| the micro-organisms of tsetse flies. | micro-organisms from tsetse fly mycetomes were maintained in culture, where they were more pleomorphic than in the mycetomes, but were in some cases very similar to those observed in ovaries by other authors. agglutination tests on the cultured forms indicated in affinity to rickettsia. they were sensitive to antibiotics introduced by feeding flies on hosts treated with ampicillin; this reduced the longevity and fecundity of the tsetse flies and appeared to disturb normal digestion of bloodmeals ... | 1975 | 1986 |
| development of trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei in glossina morsitans inoculated into the tsetse haemocoel. | classically, infective development of trypanosoma (trypanozoon) brucei in tsetse flies is thought to take the route crop-midgut-hindgut proventriculus-hypopharynx-salivary gland, where the parasites reach their infective phase. it has been shown experimentally that t. (t.) brucei is capable of developing up to the infective stage in g. morsitans following inoculation of bloodstream form trypanosomes into the haemocoel. the rabbit on which flies were maintained became infected 18 days after expos ... | 1976 | 8974 |
| physiology of an atp receptor in labellar sensilla of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westw. (diptera: glossinidae). | electrophysiological recordings have been made from cells in the eight large, labellar sensilla of g. morsitans. one of these cells in each sensillum was shown to respond to atp over a concentration range of 10(-6)-10(-3) m. it was also sensitive to several other adenosine phophates, but much less sensitive to ctp, gtp and itp. the activity of the receptor was depressed below ph 7, and sometimes considerably increased above ph 9. these aspects the receptor's physiology support the results of beh ... | 1976 | 11268 |
| human sleeping sickness in the gboko endemic area of nigeria. | human infection with trypanosoma gambiense in the gboko endemic area was first reported in may, 1974 although t. gambiense sleeping sickness had been present there since the turn of the century. the disease is associated with the presence of the tsetse glossina tachinoides and glossina palpalis which is plentiful and widespread throughout the division as well as in thickets along the streams in the area. no successful attempt has been made to control the tsetse vector in the division. the incide ... | 1976 | 13637 |
| salivary secretion in wild glossina pallidipes austen. (diptera, glossinidae). | the salivation behaviour of wild g. pallidipes obtained from lambwe valley and kbwezi was studied. salivation was measured by counting the number of salivary drops secreted per minute and measuring the sizes of the stained saliva after drawing them with a camera lucida. the results confirmed observations obtained from laboratory bred flies. the quantity of saliva secreted by tsetse flies was significantly increased as the flies became hungrier. the proportion of flies salivating also increased w ... | 1976 | 14492 |
| maintenance of glossina palpalis fed through bat's wing membrane on defibrinated blood. | teneral laboratory-bred glossina palpalis flies were successfully fed through bat's wing membrane on defibrinated blood by means of a technique developed in this laboratory. using this technique almost 100% of the flies engorged blood through the membrane. ten to fifteen flies were kept in standard 'geigy 10' or 'geigy 15' cages and records were kept of mortality and the weights of the pupae produced; over 78% of the flies were still after 60 days of the experiment. over 75% of the membrane-fed ... | 1977 | 23654 |
| fluctuations in numbers and eventual collapse of a glossina palpalis (r.-d.) population in anara forest reserve of nigeria. | | 1978 | 31779 |
| studies on trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense ii. observations on the cyclical transmission of three field isolates by glossina morsitans morsitans. | teneral flies of glossina morsitans morsitans were fed on mice infected with cloned and uncloned derivatives of three recent field isolates of trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense. flies with mature infections were identified by the warm-slide probe method and phase-contrast microscopy. high infection rates were achieved when such flies were fed on mice at peak parasitaemia. the infection rates were low when flies were fed on mice prior to or late after peak parasitaemia. the duration of the deve ... | 1978 | 32753 |
