| quantitative immunological studies of the albumins of several species of fire bellied toads, genus bombina. | 1. rabbit antisera against purified serum albumin of bombina bombina were used to study relationships between b. bombina, b. variegata, and b. orientalis. 2. quantitative micro-complement fixation tests indicated the albumins of b. bombina from central poland and bulgaria were indistinguishable. the albumins from several populations of b. variegata differed very slightly from that of b. bombina. the albumin of b. orientalis was quite distinct from that of b. bombina. 3. using albumin as a molecu ... | 1979 | 318429 |
| [glands in the skin of the fire-bellied toad (bombina bombina(l.); discoglossidae, anura): type, number, size and distribution under natural and experimental conditions]. | 1. in the skin of the fire-bellied toad (bombina bombina) 5 types of glands are found. by analogy with the comparable glands of the yellow-bellied toad and the grass frog, these are called the toxic, lumpy, mucous, callous, and small glands. the callous glands were omitted from the present study. 2. lumpy glands are most numerous in the middle of the back of the fire-bellied toad, their numbers decreasing progressively over the sides to the middle of the ventral surface. mucous glands are more c ... | 1978 | 749382 |
| bombesin:potent effects on thermoregulation in the rat. | several vasoactive peptides administered intracisternally have been assessed for the effect of lowering the core temperature of rats exposed to cold. peptides structurally related to neurotensin lower core temperature while those related to substance p do not. the tetradecapeptide bombesin, orginally isolated from the extracts of the skin of the frog bombina bombina, is 10(4) times more potent than neurotensin in lowering core temperature, with a minimal effective dose less than or equal to 1 na ... | 1977 | 860130 |
| membrane properties during myotome formation in tadpoles of xenopus laevis and bombina bombina. | | 1975 | 1142280 |
| cardiovascular pharmacology of bombesin, a new polypeptide from amphibian skin. | bombesin is a tetradecapeptide extracted from the side of discoglossid frogs bombina bombina and bombina variegata variegata. in anaesthetized dogs bombesin causes mainly systemic hypertension, bradycardia and constriction of the renal, mesenteric and coeliac arterial vessels. the other vascular beds studied (carotid, femoral and coronaric) passively follow the blood pressure. tachyphylaxis may occur. dibenzyline and hexamethonium do not antagonize the hypertensive property of bombesin, while th ... | 1975 | 1204836 |
| fat and glycogen utilization in the larynx muscles of fire-bellied toads (bombina bombina l.) during calling activity. | both fat and glycogen are present in abundance in the larynx muscles of anurans. to clarify their role, the musculus dilatator laryngis of the male fire-bellied toad, bombina bombina was studied. in untreated males, the mean fat content of this larynx muscle was 14%; the muscle contained glycogen amounting to 57% of that measured in the liver tissue of the same animal. after thirteen days of continual calling activity induced by administration of a gonadotropin, the fat content fell to 6%, the g ... | 1976 | 1253248 |
| quantification of percutaneous absorption of metronidazole and levamisole in the fire-bellied toad (bombina orientalis). | spot-on application has proved to be an effective way to reach therapeutic doses of metronidazole and levamisole in fire-bellied toads. the percutaneous absorption of metronidazole and levamisole was quantified, using an aqueous solution of 1.008 mg/ml of metronidazole and an aqueous solution of 3.767 mg/ml of levamisole. high performance liquid chromatography (hplc) analysis of the percutaneous absorption revealed that of the amount applied, 75% of metronidazole and 90% of levamisole was absorb ... | 1992 | 1487842 |
| mauthner neurons survive metamorphosis in anurans: a comparative hrp study on the cytoarchitecture of mauthner neurons in amphibians. | giant medullary neurons were revealed in adult xenopus laevis and rana esculenta following hrp injections to the spinal cord. these neurons were identified as mauthner neurons because (1) they have the same position and orientation as the larval mauthner neurons, i.e., they lie at the level of the viiith nerve root. (2) they have two large dendritic trees that for each species are similar to those of the larval mauthner neurons, (3) they are clearly distinguishable from other large reticular neu ... | 1986 | 3081602 |
| the action of bombesin on the systemic arterial blood pressure of some experimental animals. | 1. the changes in blood pressure in response to parenteral administration of bombesin, the active tetradecapeptide of the skin of the european discoglossid frogs bombina bombina and bombina variegata variegata have been investigated in some experimental animals.2. in most species, the polypeptide elicited hypertension which was usually gradual in onset and slow to disappear. blood pressure increases rarely exceeded 40-50 mmhg. at the beginning of an experiment some dose-response relationship cou ... | 1972 | 4342029 |
| occurrence of bombesin and alytesin in extracts of the skin of three european discoglossid frogs and pharmacological actions of bombesin on extravascular smooth muscle. | 1. methanol extracts of the skin of bombina bombina and bombina variegata variegata, two european discoglossid frogs, contain an active tetradecapeptide, bombesin. alytesin, a tetradecapeptide strictly related to bombesin is present in extracts of the skin of alytes obstetricans, another european discoglossid frog. the american frog rana pipiens, contains in its skin ranatensin, an endecapeptide related to bombesin and alytesin.2. passage of crude skin extracts of bombina through a column of alu ... | 1972 | 5048651 |
| cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons, sensory pinealocytes and landolt's clubs of the retina as revealed by means of an electron-microscopic immunoreaction against opsin. | opsin-immunoreactive sites of hypothalamic cerebrospinal fluid (csf)-contacting neurons, pinealocytes and retinal cells were studied in various vertebrates (carassius auratus, phoxinus phoxinus, triturus cristatus, bombina bombina, rana esculenta) by means of postembedding immuno-electron microscopy with the use of the protein a-gold labeling method. the retina of the rat served as a general reference tissue for the quality of the immunocytochemical reaction. a strong opsin immunoreaction (rat-a ... | 1983 | 6226359 |
| panophthalmitis and otitis interna in fire-bellied toads. | microbiologic and histologic studies were made of fire-bellied toads with signs of ocular and central nervous system disease. providencia alcalifaciens, citrobacter freundii, aeromonas hydrophila, and other gram-negative bacilli were isolated from the eyes and multiple tissues of ill toads. the histologic evaluations revealed severe panophthalmitis and otitis interna. | 1983 | 6643232 |
| vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (vip)-like immunoreactivity in anuran intestine. | immunocytochemical and radioimmunological techniques with region specific antisera have been used to identify a vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like material in the anuran intestine. seven species of anura were investigated: bombina bombina, alytes obstetricans, rana temporaria, rana esculenta, hyla arborea, hyla crepitans and bufo bufo. in five of the species (a. obstetricans, r. temporaria, h. arborea, h. crepitans and b. bufo) vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive mucosal en ... | 1981 | 6784927 |
| comparison of the pineal complex, retina and cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons by immunocytochemical antirhodopsin reaction. | the presence of rhodopsin was investigated by an indirect immunocytochemical method in the pineal complex of various vertebrates (carassius auratus, cyprinus carpio, hypophthalamichthys molitrix, lucioperca lucioperca, triturus vulgaris, bombina bombina, rana esculenta, pseudemys scripta elegans, lacerta agilis et viridis, white leghorn chickens, rat), in the retina of lebistes reticulatus, lucioperca lucioperca, rana esculenta, lacerta agilis, pseudemys scripta elegans, the chicken and the rat, ... | 1980 | 7456628 |
| immune-complex-trapping cells in the spleen of the oriental fire-bellied toad, bombina orientalis. | the spleen of the oriental fire-bellied toad, bombina orientalis, consists of well-developed white pulp, separated from the lymphocytic marginal zone by the connective tissue boundary layer. injection of peroxidase-conjugated rabbit anti-peroxidase revealed that these immune complexes were localized on the surface of acid-phosphatase-positive and non-specific-esterase-positive cells in the white pulp. the majority of immune-complex-trapping cells were present around the blood vessels. cell proce ... | 1993 | 8443830 |
| bsti, a trypsin inhibitor from skin secretions of bombina bombina related to protease inhibitors of nematodes. | from skin secretions of the european frog bombina bombina, a new peptide has been isolated that contains 60 amino acids, including 10 cysteine residues. its sequence was determined by automated edman degradation and confirmed by analysis of the cdna encoding the precursor. a search in the databanks demonstrated that the pattern of cysteine residues in this skin peptide is similar to the ones found in protease inhibitors from ascaris and in a segment of human von willebrand factor. the 3d structu ... | 1996 | 8745414 |
| temperature but not season affects the transplantation immunity of anuran amphibians. | the effects of ambient temperature (22 degrees c/10 degrees c) and season (summer/winter) on anuran skin allograft and xenograft rejection was tested in frogs (rana temporaria and r. esculenta) and toads (bufo bufo, bombina variegata, and bombina bombina). mean graft survival times were significantly prolonged at the low temperature in a species-specific manner, the edible frog (r. esculenta) being the most sensitive and the common toad (bufo bufo) relatively resistant. allografts were more temp ... | 1998 | 9571769 |
| amphibians and larvae of aquatic insects as new paratenic hosts of anguillicola crassus (nematoda: dracunculoidea), a swimbladder parasite of eels. | amphibians (tadpoles of the frog bombina bombina [l.] and the newt triturus vulgaris [l.]) and aquatic insects (larvae of the alderfly sialis lutaria [l.] [megaloptera], dragonflies sympetrum sanguineum [miller] and coenagrion puella [l.] [odonata], and the caddisfly oligotrichia striati [l.] [trichoptera]) were found to serve as paratenic hosts for the third-stage larvae (l3) of the nematode anguillicola crassus kuwahara, niimi et itagaki, 1974, a pathogenic swimbladder parasite of the eel angu ... | 1998 | 9925427 |
| bv8, a small protein from frog skin and its homologue from snake venom induce hyperalgesia in rats. | from skin secretions of bombina variegata and bombina bombina, we isolated a small protein termed bv8. the sequence of its 77 amino acids was established by peptide analysis and by cdna cloning of the bv8 precursor. bv8 stimulates the contraction of the guinea-pig ileum at nanomolar concentrations. the contraction is not inhibited by a variety of antagonists. injection of a few micrograms of bv8 into the brain of rats elicits, as assessed by the tail-flick test and paw pressure threshold, a mark ... | 1999 | 10422759 |
| trichuris suis: a secretory chymotrypsin/elastase inhibitor with potential as an immunomodulator. | a serine protease inhibitor, termed tscei, was purified from adult-stage trichuris suis by acid precipitation, affinity chromatography (elastase-agarose), and reverse-phase hplc. the molecular weight of tscei was estimated at 6.437 kda by laser desorption mass spectrometry. tscei potently inhibited both chymotrypsin (k(i) = 33.4 pm) and pancreatic elastase (k(i) = 8.32 nm). neutrophil elastase, chymase (mouse mast cell protease-1, mmcp-1), and cathepsin g were also inhibited by tscei, whereas tr ... | 2000 | 10864516 |
| solution structure of bsti: a new trypsin inhibitor from skin secretions of bombina bombina. | the three-dimensional solution structure of bsti, a trypsin inhibitor from the european frog bombina bombina, has been solved using (1)h nmr spectroscopy. the 60 amino acid protein contains five disulfide bonds, which were unambiguously determined to be cys (4--38), cys (13--34), cys (17--30), cys (21--60), and cys (40--54) by experimental restraints and subsequent structure calculations. the main elements of secondary structure are four beta-strands, arranged as two small antiparallel beta-shee ... | 2001 | 11294627 |
| identification and cloning of a trypsin inhibitor from skin secretions of chinese red-belly toad bombina maxima. | a novel trypsin inhibitor was identified and purified from skin secretions of chinese red-belly toad bombina maxima. the partial n-terminal 29 amino acid residues of the peptide, named bmti, were determined by automated edman degradation. this allowed the cloning of a full-length cdna encoding bmti from a cdna library prepared from the toad skin. the deduced complete amino acid sequence of bmti indicates that mature bmti is composed of 60 amino acids. a fasta search in the databanks revealed tha ... | 2002 | 11742757 |
| [comparative analysis of the genetic structure of hybrid populations of european toads of the genus bombina (oken, 1816) from ukraine and croatia]. | the comparative analysis of hybrid populations of toads bombina bombina and b. variegata from ukraine and croatia revealed the essential differences in their genetic structure. the population composition and the direction of genetic introgression are determined initially by the ecological factors (the locality type, the country relief). the clear predominance of the red-bellied toad bombina bombina was found in two cases: in the lowland populations and in the big samples. the second parental spe ... | 2002 | 12187852 |
| bradykinins and their precursor cdnas from the skin of the fire-bellied toad (bombina orientalis). | bradykinin and (thr(6))-bradykinin have been identified in the defensive skin secretion of the fire-bellied toad, bombina orientalis. the homologous cdnas for both peptides were cloned from a skin library using a 3'- and 5'-race strategy. kininogen-1 (bok-1) contained an open-reading frame of 167 amino acid residues encoding four repeats of bradykinin, and kininogen-2 (bok-2) contained an open-reading frame of 161 amino acid residues encoding two repeats of (thr(6))-bradykinin. alignment of both ... | 2002 | 12217414 |
