. laevis the nonsegmented mesoderm consists of two cell layers with the premyocoel between them. during somitogenesis the premyoblasts rotate covering subsequently the whole myotome length. in b. variegata the premyocoel is absent. the myotomal cells change their shape and elongate, attaining ultimately the whole myotome leng ... | 1981 | 7310306 |
| antimicrobial peptides from amphibian skin: an overview. | over the past three decades, numerous peptides have been isolated from amphibian skin secretions. many of these peptides were shown to be homologous to hormones and neurotransmitters of mammals. in recent years it has been shown that these secretions also contain a multitude of antimicrobial peptides. most of these peptides are positively charged and have a propensity for forming an amphipathic helix. other types of peptides have been detected as well, including one group which contain d-allo-is ... | 1994 | 7768159 |
| temperature but not season affects the transplantation immunity of anuran amphibians. | the effects of ambient temperature (22 degrees c/10 degrees c) and season (summer/winter) on anuran skin allograft and xenograft rejection was tested in frogs (rana temporaria and r. esculenta) and toads (bufo bufo, bombina variegata, and bombina bombina). mean graft survival times were significantly prolonged at the low temperature in a species-specific manner, the edible frog (r. esculenta) being the most sensitive and the common toad (bufo bufo) relatively resistant. allografts were more temp ... | 1998 | 9571769 |
| the mammalian homologues of frog bv8 are mainly expressed in spermatocytes. | bv8, a protein from skin secretions of bombina variegata, reacts with receptors present in mammalian brain and intestine (mollay et al. (1999) eur. j. pharmacol. 374, 189-196). as deduced from cloned cdnas, the murine and human bv8 homologues have identical amino-terminal sequences and also contain 10 cysteines. from mouse testes, two forms of bv8 mrna have been characterized, of which one contains an additional exon which codes for 21 mostly basic amino acids. the mouse bv8 gene is most active ... | 1999 | 10580115 |
| cytological and molecular analysis in the rare discoglossid species, alytes muletensis (sanchiz & adrover 1977) and its bearing on archaeobatrachian phylogeny. | cytogenetic and molecular data on alytes muletensis (amphibia: discoglossidae) are compared with other representatives of archaeobatrachian frogs: bombina variegata pachypus, pelobates cultripes, pelodytes punctatus, xenopus laevis, and discoglossus. a. muletensis has the karyotype typical for the genus alytes, 38 elements with either one or two arms, some of which can be considered as 'microchromosomes'. the nors are located on the telomeres of the tenth chromosome pair which agrees with the st ... | 2000 | 10997783 |
| frogs and toads in front of a mirror: lateralisation of response to social stimuli in tadpoles of five anuran species. | tadpoles of five anuran species were tested for preferences in the use of the eyes during inspection of their own visual image in a mirror. when tested in a tank with several small mirrors, tadpoles of five different species (bufo bufo, bufo viridis, rana temporaria, rana esculenta, bombina variegata) preferentially approached and positioned themselves with the mirror located on their left side, thus looking at the image with the monocular field of their left eye. similar results were obtained w ... | 2002 | 12191829 |
| novel bradykinins and their precursor cdnas from european yellow-bellied toad (bombina variegata) skin. | two novel bradykinin-related peptides (ala3,thr6)-bradykinin and (val1,thr3,thr6)-bradykinin, were identified by a systematic sequencing study of peptides in the defensive skin secretion of the yellow-bellied toad, bombina variegata. these peptides are the first amphibian skin bradykinins to exhibit amino acid substitutions at the pro3 position of the bradykinin nonapeptide. previously reported bradykinins from other bombina species were not detected. respective precursor cdnas, designated bvk-1 ... | 2002 | 12230583 |
| two novel bv8-like peptides from skin secretions of the toad bombina maxima. | two novel bioactive peptides were purified from skin secretions of the toad bombina maxima. the partial n-terminal sequences of these two peptides were determined by automated edman degradation. this allowed the cloning of full-length cdnas encoding these two peptides from a cdna library prepared from the toad skin. the deduced complete amino acid sequences indicate that both peptides are composed of 77 amino acids. a fasta search in the databanks revealed that they exhibit 86-91% sequence ident ... | 2003 | 12628381 |
| [effect of the dermal secretion from the orange-speckled toad (bombina variegata l.) on the cutaneous connective tissue of guinea pigs, rats and mice]. | | 1964 | 14322376 |
| [on the action of the skin secretion of the orange-speckled toad (bombina variegata l.) on cultures of human fibroblasts]. | | 1964 | 14330247 |
| comparative analysis of the bactericidal activities of amphibian peptide analogues against multidrug-resistant nosocomial bacterial strains. | due to the widespread resistance of bacteria to the available drugs, the discovery of new classes of antibiotics is urgently needed, and naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides (amps) are considered promising candidates for future therapeutic use. amphibian skin is one of the richest sources of such amps. in the present study we compared the in vitro bactericidal activities of five amps from three different species of anurans against multidrug-resistant clinical isolates belonging to species ... | 2008 | 17954700 |
| the bv8 gene from bombina orientalis: molecular cloning, genomic organization and functional characterization of the promoter. | bv8 is a secreted peptide from bombina variegata skin glands with a molecular mass close to 8kda that is conserved in fish, amphibians and mammals. bv8 has diverse regulatory roles, including an involvement in hematopoiesis and immunomodulation. here we report the genomic organization of the gene from bombina orientalis coding for the bv8 homolog (bo8). it contains three exons separated by two large introns. several putative transcription factor binding sites have been identified in the promoter ... | 2009 | 19747954 |
