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[analysis of the structural features of the sperm chromatin of amphibia].deoxyribonucleoproteid (dnp) organisation of the sperm from amphibian species (rana temporaria, triturus vulgaris, bufo bufo) with different sperm chromosomal basic proteins has been analysed by nuclease fragmentation. electrophoretic distribution of chromatin fragments reveals regular organisation of dnp in the sperm of the species investigated. in spermal dnp of the frog rana temporaria, 3 sub-fractions of histone h1 were found. in the sperm of the newt triturus vulgaris and the toad bufo bufo ...1979116455
early steroid metabolism in xenopus laevis, rana temporaria and triturus vulgaris embryos.embryos of xenopus laevis, rana temporaria and triturus vulgaris exposed to radioactive pregnenolone have been found to convert it to progesterone. incubations with radioactive progesterone showed that it was actively metabolized by oocytes and embryos. in xenopus incubations progesterone was converted to 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, 17alpha-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one, 4-androstene-3,17-dione and 17alpha-20alpha-dihydroxy-4-pregne-3-one, indicating 5alpha-reductase, 17alpha-hydroxylase, 19-20-desmol ...1977303192
[transfer of behavior patterns through transplantation of systems of neuroanatomic structures in amphibian larvae. ii. xenoplastic transplantation of hind brain systems between xenopus laevis (daud.) as well as hymenochirus boettgeri (torn.) and triturus vulgaris].by replacing parts of the neural plate (prospective medulla oblongata) of triturus vulgaris by neural ectoderm of xenopus laevis larval chimaeras were obtained, which showed donorlike rhythmical movements of distinct parts of the visceral musculature according to the place of implantation. especially the branchial region with its external gills showed rhythmical movements and is the special object of this investigation.1978654606
two dispersed highly repeated dna families of triturus vulgaris meridionalis (amphibia, urodela) are widely conserved among salamandridae.two bamhi families of repeated sequences were characterized from the genome of the italian smooth newt, triturus vulgaris meridionalis (amphibia, urodela). the first family, which is divided into subfamilies, consists of tandemly arranged arrays whose basic repeat is around 398 bp long; these arrays are dispersed throughout the entire chromosome sets of the various species of triturus tested. moreover the family is widely conserved among salamandridae, being detected by genomic dna blotting of n ...19912009819
extra-ribosomal spacer sequences in triturus.we show that, in triturus vulgaris meridionalis, sequences homologous to the rdna "non-transcribed" spacer (nts) are clustered at chromosomal loci where they are not associated with 18 s or 28 s rdna genes: these sequences are referred to as the extra-ribosomal spacer sequences. genomic clones containing such extra-ribosomal spacer sequences have been isolated. as shown by restriction mapping, these clones appear to consist mostly of repetitive bamhi fragments that are, in turn, internally repet ...19883065517
[the electrolyte content of the body of insects, ascidians, fishes, amphibians and mammals and its dynamics in ontogeny].in animals in which sodium is a predominant cation of the blood serum or haemolymph (rat, newt triturus vulgaris, sturgeon acipenser güldenstädti, herring clupea pallasi, ascidian goniocarpa rustica), its content in the body amounts up to a half of the total bulk of electrolytes; in insects with potassium type of the haemolymph, the share of sodium is equal to 6.4%. in animals of the same species, total electrolyte content (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium) and the relationship between sepa ...19883245357
[capillaria tritonispunctati (diesing, 1851) travassos, 1915 and megalobatrachonema terdentarum (linstow, 1890) hartwich, 1960 (nematoda) in newts (triturus vulgaris l. and triturus cristatus (laur.))]. 19873687016
effect of concanavalin a and vegetalizing factor on the outer and inner ectoderm layers of early gastrulae of xenopus laevis after treatment with cytochalasin b.neural (archencephalic) structures have been evoked in the competent ectoderm (consisting of both ectodermal layers) of xenopus laevis by treatment with concanavalin a (con a), which probably acts on the plasma membrane. the size of the neural structures is increased when the ectoderm is incubated in cytochalasin b prior to the con a treatment. the results indicate that cytochalasin b could have an influence on the binding of con a to receptors on the plasma membrane. on the other hand, cytochal ...19854005955
ultrastructural alterations in the pancreatic b-cells of the newt (triturus vulgaris) induced by alloxan. 19714939836
h-y antigen as a tool for the determination of the heterogametic sex in amphibia.h-y antigen was investigated in three amphibian species with different degrees of sex-chromosome differentiation: bufo bufo, triturus vulgaris, and pyxicephalus adspersus. no heteromorphic sex chromosomes were found in b. bufo, but an examination of the progeny of hermaphrodites (ponse, 1942) indicated that the female of this species was heterogametic (zw). sex chromosomes differing only by a very small heterochromatic region at their telomeres were found in the male of t. vulgaris (xy). pyxicep ...19816794989
[histochemical study of the cholinesterases of various formations of the vertebrate endbrain].histochemical studies have been made on true (ache) and false (bche) cholinesterases in different parts of the telencephalon of amphibians, reptiles and mammals. the data obtained indicate that the enzymic localization depends on both the level of the development of the brain and phylogenetic age of its individual formations. in the telencephalon of ambystoma mexicanum, high concentration of ache was found in vascular-capillary network, in other investigated amphibians (triturus vulgaris, rana t ...19816976662
[microperfusion and electrophysiologic study of the proximal tubules of triturus vulgaris and rat kidneys].studies have been made on changes in na and k concentrations in the lumen of the proximal tubule of the kidney of rat and newt during perfusion of the tubuli by solutions containing various concentrations of these ions. intraluminar concentration of na and k is rapidly changed and towards the end of the perfused region the ratio of na and k concentration in the lumen to the concentration in the blood plasma approaches 1. within the lumen of the perfused proximal tubuli of newt's kidney, na and k ...19807424296
comparison of the pineal complex, retina and cerebrospinal fluid contacting neurons by immunocytochemical antirhodopsin reaction.the presence of rhodopsin was investigated by an indirect immunocytochemical method in the pineal complex of various vertebrates (carassius auratus, cyprinus carpio, hypophthalamichthys molitrix, lucioperca lucioperca, triturus vulgaris, bombina bombina, rana esculenta, pseudemys scripta elegans, lacerta agilis et viridis, white leghorn chickens, rat), in the retina of lebistes reticulatus, lucioperca lucioperca, rana esculenta, lacerta agilis, pseudemys scripta elegans, the chicken and the rat, ...19807456628