| the feeding habits and ecology of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead in relation to nagana transmission in the gambia. | the source of blood meals from 174 fed glossina morsitans submorsitans newstead, captured in malaise traps in savanna woodland in the gambia, were identified by the precipitin test. warthog accounted for 90% of the meals and single bushbuck and ox feeds were identified. nagana is a major problem in the area, but contact between tsetse and livestock is reduced by restricted grazing. in this situation, warthog, with a ubiquitous distribution, appear to be major maintenance hosts for g. m. submorsi ... | 1979 | 35933 |
| the endosymbionts of glossina morsitans and g. palpalis: cultivation experiments and some physiological properties. | pyruvate, malate, and succinate are the main substrates for bacteroid respiration; oxygen uptake can be inhibited by rotenone and antimycin a, but not by cyanide. the symbionts displayed limited growth and survival for over 80 days in a medium with succinate and pyruvate as main substrates, and supplemented with nucleotides. it was not possible to cultivate the endosymbionts of g. morsitans and g. palpalis intracellularly in cell cultures of the tsetse fly or of vertebrates. a high attraction be ... | 1979 | 43084 |
| [effect of bacterial infections and antibiotics on tsetse flies (diptera, glossinidae) (author's transl)]. | the membrane feeding technique (in vitro feeding) used for the rearing of tsetse flies has advantages over the conventional method of feeding the flies on host animals. however, as long as blood remains the sole source of tsetse fly nutrition, the risk remains of blood being contaminated during collection, storage or feeding with bacteria pathogenic to the flies. the resulting high mortality of the tsetse flies endangers the success of this rearing. the experiments described here have shown that ... | 1979 | 44947 |
| antigenic analysis by agglutination of trypanosoma brucei brucei parasitemias initiated in mice with in vitro-produced metacyclics. | trypanosomes from 14 first-peak parasitemias initiated in mice by injection of in vitro-produced metacyclics were stabilated. strains derived from these stabilates were analyzed for their antigenic composition by cross-agglutination with immune sera produced in rabbits against 12 of the stabilates. the antigenic composition of the 14 stabilates was compared also with two first-peak parasitemias from mice inoculated with fly-derived metacyclics, the variant-specific antigen of the strain used to ... | 1979 | 86245 |
| trypanosoma theileri: in vitro cultivation in tsetse fly and vertebrate cell culture systems. | | 1979 | 120349 |
| active transport of sodium by the malpighian tubules of the tsetse fly glossian morsitans. | isolated malpighian tubules of glossina morsitans are able to transport sodium against its concentration gradient. their rate of secretion is dependent on the sodium concentration of the bathing medium. potassium must be present in the bathing solution for rapid secretion to be maintained, but it does not play an active role in fluid secretion. lithium and ammonium ions are able to substitute partially for sodium, other monovalent cations cannot. ouabain does not affect rapid secretion by glossi ... | 1976 | 180227 |
| cyclic amp is a likely mediator of ovulation in the tsetse fly. | ovulation in tsetse flies is normally induced by mating, but virgins can be stimulated to ovulate with an injection of dibutyryl cyclic amp, cholera toxin (a cyclic amp generator), or aminophylline (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor). thus, elevation of cyclic amp is a likely link in the events leading to ovulation. | 1978 | 216570 |
| [tsetse fly distribution in the north of the ivory coast]. | | 1978 | 232290 |
| pathogen transmission in relation to feeding and digestion by haematophagous arthropods. | the blood feeding habit, especially among opportunist feeders such as tabanids and stomoxys is known to result in transmission of diseases for which the vectors are not the obligate or alternate hosts. thus, mechanical transmission of trypanosomes such as t. vivax can occur in cattle herds outside tsetse fly areas where tabanids are actively feeding. in the case of yaws, mechanical transmission of the spirochaetes by eye flies (hippelates pallipes) in the west indies is thought to be most likely ... | 1975 | 240257 |
| phospholipases of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans. | | 1978 | 299642 |
| trypanosoma brucei: in vitro propagation of metacyclic forms derived from the salivary glands of glossina morsitans. | 1 metacyclic forms of trypanosoma brucei obtained from the salivary glands of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans have been cultured for the first time in their infective forms for more than 200 days in continuous culture. the parasites were grown at 25 c and 30 c on a bovine embryonic spleen (besp) feeder layer in buffered rpmi 1640 medium supplemented with 20% heat-inactivated bovine fetal serum (bfs) and 5% lactalbumin hydrolysate. initial growth rate was enhanced when normal, noninfected, sal ... | 1979 | 512767 |