| peptide ic-20, encoded by skin kininogen-1 of the european yellow-bellied toad, bombina variegata, antagonizes bradykinin-induced arterial smooth muscle relaxation. | the objectives were to determine if the skin secretion of the european yellow-bellied toad (bombina variegata), in common with other related species, contains a bradykinin inhibitor peptide and to isolate and structurally characterize this peptide. | 2011 | 21687349 |
| no evidence for effects of infection with the amphibian chytrid fungus on populations of yellow-bellied toads. | the parasitic chytrid fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) can cause the lethal disease chytridiomycosis in amphibians and therefore may play a role in population declines. the yellow-bellied toad bombina variegata suffered strong declines throughout western and northwestern parts of its range and is therefore listed as highly endangered for germany and the federal state of hesse. whether chytridiomycosis may play a role in the observed local declines of this strictly protected anuran spec ... | 2017 | 28177293 |
| designing screening protocols for amphibian disease that account for imperfect and variable capture rates of individuals. | the amphibian chytrid fungus, batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, is one of the main factors in global amphibian decline. accurate knowledge of its presence and prevalence in an area is needed to trigger conservation actions. however, imperfect capture rates determine the number of individuals caught and tested during field surveys, and contribute to the uncertainty surrounding estimates of prevalence. screening programs should be planned with the objective of minimizing such uncertainty. we show ho ... | 2014 | 25154107 |
| geographic distribution of the chytrid pathogen batrachochytrium dendrobatidis among mountain amphibians along the italian peninsula. | the amphibian chytrid pathogen batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) is considered a major cause of amphibian population declines, particularly in montane areas. here, we investigated the presence and distribution of bd among populations of 3 mid- to high-altitude species spanning the entire italian peninsula (486 individuals from 39 sites overall): the stream frog rana italica, the fire salamander salamandra salamandra gigliolii, and the alpine newt mesotriton alpestris apuanus. we found bd in al ... | 2013 | 24270024 |
| batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in germany: distribution, prevalences, and prediction of high risk areas. | in germany, the pathogenic fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) was detected in 11 indigenous frog species, 4 newt species, and 1 salamander species in 64 out of the 181 locations (35%) investigated. among the 3450 samples collected between 2003 and 2011, 284 (8.2%) were positive for bd infections. the highest prevalences were observed in alytes obstetricans (17.8% of individuals, 20% of populations), followed by ichthyosaura alpestris (14.7%, 22.2%), bombina variegata (13.9%, 38.5%), and ... | 2013 | 24270023 |
| widespread occurrence of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in contemporary and historical samples of the endangered bombina pachypus along the italian peninsula. | batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is considered a main driver of the worldwide declines and extinctions of amphibian populations. nonetheless, fundamental questions about its epidemiology, including whether it acts mainly as a "lone killer" or in conjunction with other factors, remain largely open. in this paper we analysed contemporary and historical samples of the endangered apennine yellow-bellied toad (bombina pachypus) along the italian peninsula, in order to assess the presence of the pathoge ... | 2013 | 23667603 |
| feleucin-bo1: a novel antimicrobial non-apeptide amide from the skin secretion of the toad, bombina orientalis, and design of a potent broad-spectrum synthetic analogue, feleucin-k3. | feleucins-bv1 and -bv2 are recently described prototypes of a novel antimicrobial non-apeptide (amp) family identified in the skin secretion of the bombinid toad, bombina variegata. they are encoded on different precursors that also encode a novel bombinin. here we describe the identification of feleucin-bo1 (flgllgsllamide) which is co-encoded with a different novel bombinin, named feleucin precursor-associated bombinin (fpa-bombinin-bo), from the skin secretion of bombina orientalis. synthetic ... | 2015 | 25056849 |
| feleucins: novel bombinin precursor-encoded nonapeptide amides from the skin secretion of bombina variegata. | the first amphibian skin antimicrobial peptide (amp) to be identified was named bombinin, reflecting its origin from the skin of the european yellow-bellied toad (bombina variegata). bombinins and their related peptides, the bombinin hs, were subsequently reported from other bombinid toads. molecular cloning of bombinin-encoding cdnas from skin found that bombinins and bombinin hs were coencoded on the same precursor proteins. here, we report the molecular cloning of two novel cdnas from a skin ... | 2014 | 25003126 |
| | tadpoles of rana temporaria which have been raised in an artificial pond prey in the experimental situation shown in fig. 1 upon the spawn of the following sympatric european anura species: rana temporaria (cannibalism), rana esculenta, rana ridibunda, bufo bufo, bufo calamita, bombina variegata and hyla arborea (predation). - rana temporaria is an early breeder. thus selection pressure acts in the following ways: rana temporaria establishes for itself an explosive breeding pattern. species whic ... | 1970 | 28309036 |
| differential effects of testosterone and 17β-estradiol on gonadal development in five anuran species. | sex hormones are essential for sexual differentiation and play a key role in the development of gonads in amphibians. the goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of exogenous sex steroids, testosterone, and 17β-estradiol (e(2)) on development of gonads in five anuran species differing in their evolutionary positions, sex determination, and mode of gonadogenesis. we found that in two closely related species of fire-bellied toad, bombina bombina and bombina variegata, testosterone and e(2 ... | 2012 | 22641770 |
| nuclear and mitochondrial phylogeography of the european fire-bellied toads bombina bombina and bombina variegata supports their independent histories. | exact location and number of glacial refugia still remain unclear for many european cold-blooded terrestrial vertebrates. we performed a fine-scaled multilocus phylogeographic analysis of two bombina species combining mitochondrial variation of 950 toads from 385 sites and nuclear genes (rag-1, ncx-1) from a subset of samples to reconstruct their colonization and contemporary variation patterns. we identified the lowlands northwest of the black sea and the carpathians to be important refugial ar ... | 2011 | 21749513 |