expression of alpha sm actin in terrestrial ectothermic vertebrates.alpha-smooth muscle (alpha sm) actin of endothermic vertebrates is selectively recognized by the monoclonal antibody anti-alpha sm-1. immunoreactivity to this antibody has been shown to be localized in the nh2-terminal sequence ac-eeed (chaponnier et al. 1994). among terrestrial ectothermic vertebrates, two amphibian (triturus vulgaris, rana esculenta) and three reptilian species (pseudemys scripta elegans, natrix natrix, podarcis sicula) were screened to investigate if their vascular and viscer ...19957553770
similar localization of immunoreactive glutamate and aspartate in the pineal organ and retina of various nonmammalian vertebrates.the localization of immunoreactive glutamate and aspartate was compared in the pineal organ and retina of various vertebrates (raja clavata, carassius auratus, salvelinus alpinus, triturus vulgaris, triturus cristatus, lacerta muralis, lacerta agilis, lacerta viridis, columbia livia and white leghorn chicken) by postembedding immunoelectron microscopy. immunoreaction of both excitatory amino acids was detected in the pinealocytes in a localization similar to that of retinal photoreceptors. the r ...19958714767
local effects of glycinergic inhibition in the spinal cord motor systems for swimming in amphibian embryos.1. we have studied the effects of locally applying the glycinergic antagonist strychnine to rhythmically active spinal neurons in amphibian embryos during fictive swimming. intracellular recordings were made from motoneurons and premotor interneurons in xenopus laevis, a well-studied model system, and from motoneurons in three other species (rana temporaria, bufo bufo, and triturus vulgaris). overall, these embryos cover a range of swimming patterns from the short-cycle-period, brief-motor-root ...19968871217
asymmetrical turning during spermatophore transfer in the male smooth newtduring mating, male smooth newts, triturus vulgarisshowed a population bias for turning left during spermatophore transfer. this is the first demonstration of asymmetrical sexual behaviour in an amphibian population. an experiment with a perfect female model showed that it was due to male rather than female lateralization. left turning bias decreased progressively as more spermatophores were deposited, and no significant bias was detectable by the third deposition. the hypothesis that this was d ...19979268466
lithium secretion in kidneys of amphibians and reptiles under hydrated conditions.renal lithium transport was studied at different hydration levels in five species of anuran amphibians (bufo bufo, b. danatensis, b. viridis, rana ridibunda, and r. temporaria), two species of urodeles (triturus vulgaris and t. cristatus) and four species of reptiles (lizards eremias multiocellata, lacerta vivipara, trapelus sanguinolentus, and teratoscincus scincus). under dehydration conditions, li+ was reabsorbed in the kidneys of amphibians ans reptiles, but to a lesser degree than in mammal ...19979505431
[study of amphibian brain asymmetry during normal embryonic and larval development].amphibian embryos (triturus vulgaris, pleurodeles waltl, hynobius keyserlingii, ambystoma mexicanum, rana temporaria, bufo bufo, and xenopus laevis) were investigated. we ascertained the morphological right-side asymmetry of the brain, which appears at the neurula stage and is preserved during the postembryonic (larval) development. in t. vulgaris, p. waltl, h. keyserlingii, and x. laevis, we observed right-side asymmetry of peripheral analyzers, such as the retina, ganglia of nerve viii, and ol ...19989644914
comparative analysis of gnrh neuronal systems in the amphibian brain.we have investigated the gnrh-ir neuronal systems in the brain of the oviparous urodele, triturus vulgaris, ovoviviparous urodele, salamandra salamandra, and viviparous caecilian, typhlonectes compressicauda, and have reexamined xenopus laevis, ambystoma mexicanum, and rana esculenta. results showed that mgnrh neuronal system was diffused along the medioventral telencephalon and diencephalon with the numerical preponderance of gnrh cell bodies in the rostral mediobasal telencephalon in t. vulgar ...19989843639
amphibians and larvae of aquatic insects as new paratenic hosts of anguillicola crassus (nematoda: dracunculoidea), a swimbladder parasite of eels.amphibians (tadpoles of the frog bombina bombina [l.] and the newt triturus vulgaris [l.]) and aquatic insects (larvae of the alderfly sialis lutaria [l.] [megaloptera], dragonflies sympetrum sanguineum [miller] and coenagrion puella [l.] [odonata], and the caddisfly oligotrichia striati [l.] [trichoptera]) were found to serve as paratenic hosts for the third-stage larvae (l3) of the nematode anguillicola crassus kuwahara, niimi et itagaki, 1974, a pathogenic swimbladder parasite of the eel angu ...19989925427
sperm storage in females of the smooth newt (triturus v. vulgaris l.): i. ultrastructure of the spermathecae during the breeding season.sperm storage in cloacal spermathecae was studied in females of triturus v. vulgaris collected early in the breeding season in southern england. females collected in terrestrial situations, presumably unmated, were mated in the laboratory, and the ultrastructure of the transferred sperm and the spermathecae was observed at various intervals after mating. sperm from a spermatophore cap lodged in a female's cloacal orifice can migrate into spermathecae within 1 hr after mating. spherical structure ...19999990737
lectin binding patterns in amphibian skin epithelium.seven lectins (pna, dba, wga, uea-i, rca, sba, con a) were used to localize glycoconjugates in the skin of 10 species of amphibia, 7 anurans (bufo marinus, bufo bufo, rana ridibunda, rana pipiens, hyla arborea, pelobates syriacus and xenopus laevis) and 3 urodeles (salamandra salamandra, triturus vulgaris and ambystoma mexicanum). it was found that every lectin has a specific binding pattern in the skin of each species. no common pattern could be established, either among frogs or toads, nor for ...199910443294
[quantitative evaluation of the genetic divergence of amphibian taxa of different rank by the spectra of total proteins and nonspecific esterases].based on the paag disc-electrophoretic spectra of water-soluble total proteins (pr) and non-specific esterases (est) from several types of tissues in representatives of urodela (triturus vulgaris vulgaris, t. v. lantzi, t. cristatus, t. montandoni, t. dobrogicus) and anura amphibians (rana ridibunda, r. lessonae, r. temporaria, r. arvalis; bufo bufo, b. viridis, bombina bombina; xenopus laevis, x. borealis; hymenochirus boettgeri), mean genetic distances (d = -ln[2i/(2i + d)], where i is the num ...200717484154
tetrodotoxin and its analogue 6-epitetrodotoxin in newts (triturus spp.; urodela, salamandridae) from southern germany.tetrodotoxin (ttx) and its analogue 6-epitetrodotoxin (6-epittx) were quantitatively assayed in 59 newts representing four triturus species (triturus alpestris, triturus cristatus, triturus helveticus, triturus vulgaris) from southern germany by a post-column fluorescent-hplc system. both toxins were detected in only 15 specimens of the four species. the toxins levels varied considerably among individuals (ttx: 0.11-9.0microg/g; 6-epittx: 0.05-17.0microg/g). 6-epittx was found to be the major co ...200717507070