| [effects of drugs given to the rabbit feeding host on glossina palpalis gambiensis. 1]. | | 1979 | 523727 |
| infectivity of trypanosoma brucei cultivated at 28 c with tsetse fly salivary glands. | when transformed procyclic noninfective trypanosomes of several unrelated stocks of trypanosoma brucei were cultivated in t-30 falcon flasks at 28 c in a liquid medium containing head-salivary gland explants of glossina morsitans morsitans some of the organisms developed into forms infective for mice. infective trypanosomes were detected 7 to 14 days after the cultures were prepared and they persisted for varying periods of up to 88 days when the cultures were terminated. a few of the salivary g ... | 1979 | 536931 |
| [effect of drugs given to the feeding host (rabbit) on glossina palpalis gambiensis. part two]. | | 1979 | 554283 |
| [report on the 4 years' maintenance of a colony of glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank 1949 (diptera, muscidae) reared on rabbit and guinea pig hosts]. | | 1979 | 555005 |
| [breeding of glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank, 1949 (diptera, muscidae) at bobo-dioulasso (upper volta)]. | | 1977 | 560713 |
| [attempted determination of the optimal radiation dosage for male glossina palpalis gambiensis (vanderplank, 1949) from the aspect of biological control by release of sterile males in the region of bobo-dioulasso (upper volta)]. | | 1977 | 565070 |
| tsetse fly reactions to light and humidity gradients. | tsetse flies are positively phototactic below about 30 degree c and negatively phototactic above it. the flies show a preference for the wet end of a humidity gradient and the bright end of a dorsal light intensity gradient. studies of activity levels indicate that tsetse flies should aggregate in damp situations where the activity levels is minimal, whereas in practice the flies are distributed throughout the whole of gradient. analyses of the water and fat content of experimental flies indicat ... | 1979 | 570508 |
| [field trial of genetic control by sterile male release: longevity and dispersion of irradiated males of glossina palpalis gambiensis (upper volta)]. | | 1979 | 575474 |
| [the impact of releasing sterilized males on the ratio of 2 wild fly populations of glossina palpalis gambiensis in upper volta (black volta sources)]. | | 1978 | 575569 |
| first tsetse fly transmission of the "antat" serodeme of trypanosoma brucei. | | 1977 | 610616 |
| a microscopical study of the innervation of flight muscles in the tsetse fly. | the gross morphology of the nervous system supplying the dorsal longitudinal flight muscles of tsetse flies is described. electron microscopical investigation of the nerves reveals that the dorsal longitudinal muscles are innervated by branches from four main axons. a detailed description of the neuromuscular junctions in the flight muscle is presented. | 1978 | 619162 |
| antigenic variation in trypanosomes. | in its mammalian host, trypanosoma brucei is able to change the antigenic character of its glycoprotein surface coat and so evade the host's immune response. this phenotypic change seems to occur spontaneously in 1 in 10,000 individuals but is not due to genetic mutation: host antibody is not necessary for its induction but plays a selective part in bringing about the gross changes in parasite numbers and antigenic character observed in the bloodstream by destroying the main component of what is ... | 1978 | 661969 |
| sex pheromone of the tsetse fly: isolation, identification, and synthesis of contact aphrodisiacs. | sex pheromones isolated from the cuticle of the female tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans westwood, release mating behavior in the male fly at ultrashort range or upon contact with baited decoys. three active components were identified as 15,19-dimethylheptatriacontane, 17,21-dimethylheptatriacontane, and 15,19,23-trimethylheptatriacontane. chemical and biological comparisons show that the natural and synthetic compounds are identical. | 1978 | 675256 |
| investigations on the prevalence of trypanosome carriers and the antibody response in wildlife in northern botswana. | 605 buffalo, 60 lechwe, 23 kudu, 23 impala, 15 tsessebe, 22 sable and two reedbuck from northern botswana were examined for trypanosome infections by serological and/or parasitological means. the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat), the haematocrit centrifugation technique (hct) and rodent subinoculation were used. the overall prevalence of patent infection with trypanosomes in buffalo, lechwe and reedbuck was 15,7%. in the case of buffalo and lechwe it was possible to classify their origi ... | 1978 | 675844 |