| the prokineticin receptor agonist bv8 increases gaba release in the periaqueductal grey and modifies rvm cell activities and thermoceptive reflexes in the rat. | the prokineticin bv8, a small protein secreted by the skin of the bombina variegata frog, is a potent agonist of both the identified prokineticin receptors, the g-protein-coupled pk-r1 and pk-r2. we found in this study that intraperiaqueductal grey (pag) bv8, 100 and 200 pmol per rat, exerted a pronociceptive action and caused opposite effects on the ongoing rostral ventromedial medulla (rvm) on- and off-cell activities in rats. bv8 increased and decreased the ongoing activity of rvm on and off ... | 2007 | 18005070 |
| uptake, metabolism, and effects on detoxication enzymes of isoproturon in spawn and tadpoles of amphibians. | using ring-(14)c-labeled isoproturon (1 microg/l), the uptake into spawn and tadpoles of bombina bombina and bombina variegata was investigated. two percent of the applied radioactivity was found per gram fresh weight in the embryo after 24h. results indicate that the jelly mass of the spawn does not act as a sufficient physical barrier for protection against the uptake and influence of isoproturon (ipu) on the embryo. in vivo metabolism of ring-14c-labeled ipu by the cytochrome p-450 system was ... | 2002 | 12297088 |
| genetic diversity and phylogeography of the apennine yellow-bellied toad bombina pachypus, with implications for conservation. | genetic variation was investigated in 17 populations of the italian endemic apennine yellow-bellied toad using both mitochondrial (598 bp of the cytochrome b gene) and nuclear (21 allozyme loci) markers. populations from central calabria (southern italy) showed the highest levels of intrapopulation genetic variation, whereas samples located north of this region were nearly lacking in variation. this appears to be a typical pattern of 'southern richness and northern purity', usually attributed to ... | 2006 | 17032271 |
| effect of natural l- to d-amino acid conversion on the organization, membrane binding, and biological function of the antimicrobial peptides bombinins h. | antimicrobial peptides (amps) are evolutionarily old components of innate immunity found in all living pluricellular organisms. interestingly, some organisms express families of amps with only a slight variation among their members, possibly to increase their spectrum of activity. despite the growing body of knowledge about their biological activity and mode of action on bacteria, only a few of them have been tested on leishmania, a worldwide spread protozoan pathogen, and the parameters contrib ... | 2006 | 16566601 |
| biological activities of bv8 analogues. | 1 the small protein bv8, secreted by the skin of the frog bombina variegata, belongs to a novel family of secreted proteins whose orthologues have been identified in snakes (mit) and in mammals (prokineticins (pks)). a characteristic feature of this protein family is the same n-terminal sequence, avitga, and the presence of 10 cysteines with identical spacing in the c-terminal domain. two closely related g protein-coupled receptors that mediate signal transduction of bv8/pks have been cloned (pk ... | 2005 | 16113687 |
| glycopattern analysis and structure of the egg extra-cellular matrix in the apennine yellow-bellied toad, bombina pachypus (anura: bombinatoridae). | we studied the glycopatterns and ultrastructure of the extra-cellular matrix (ecm) of the egg of the apennine yellow-bellied toad bombina pachypus, by light and electron microscopy in order to determine structure, chemical composition and function. histochemical techniques in light microscopy included pas and alcian blue ph 2.5 and 1.0, performed also after β-elimination. lectin-binding was tested with nine lectins (aaa, cona, dba, hpa, lta, pna, sba, uea-i, wga). an inner fertilization envelope ... | 2011 | 21744333 |
| models of amphibian myogenesis - the case of bombina variegata. | several different models of myogenesis describing early stages of amphibian paraxial myotomal myogenesis are known. myoblasts of xenopus laevis and hymenochirus boettgeri change their position from perpendicular to parallel, in relation to axial organs, and differentiate into mononucleate myotubes. in bombina variegate the myotomal myoblasts change their shape from round to elongate and then differentiate into mononuclear, morphologically mature myotubes. in pelobates fuscus and triturus vulgari ... | 2017 | 28287243 |
| bv8, the amphibian homologue of the mammalian prokineticins, modulates ingestive behaviour in rats. | 1. the small protein bv8, secreted by the skin of the frog bombina variegata, belongs to a novel family of secreted proteins whose mammalian orthologues have been identified and named prokineticins (pk-1 and pk-2). 2. bv8 (from 2.5 to 60 pmol) injected into the lateral ventricles of rat brain suppressed diurnal, nocturnal, deprivation-induced and neuropeptide y-stimulated feeding and stimulated diurnal drinking. nocturnal drinking was increased only in fasted rats. 3. pk-2 mrna is expressed in d ... | 2004 | 15066905 |
| eg-vegf and bv8: a novel family of tissue-restricted angiogenic factors. | a novel family of angiogenic mitogens have been recently characterized. endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (eg-vegf), and the mammalian homologue of bombina variegata peptide 8 (bv8), are two highly related endothelial cell mitogens and chemotactic factors with restricted expression profiles and selective endothelial cell activity. these peptides share two cognate g-protein coupled receptors. the expression of human eg-vegf occurs predominantly in steroidogenic glands. co ... | 2004 | 14984768 |
| comparative study of carbohydrate chains released from the oviducal mucins of the two very closely related amphibian species bombina bombina and bombina variegata. | the eggs of amphibians are surrounded by an extracellular matrix, termed jelly coat, which is mainly composed of hydrated mucin-type glycoproteins. these highly glycosylated molecules are synthesized by the oviduct and play an important role in the fertilization process. from a structural and chemical point of view, these oviducal mucins are very different from one species to another and they could be involved in the species-specificity of gamete interactions or could influence the parasite trop ... | 2003 | 12765775 |