| comparative study of carbohydrate chains released from the oviducal mucins of the two very closely related amphibian species bombina bombina and bombina variegata. | the eggs of amphibians are surrounded by an extracellular matrix, termed jelly coat, which is mainly composed of hydrated mucin-type glycoproteins. these highly glycosylated molecules are synthesized by the oviduct and play an important role in the fertilization process. from a structural and chemical point of view, these oviducal mucins are very different from one species to another and they could be involved in the species-specificity of gamete interactions or could influence the parasite trop ... | 2003 | 12765775 |
| pattern and rate of ovary differentiation with reference to somatic development in anuran amphibians. | the rate of somatic development of anuran amphibians is only roughly correlated with the rate of gonad differentiation and varies among species. the somatic stage of a tadpole often does not reflect its age, which seems to be crucial for gonad differentiation rate. we compared the morphology and differentiation of developing ovaries at the light and electron microscopy level, with reference to somatic growth and age of a female. our observations were performed on 12 species of six families (rana ... | 2004 | 14666524 |
| mating patterns in a hybrid zone of fire-bellied toads (bombina): inferences from adult and full-sib genotypes. | we present two novel methods to infer mating patterns from genetic data. they differ from existing statistical methods of parentage inference in that they apply to populations that deviate from hardy-weinberg and linkage equilibrium, and so are suited for the study of assortative mating in hybrid zones. the core data set consists of genotypes at several loci for a number of full-sib clutches of unknown parentage. our inference is based throughout on estimates of allelic associations within and a ... | 2005 | 15536484 |
| hybridization of bombina bombina and b. variegata (anura, discoglossidae) at a sharp ecotone in western ukraine: comparisons across transects and over time. | bombina bombina and b. variegata are two anciently diverged toad taxa that have adapted to different breeding habitats yet hybridize freely in zones of overlap where their parapatric distributions meet. here, we report on a joint genetic and ecological analysis of a hybrid zone in the vicinity of stryi in western ukraine. we used five unlinked allozyme loci, two nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms and a mitochondrial dna haplotype as genetic markers. parallel allele frequency clines with a s ... | 2006 | 16637503 |
| molecular characterization of mhc class ii in a nonmodel anuran species, the fire-bellied toad bombina bombina. | while the anuran xenopus comprises one of the best characterized nonmammalian taxa regarding the major histocompatibility complex (mhc), the organization of this gene complex has never been studied in other anurans, and information on amphibian mhc (other than xenopus) is generally very scarce. here, we describe the characterization of the first mhc class ii b cdna sequences from a nonmodel anuran species, the european fire-bellied toad (bombina bombina). we isolated two transcript sequences dif ... | 2007 | 17406862 |
| [quantitative evaluation of the genetic divergence of amphibian taxa of different rank by the spectra of total proteins and nonspecific esterases]. | based on the paag disc-electrophoretic spectra of water-soluble total proteins (pr) and non-specific esterases (est) from several types of tissues in representatives of urodela (triturus vulgaris vulgaris, t. v. lantzi, t. cristatus, t. montandoni, t. dobrogicus) and anura amphibians (rana ridibunda, r. lessonae, r. temporaria, r. arvalis; bufo bufo, b. viridis, bombina bombina; xenopus laevis, x. borealis; hymenochirus boettgeri), mean genetic distances (d = -ln[2i/(2i + d)], where i is the num ... | 2007 | 17484154 |
| genetic differentiation among peripheral populations of bombina bombina from thrace and anatolia: an allozyme analysis. | genetic structures of bombina bombina populations, located as peripheral isolates in turkish thrace and northwestern anatolia, were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using 20 allozyme loci, to investigate the populations' current genetic variation and possible colonization history. significant genetic variability was detected in most of the loci and all populations. allozyme pairwise f (st) matrices and distribution of allele frequencies indicate their very close genetic relationshi ... | 2010 | 20094845 |
| membrane interaction and antibacterial properties of two mildly cationic peptide diastereomers, bombinins h2 and h4, isolated from bombina skin. | bombinins h are mildly cationic antimicrobial peptides isolated from the skin of the anuran genus bombina, the fire-bellied toad. some members of this peptide family coexist in skin secretions as diastereomers in which a single d: -amino acid (alloisoleucine or leucine) is incorporated as a result of the post-translational modification of the respective gene-encoded l-amino acid. here we report on the antimicrobial properties and membrane interactions of bombinins h2 and h4. the latter differs f ... | 2011 | 21327963 |
| substrate specificity of a peptidyl-aminoacyl-l: /d: -isomerase from frog skin. | in the skin of fire-bellied toads (bombina species), an aminoacyl-l: /d: -isomerase activity is present which catalyses the post-translational isomerization of the l: - to the d: -form of the second residue of its substrate peptides. previously, this new type of enzyme was studied in some detail and genes potentially coding for similar polypeptides were found to exist in several vertebrate species including man. here, we present our studies to the substrate specificity of this isomerase using fl ... | 2011 | 21424715 |
| molecular characterization of major histocompatibility complex class ii alleles in the common frog, rana temporaria. | major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class ii genes, which play a major role in the immune system response, are some of the most polymorphic genes in vertebrates. we developed polymerase chain reaction primers for part of the second exon of an expressed mhc class ii gene in the common frog, rana temporaria. we genotyped this locus in five frog populations in southeast england and detected eight alleles in 215 individuals. five or six alleles were detected in each population with a maximum of t ... | 2009 | 21564733 |
| skull development during anuran metamorphosis: i. early development of the first three bones to form--the exoccipital, the parasphenoid, and the frontoparietal. | in anuran amphibians, cranial bones typically first form at metamorphosis when they rapidly invest or replace the cartilaginous larval skull. we describe early development of the first three bones to form in the oriental fire-bellied toad, bombina orientalis--the parasphenoid, the frontoparietal, and the exoccipital--based on examination of serial sections. each of these bones is fully differentiated by gosner stage 31 (hindlimb in paddle stage) during premetamorphosis. this is at least six gosn ... | 2012 | 3379643 |