| in vitro feeding in the rearing of tsetse flies (glossina m. morsitans and g.p. palpalis, diptera: glossinidae). | the increasing demand for laboratory reared tsetse flies for research and biological control makes it necessary to develop effective and standardized tsetse fly feeding methods without using live animals for the daily blood uptake. the in vitro feeding technique, described in this paper, has been used for rearing g. m. morsitans by feeding them defibrinated equine blood through a silicone membrane. the results obtained for female longevity and productivity and mean weight of puparia are satisfac ... | 1978 | 675846 |
| effect of gamma radiation on the tsetse fly, glossina palpalis palpalis (rob.-desv.) (diptera, glossinidae) with observations on the reproductive biology. | | 1978 | 753787 |
| [effect of limited temperature variations and relative humidity on the duration of the pupal stage of glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank, 1949 bred at the bobo-dioulasso laboratory (upper volta)]. | | 1978 | 757713 |
| maternal nutritive secretions as possible channels for vertical transmission of microorganisms in insects: the tsetse fly example. | | 1975 | 801109 |
| sumbionts in the female tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. | a rickettsia-like symbiont, located in the ovaries of g. m. morsitans is maternally transmitted to the offspring via the egg. it is suggested that they may be essential for normal ovarian development. | 1975 | 806465 |
| the effects of dietary sodium and potassium on rapid diuresis in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans. | | 1977 | 858930 |
| the role of laboratory testing of insecticides for tsetse-fly control. | | 1977 | 860315 |
| hormonal growth stimulation and inhibition of pupal cells of the tsetse fly, glossina m. morsitans, in vitro. | | 1977 | 865642 |
| [rearing of glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank, 1949 (diptera-muscidae) at maisons-alfort]. | | 1976 | 959623 |
| digestive processes of haematophagous insects. xi. partial purification and some properties of six proteolytic enzymes from the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans westwood (diptera: glossinidae). | | 1976 | 991018 |
| fluid secretion by the malpighian tubules of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans: the effects of ouabain, ethacrynic acid and amiloride. | the effects of three inhibitors of sodium transport on the secretion of fluid by the malpighian tubules of glossina morsitans have been observed. the cardiac glycoside, ouabain, affects neither the rate of secretion nor the sodium concentration of the fluid secreted when isolated tubules are bathed by solutions containing a range of sodium and potassium concentrations. secretion is inhibited, however, by ethacrynic acid and amiloride. the results confirm that fluid secretion by the malpighian tu ... | 1976 | 1003084 |
| [ecology of glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank, 1949]. | | 1976 | 1013476 |
| micro-organisms in the midgut of tsetse fly larvae. | two types of micro-organisms were found in the midgut of glossina morsitans larvae, a large gram-negative bacterial rod and a small gram-negative rickettsia-like micro-organism, although the occurrence of the rickettsial type is restricted. the location of these micro-organisms in a small area of the proventriculus of all three larval instars is discussed. the large micro-organisms resemble milk-gland bacteria, and further evidence is presented in support of a milk transmission hypothesis for th ... | 1976 | 1031837 |
| [preliminary attempt at the release of male sterile glossina palpalis gambiensis (upper volta)]. | | 1976 | 1035431 |
| sex recognition pheromone in tsetse fly glossina morsitans. | | 1975 | 1113875 |
| 'hunger' in the tsetse fly: the nutritional correlates of behaviour. | | 1975 | 1127248 |
| sound production in the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans. | | 1975 | 1133267 |
| tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans produces ultrasound related to behavior. | the spectrum of the sounds produced by the tsetse fly glossina morsitans morsitans extends to above 80 khz and the energy distribution between 20 and 70 khz is related to behavior. | 1975 | 1140314 |
| temperature receptors on tarsi of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans west. | | 1975 | 1143318 |
| structural modulations in the tsetse fly milk gland during a pregnancy cycle. | gross ultrastructural and histochemical details of the integumental milk glands of the tsetse fly glossina morsitans have been examined during the pregnancy cycle. structural evidence for protein secretion is found between days 3-8 of the nine-day cycle: termination of activity is completed on the day of parturition. onset of lactation is synchronized with the eclosion of the first instar larva. the changes in cell volume (notably in the extracellular reservoir) occurring throughout the pregnanc ... | 1975 | 1145609 |