| the avit protein family. secreted cysteine-rich vertebrate proteins with diverse functions. | homologues of a protein originally isolated from snake venom and frog skin secretions are present in many vertebrate species. they contain 80-90 amino acids, 10 of which are cysteines with identical spacing. various names have been given to these proteins, such as mamba intestinal protein 1 (mit1), bv8 (bombina variegata molecular mass approximately 8 kda), prokineticins and endocrine-gland vascular endothelial growth factor (eg-vegf). their amino-terminal sequences are identical, and so we prop ... | 2003 | 12728244 |
| the mammalian homologue of the novel peptide bv8 is expressed in the central nervous system and supports neuronal survival by activating the map kinase/pi-3-kinase pathways. | previous studies have identified the mammalian homologue of bv8 (mbv8), a small protein originally isolated from skin secretions of the frog, bombina variegata. in situ hybridization showed that mbv8 rna was widely expressed in the rodent cns, with high levels being detected in layer ii of the cerebral cortex, limbic regions, cerebellar purkinje cells, and dorsal and ventral horns of the spinal cord. a similar pattern of distribution was found by examining the presence of mbv8 protein by immunoc ... | 2001 | 11359521 |
| murine bv8 gene maps near a synteny breakpoint of mouse chromosome 6 and human 3p21. | the genomic structure of the murine bv8 gene was determined in 129/svj mouse, and the chromosomal localization was identified. bv8 has first been characterized from skin secretion of the yellow-bellied toad, bombina variegata. when injected into rat brain, this polypetide causes hyperalgesia. the murine bv8 gene was shown to consist of four exons and was localized on chromosome 6 between the microsatellite markers d6mit66 and d6mit36 near the gene mem1, whereas the human counterpart was assigned ... | 2000 | 11054548 |
| bv8, a small protein from frog skin and its homologue from snake venom induce hyperalgesia in rats. | from skin secretions of bombina variegata and bombina bombina, we isolated a small protein termed bv8. the sequence of its 77 amino acids was established by peptide analysis and by cdna cloning of the bv8 precursor. bv8 stimulates the contraction of the guinea-pig ileum at nanomolar concentrations. the contraction is not inhibited by a variety of antagonists. injection of a few micrograms of bv8 into the brain of rats elicits, as assessed by the tail-flick test and paw pressure threshold, a mark ... | 1999 | 10422759 |
| antigen handling in the spleen of the yellow-bellied toad, bombina variegata. | the primitive anuran amphibian, the yellow-bellied toad, bombina variegata, possesses the spleen with a large white pulp, containing the immune-complex-trapping-cells (ictcs). the handling of immunologically different substances in the spleen of b. variegata was investigated. adult toads were injected into dorsal lymph sacs with a mixture of rabbit peroxidase-antiperoxidase, fitc-ficoll and latex beads. two hours after injection antigens were found in the blood vessels of the spleen where some c ... | 1994 | 7958075 |
| occurrence of bombesin and alytesin in extracts of the skin of three european discoglossid frogs and pharmacological actions of bombesin on extravascular smooth muscle. | 1. methanol extracts of the skin of bombina bombina and bombina variegata variegata, two european discoglossid frogs, contain an active tetradecapeptide, bombesin. alytesin, a tetradecapeptide strictly related to bombesin is present in extracts of the skin of alytes obstetricans, another european discoglossid frog. the american frog rana pipiens, contains in its skin ranatensin, an endecapeptide related to bombesin and alytesin.2. passage of crude skin extracts of bombina through a column of alu ... | 1972 | 5048651 |
| amphibian optokinetic after nystagmus: properties and comparative analysis in various species. | optokinetic nystagmus and after nystagmus were studied in six amphibian species, three urodeles and three anurans. it was demonstrated that two of the urodeles, hydromantes italicus and salamandra salamandra, display a relatively well-developed optokinetic after nystagmus, which is less pronounced in bombina variegata and nearly absent in bufo bufo, rana temporaria, and tylototriton verrucosus. these results indicate a certain degree of velocity storage in the optokinetic reflex of some amphibia ... | 1986 | 3105809 |
| cutaneous venom of bombina variegata pachypus (amphibia, anura): effects on the growth of the human hl 60 cell line. | the effects of bombina variegata cutaneous venom (bvv) on eukaryotic cell growth has been assessed employing the human leukaemic cell line hl 60, by liquid and agar semisolid cultures and 51cr release assay. hl 60 cells growth is impaired by bvv in a dose-dependent fashion in both culture systems. the arrest of proliferation requires a contact time lower than 3 min and it is not reversed by washing and culturing the cells in a bvv-free medium. similarly, an extremely short exposure time is neede ... | 1992 | 1525833 |
| cardiovascular pharmacology of bombesin, a new polypeptide from amphibian skin. | bombesin is a tetradecapeptide extracted from the side of discoglossid frogs bombina bombina and bombina variegata variegata. in anaesthetized dogs bombesin causes mainly systemic hypertension, bradycardia and constriction of the renal, mesenteric and coeliac arterial vessels. the other vascular beds studied (carotid, femoral and coronaric) passively follow the blood pressure. tachyphylaxis may occur. dibenzyline and hexamethonium do not antagonize the hypertensive property of bombesin, while th ... | 1975 | 1204836 |
| a new cell type in the taste buds of anurans. a scanning and transmission electron microscopic study. | a hitherto undescribed cell type within the fungiform papillae of the tongue of the toad, bufo bufo (l.) and the taste-disks of the soft palate of bombina variegata l. was identified by means of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. this cell type is characterized by an apical protrusion carrying numerous microvilli. bundles of filaments are present in the cytoplasm of the protrusion. vesicles with electron lucent content and microtubules are present thoughout the cytoplasm of the cell. | 1977 | 922854 |