amphibian occurrence is influenced by current and historic landscape characteristics.human-induced habitat loss and degradation are major threats to wetland species as reflected in the fact that wetlands have declined by more than 50% in europe and north america during the last century. both current and historic land-use patterns are likely to be significant determinants of wetland species' distributions; however their relative importance is often unknown. we studied the importance of local (study pond) and landscape (current and 18th-century landscape) characteristics in explai ...200718213970
divergence in the face of gene flow: the case of two newts (amphibia: salamandridae).understanding the process of divergence requires the quantitative characterization of patterns of gene flow between diverging taxa. new and powerful coalescent-based methods give insight into these processes in unprecedented details by enabling the reconstruction of the temporal distribution of past gene flow. here, we use sequence variation at eight nuclear markers and mitochondrial dna (mtdna) in multiple populations to study diversity, divergence, and gene flow between two subspecies of a sal ...200919136451
ranavirus-associated mass mortality in wild amphibians, the netherlands, 2010: a first report.in 2010, a mass die-off of over 1000 wild water frogs (pelophylax spp.) and at least 10 common newts (lissotriton vulgaris) occurred in a pond in the netherlands. haemorrhagic disease with hepatomegaly and splenomegaly was evident. microscopically, multiple organs presented cells with multifocal intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, in which ranavirus-like particles were demonstrated ultrastructurally. all specimens examined tested positive for ranavirus by pcr. the sequence obtained showed a 100% ...201121955440
[furosemide-sensitive transport of chloride through the apical membrane of cells of the proximal tubule of the triton kidney].the effect of furosemide on transtubular electrical potential (vt) as well as on the potentials of apical (va) and basolateral (vb) membranes of the triturus vulgaris proximal nephron cells was studied in alteration of the electrochemical potential gradient na+ and cl- through the apical membrane. furosemide did not change the va and vb provided the concentration of nacl in the lumen of proximal canal was the same as in the blood plasma. when the nacl concentration diminished in the lumen furose ...20134065369
the effects of two retinoids on limb regeneration in pleurodeles waltl and triturus vulgaris.the effects of two vitamin a analogues, retinol palmitate and retinoic acid, on pattern formation during limb regeneration in larvae of two european newts, p. waltl and t. vulgaris are described. the response of the regenerating limb to retinoid treatment differed according to the larval stage of development for p. waltl. young larval limbs, which were anterior limb buds at the time of amputation, duplicated transversely while limbs of older larvae duplicated proximodistally. proximodistal dupli ...20133723061
a record of gravid cestodes bothriocephalus claviceps (goeze, 1782) from the newts triturus vulgaris (l.) (amphibia). 20072227717
metacercariae of clinostomum complanatum (trematoda: digenea) in european newts triturus carnifex and lissotriton vulgaris (caudata: salamandridae).adults of clinostomum spp. are digenetic trematodes found in fish-eating birds, reptiles and occasionally mammals, including humans. freshwater snails serve as first intermediate hosts and many fish species and amphibians as second intermediate hosts. to date, amphibian hosts of clinostomum metacercariae include members of urodele and anuran families in north america, but no data are available on infections of european amphibians, including newts. in this study, we characterize infections of cli ...201423506789
limitations in response capacity of the newt, notophthalmus viridescens, to soluble and particulate antigens.we have investigated the cellular basis of the failure of primitive extant vertebrates, e.g. notophthalmus viridescens, the american common newt, to respond to soluble thymus-dependent (td) antigens, e.g. keyhole limpet hemocyanin (klh). we have found that klh can be used to prime for amplification of a response to hapten, 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (tnp) when it is conjugated to klh, only if both the unconjugated and conjugated klh are adsorbed onto bentonite particles. the response is monitored in t ...19826182036
spinal cord neuron classes in embryos of the smooth newt triturus vulgaris: a horseradish peroxidase and immunocytochemical study.spinal cord neurons were investigated in embryos of triturus vulgaris, the smooth newt, just prior to hatching. these embryos can swim if freed from their egg membranes. horseradish peroxidase (hrp) labelling, together with gaba and glycine immunocytochemistry (icc), revealed nine distinct anatomical classes of neuron. 1. ventrolateral motoneurons with mainly dorsal dendrites, sometimes a descending central axon and peripheral axon innervating the trunk muscles. 2. dorsal primary sensory rohon-b ...19938099742
models of amphibian myogenesis - the case of bombina variegata.several different models of myogenesis describing early stages of amphibian paraxial myotomal myogenesis are known. myoblasts of xenopus laevis and hymenochirus boettgeri change their position from perpendicular to parallel, in relation to axial organs, and differentiate into mononucleate myotubes. in bombina variegate the myotomal myoblasts change their shape from round to elongate and then differentiate into mononuclear, morphologically mature myotubes. in pelobates fuscus and triturus vulgari ...201728287243
determination of antimicrobial and heavy metal resistance profiles of some bacteria isolated from aquatic amphibian and reptile species.the aim of the present study was to determine the level of antibiotic resistance patterns and distribution of heavy metal resistance of bacterial isolates from aquatic animals (lissotriton vulgaris, pelophylax ridibundus, emys orbicularis, mauremys rivulata, and natrix natrix) in turkey (kavak delta). a total of 153 bacteria have been successfully isolated from cloaca and oral samples of the aquatic amphibians and reptilians which were found, namely, aeromonas sp. (n = 29), plesiomonas sp. (n =  ...201423959346
the spinal cord supports of vertebrae in the crown-group salamanders (caudata, urodela).the development of spinal cord supports (bony thickenings which extend into the vertebral canal of vertebrae) in primitive (salamandrella keyserlingii) and derived (lissotriton vulgaris) salamanders were described. the spinal cord supports develop as the protuberances of periostal bone of the neural arches in the anteroproximal part of the septal collagenous fibers which connect a transverse myoseptum with the notochord and spinal cord, in the septal bundle inside the vertebral canal. spinal cor ...201222707352
plagitura intermedia sp. n. (trematoda: plagiorchiidae) from the common newt, notophthalmus viridescens viridescens. 19655857275
[studies on developmental cycle of astiotrema sp. parasitic in triturus vulgaris l. intestines]. 195813604213