| microbiome variation across amphibian skin regions: implications for chytridiomycosis mitigation efforts. | cutaneous bacteria may play an important role in the resistance of amphibians to the pathogenic fungus batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd). microbial communities resident on hosts' skin show topographical diversity mapping to skin features, as demonstrated by studies of the human microbiome. we examined skin microbiomes of wild and captive fire-bellied toads (bombina orientalis) for differences across their body surface. we found that bacterial communities differed between ventral and dorsal ski ... | 2016 | 26271741 |
| chytridiomycosis risk among central european amphibians based on surveillance data. | the czech republic hosts a surprisingly rich biodiversity of amphibians representing the majority of amphibian species present in all of central and eastern europe. surveillance data of batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (bd) collected during 2008 to 2012 were analysed for basic patterns of prevalence and infection intensity among species, age groups and localities. in addition, an investigation was made into possible data bias due to varying pcr inhibition. infection prevalence in the genus pelophy ... | 2014 | 25392037 |
| histological examination of the effects of corticosterone in larvae of the western toad, bufo boreas (anura: bufonidae), and the oriental fire-bellied toad, bombina orientalis (anura: discoglossidae). | the effects of corticosterone (cort)-treatment on various tissues were examined in two species of anuran larvae, the discoglossid bombina orientalis, and the bufonid bufo boreas. corticosterone was administered directly into aquarium water for 15 days. after treatment, histological analyses were conducted on skin, gut, spleen, thymus, and neural and muscle tissue. corticosterone treatment prevented sloughing of the skin, which resulted in a build-up of stratum corneum, and inhibited the developm ... | 1995 | 8531204 |
| para-allopatry in hybridizing fire-bellied toads (bombina bombina and b. variegata): inference from transcriptome-wide coalescence analyses | | 2016 | 27699770 |
| para-allopatry in hybridizing fire-bellied toads (bombina bombina and b. variegata): inference from transcriptome-wide coalescence analyses. | ancient origins, profound ecological divergence, and extensive hybridization make the fire-bellied toads bombina bombina and b. variegata (anura: bombinatoridae) an intriguing test case of ecological speciation. previous modeling has proposed that the narrow bombina hybrid zones represent strong barriers to neutral introgression. we test this prediction by inferring the rate of gene exchange between pure populations on either side of the intensively studied kraków transect. we developed a method ... | 2016 | 27282112 |
| insights into bombesin receptors and ligands: highlighting recent advances. | this following article is written for prof. abba kastin's festschrift, to add to the tribute to his important role in the advancement of the role of peptides in physiological, as well as pathophysiological processes. there have been many advances during the 35 years of his prominent role in the peptide field, not only as editor of the journal peptides, but also as a scientific investigator and editor of two volumes of the handbook of biological active peptides [146,147]. similar to the advances ... | 2015 | 25976083 |
| evolutionary trend for metamery reduction and gonad shortening in anurans revealed by comparison of gonad development. | the gonads develop as the metameric mesodermal structures at the ventral surface of the mesonephroi. to study the evolutionary trends for anuran gonads, we performed comparative analysis of three species from the basal paraphyletic group - archaeobatrachia (bombina bombina, xenopus laevis, pelobates fuscus) and five species from more derived monophyletic neobatrachia group (hyla arborea, bufotes viridis, rana dalmatina, rana arvalis, rana temporaria). light and scanning electron microscopy analy ... | 2014 | 26154333 |
| retinoic acid homeostasis regulates meiotic entry in developing anuran gonads and in bidder's organ through raldh2 and cyp26b1 proteins. | the vitamin a (retinol) and its metabolites such as retinoic acid (ra) affect vertebrate gametogenesis. the level of ra in cells relies on the balance between its synthesis and degradation. the sex-dependent equilibrium is reached in different ways in various species. it is known that ra induces meiosis in developing gonads in mouse, chicken and urodel amphibians, but its role in anuran amphibians has not been studied. here we show in six anuran species (xenopus laevis, bombina bombina, hyla arb ... | 2016 | 24056063 |
| complete mitochondrial genomes resolve phylogenetic relationships within bombina (anura: bombinatoridae). | a highly resolved and time-calibrated phylogeny based on nucleotide variation in 18 complete mitochondrial genomes is presented for all extant species and major lineages of fire-bellied toads of the genus bombina (bombinatoridae). two sets of divergence time estimates are inferred by applying alternative fossil constraints as minima. divergence time estimates from both analyses differed for the two oldest nodes. the earliest phylogenetic split occurred between small- and large-bodied bombina (su ... | 2013 | 23707701 |
| the role of bombesin and bombesin-related peptides in the short-term control of food intake. | bombesin (bn) is a 14-amino acid peptide isolated from the skin of the frog bombina bombina. the mammalian homologs of this peptide include three forms of gastrin-releasing peptide (grp): grp-10, grp-27, and grp-29, and a 10-amino acid peptide referred to as neuromedin-b (nmb). these peptides evoke a number of responses, including hyperthermia, bradycardia, inhibition of gastric emptying and inhibition of food intake, by activating one of three g protein-coupled receptors: an nmb-r or bb(1), a g ... | 2013 | 23317790 |
| sexual dimorphism of amh, dmrt1 and rspo1 localization in the developing gonads of six anuran species. | in vertebrates, several genes which are differentially expressed in various species, have been implicated in sex determination and gonadal differentiation. we used immunolocalization to study the expression pattern of three proteins amh, dmrt1, rspo1 involved in the sexual differentiation of gonads. the pattern of amh, dmrt1 and rspo1 expression was analyzed in x. laevis and in five other divergent anuran species: bombina bombina, bufo viridis, hyla arborea, rana arvalis and rana temporaria duri ... | 2013 | 24623081 |
| the economic efficiency of conservation measures for amphibians in organic farming--results from bio-economic modelling. | this paper presents a whole farm bio-economic modelling approach for the assessment and optimisation of amphibian conservation conditions applied at the example of a large scale organic farm in north-eastern germany. the assessment focuses mainly on the habitat quality as affected by conservation measures such as through specific adapted crop production activities (cpa) and in-field buffer strips for the european tree frog (hyla arborea), considering also interrelations with other amphibian spec ... | 2013 | 23164542 |