| [glands in the skin of the fire-bellied toad (bombina bombina(l.); discoglossidae, anura): type, number, size and distribution under natural and experimental conditions]. | 1. in the skin of the fire-bellied toad (bombina bombina) 5 types of glands are found. by analogy with the comparable glands of the yellow-bellied toad and the grass frog, these are called the toxic, lumpy, mucous, callous, and small glands. the callous glands were omitted from the present study. 2. lumpy glands are most numerous in the middle of the back of the fire-bellied toad, their numbers decreasing progressively over the sides to the middle of the ventral surface. mucous glands are more c ... | 1978 | 749382 |
| identification and molecular cloning of novel trypsin inhibitor analogs from the dermal venom of the oriental fire-bellied toad (bombina orientalis) and the european yellow-bellied toad (bombina variegata). | the structural diversity of polypeptides in amphibian skin secretion probably reflects different roles in dermal regulation or in defense against predators. here we report the structures of two novel trypsin inhibitor analogs, boti and bvti, from the dermal venom of the toads, bombina orientalis and bombina variegata. cloning of their respective precursors was achieved from lyophilized venom cdna libraries for the first time. amino acid alignment revealed that both deduced peptides, consisting o ... | 2003 | 12948839 |
| skin secretion of the toad bombina variegata contains multiple insulin-releasing peptides including bombesin and entirely novel insulinotropic structures. | skin secretions of the toad bombina variegata were evaluated for the isolation and characterisation of insulinotropic peptides. crude secretions obtained from young adult toads by mild electrical stimulation of the dorsal skin surface were purified by reverse phase hplc yielding 44 peaks. in acute incubations with glucose-responsive brin-bd11 cells, peaks 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25 showed a 1.5-3.5-fold increase in insulin release compared with 5.6 mm glucose alone (p<0.001; n=3). structural analyses ... | 2013 | 15134346 |
| [intra-and interspecific crowding-effects in tadpoles ofbufo calamila laur.] | tadpoles ofbufo calamita, a species that spawns in little temporary pools, were tested on intra- and interspecific crowding-effects. water was conditioned by tadpoles of the following species:bufo calamita (tadpoles of different age),alytes obstetricans, bombina variegata, bufo bufo, hyla arborea, rana lessonae, r. ridibunda andr. temporaria. tadpoles ofbufo calamita are most sensitive to water conditioned by older tadpoles of the own species during the first 2-3 weeks of development. they are a ... | 1972 | 28307074 |
| morphological observations on the glands of the oesophagus and stomach of adult rana esculenta and bombina variegata. | examination of serial sections of the oesophagus and stomach of rana esculenta and bombina variegata revealed that oesophageal peptic glands were only present in rana, where gastric glandular cells performed only one functional role, represented by hcl production. in contrast, in bombina the gastric glands were mainly of oxynticopeptic cells with dual oxyntic and peptic roles, reflected morphologically by distinct different areas of their cytoplasm. during activity of the oxynticopeptic cells cy ... | 2006 | 1285678 |
| circadian rhythm in the pineal organ of the yellow-bellied toad, bombina variegata (l.), under laboratory conditions. | a circadian morphological rhythm of the pineal organ, as judged by changes in the nuclear volume of the photoreceptor cells, was found in sexually mature male yellow-bellied toads (bombina variegata) maintained continuously at 26 degrees c and on a 17l/7d illumination cycle. the greatest nuclear volume occurred at the photophase (16.00 h), and the lowest at the end of the scotophase (4.00 h). | 1992 | 1306508 |
| a bactericidal protein in bombina variegata pachypus skin venom. | the skin venom of the yellow bellied toad bombina variegata pachypus has an antimicrobial activity which seems to be correlated to the presence of a 6700 mol. wt polypeptide. this polypeptide was purified by electroelution from sds-urea-polyacrylamide gels and characterized for its antimicrobial activity. a bactericidal action was detected at concentrations with little or no cytolytic effect. the determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration showed that there was activity against gram po ... | 1991 | 2048146 |
| molecular cloning of a cdna encoding the bombesin precursor in skin of bombina variegata. | a cdna library was constructed using poly(a)-rich rna isolated from skin of the frog bombina variegata. this library was screened with two oligo-nucleotides complementary to parts of the sequence of bombesin. the nucleotide sequence of one of the cloned cdnas encoding a bombesin precursor is presented. the predicted polypeptide contains a single copy of the end-product. the bombesin sequence is preceded by a leucine residue suggesting an unusual type of precursor processing. | 1990 | 2335218 |
| elevation of bombina variegata peptide 8 in mice with collagen-induced arthritis. | bombina variegate peptide 8 (bv8) is a small protein secreted by frog skin. recently it has been shown to contribute to tumor angiogenesis in mouse model. the purpose of this study was to investigate bv8 in mice with type ii collagen-induced arthritis (cia). | 2009 | 19405944 |
| mitogenic functions of endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor and bombina variegata 8 on steroidogenic adrenocortical cells. | endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (eg-vegf) and its homolog bombina variegata (bv8), also termed prokineticin-1 and -2 (pk1 and pk2) respectively, are newly identified peptides with specific mitogenic activity on endocrine gland-derived endothelial cells. in the present study, we analyzed the sites of expression of eg-vegf/pk1, bv8/pk2, and their receptors (pkr1 and pkr2) in the adrenal cortex and checked for new biological functions of these factors on the endocrine cel ... | 2008 | 18310443 |
| [comparative bio-acoustic investigations in the fire-bellied toad and the yellow-bellied toad, bombina bombina (l.) and bombina v. variegata (l.)]. | 1. during their annual activity period the toads have 2 or 3 separated calling seasons. the calling activity depends upon the water temperature. the lower limit of the calling activity of the fire-bellied toad is 12.5-13.5°c, the upper limit 30-34°c. the limits of the calling activity of the yellow-bellied toad are lower, the lower limit being 11.5-12° c and the upper limit 26-30° c. 2. according to the fluctuations of the water temperature, the toads demonstrate three different types of calling ... | 1969 | 28309207 |