| inhibition of diuresis in the tsetse fly (glossina morsitans) by ouabain and acetazolamide. | acetazolamide and ouabain, metabolic inhibitors which interfere with certain membrane transport systems, reduce the rate of water elimination by male glossina morsitans morsitans. the results suggest that water is transported across membranes during diuresis and that a ouabain sensitive na+k+atpase and an acetazolamide-sensitive carbonic anhydrase are involved in diuresis. | 1975 | 1157860 |
| the use of "fast" neutrons and gamma radiation to sterilize the tsetse fly glossina tachinoides westw. | | 1975 | 1184212 |
| diuresis in the tsetse fly glossina austeni. | after taking a blood meal, the tsetse fly glossina austeni excretes the excess water and salts of the meal in approximately 30 min. during this period a volume of fluid equivalent to 80% of the unfed weight of the fly passes through the haemolymph, whose composition nevertheless remains almost constant. the fluid excreted has a higher sodium and lower potassium concentration than the haemolymph, indicating that sodium may be the prime mover in urine formation in glossina. | 1975 | 1202130 |
| the control of diuresis in the tsetse fly glossina austeni: a preliminary investigation of the diuretic hormone. | the rate of secretion of the malpighian tubules of glossina austeni is controlled by a diuretic hormone. this hormone is present in the nervous tissue of the fly together with a degradative enzyme that can be activated by boiling. it is demonstrated that the malpighian tubules are able to destroy the diuretic hormone; they may therefore participate in the control of diuresis. the diuretic hormone appears to be a heat-stable, non-dialysable, alcohol-soluble molecule, containing amino acid, glucos ... | 1975 | 1202131 |
| atp reception by the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans west. | | 1976 | 1269607 |
| modelling trypanosomiasis prevalence and periodic epidemics and epizootics. | existing mathematical models of trypanosomiasis epidemiology and epizootiology are extended by including some relevant biology of the disease vector, the tsetse fly. rickettsia-like organisms, or rlo, are a vertically transmitted symbiont of tsetse, which confer an increased susceptibility to trypanosomiasis infection. tsetse populations are also limited by density-dependent starvation. modelling leads to the prediction of a stable dimorphism with a fraction of tsetse possessing rlo. the equilib ... | 1992 | 1302761 |
| genetic variability in the social bee lasioglossum marginatum and a cryptic undescribed sibling species, as detected by dna fingerprinting and allozyme electrophoresis. | dna fingerprints (dnafp) were obtained for three widely separated samples of bee related to lasioglossum marginatum using the m13 sequence as a probe. bee samples were obtained from france (three localities separated by at most 20 km), greece and india. all european populations exhibited almost identical profiles with similarity indices (s) of over 98% within a french sample, 94% among greek bees and 90% between greek and french bees. the dnafp profiles of indian bees showed more polymorphism (i ... | 1992 | 1343781 |
| a light and electron microscopic study of changes in blood and bone marrow in acute hemorrhagic trypanosoma vivax infection in calves. | eleven 6-month-old calves were tsetse fly challenged with a stock of trypanosoma vivax (il 2337) that causes hemorrhagic infection. the calves were randomly euthanatized every 4 to 6 days; two other calves served as controls. peripheral blood changes included anemia, thrombocytopenia, and an initial leukopenia. later in the course of infection, leukocytosis associated with lymphocytosis and neutropenia developed. moderate reticulocytosis (highest mean count 3.6 +/- 3.7%, maximum count 9.4%) acco ... | 1992 | 1348380 |
| glossina fuscipes fuscipes and glossina palpalis palpalis as joint vectors of sleeping sickness in the focus of nola-bilolo in the central african republic. | | 1992 | 1354934 |
| suppression of t-cell responsiveness during tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis in cattle. | in the present study, we demonstrate that lymph node cells from cattle infected with t. congolense through tsetse fly challenge were unable to proliferate in vitro following activation with the t-cell mitogen concanavalin a. this was associated with a simultaneous suppression of interleukin 2 (il-2) production and interleukin 2 receptor (il-2r) expression. however, the capacity of the cells to secrete interferon gamma following the mitogenic activation was not affected by the infection. | 1992 | 1355308 |