| differential effects of testosterone and 17β-estradiol on gonadal development in five anuran species. | sex hormones are essential for sexual differentiation and play a key role in the development of gonads in amphibians. the goal of this study was to evaluate the influence of exogenous sex steroids, testosterone, and 17β-estradiol (e(2)) on development of gonads in five anuran species differing in their evolutionary positions, sex determination, and mode of gonadogenesis. we found that in two closely related species of fire-bellied toad, bombina bombina and bombina variegata, testosterone and e(2 ... | 2012 | 22641770 |
| nuclear and mitochondrial phylogeography of the european fire-bellied toads bombina bombina and bombina variegata supports their independent histories. | exact location and number of glacial refugia still remain unclear for many european cold-blooded terrestrial vertebrates. we performed a fine-scaled multilocus phylogeographic analysis of two bombina species combining mitochondrial variation of 950 toads from 385 sites and nuclear genes (rag-1, ncx-1) from a subset of samples to reconstruct their colonization and contemporary variation patterns. we identified the lowlands northwest of the black sea and the carpathians to be important refugial ar ... | 2011 | 21749513 |
| comparative analysis of mitochondrial genomes in bombina (anura; bombinatoridae). | the complete mitochondrial genomes of two basal anurans, bombina bombina and b. variegata (anura; bombinatoridae), were sequenced. the gene order of their mitochondrial dna (mtdna) is identical to that of canonical vertebrate mtdna. in contrast, we show that there are structural differences in regulatory regions and protein coding genes between the mtdna of these two closely related species. corrected sequence divergence between the mtdna of b. bombina and b. variegata amounts to 8.7% (2.3% dive ... | 2008 | 18696031 |
| phylogeography of the fire-bellied toads bombina: independent pleistocene histories inferred from mitochondrial genomes. | the fire-bellied toads bombina bombina and bombina variegata, interbreed in a long, narrow zone maintained by a balance between selection and dispersal. hybridization takes place between local, genetically differentiated groups. to quantify divergence between these groups and reconstruct their history and demography, we analysed nucleotide variation at the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1096 bp) in 364 individuals from 156 sites representing the entire range of both species. three distinct cla ... | 2007 | 17561892 |
| conformational analysis in solution of gastrin releasing peptide. | gastrin releasing peptide (grp) is the first peptide isolated from porcine gastric and intestinal tissues and is homologous to the carboxyl terminus of bombesin (bn) isolated from the skin of the frog bombina bombina. it is a member of the bn-like peptides, which are important in numerous biological and pathological processes. the bn-like peptides show high sequence homology in their c-terminal regions, but they have different selectivity for their receptors. in particular, grp selectively binds ... | 2006 | 16997279 |
| evolution of bombina bombina and bombina variegata (anura: discoglossidae) in the carpathian basin: a history of repeated mt-dna introgression across species. | the structure and geographic location of hybrid zones change through time. current patterns result from present and historical population-environment interactions that act on each of the hybridizing taxa. this is particularly evident for species involved in complex hybrid zones, such as that formed by the toad species bombina bombina and bombina variegata (anura: discoglossidae), which interact along extensive areas in central europe. we used data on external morphology and partial sequences of ... | 2006 | 16214377 |
| preferential limb use in relation to epicoracoid overlap in the shoulder girdle of toads. | we studied left-right asymmetry in forelimb and hindlimb use in green toads (bufo viridis) and fire-bellied toads (bombina bombina) and investigated its possible relationship to the asymmetric structure of the shoulder girdle (epicoracoid overlap) in the latter species. to estimate forelimb use preference we used a modified ''snout-wiping test'' (bisazza et al., 1997) and to estimate hindlimb use preference we used the ''righting response test'' (robins et al., 1998). the position of epicoracoid ... | 2002 | 15513184 |
| skin secretion of the toad bombina variegata contains multiple insulin-releasing peptides including bombesin and entirely novel insulinotropic structures. | skin secretions of the toad bombina variegata were evaluated for the isolation and characterisation of insulinotropic peptides. crude secretions obtained from young adult toads by mild electrical stimulation of the dorsal skin surface were purified by reverse phase hplc yielding 44 peaks. in acute incubations with glucose-responsive brin-bd11 cells, peaks 21, 22, 23, 24 and 25 showed a 1.5-3.5-fold increase in insulin release compared with 5.6 mm glucose alone (p<0.001; n=3). structural analyses ... | 2013 | 15134346 |
| the maintenance of reproductive isolation in a mosaic hybrid zone between the fire-bellied toads bombina bombina and b. variegata. | mosaic hybrid zones arise when ecologically differentiated taxa hybridize across a network of habitat patches. frequent interbreeding across a small-scale patchwork can erode species differences that might have been preserved in a clinal hybrid zone. in particular, the rapid breakdown of neutral divergence sets an upper limit to the time for which differences at marker loci can persist. we present here a case study of a mosaic hybrid zone between the fire-bellied toads bombina bombina and b. var ... | 2003 | 14503629 |
| identification and molecular cloning of novel trypsin inhibitor analogs from the dermal venom of the oriental fire-bellied toad (bombina orientalis) and the european yellow-bellied toad (bombina variegata). | the structural diversity of polypeptides in amphibian skin secretion probably reflects different roles in dermal regulation or in defense against predators. here we report the structures of two novel trypsin inhibitor analogs, boti and bvti, from the dermal venom of the toads, bombina orientalis and bombina variegata. cloning of their respective precursors was achieved from lyophilized venom cdna libraries for the first time. amino acid alignment revealed that both deduced peptides, consisting o ... | 2003 | 12948839 |
| a linkage map for the hybridising toads bombina bombina and b. variegata (anura: discoglossidae). | stable hybrid zones in which ecologically divergent taxa give rise to a range of recombinants are natural laboratories in which the genetic basis of adaptation and reproductive isolation can be unraveled. one such hybrid zone is formed by the fire-bellied toads bombina bombina and b. variegata (anura: discoglossidae). adaptations to permanent and ephemeral breeding habitats, respectively, have shaped numerous phenotypic differences between the taxa. all of these are, in principle, candidates for ... | 2003 | 12886280 |