| life history tactics shape amphibians' demographic responses to the north atlantic oscillation. | over the last three decades, climate abnormalities have been reported to be involved in biodiversity decline by affecting population dynamics. a growing number of studies have shown that the north atlantic oscillation (nao) influences the demographic parameters of a wide range of plant and animal taxa in different ways. life history theory could help to understand these different demographic responses to the nao. indeed, theory states that the impact of weather variation on a species' demographi ... | 2017 | 28236653 |
| does habitat unpredictability promote the evolution of a colonizer syndrome in amphibian metapopulations? | dispersal is a central component of life history evolution. an increasing number of studies suggest that spatiotemporally variable environments may promote the evolution of "dispersal syndromes," consisting of covariation patterns between dispersal and morphological, physiological, behavioral, and life history traits. at the interspecific scale, the "colonizer syndrome" appears to be one of the most frequently recorded associations between dispersal and life history traits, linking a high disper ... | 2016 | 27859109 |
| evolution of bombina bombina and bombina variegata (anura: discoglossidae) in the carpathian basin: a history of repeated mt-dna introgression across species. | the structure and geographic location of hybrid zones change through time. current patterns result from present and historical population-environment interactions that act on each of the hybridizing taxa. this is particularly evident for species involved in complex hybrid zones, such as that formed by the toad species bombina bombina and bombina variegata (anura: discoglossidae), which interact along extensive areas in central europe. we used data on external morphology and partial sequences of ... | 2006 | 16214377 |
| phylogeography of the fire-bellied toads bombina: independent pleistocene histories inferred from mitochondrial genomes. | the fire-bellied toads bombina bombina and bombina variegata, interbreed in a long, narrow zone maintained by a balance between selection and dispersal. hybridization takes place between local, genetically differentiated groups. to quantify divergence between these groups and reconstruct their history and demography, we analysed nucleotide variation at the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1096 bp) in 364 individuals from 156 sites representing the entire range of both species. three distinct cla ... | 2007 | 17561892 |
| contrasting patterns of environmental fluctuation contribute to divergent life histories among amphibian populations. | because it modulates the fitness returns of possible options of energy expenditure at each ontogenetic stage, environmental stochasticity is usually considered a selective force in driving or constraining possible life histories. divergent regimes of environmental fluctuation experienced by populations are expected to generate differences in the resource allocation schedule between survival and reproductive effort and outputs. to our knowledge, no study has previously examined how different regi ... | 2016 | 27220214 |
| differentiation and development of gonads in the yellow-bellied toad, bombina variegata l., 1758 (amphibia: anura: bombinatoridae). | the aim of this study was to investigate consecutive stages of gonadal development of the yellow-bellied toad (bombina variegata) with particular emphasis on the origin of somatic and germ cell lineages as well as the timing of gonial cell migration. changes in gonadal basal lamina distribution helped to explain the exceptional mode of gonadal differentiation in this species. atypical and rapid differentiation of the male gonad in b. variegata is the result of the ability of gonial cells to migr ... | 2010 | 20064008 |
| structures of the glycine-rich diastereomeric peptides bombinin h2 and h4. | skin secretions of the european frog bombina variegata contain a family of hydrophobic peptides, called bombinins h, which probably play a role in the defense against microbes. these peptides are rich in glycine (25%), which may allow structural polymorphism. indeed, there is increasing evidence that bombinin h can, dependent on the environment, adopt different conformations. moreover, some of these peptides contain a d-amino acid; the bombinins h2 and h4 differ from each other in that they cont ... | 2008 | 18586045 |
| uptake and effects on detoxication enzymes of cypermethrin in embryos and tadpoles of amphibians. | a number of factors have been suggested for recently observed amphibian decreases, and one potential factor is pesticide exposure. we studied the uptake and effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin on two different amphibian species, bombina variegata and rana arvalis. the uptake from water of 14c-labeled cypermethrin (0.4 microg/l) by eggs and tadpoles of b. variegata was investigated. after 24 hours of exposure, 153.9 ng cypermethrin/g fresh ... | 2004 | 15499499 |
| eg-vegf and bv8. a novel family of tissue-selective mediators of angiogenesis, endothelial phenotype, and function. | angiogenic molecules are the focus of therapeutic efforts to promote new vessel development in ischemic or damaged tissue and, conversely, to inhibit endothelial cell growth and survival in proliferative disease. two novel angiogenic mitogens have been characterized recently. endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor (eg-vegf) and the mammalian homologue of bombina variegata peptide 8 (bv8) are endothelial cell mitogens and chemotactic factors with restricted expression profiles ... | 2003 | 14522467 |
| studies on transplantation immunity of the yellow-bellied toad bombina variegata. | adults and tadpoles of the yellow-bellied toad bombina variegata reacted in a typically chronic manner to skin allografts and to xenografts from closely related fire-bellied toads b. bombina but they rejected quickly skin xenografts from evolutionary distant anuran species (bufo and rana). adult individuals reacted to allografts slowly not only in the laboratory where their mating was ceased and the weight of lymphoid organs significantly diminished but also in the outdoor enclosure where they b ... | 1994 | 7503648 |