| development of multiple drug resistance of trypanosoma congolense in zebu cattle under high natural tsetse fly challenge in the pastoral zone of samorogouan, burkina faso. | preliminary data from an ongoing epidemiological survey in the pastoral zone of samorogouan (kénédougou) indicate the occurrence of multiple-drug-resistant trypanosoma congolense. despite frequent trypanocidal drug treatments with diminazene aceturate (berenil, hoechst) at 7 mg/kg body weight (bw) at intervals of 2 to 4 weeks, no significant drop in the prevalence of african animal trypanosomosis (aat) was observed. to examine a suspected drug resistance, 20 zebu cattle, naturally infected with ... | 1992 | 1359750 |
| molecular biology of african trypanosomes: development of new strategies to combat an old disease. | african trypanosomes are protozoan parasites that cause a number of diseases of man and domesticated animals in large regions of sub-saharan africa. the diseases have proven to be particularly difficult to prevent or to effectively treat due to features of both the trypanosome and the insect vector, the tsetse fly. the habitat of the tsetse and its resistance to insecticides have rendered vector control efforts ineffective. attempts to develop a vaccine against the african trypanosomes has been ... | 1992 | 1373267 |
| inhibitory effect of trypanosoma brucei brucei on glossina morsitans midgut trypsin in vitro. | the ability of trypanosoma brucei brucei to inhibit trypsin or trypsin-like enzymes in crude midgut homogenates of glossina morsitans morsitans was studied in vitro. the isolated parasites caused a concentration-dependent decrease in midgut trypsin activity. furthermore, trypanosomes lysed by repeated freeze-thawing had a similar effect on trypsin activity. in both cases, the inhibition by either intact or lysed parasites was partial as revealed by dixon plots. similarly, trypanosome membrane pr ... | 1992 | 1409526 |
| sensitive detection of trypanosomes in tsetse flies by dna amplification. | african trypanosome species were identified using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) by targeting repetitive dna for amplification. using oligonucleotide primers designed to anneal specifically to the satellite dna monomer of each species/subgroup, we were able to accurately identify trypanosoma simiae, three subgroups of t. congolense, t. brucei and t. vivax. the assay was sensitive and specific, detecting one trypanosome unequivocally and showing no reaction with non-target trypanosome dna or ... | 1992 | 1459784 |
| characterization by isoenzyme electrophoresis of trypanozoon stocks from sleeping sickness endemic areas of south-east uganda. | an epidemic of sleeping sickness, which started in 1976 in a focus within the county of luuka in central busoga, has spread to cover the three districts of busoga and large parts of the neighbouring districts of tororo and mukono. forty-three isolates of the subgenus trypanozoon from busoga and tororo (27 from man, 9 from cows, 2 from pigs and 5 from tsetse flies) were compared by thin-layer starch-gel electrophoresis for seven enzymes. thirty zymodemes were identified; 17 of them were found cir ... | 1992 | 1464150 |
| proline transport by tsetse fly glossina morsitans flight muscle mitochondria. | 1. proline accumulation by tsetse fly glossina morsitans flight muscle mitochondria was studied in vitro by the swelling technique and direct measurement of (u-14c) proline. 2. proline transport was inhibited by the uncharged liposoluble -sh reagent, n-ethylmaleimide but not by ionic reagent, mersalyl, suggesting that the -sh groups involved in the transport of proline are located in a hydrophobic part of the membrane or on the matrix side of the membrane. 3. the kinetic study of proline accumul ... | 1992 | 1499295 |
| isolation and properties of 600-kda and 23-kda haemolymph proteins from the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans: their possible role as biological insecticides. | the haemolymph of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, contains a high (lipophorin) and a low molecular weight protein of high densities, 1.11 and 1.29 g/ml, respectively. the purification of the proteins was achieved by a combination of density gradient ultracentrifugation and reported gel permeation chromatography. the lipophorin is of high molecular weight (m(r) integral of 600,000) and consists of two apoproteins, apolipophorin i (m(r) integral of 250,000) and apolipophorin ii (m(r) ... | 1992 | 1514048 |
| trypanosoma brucei brucei: in vitro production of metacyclic forms. | an in vitro method has been established to obtain metacyclic form populations of trypanosoma brucei brucei. trypanosome populations containing more than 98% of metacyclic forms were obtained from cultures which were: 1) initiated with bloodstream forms in primary cultures in the presence of microtus montanus embryonic fibroblast-like cells (feeder cell layers); 2) maintained in glucose-free eagle's minimum essential medium supplemented with 10 mm l-proline, 2 mm l-glutamine and 20% (v/v) fetal b ... | 1992 | 1522545 |