amphibian skin microbiota exhibits temporal variation in community structure but stability of predicted bd-inhibitory function.host-associated microbiomes are increasingly recognized to contribute to host disease resistance; the temporal dynamics of their community structure and function, however, are poorly understood. we investigated the cutaneous bacterial communities of three newt species, ichthyosaura alpestris, lissotriton vulgaris and triturus cristatus, at approximately weekly intervals for 3 months using 16s ribosomal rna amplicon sequencing. we hypothesized cutaneous microbiota would vary across time, and that ...201728387770
mesodermalization of amphibian gastrula ectoderm in transfilter experiments.transfilter experiments were carried out with competent gastrula ectoderm of triturus vulgaris and ambystoma mexicanum as the reacting materials and blastoporal lip, alcohol-treated bone marrow and archenteron roof as the inducing materials, it was shown that a mesodermal inducing substance is able to penetrate nuclepore filters of different pore sizes (3.0, 1.0, 0.4, 0.2 micrometer). the degree of mesodermal differentiations depends on the reacting materials, the inductors and the filters which ...1978732366
distribution and homologies of subunits in the ldh isoenzyme pattern of urodeles.1. the subunit distribution and homologies of ldh isoenzymes are investigated in the species triturus vulgaris, cristatus, alpestris and helveticus, and ambystoma mexicanum by means of immunoprecipitation and starch gel electrophoresis. 2. fresh tissue extracts contain the following patterns: (a) trit. vulgaris--two isoenzymes: the m4 and h4 tetramers. no hybrid formation is observed between h and m subunits. (b) trit. cristatus--two isoenzymes: the m4 and h4 tetramers. occasional hybrid formati ...1978318283
[experimental studies on competence in early development of amphibian ectoderm].the inductive effect of lithium chloride was examined on isolated presumptive ectoderm from different developmental stages (16-32-cell stage up to the early middle gastrula stage) of triturus vulgaris and ambystoma mexicanum. the following results were obtained: 1. nearly the same temporal sequence of differentiation tendencies were found for treated ectoderm of comparable stages of ambystoma- and triturus ectoderm. the lithium treatment brought about mesodermal differentiations in the morula st ...196828304486
amphibian recovery after a decrease in acidic precipitation.we here report the first sign of amphibian recovery after a strong decline due to acidic precipitation over many decades and peaking around 1980-90. in 2010, the ph level of ponds and small lakes in two heavily acidified areas in southwestern scandinavia (aust-agder and østfold in norway) had risen significantly at an (arithmetic) average of 0.14 since 1988-89. parallel with the general rise in ph, amphibians (rana temporaria, r. arvalis, bufo bufo, lissotriton vulgaris, and triturus cristatus) ...201729164539
determination of the labyrinth in different amphibian species and its correlation with determination of the other ectoderm derivatives.the process of labyrinth determination has been studied in three urodelean and seven anuran species by means of homoplastic transplantation of ear region epidermis, defined as the piece of epidermal layer containing the material of the prospective ear vesicle (labyrinth rudiment). the ear region epidermis was grafted onto the abdominal wall of embryos of the same developmental stage. the earliest stage of operation resulting in ectopic ear vesicle formation was determined, suggesting the appeara ...199528305736
[the determination of ectodermal derivatives in various species of amphibia].the process of labyrinth determination has been studied in amphibians (three urodela and seven anura species) using homoplastic transplantation of ear ectoderm, containing labyrinth material onto the abdominal wall of embryos of the same stage of development. the stage of appearance of organ-specific properties in ear ectoderm was determined and the increase of these properties in the course of development was observed. the frequency of ear vesicles formation, the level of their differentiation ...20082717137
[photoreceptors and visual pigments in three species of newts].photoreceptor complement and retinal visual pigments in three newt (caudata, salamandridae, pleurodelinae) species (pleurodeles waltl, lissotriton (triturus) vulgaris and cynops orientalis) were studied by light mucroscopy and microspectrophotometry. retinas of all three species contain "red" (rhodopsin/porphyropsin) rods, large and small single cones, and double cones. large single cones and both components of double cones contain red-sensitive (presumably lws) visual pigment whose absorbance s ...201424459859
molecular genetic system for regenerative studies using newts.urodele newts have the remarkable capability of organ regeneration, and have been used as a unique experimental model for more than a century. however, the mechanisms underlying regulation of the regeneration are not well understood, and gene functions in particular remain largely unknown. to elucidate gene function in regeneration, molecular genetic analyses are very powerful. in particular, it is important to establish transgenic or knockout (mutant) lines, and systematically cross these lines ...201323305125
hematological- and neurological-expressed sequence 1 gene products in progenitor cells during newt retinal development.urodele amphibians such as japanese common newts have a remarkable ability to regenerate their injured neural retina, even as adults. we found that hematological- and neurological-expressed sequence 1 (hn1) gene was induced in depigmented retinal pigment epithelial (rpe) cells, and its expression was maintained at later stages of newt retinal regeneration. in this study, we investigated the distribution of the hn1 protein, the product of the hn1 gene, in the developing retinas. our immunohistoch ...201222719773
metamorphosis inhibition: an alternative rearing protocol for the newt, cynops pyrrhogaster.the newt is an indispensable model animal, of particular utility for regeneration studies. recently, a high-throughput transgenic protocol was established for the japanese common newt, cynops pyrrhogaster. for studies of regeneration, metamorphosed animals may be favorable; however, for this species, there is no efficient protocol for maintaining juveniles after metamorphosis in the laboratory. in these animals, survival drops drastically after metamorphosis as their foraging behaviour changes t ...201222559962
stathmin expression during newt retina regeneration.japanese common newts (cynops pyrrhogaster) have high ability to regenerate their injured organs including neural tissues, for example, the neural retina belonging to central nervous system. we attempted to clarify the molecular mechanism underlying the formation of a neural network during newt retina regeneration, and focused on the microtubule dynamics controlled by stathmin family proteins. stathmin is a small cytoplasmic phosphoprotein known to be a microtubule regulator. we isolated a clone ...200717707372