| uptake, metabolism, and effects on detoxication enzymes of isoproturon in spawn and tadpoles of amphibians. | using ring-(14)c-labeled isoproturon (1 microg/l), the uptake into spawn and tadpoles of bombina bombina and bombina variegata was investigated. two percent of the applied radioactivity was found per gram fresh weight in the embryo after 24h. results indicate that the jelly mass of the spawn does not act as a sufficient physical barrier for protection against the uptake and influence of isoproturon (ipu) on the embryo. in vivo metabolism of ring-14c-labeled ipu by the cytochrome p-450 system was ... | 2002 | 12297088 |
| experimental peritonitis in anuran amphibians is not suppressed by morphine treatment. | morphine-induced inhibition of peritoneal inflammation, consistently recorded in several murine strains and in fish (salmon and goldfish), was not observed in the investigated species of anuran amphibians (rana temporaria, rana esculenta and bombina bombina). | 2013 | 11345490 |
| mitochondrial dna variation in the hybridizing fire-bellied toads, bombina bombina and b. variegata. | using five restriction enzymes, geographical variation of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) in bombina bombina and b. variegata was studied in samples from 20 locations. each restriction enzyme produced a species-specific fragment pattern. b. bombina haplotypes a and b were closely related to each other. in contrast, haplotypes a and b of b. variegata formed two distinct lineages. a very distinctive haplotype (c) was found in the carpathian mountains, whereas two other haplotypes, d and e (differing by ... | 2000 | 10886652 |
| role of bombesin-related peptides in the control of food intake. | in 1970, erspamer et al.(1,14)isolated and characterized the tetradecapeptide bombesin (bn) from the skin of amphibian frog bombina bombina. subsequently, several bn-like peptides have been identified in mammals, consisting of various forms of gastrin-releasing peptide (grp) and/or neuromedin b (nmb), together with their distinct receptor subtypes. it has been proposed that bn-related peptides may be released from the gastrointestinal (gi)-tract in response to ingested food, and that they bridge ... | 1999 | 10657515 |
| inheritance of allozyme loci in bombina: one linkage group established. | two hybridizing european species of fire-bellied toads, bombina bombina and b. variegata, have alternate electromorphs fixed at a number of allozyme loci. segregation of alleles at seven allozyme loci (ldh-1, mdh-1, ak, ck, gpi, np, and est-beta) was studied in a backross progeny of an f1 interspecific hybrid male and a b. bombina female. mendelian inheritance of allozyme forms at all seven loci was ascertained. except for two loci, gpi and est-beta, which were found to be tightly linked (1 cm a ... | 1995 | 7575392 |
| a study of the properties, morphogenetic potencies and prospective fate of outer and inner layers of ectodermal and chordamesodermal regions during gastrulation, in various anuran amphibians. | in both the ectodermal and the chordamesodermal regions of anuran embryos, the outer layer of cells possesses epithelial properties and has the same restricted morphogenetic potencies. it is thus interchangeable between the regions, capable of epiboly and, when underlain by notochord material, of the formation of bottle-shaped cells as at the blastoporal groove, and invagination. when taken from the chordamesoderm region, this outer layer has no inducing effect on the ectoderm of the early gastr ... | 1983 | 6886617 |
| sensitivity, range and temperature dependence of hearing in the grass frog and fire-bellied toad. | multi-unit recordings from the torus semicircularis of the fire-bellied toad (bombina bombina l.) and the grass frog (rana t. temporaria l.) were used to obtain threshold vs. frequency curves for these anurans. the effect of body temperature on these audiograms was tested over a range of 10-28° c for the toad and 5-20° c for the frog. the range of frequencies audible to the fire-bellied toad at a body temperature of 21° c extends to 2400-3000 hz. threshold is relatively low in three regions: 300 ... | 1980 | 24925511 |
| rejection of skin allo- and xenografts in the fire-bellied toads bombina bombina (l.) and b. variegata (l.). | | 1980 | 6991303 |
| [electronmicroscopic studies on the skin pigmentation of the red bellied toad bombina bombina (l.)]. | the various colours of the red-bellied toad bombina bombina are caused by 3 types of chromatophores, the red xanthophores, the white iridophores and the black melanophores. in the brownish skin and in the black spots of the dorsal region all types of chromatophores are found. but in the epidermis of the black spots there are more grana of melanin than in the other region of the back. the 3 types of chromatophores are not present in the skin of all parts of the body. the dark blue colour of the b ... | 1979 | 478246 |
| temperature dependence of visual fusion frequency in rana lessonae cam., bufo bufo l. and bombina bombina (l.) (amphibia). | the electroretinogram (erg) was used to measure the flicker-fusion frequencies of rana lessonae, bufo bufo and bombina bombina over the temperature range 5-25°c. in all three species the fusion frequency increased with increasing temperature. in the intermediate range of temperatures, the fusion frequencies of rana lessonae and bombina bombina doubled when the temperature was raised by 10°c. | 1978 | 24924820 |
| inheritance and linkage analysis of five enzyme loci in interspecific hybrids of toadlets, genus bombina. | progeny produced from bombina bombina, b. variegata, and field-collected interspecific hybrids have been analyzed for the inheritance of five enzyme loci, which are fixed for alternate alleles in the parental species. lactate dehydrogenase (ldh-1), nad-dependent malate dehydrogenase (mdh-1), creatine kinase (ck), adenylate kinase (ak), and glucosephosphate isomerase (gpi) are all inherited in a mendelian manner as codominant alleles at nuclear loci. both parental alleles are equally functional i ... | 1978 | 678297 |
| the effect of local heating on the calls of the fire-bellied toad, bombina bombina (l.). | in order to determine where the characteristic temperature-dependent changes in calling rate, call duration and fundamental frequency of the call of the fire-bellied toad originate, i heated the head and other parts of the body to various temperatures. the greatest increase in calling rate occured when the head was heated; it varied with the amount of heating. the changes in calling rate and call duration brought about by heating were equally rapid, whereas the frequency of the call increased mo ... | 1976 | 24923644 |
| the mating call of hybrids of the fire-bellied toad and yellow-bellied toad (bombina bombina (l.), bombina v. variegata (l.), discoglossidae, anura). | male hybrids obtained by crossing bombina bombina with bombina v. variegata displayed calling behavior when treated with hormones at the age of about 12 months. the mating calls of the hybrids are intermediate with respect to rate, duration, inter-call interval, and fundamental frequency between the calls of the two purebred species. | 1974 | 28308952 |
| the structure of thyroid gland in the fire-bellied toad (bombina bombina (l.)) and the yellow-bellied toad (bombina variegata (l.)). | | 1974 | 4429858 |