| the residual effect of deltamethrin spot on when tested against glossina palpalis gambiensis under fly chamber conditions. | groups of single zebu cattle were exposed to infestations of the tsetse fly glossina palpalis gambiensis in fly chambers following treatment with a pour on formulation of deltamethrin, coopers* spot on. during the experiment one animal was maintained in a stall, the other exposed at intervals to sunlight. both mortality and knockdown of exposed flies was demonstrated. mortality rates of greater than 90% were recorded during the period 0-20 days after treatment and values in excess of 50% during ... | 1992 | 1598506 |
| [infection of glossina palpalis palpalis (diptera, glossinidae) by trypanosomes in the forest zone of gagnoa in the ivory coast]. | 2,153 glossina palpalis palpalis caught in biconical traps from different biotopes in relation with human activities in the forest areas of côte d'ivoire were used to calculate the trypanosome infection rates. the results showed that there was no preferential biotope for glossina infected by trypanosomes. the most widespread species of trypanosomes infecting glossina p. palpalis is t. congolense (10.13%) followed by t. vivax (8.22%) and seldomly by t. brucei (0.70%). female glossina are infected ... | 1991 | 1665576 |
| temporal changes in activity during destruction of the thoracic ventral eclosion muscle of the tsetse fly. | the spontaneous intracellular activity of the thoracic ventral longitudinal eclosion muscle (vlem) of glossina is described for the period from eclosion up to a short time before the final breakdown of recorded fibres. the vlem comprises a single motor unit with no inhibitory input. the firing frequency of the motor unit declines over 5 h after eclosion and leg release. over a period of inactivity lasting between 19-24 h in the sample fibres, there is no loss of resting membrane potential and oc ... | 1991 | 1682956 |
| surface coat synthesis and turnover from epimastigote to bloodstream forms of trypanosoma brucei. | monoclonal antibodies to metacyclic surface coat glycoproteins of trypanosoma brucei brucei stib 247lg were produced for a study of the synthesis of metacyclic variable surface glycoproteins (vsgs) within the salivary gland of glossina morsitans morsitans, and of the first exchange of the surface glycoproteins after infection in mice. immunofluorescence antibody tests and protein a-gold labelling revealed that the vsgs are continuously integrated into the whole surface of the trypanosome while i ... | 1991 | 1686146 |
| genomic organization, chromosomal localization, and developmentally regulated expression of the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c of trypanosoma brucei. | the surface of the bloodstream form of the african trypanosome, trypansoma brucei, is covered with about 10(7) molecules of the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg), a protein tethered to the plasma membrane by a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (gpi) membrane anchor. this anchor is cleavable by an endogenous gpi-specific phospholipase c (gpi-plc). gpi-plc activity is down regulated when trypanosomes differentiate from the bloodstream form to the procyclic form found in the tsetse fly vector. we have ... | 1990 | 1688997 |
| a new approach to community participation in tsetse control in the busoga sleeping sickness focus, uganda. a preliminary report. | a process is described by which trapping technology is being taught to a rural community which has been affected continuously by an epidemic of sleeping sickness for over a decade. through a systematic health education programme, people are actively involved in making and setting traps and in learning about the general characteristics of the tsetse fly and the disease. a mono-screen trap has been developed for community use and is being used to trap flies. this is the first time that this kind o ... | 1991 | 1746980 |
| trypanosoma vivax in glossina palpalis gambiensis do not appear to affect feeding behaviour, longevity or reproductive performance of the vector. | feeding behaviour of glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank infected with trypanosoma vivax ziemann was studied and compared with that of uninfected control tsetse. the parameters measured were: total number of probes into the ear-skin of rabbits; rate of bloodmeal engorgement; weight of freshly ingested blood; survival; and mean weight of pupae. the results showed that the rosettes of t.vivax parasites in the labrum did not interfere with the feeding behaviour of the vectors. furthermore, mea ... | 1991 | 1768899 |