downregulation of otx2 in the dedifferentiated rpe cells of regenerating newt retina.cynops pyrrhogaster (the japanese common newt) regenerates neural retina from retinal pigmented epithelium (rpe) cells. otx2 is a transcription factor that is involved in rpe cell differentiation. to understand the role of otx2 during transdifferentiation of rpe cells, we cloned a cynops otx2 cdna, and explored its expression by rt-pcr, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. the expression of otx2 was compared with the localization of a proliferating cell marker (pcna), rpe cell markers ...200515763275
molecular basis of spectral tuning in the newt short wavelength sensitive visual pigment.previously we reported the sequence of the member of the short wavelength sensitive 2 (sws2) family of vertebrate visual pigments from the retina of the japanese common newt, cynops pyrrhogaster[takahashi, y. et al. (2001) febs lett. 501, 151-155]. now we have expressed the apopigment and regenerated it with a1 retinal. its absorption maximum, 474 nm, is greatly red shifted compared to other known sws2 pigments (418-455 nm). to determine the amino acid residues that control its spectral tuning, ...200312755604
opsin expression in adult, developing, and regenerating newt retinas.japanese common newts (cynops pyrrhogaster) have an ability to regenerate their neural retina even as adults. although extensive research has been carried out attempting to understand this retinal regeneration, the molecules characterized in newt retina are limited. we isolated cdnas encoding three putative opsins (cp-rh, -lws and -sws1), in addition to cp-sws2 [takahashi et al., febs lett. 501 (2001) 151-155] from a cdna library of adult newt retina. our immunohistochemical and in situ hybridiz ...200212106689
distribution of blue-sensitive photoreceptors in amphibian retinas.previously, we reported that an opsin (rc-ms) belonging to the sws2 group opsins is expressed in bullfrog green rods [hisatomi, o. et al., febs lett., 1999, 447, 44-48]. an anti-rc-ms antiserum recognized the cones of the japanese common newt, cynops pyrrhogaster, which has no green rods. we isolated a cdna encoding an sws2 group opsin (cp-sws2) from this newt and found that cp-sws2 is expressed in a small population of the cones. our results suggest that sws2 opsins can be expressed in either g ...200111470275
induction of ocular tumor by nickel subsulfide in the japanese common newt, cynops pyrrhogaster.chemically induced ocular tumors in amphibians have not been reported previously. in the present study, nickel subsulfide (ni3s2) was administered to lentectomized japanese common newts, cynops pyrrhogaster, by a single injection into the posterior chamber of the right eye (40-100 micrograms ni3s2/newt). control newts received a similar injection of vehicle. malignant melanoma-like tumors developed in the injected eyes of seven of eight ni3s2-treated newts at 9 months (versus none of six control ...19873621207
the photoreceptor cell in the pineal organ of the japanese common newt. 19827151960
costly neighbours: heterospecific competitive interactions increase metabolic rates in dominant species.the energy costs of self-maintenance (standard metabolic rate, smr) vary substantially among individuals within a population. despite the importance of smr for understanding life history strategies, ecological sources of smr variation remain only partially understood. stress-mediated increases in smr are common in subordinate individuals within a population, while the direction and magnitude of the smr shift induced by interspecific competitive interactions is largely unknown. using laboratory e ...201728701786
influence of temperature on female, embryonic and hatchling traits in syntopic newts, ichthyosaura alpestris and lissotriton vulgaris.amphibian populations have been declining globally for the last several decades, and climate change is often regarded as one of the most important factors driving these declines. amphibians are particularly sensitive to climatic changes due to their physiological, ecological and behavioral characteristics. here we performed a laboratory experiment to investigate how temperature affects ovipositing females, eggs and hatchlings in two syntopic populations of alpine newts, ichthyosaura alpestris, a ...201728010812
variation in winter metabolic reduction between sympatric amphibians.distribution and abundance of temperate ectotherms is determined, in part, by the depletion of their limited caloric reserves during wintering. the magnitude of winter energy drain depends on the species-specific capacity to seasonally modify the minimal maintenance costs. we examined seasonal variation of minimum oxygen consumption between two newt species, ichthyosaura alpestris and lissotriton vulgaris. oxygen consumption was measured in both species during their active season (daily temperat ...201627418441
expanding distribution of lethal amphibian fungus batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in europe.emerging fungal diseases can drive amphibian species to local extinction. during 2010-2016, we examined 1,921 urodeles in 3 european countries. presence of the chytrid fungus batrachochytrium salamandrivorans at new locations and in urodeles of different species expands the known geographic and host range of the fungus and underpins its imminent threat to biodiversity.201627070102
musculoskeletal architecture of the prey capture apparatus in salamandrid newts with multiphasic lifestyle: does anatomy change during the seasonal habitat switches?some newt species change seasonally between an aquatic and a terrestrial life as adults, and are therefore repeatedly faced with different physical circumstances that affect a wide range of functions of the organism. for example, it has been observed that seasonally habitat-changing newts display notable changes in skin texture and tail fin anatomy, allowing one to distinguish an aquatic and a terrestrial morphotype. one of the main functional challenges is the switch between efficient aquatic a ...201626892189
flexibility is everything: prey capture throughout the seasonal habitat switches in the smooth newt lissotriton vulgaris.transitions between aquatic and terrestrial habitats are significant steps in vertebrate evolution. due to the different biophysical demands on the whole organism in water and air, such transitions require major changes of many physiological functions, including feeding. accordingly, the capability to modulate the pre-programmed chain of prey-capture movements might be essential to maintain performance in a new environment. newts are of special interest in this regard as they show a multiphasic ...201726097413
can newts cope with the heat? disparate thermoregulatory strategies of two sympatric species in water.many ectotherms effectively reduce their exposure to low or high environmental temperatures using behavioral thermoregulation. in terrestrial ectotherms, thermoregulatory strategies range from accurate thermoregulation to thermoconformity according to the costs and limits of thermoregulation, while in aquatic taxa the quantification of behavioral thermoregulation have received limited attention. we examined thermoregulation in two sympatric newt species, ichthyosaura alpestris and lissotriton vu ...201525993482