| antibacterial and haemolytic peptides containing d-alloisoleucine from the skin of bombina variegata. | a family of bombinin-related peptides is present in the skin of bombina variegata. these peptides contain 27 residues with gly as n-terminus and display antimicrobial activity. from sequence analysis of the cdnas encoding for the corresponding peptide precursors, the presence of a novel 20-residue peptide with ile as n-terminus was predicted. we have now purified a family of hydrophobic peptides named h1-h5, whose sequences correspond to the predicted peptide with some variability in positions 1 ... | 1993 | 8223491 |
| the mating call of hybrids of the fire-bellied toad and yellow-bellied toad (bombina bombina (l.), bombina v. variegata (l.), discoglossidae, anura). | male hybrids obtained by crossing bombina bombina with bombina v. variegata displayed calling behavior when treated with hormones at the age of about 12 months. the mating calls of the hybrids are intermediate with respect to rate, duration, inter-call interval, and fundamental frequency between the calls of the two purebred species. | 1974 | 28308952 |
| the structure of thyroid gland in the fire-bellied toad (bombina bombina (l.)) and the yellow-bellied toad (bombina variegata (l.)). | | 1974 | 4429858 |
| demographic responses to weather fluctuations are context dependent in a long-lived amphibian. | weather fluctuations have been demonstrated to affect demographic traits in many species. in long-lived organisms, their impact on adult survival might be buffered by the evolution of traits that reduce variation in interannual adult survival. for example, skipping breeding is an effective behavioral mechanism that may limit yearly variation in adult survival when harsh weather conditions occur; however, this in turn would likely lead to strong variation in recruitment. yet, only a few studies t ... | 2016 | 27002592 |
| screening method for the discovery of potential bioactive cysteine-containing peptides using 3d mass mapping. | animal venoms and toxins are a valuable source of bioactive peptides with pharmacologic relevance as potential drug leads. a large subset of biologically active peptides discovered up till now contain disulfide bridges that enhance stability and activity. to discover new members of this class of peptides, we developed a workflow screening specifically for those peptides that contain inter- and intra-molecular disulfide bonds by means of three-dimensional (3d) mass mapping. two intrinsic properti ... | 2015 | 26552389 |
| [the forms of synapses and the occurrence of acetylcholinesterase in the pineal organ of bombina variegata (l.), (anura)]. | | 1972 | 4336219 |
| [ultrastructure of distal hypophysis of bombina variegata]. | | 1970 | 4991036 |
| [fluorescence of the skin of amphibians (bombina variegata and rana esculenta)]. | | 1970 | 4112168 |
| patterns and metamorphic changes of serum proteins in amphibia. | 1. serum proteins in the metamorphosing larvae and adult animals ofrana temporaria, bombina variegata, bufo bufo andtriturus alpestris were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. based on various specific staining reactions the occurrence of albumin, transferrin, glycoprotein, lipoprotein and possibly haptoglobin was identified. 2. in general, the electrophoretic patterns become increasingly more complex with the progress of metamorphosis. detailed analyses revealed the appearance of v ... | 1970 | 28304553 |
| primary structure of two oligopeptides of the toxin of bombina variegata l. | | 1969 | 5823347 |
| [the characteristics of synaptoid end structures of unmyelinated fibers in the epiphysis cushion (pulvinar pineal body) of the orange-speckled toad (bombina variegata l.)]. | | 1969 | 4191150 |
| [demonstration, at the serum protein level of the adult in bombina variegata l. (amphibia, anura), of a specific protein of the female sex]. | | 1968 | 4173473 |
| the lna-hydrolysing enzyme in the toxin of bombina variegata. | | 1967 | 6080370 |
| gorgoderina alobata sp.nov.(trematoda: gorgoderidae) from the toad bombina variegata. | | 1966 | 5950091 |
| [periodically striated filaments and their changes during spermatogenesis in bombina variegata l]. | | 1966 | 5988358 |
| batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is present in poland and associated with reduced fitness in wild populations of pelophylax lessonae. | the fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) is a pathogen associated with global declines of amphibians. we used qpcr to detect bd in 255 samples from 10 polish populations of 8 species. we found bd infection in 3 species (bombina variegata, pelophylax lessonae, p. esculentus). the infection intensity in p. lessonae reached a maximum of 58400 genomic equivalents of zoospores (ge), and the 2 most heavily infected individuals died. previous observations of the populations that included infected ... | 2017 | 28492180 |
| developmental origin of the frontoparietal bone in bombina variegata (anura: discoglossidae). | development of the frontoparietal bone in the european yellow-bellied toad, bombina variegata, was followed on the basis of histological analysis of transverse serial sections through the larval skulls to recognize early stages of ossification represented by osteoid (uncalcified bone matrix) and on cleared and stained specimens to investigate more advanced stages. ossification of the frontal begins as three tiny areas of osteoid (f(1), f(2), f(3)) adjoining the dorsal surface of the orbital cart ... | 2003 | 12420326 |
| ultrastructure of premetamorphic taste organs of the bombina variegata. | ultrastructural studies of taste organs in tadpoles of bombina variegata indicate that these are taste buds (tbs). they occur in the apical parts of papillae of the mouth cavity lining. each taste bud consists of taste cells and supporting cells; no basal cells were found. in the sensory area of taste bud there are two types of sensory cells: cells with a tuft of short (approximately 1.5 m) microvilli and cells with a single, longer (up to 3.7 microns) process, definitely longer than in tbs of o ... | 1997 | 9646703 |
| metamorphic variations in the hemoglobins of bombina variegata (l.). | 1. the electrophoretic pattern of the anuran bombina variegata presents one band only until the end of premetamorphosis. afterwards three new bands appear which substitute the larval band within 15-18 days of metamorphosis. 2. the gradual change of larval and adult hemoglobin, correlated with the development, has been reported in a diagram. 3. in bombina variegata the hemoglobin change is total, like in most amphibians, but starts earlier and develops slower than in most other species. | 1979 | 318290 |