| the fine structure of tegumentary glands in bombina bombina (l.). | | 1973 | 4773126 |
| [thermostability of muscle tissue and proteins in bombina bombina 8 during acclimatization to cold]. | | 1970 | 5460450 |
| [comparative bio-acoustic investigations in the fire-bellied toad and the yellow-bellied toad, bombina bombina (l.) and bombina v. variegata (l.)]. | 1. during their annual activity period the toads have 2 or 3 separated calling seasons. the calling activity depends upon the water temperature. the lower limit of the calling activity of the fire-bellied toad is 12.5-13.5°c, the upper limit 30-34°c. the limits of the calling activity of the yellow-bellied toad are lower, the lower limit being 11.5-12° c and the upper limit 26-30° c. 2. according to the fluctuations of the water temperature, the toads demonstrate three different types of calling ... | 1969 | 28309207 |
| [restorative processes in the kidneys of bombina bombina]. | | 1964 | 14164227 |
| induction of tympanic membrane in bombina bombina and pelobates fuscus. | | 1945 | 21026703 |
| studies on transplantation immunity of the yellow-bellied toad bombina variegata. | adults and tadpoles of the yellow-bellied toad bombina variegata reacted in a typically chronic manner to skin allografts and to xenografts from closely related fire-bellied toads b. bombina but they rejected quickly skin xenografts from evolutionary distant anuran species (bufo and rana). adult individuals reacted to allografts slowly not only in the laboratory where their mating was ceased and the weight of lymphoid organs significantly diminished but also in the outdoor enclosure where they b ... | 1994 | 7503648 |
| kinship ecology of competition: size hierarchies in kin and nonkin laboratory cohorts of tadpoles. | this study provides an experimental test of the ecological significance of kinship in competitive interactions among individuals. tadpoles of the fire-bellied toad, bombina variegata (anura, discoglossidae) reared in the laboratory in a high density of siblings grew better and developed faster than when they were reared with similar densities of nonrelatives. kinship-based genotypic uniformity may therefore be advantageous: it can lead to faster and more uniform growth. in nature it may well be ... | 1988 | 28311959 |
| effects of cold and colcemid on the chromosomes of the fire-bellied toad, bombina variegata pachypus bonaparte. | | 2015 | 4794922 |
| effects of attitudes and demography on public support for endangered species conservation. | it is critical for managers to understand how attitudes and demography affect public's preferences for species protection for designing successful conservation projects. 1080 adults in greece were asked to rate pictures of 12 endangered species on aesthetic and negativistic attitudes, and intention to support their conservation. factor analysis identified a group of animals for which respondents indicated high levels of support for their conservation (red deer, loggerhead sea turtle, brown bear, ... | 2017 | 28376425 |
| skin bacterial community reorganization following metamorphosis of the fire-bellied toad (bombina orientalis). | in organisms with complex life histories, dramatic changes in microbial community structure may occur with host development and immune system maturation. amphibian host susceptibility to diseases such as chytridiomycosis may be affected by the reorganization of skin microbial community structure that occurs during metamorphosis. we tracked changes in the bacterial communities inhabiting skin of korean fire-bellied toads (bombina orientalis) that we infected as tadpoles with different strains of ... | 2017 | 28725944 |
| efferent axonal projections of the habenular complex in the fire-bellied toad bombina orientalis. | the habenular complex and its associated axonal pathways are often thought of as phylogenetically conserved features of the brain among vertebrates despite the fact that detailed studies of this brain region are limited to a few species. here, the gross morphology and axonal projection pattern of the habenular complex of an anuran amphibian, the fire-bellied toad bombina orientalis, was studied to allow comparison with the situation in other vertebrates. axonal pathways were traced using biocyti ... | 2017 | 29130952 |
| molecular characterization and bioactivity evaluation of two novel bombinin peptides from the skin secretion of oriental fire-bellied toad, bombina orientalis. | following the exploration of biochemicals in amphibian defensive skin secretion, great attention has been focused on the novel bioactive peptides with unique molecular structures and complicated features and functions. in this study, the skin secretion of oriental fire-bellied toad, bombina orientalis, was acquired to search peptides with therapeutic potential. using "shotgun" cloning technique, a full-length peptide precursor co-encoding two novel bombinin peptides was cloned from the skin secr ... | 0 | 29098406 |
| ranatensin-hl: a bombesin-related tridecapeptide from the skin secretion of the broad-folded frog, hylarana latouchii. | bombesin-related peptides are a family of peptides whose prototype was discovered in amphibian skin and which exhibit a wide range of biological activities. since the initial isolation of bombesin from bombina bombina skin, diverse forms of bombesin-related peptides have been found in the skins across anura. in this study, a novel bombesin-related peptide of the ranatensin subfamily, named ranatensin-hl, was structurally-characterised from the skin secretion of the broad-folded frog, hylarana la ... | 2017 | 28677620 |
| discovery of two bombinin peptides with antimicrobial and anticancer activities from the skin secretion of oriental fire-bellied toad, bombina orientalis. | amphibian skin secretions are known to contain numerous peptides with a large array of biological activities. bombinins are a group of amphibian-derived peptides with broad spectrum antimicrobial activities that have been only identified from the ancient toad species, bombina. in this study, we described the identification and characterization of a novel bombinin precursor which encoded a bombinin-like peptide (blp-7) and a novel bombinin h-type peptide (named as bombinin h-bo) from the skin sec ... | 0 | 28636781 |
| nickel affects gill and muscle development in oriental fire-bellied toad (bombina orientalis) embryos. | the developmental toxicity of nickel was examined in the embryos of bombina orientalis, a common amphibian in korea. based on a standard frog embryo teratogenesis assay, the lc50 and ec50 for malformation of nickel after 168h of treatment were 33.8μm and 5.4μm, respectively. at a lethal concentration (100μm), nickel treatment decreased the space between gill filaments and caused epithelial swelling and abnormal fusion of gill filaments. these findings suggest that nickel affects the functional d ... | 2017 | 27871005 |
| composition of the cutaneous bacterial community in japanese amphibians: effects of captivity, host species, and body region. | the cutaneous microbiota plays a significant role in the biology of their vertebrate hosts, and its composition is known to be influenced both by host and environment, with captive conditions often altering alpha diversity. here, we compare the cutaneous bacterial communities of 61 amphibians (both wild and captive) from hiroshima, japan, using high-throughput amplicon sequencing of a segment of the 16s rrna gene. the majority of these samples came from a captive breeding facility at hiroshima u ... | 2016 | 27278778 |