females have larger ratio of second-to-fourth digits than males in four species of salamandridae, caudata.digit ratio (2d:4d) denotes the relative length of the second and fourth digits. it is considered to be a suitable biomarker of the in utero balance of fetal sex hormones, which affect early development of individuaĺs behavioral and morphological characteristics. in recent decades, digit ratio attracted a great attention in biology and psychology. however, for unmasking the biological basis of the phenomenon, extensive studies on non-human animals are necessary. despite it was hypothesized that ...201525704339
sperm morphology of salamandrids (amphibia, urodela): implications for phylogeny and fertilization biology.mature spermatozoa belonging to four salamander species, salamandrina terdigitata, triturus alpestris, triturus carnifex and triturus vulgaris, have been investigated by electron microscopy. the sperm ultrastructure of these species was compared with that of previously examined urodeles (36 species and 20 genera) and with that of anurans and caecilians. many phylogenetic considerations may be inferred as a consequence of comparative spermatology. urodela appears to be a monophyletic order charac ...199718627832
display lateralisation in the courtship behaviour of the alpine newt (triturus alpestris).among urodelan amphibians, european newts of the genus triturus have evolved a complex sequence of displays to the effect of stimulating the female to actively pick up the spermatophore deposited by the male. courtship is varied, with plenty of potential for asymmetric uses of tails and of asymmetric turns. the analysis of the temporal structure of the behavioural sequences showed that both males and females significantly utilise the same side during a single courtship sequence. moreover, if an ...200215513203
paedogenesis in european newts (triturus: salamandridae): cranial morphology during ontogeny.a cross-sectional analysis using different ontogenetic stages (larvae, juveniles, paedotypic, and metamorphic adults) of the smooth newt, triturus vulgaris, and the alpine newt, t.alpestris, revealed a broad spectrum of perennibranchiation influences on cranial ontogeny in european newts, more pronounced than previously thought. these influences included marked variation in ossification levels, pronounced morphometric variability of many cranial elements, and considerable skull shape changes in ...200010658197
thermal behaviour of a4 lactate dehydrogenase purified from the heterothermic and sympatric vertebrate species brook lamprey (lampetra planeri), tench (tenca tenca), smooth (triturus vulgaris) and alpine newt (triturus alpestris).1. the a4 lactate dehydrogenase isozyme was purified to homogeneity from the tissues of brook lamprey (lampetra planeri), tench (tenca tenca), smooth newt (triturus vulgaris) and alpine newt (t. alpestris). 2. these four species share their geographical distribution in the same freshwater habitats, often live together in the same station and two of them are congeneric. steady-state kinetic investigations have shown that: 3. km (apparent) for pyruvate vs. temperature and (apparent) product ki (py ...19892620488
the rejection of intra- and intersexual skin grafts in newts (triturus vulgaris and triturus alpestris). 1975764953
[diurnal rhythm in salamanders].1. the locomotor activity of european salamanders differs from species to species. at all stages of development triturus vulgaris is more light-active, salamandra salamandra is dark-active, while triturus alpestris and cristatus occupy an intermediate position. 2. the activity of the larvae is high but the rhythm is not very pronounced. triturus larvae are less dark-active than adults (fig. 2). 3. periodism disappears completely during metamorphosis but after some weeks of terrestrial life a diu ...197128313280
unraveling climate influences on the distribution of the parapatric newts lissotriton vulgaris meridionalis and l. italicus.climate is often considered as a key ecological factor limiting the capability of expansion of most species and the extent of suitable habitats. in this contribution, we implement species distribution models (sdms) to study two parapatric amphibians, lissotriton vulgaris meridionalis and l. italicus, investigating if and how climate has influenced their present and past (last glacial maximum and holocene) distributions. a database of 901 gps presence records was generated for the two newts. sdms ...201729255477
isolation and gene flow in a speciation continuum in newts.because reproductive isolation often evolves gradually, differentiating lineages may retain the potential for genetic exchange for prolonged periods, providing an opportunity to quantify and to understand the fundamental role of gene flow during speciation. here we delimit evolutionary lineages, reconstruct the phylogeny and infer gene flow in newts of the lissotriton vulgaris species complex based on 74 nuclear markers sampled from 127 localities. we demonstrate that distinct lineages along the ...201728797693
linkage map of lissotriton newts provides insight into the genetic basis of reproductive isolation.linkage maps are widely used to investigate structure, function, and evolution of genomes. in speciation research, maps facilitate the study of the genetic architecture of reproductive isolation by allowing identification of genomic regions underlying reduced fitness of hybrids. here we present a linkage map for european newts of the lissotriton vulgaris species complex, constructed using two families of f2 l. montandoni × l. vulgaris hybrids. the map consists of 1146 protein-coding genes on 12 ...201728500054
facilitating permeability of landscapes impacted by roads for protected amphibians: patterns of movement for the great crested newt.amphibian populations are highly vulnerable to road mortality and habitat fragmentation caused by road networks. wildlife road tunnels are considered the most promising road mitigation measure for amphibians yet generally remain inadequately monitored, resulting in mixed success rates in the short-term and uncertain conservation benefits in the long-term. we monitored a complex multi-tunnel and fence system over five years and investigated the impact of the scheme on movement patterns of two new ...201728265490
effects of a glyphosate-based herbicide and predation threat on the behaviour of agile frog tadpoles.the widespread application of pesticides emphasises the importance of understanding the impacts of these chemicals on natural communities. the most commonly applied broad-spectrum herbicides in the world are glyphosate-based herbicides, which have been suggested to induce significant behavioural changes in non-target organisms even at low environmental concentrations. to scrutinize the behavioural effects of herbicide-exposure we exposed agile frog (rana dalmatina) tadpoles in an outdoor mesocos ...201728242374
genetic characterization of a second novel picornavirus from an amphibian host, smooth newt (lissotriton vulgaris).in this study, a novel picornavirus was identified in faecal samples from smooth newts (lissotriton vulgaris). the complete genome of picornavirus strain newt/ii-5-pilis/2014/hun (kx463670) is 7755 nt long with type-iv ires and has 39.6% aa sequence identity in the protein p1 to the corresponding protein of bat picornavirus (kj641686, unassigned) and 42.7% and 53.5% aa sequence identity in the 2c and 3cd protein, respectively, to oscivirus (gu182410, genus oscivirus). interestingly, the l-protei ...201728005212