| the role of d-allo-isoleucine in the deposition of the anti-leishmania peptide bombinin h4 as revealed by 31p solid-state nmr, vcd spectroscopy, and md simulation. | bombinin h4 is an antimicrobial peptide that was isolated from the toad bombina variegata. bombinin h family peptides are active against gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria, and fungi as well as the parasite leishmania. among them, bombinin h4 (h4), which contains d-allo-isoleucine (d-allo-ile) as the second residue in its sequence, is the most active, and its l-isomer is bombinin h2 (h2). h4 has a significantly lower lc50 than h2 against leishmania. however, the atomic-level mechanism of the ... | 0 | 29337209 |
| fragile coexistence of a global chytrid pathogen with amphibian populations is mediated by environment and demography. | unravelling the multiple interacting drivers of host-pathogen coexistence is crucial in understanding how an apparently stable state of endemism may shift towards an epidemic and lead to biodiversity loss. here, we investigate the apparent coexistence of the global amphibian pathogen batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) with bombina variegata populations in the netherlands over a 7-year period. we used a multi-season mark-recapture dataset and assessed potential drivers of coexistence (individual ... | 2017 | 28978729 |
| [cutaneous granulose glands of bombina variegata pachypus: studies with the light microscope and electron microscope of the recovery of adenomeres emptied by means of electric stimuli]. | | 1978 | 743438 |
| the effect of laboratory environment on the morphology of the spleen and the thymus in the yellow-bellied toad, bombina variegata (l.). | the morphological changes were observed in the spleen and the thymus of the yellow-bellied toad, bombina variegata, kept under standard laboratory conditions. the mean splenic weights of toads studied soon after capture in july and september were 16.0 mg and 17.7 mg, respectively. in contrast, the mean splenic weights significantly decreased in animals maintained in the laboratory from july till september (to 11.6 mg) and from july till december (to 6.8 mg). in the spleen of toads kept in the la ... | 1989 | 2767309 |
| kinship ecology of competition: size hierarchies in kin and nonkin laboratory cohorts of tadpoles. | this study provides an experimental test of the ecological significance of kinship in competitive interactions among individuals. tadpoles of the fire-bellied toad, bombina variegata (anura, discoglossidae) reared in the laboratory in a high density of siblings grew better and developed faster than when they were reared with similar densities of nonrelatives. kinship-based genotypic uniformity may therefore be advantageous: it can lead to faster and more uniform growth. in nature it may well be ... | 1988 | 28311959 |
| [the size of non-helical regions in collagen i from the skin of cold-blooded animals]. | the portion of non-spiralized peptide chain in collagen 1 molecules from the skin of cold-blooded animals, such as arenicola marina, gadus morhua marisalbi, eleginus navaga, rana amurensis, rana temporaria, rana semiplicata, rana ridibunda, rana dolmatina, rana graeca, bombina variegata was determined by recombination-kinetic method. it has been shown that the portion of non-spirilized part of collagen i molecule changes in the animals studied from 2 to 11% and correlates with the temperature of ... | 2008 | 2847808 |
| a low molecular weight protein with antimicrobial activity in the cutaneous 'venom' of the yellow-bellied toad (bombina variegata pachypus). | the cutaneous 'venom' was collected from dorsal skin fragments of the yellow-bellied toad bombina variegata pachypus by means of stimulation with noradrenaline. light and electron microscope observations gave evidence that the 'venom' corresponds to the secretory products of both serous gland types (i.e. with small or large granules) characteristic of this genus, which had discharged their contents upon stimulation. the serous 'venom', when tested for antimicrobial activity, inhibited the growth ... | 1987 | 3672549 |
| in vitro studies on the "venom" emission from the skin of bombina variegata pachypus (bonaparte) (amphibia anura discoglossidae). | | 1982 | 6812966 |
| [regenerative activity of the intercalary tract in the cutaneous granular glands of the toad, bombina variegata pachypus (bonaparte) (amphibia, anura, discoglossidae); experimental electron microscope studies]. | | 1980 | 7247617 |
| [light and scanning electron microscopical studies of the soft palate and the tongue in bombina variegata l (author's transl)]. | the soft palate and the tongue of adult bombina variegata l. were studied by means of light and scanning electron microscopy. in the palate numerous taste-disks were found prominent by their polygonal surface structures. these are caused by longer microvilli at the margins of the different cells of the taste-disk or by deepened margins of the polygonal cells. the surfaces of the cells are slightly convex and are covered by numerous microvilli. in the tongue primarily fungiform papillae were obse ... | 1978 | 742710 |
| farmed areas predict the distribution of amphibian ponds in a traditional rural landscape. | traditional rural landscapes of eastern europe are undergoing major changes due to agricultural intensification, land abandonment, change in agricultural practices and infrastructural development. small man-made ponds are important yet vulnerable components of rural landscapes. despite their important role for biodiversity, these ponds tend to be excluded from conservation strategies. | 2013 | 23704928 |
| ptm-driven differential peptide display: survey of peptides containing inter/intra-molecular disulfide bridges in frog venoms. | amphibian defensive skin secretions are complex species-specific mixtures of biologically active molecules, including many uncharacterized peptides. many of these peptides are post-translationally modified and amongst the modifications discovered so far on amphibian defense peptides, disulfide bonds are quite frequently encountered. the presence of this ptm often complicates the ms-based sequencing. here we demonstrate a method to target peptides containing inter/intra-molecular s-s bonds applyi ... | 2012 | 22975675 |