| pediatric exposures to bombina toads reported to poison centers. | fire-bellied toads (genus bombina) secrete toxins from their skin that may cause problems to humans, particularly if they get in the eye. this study aimed to describe pediatric exposures to fire-bellied toads reported to a large poison center system. | 0 | 27176907 |
| influence of geology and human activity on the genetic structure and demography of the oriental fire-bellied toad (bombina orientalis). | the oriental fire-bellied toad (bombina orientalis) is a commonly used study organism, but knowledge of its evolutionary history is incomplete. we analyze sequence data from four genetic markers (mtdna genes encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit i, cytochrome b, and 12s-16s rrna; nudna gene encoding recombination activating gene 2) from 188 individuals across its range in northeast asia to elucidate phylogeographic patterns and to identify the historic events that shaped its evolutionary history ... | 2016 | 26748269 |
| retinal ganglion cell topography and spatial resolving power in the oriental fire-bellied toad bombina orientalis. | the vertebrate visual system is determined by two main factors, a species' lifestyle and phylogenetic legacy. studying the visual system in outgroup lineages may shed some light on the balance of these factors within a certain radiation. we studied the topography of retinal ganglion cells (rgcs) in the retina of the oriental fire-bellied toad bombina orientalis. these toads belong to the ancient superfamily discoglossoidea, a sister group to all extant anura except for two small families. rgcs w ... | 2015 | 26628265 |
| alfaxalone-butorphanol versus alfaxalone-morphine combination for immersion anaesthesia in oriental fire-bellied toads (bombina orientalis). | oriental fire-bellied toads (bombina orientalis) are small semi-aquatic anuran species popular as both pets and laboratory animals. although they are commonly anaesthetized to undergo clinical and experimental procedures, very little is known about their anaesthetic management. the aims of this prospective, randomized, cross-over experimental trial were to establish effective butorphanol and morphine concentrations to be added to alfaxalone for immersion anaesthesia (pilot study), and to compare ... | 2016 | 26306614 |
| alfaxalone versus alfaxalone-dexmedetomidine anaesthesia by immersion in oriental fire-bellied toads (bombina orientalis). | to determine a dexmedetomidine concentration, to be added to an alfaxalone-based bath solution, that will enhance the anaesthetic and analgesic effects of alfaxalone; and to compare the quality of anaesthesia and analgesia provided by immersion with either alfaxalone alone or alfaxalone with dexmedetomidine in oriental fire-bellied toads (bombina orientalis). | 2016 | 26220762 |
| alfaxalone anesthesia by immersion in oriental fire-bellied toads (bombina orientalis). | to establish an effective alfaxalone concentration to be used for bath immersion of fire-bellied toads (bombina orientalis) and to describe its effects. | 2015 | 25711769 |
| etomidate anaesthesia by immersion in oriental fire-bellied toads (bombina orientalis). | the objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and the safety of etomidate anaesthesia by immersion technique in bombina orientalis. the study comprised two phases. the first phase was carried out to identify the etomidate concentration capable of producing anaesthetic induction, as well as surgical anaesthesia, in the toads. the second phase was aimed at testing that concentration in eight additional animals. etomidate administered via immersion at a concentration of 37.5 mg/l ... | 2015 | 25673664 |
| ranakinestatin-ppf from the skin secretion of the fukien gold-striped pond frog, pelophylax plancyi fukienensis: a prototype of a novel class of bradykinin b2 receptor antagonist peptide from ranid frogs. | the defensive skin secretions of many amphibians are a rich source of bradykinins and bradykinin-related peptides (brps). members of this peptide group are also common components of reptile and arthropod venoms due to their multiple biological functions that include induction of pain, effects on many smooth muscle types, and lowering systemic blood pressure. while most brps are bradykinin receptor agonists, some have curiously been found to be exquisite antagonists, such as the maximakinin gene- ... | 2014 | 25161395 |
| impacts of uvb provision and dietary calcium content on serum vitamin d3 , growth rates, skeletal structure and coloration in captive oriental fire-bellied toads (bombina orientalis). | many amphibian species are dependent on ex situ conservation interventions for their long-term persistence. however, projects have been jeopardised by husbandry issues involving poor calcium metabolism and nutritional metabolic bone disease (nmbd). healthy calcium metabolism requires appropriate dietary calcium content and access to vitamin d3 . in many animals, vitamin d3 can be photobiosynthesised in skin exposed to uvb radiation, as well as extracted from the diet, but the extent of vitamin d ... | 2015 | 24810567 |
| illness-dependent conditioned prey avoidance in an amphibian. | conditioned taste avoidance (cta) helps prevent consumption of dangerous foods. it results from the pairing of a novel food or taste with subsequent aversive consequences, such as illness. previous studies of cta in amphibians have produced conflicting results. establishing the presence or absence of cta in amphibians is needed to clarify the phylogeny of this phenomenon. this experiment evaluated the ability of the fire-bellied toad bombina orientalis to avoid a novel food item previously paire ... | 2014 | 24480408 |
| a lesson from bombinins h, mildly cationic diastereomeric antimicrobial peptides from bombina skin. | gene-encoded peptide antibiotics represent fascinating molecules for the development of new antimicrobials with a new mode of action: and one of the richest sources is amphibian skin. in particular, the skin of the fire-bellied toad bombina genus contains mildly cationic antimicrobial peptides (amps), named bombinins h, with attractive properties. indeed, some members of this peptide family coexist in skin secretions as isomers in which a single d-amino acid (alloisoleucine or leucine) is incorp ... | 2013 | 24384035 |
| organization of afferents to the striatopallidal systems in the fire-bellied toad bombina orientalis. | the cerebral hemispheres of amphibians display paired dorsal and ventral striatum (commonly referred to as striatum proper and nucleus accumbens, respectively). each striatal region is proposed to be closely associated with a pallidal structure located caudal to it to form a striatopallidal system. in the present study, afferents to the dorsal and ventral striatopallidal systems of the fire-bellied toad (bombina orientalis) were investigated using the neuronal tracer biocytin. a quantitative ana ... | 2014 | 23881295 |