phenotypic flexibility of gape anatomy fine-tunes the aquatic prey-capture system of newts.a unique example of phenotypic flexibility of the oral apparatus is present in newts (salamandridae) that seasonally change between an aquatic and a terrestrial habitat. newts grow flaps of skin between their upper and lower jaws, the labial lobes, to partly close the corners of the mouth when they adopt an aquatic lifestyle during their breeding season. using hydrodynamic simulations based on μct-scans and cranial kinematics during prey-capture in the smooth newt (lissotriton vulgaris), we show ...201627383663
divergence history of the carpathian and smooth newts modelled in space and time.information about demographic history is essential for the understanding of the processes of divergence and speciation. patterns of genetic variation within and between closely related species provide insights into the history of their interactions. here, we investigated historical demography and genetic exchange between the carpathian (lissotriton montandoni, lm) and smooth (l. vulgaris, lv) newts. we combine an extensive geographical sampling and multilocus nuclear sequence data with the appro ...201627288862
uv wavelengths experienced during development affect larval newt visual sensitivity and predation efficiency.we experimentally investigated the influence of developmental plasticity of ultraviolet (uv) visual sensitivity on predation efficiency of the larval smooth newt, lissotriton vulgaris. we quantified expression of sws1 opsin gene (uv-sensitive protein of photoreceptor cells) in the retinas of individuals who had developed in the presence (uv+) or absence (uv-) of uv light (developmental treatments), and tested their predation efficiency under uv+ and uv- light (testing treatments). we found that ...201626843556
i environmental dna sampling is more sensitive than a traditional survey technique for detecting an aquatic invader.effective management of alien species requires detecting populations in the early stages of invasion. environmental dna (edna) sampling can detect aquatic species at relatively low densities, but few studies have directly compared detection probabilities of edna sampling with those of traditional sampling methods. we compare the ability of a traditional sampling technique (bottle trapping) and edna to detect a recently established invader, the smooth newt lissotriton vulgaris vulgaris, at seven ...201526591459
context-dependent plastic response during egg-laying in a widespread newt species.previous research on predator-induced phenotypic plasticity mostly focused on responses in morphology, developmental time and/or behaviour during early life stages, but the potential significance of anticipatory parental responses has been investigated less often. in this study i examined behavioural and maternal responses of gravid female smooth newts, lissotriton vulgaris, in the presence of chemical cues originating from invertebrate predators, acilius sulcatus water beetles and aeshna cyanea ...201526291328
a highly divergent picornavirus in an amphibian, the smooth newt (lissotriton vulgaris).genetically highly divergent picornavirus (newt/2013/hun, kp770140) was detected using viral metagenomics in faecal samples of free-living smooth newts (lissotriton vulgaris). newt picornavirus was identified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) in six (25 %) of the 24 samples originating from individuals caught in two out of the six investigated natural ponds in hungary. the first picornavirus in amphibians expands the host range of members of the picornaviridae, and open ...201526018961
long-term observation of amphibian populations inhabiting urban and forested areas in yekaterinburg, russia.this article presents data derived from a 36 year-long uninterrupted observational study of amphibian populations living in the city and vicinity of yekaterinburg, russia. this area is inhabited by six amphibian species. based on a degree of anthropogenic transformation, the urban territory is divided into five highly mosaic zones characterized by vegetation, temperature, and a distinctive water pollution profile. population data is presented year-by-year for the number of animals, sex ratio, an ...201525984350
comprehensive dna barcoding of the herpetofauna of germany.we present the first comprehensive dna barcoding study of german reptiles and amphibians representing likewise the first on the european herpetofauna. a total of 248 barcodes for all native species and subspecies in the country and a few additional taxa were obtained in the framework of the projects 'barcoding fauna bavarica' (bfb) and 'german barcode of life' (gbol). in contrast to many invertebrate groups, the success rate of the identification of mitochondrial lineages representing species vi ...201625892157
the distribution and taxonomy of lissotriton newts in turkey (amphibia, salamandridae).two and perhaps three taxa of lissotriton newt occur in turkey. their species status is controversial. the distribution of these taxa and the taxonomic status of each are reviewed and discussed. a database of 128 turkish lissotriton localities was compiled and species distribution models were constructed. we reiterate that the presence of lissotriton (vulgaris) lantzi in turkey is disputed and needs confirmation. the range of lissotriton (vulgaris) kosswigi is restricted to north-western anatoli ...201525829839
no observable effect of a glyphosate-based herbicide on two top predators of temporal water bodies.it has been implied that the application of pesticides is involved in the world-wide decline of biodiversity, but little is known about the influence of these chemicals on key predators of temporary wetlands. the direct impacts were examined of a frequently applied glyphosate-based herbicide on larval aeshna cyanea (müller, 1764; odonata, insecta) and adult male lissotriton vulgaris (linnaeus, 1758; caudata, amphibia), 2 top predators of central european ephemeral ponds. the effects of herbicide ...201525378294
single nucleotide polymorphisms reveal genetic structuring of the carpathian newt and provide evidence of interspecific gene flow in the nuclear genome.genetic variation within species is commonly structured in a hierarchical manner which may result from superimposition of processes acting at different spatial and temporal scales. in organisms of limited dispersal ability, signatures of past subdivision are detectable for a long time. studies of contemporary genetic structure in such taxa inform about the history of isolation, range changes and local admixture resulting from geographically restricted hybridization with related species. here we ...201424820116
cloacal anatomy of the male carpathian newt, lissotriton montandoni (amphibia, salamandridae), in the breeding season.this study presents the first light microscopy-based description of the cloacal anatomy of male carpathian newts (lissotriton montandoni). this european newt species hybridizes with its sister species, the smooth newt (l. vulgaris), despite a high level of prezygotic isolation. the goal of the study was to ascertain possible anatomical differences in cloacal anatomy, especially pheromone and spermatophore producing glands, which might potentially affect reproductive isolation between l. montando ...201324004081
similar local and landscape processes affect both a common and a rare newt species.although rare species are often the focus of conservation measures, more common species may experience similar decline and suffer from the same threatening processes. we tested this hypothesis by examining, through an information-theoretic approach, the importance of ecological processes at multiple scales in the great crested newt triturus cristatus, regionally endangered and protected in europe, and the more common smooth newt, lissotriton vulgaris. both species were similarly affected by the ...201323658765
no evidence for nuclear introgression despite complete mtdna replacement in the carpathian newt (lissotriton montandoni).patterns of interspecific introgression may vary geographically, and the distribution of introgressed variants can yield insight into the historical dynamics of genetic interactions between hybridizing species. urodele amphibians, often characterized by limited mobility, deep intraspecific genetic structuring and vulnerability to climatic changes, constitute suitable models for such historical inferences. here, we combine an extensive survey of the mitochondrial (mtdna) and nuclear (15 microsate ...201323379646
asymmetric female preferences for courtship pheromones in two closely-related newt species, the smooth newt (lissotriton vulgaris) and the carpathian newt (l. montandoni) (salamandridae).the smooth (lissotriton vulgaris) and carpathian (l. montandoni) newts are sister species. these are separated by a moderate genetic distance, but exhibit striking morphological differences, especially in male epigamic traits. in the areas where they co-occur, they readily mate with each other and produce viable hybrids. however, a high level of pre-zygotic isolation with an unknown behavioral basis has been reported. the complex courtship of newts consists of at least three types of modality: c ...201222639810
male attractiveness is influenced by uv wavelengths in a newt species but not in its close relative.functional communication in the uv range has been reported in invertebrates and all major groups of vertebrates but amphibians. although perception in this wavelength range has been shown in a few species, uv signalling has not been demonstrated in this group. one reason may be that in lentic freshwater habitats, litter decomposition generates dissolved organic carbon that absorbs uv radiation and thus hinders its use for visual signalling. we tested the effect of male uv characteristics on fema ...201222272342
new(t)s and views from hybridizing mhc genes: introgression rather than trans-species polymorphism may shape allelic repertoires.one of the key features of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genes is the frequent occurrence of trans-species polymorphism, that is 'the passage of allelic lineages from ancestral to descendant species' (klein et al. 2007). selectively maintained ancestral polymorphism may, however, be hard to distinguish from introgression of mhc alleles between hybridizing species (fig. 1). in this issue of molecular ecology, nadachowska-brzyska et al. (2012) present data that suggest that the latter can ...201222268859
interspecific hybridization increases mhc class ii diversity in two sister species of newts.our understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms generating variation within the highly polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genes remains incomplete. assessing mhc variation across multiple populations, of recent and ancient divergence, may facilitate understanding of geographical and temporal aspects of variation. here, we applied 454 sequencing to perform a large-scale, comprehensive analysis of mhc class ii in the closely related, hybridizing newts, lissotriton vulgaris (lv) an ...201222066802
widespread introgression does not leak into allotopy in a broad sympatric zone.species that overlap over a large part of their range and habitat requirements are challenging for the study of speciation and hybridization. in this respect, the study of broadscale introgressive hybridization has raised recent interest. here we studied hybridization between two closely related amphibians lissotriton helveticus and lissotriton vulgaris that reproduce over a wide sympatric zone. we used mitochondrial and microsatellite markers on 1272 individuals in 37 sites over europe to detec ...201121081968
golf courses and wetland fauna.golf courses are often considered to be chemical-intensive ecosystems with negative impacts on fauna. here we provide evidence that golf courses can contribute to the support and conservation of wetland fauna, i.e., amphibians and macroinvertebrates. comparisons of amphibian occurrence, diversity of macroinvetebrates, and occurrence of species of conservation concern were made between permanent freshwater ponds surveyed on golf courses around sweden's capital city, stockholm, and off-course pond ...200919769096
a case of reproductive character displacement in female palmate newts (lissotriton helveticus).reproductive character displacement is commonly described as larger phenotypic differences between species living in sympatry rather than in allopatry. we investigated this phenomenon on two amphibians found in their contact zone where syntopic and allotopic sites alternate. to test the effect of syntopy with lissotriton vulgaris on the lissotriton helveticus phenotype, we studied the morphology of adult males and females while controlling for environmental factors (i.e. land use and flood risk) ...200919520318
new polymorphic microsatellite loci for the greek smooth newt, lissotriton vulgaris graecus, and their utility in the nominotypical subspecies.eight polymorphic microsatellites were isolated from the greek smooth newt (lissotriton vulgaris graecus) using a microsatellite enrichment protocol and selective hybridization with a biotinylated (ac)(11) probe. the loci showed different variation patterns in a single breeding population (32 individuals) with mean number of alleles at 5.0 and mean observed heterozygosity at 0.520. the amplification success also in the nominotypical subspecies favours the use of these microsatellite loci in popu ...200921564630
multiple sex pheromone genes are expressed in the abdominal glands of the smooth newt (lissotriton vulgaris) and montandon's newt (l. montandoni) (salamandridae).the smooth newt (lissotriton "triturus" vulgaris) and montandon's newt (l."t." montandoni) are sister species exhibiting pronounced differences in male secondary sexual traits but nevertheless hybridizing and producing fertile hybrids in nature. since pheromonal communication is an important aspect of the reproductive biology of urodeles, structural differentiation of peptide pheromones and their receptors may contribute to incipient reproductive isolation. the aim of the study was the identific ...200818624569
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