| structural studies on the major milk gland protein of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans. | 1. the major protein in the milk gland secretions of the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, was isolated by a combination of gel permeation chromatography and crystallization. 2. it has a native mr approximately 47,000 and is composed of two identical polypeptide chains (mr approximately 21,000) as determined by chemical cross-linking studies. the protein has no covalently-bound carbohydrates or lipids. amino acid analysis of the protein revealed relatively high amounts of the aromatic am ... | 1991 | 1790673 |
| lipophorin from the tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans. | 1. lipophorin was isolated from the haemolymph of adult tsetse fly, glossina morsitans morsitans, by ultracentrifugation in a potassium bromide density gradient. 2. the tsetse fly lipophorin (mr congruent to 600,000) has a density of congruent to 1.11 g/ml and consists of two apoproteins, apolipophorin-i (apolp-i, mr congruent to 250,000) and apolipophorin-ii (apolp-ii, mr congruent to 80,000), both of which are glycosylated as shown by staining with periodate-schiff reagent. the protein complex ... | 1991 | 1790674 |
| [campaign against sleeping sickness in south-west uganda by trapping tsetse flies]. | an outbreak of human trypanosomiasis due to trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense has been affecting the busoga district of uganda since 1976. more than 40,000 cases have been recorded up to 1990. since two years the epidemic area has been extending to the tororo district. the vector is glossina fuscipes. in order to stop the disease transmission a vector control project was launched in 1988 in busoga area. it is based on tsetse fly trapping, using pyramidal optic traps impregnated with deltamethrin (1 ... | 1991 | 1793279 |
| studies on the efficacy of deltamethrin applied to cattle for the control of tsetse flies (glossina spp.) in southern africa. | the tsetse fly (glossina spp.) inhabits 11 million km2 of africa (greekmore, 1989) where it is responsible for the transmission of trypanosomosis to man and animals. because of its slow rate of reproduction, with females producing only four to five pupae per annum, control of the tsetse fly is the best means of controlling trypanosomosis. a number of different methods have been and are used but, whilst successes have been achieved, a long term solution has not been found. | 1991 | 1796525 |
| modelling the probability of a single trypanosome infecting a tsetse fly. | a simple model is fitted to recent data on tsetse infection rates to estimate the probability of a single trypanosome infecting a tsetse fly. the model is extended to accommodate a possible clumping of trypanosomes in host blood. | 1991 | 1796882 |
| sleeping sickness and tsetse awareness: a sociological study among the tambo and lambya of the northern luangwa valley, zambia. | data on awareness of tsetse flies and knowledge of trypanosomiasis were collected in may, 1988, in the luangwa valley of isoka district in the northern province of zambia. one thousand and nine hundred adult males and females were interviewed. there was a high level of fly awareness among all the respondents, regardless of duration of residence and age groups. malaria was considered as the most serious illness in the community, and hence overshadowed the impact of trypanosomiasis in the communit ... | 1991 | 1807810 |
| anatomy of the parp gene promoter of trypanosoma brucei. | while growing in the tsetse fly, trypanosoma brucei expresses a major surface glycoprotein, the procyclic acidic repetitive protein (parp). the parp genes are transcribed by an alpha-amanitin-resistant rna polymerase. we have determined the sequence requirements for parp promoter activity. studies of rna produced from input dna in transiently transfected trypanosomes indicate that the rna is correctly processed by trans-splicing and polyadenylation. deletion analyses show that 330 bp are suffici ... | 1991 | 1840521 |
| [vectorial capacity of glossina palpalis gambiensis (bobo dioulasso) for trypanosoma brucei brucei eatro 1125]. | a total of 440 teneral glossina palpalis gambiensis received one single bloodmeal on a guinea pig infected chronically with trypanosoma brucei brucei eatro 1125. metacyclic infections were present in 11.29% of the flies, in 2.32% infections were limited to procyclical stages. no significant difference in vectorial capacity was observed between male and female flies, the level of metacyclic infections being 13.19% in the former and 9.55% in the latter. the parasitaemia level, the percentage of st ... | 1991 | 1843825 |
| an outbreak of streptococcus pyogenes infection associated with calcium oxalate urolithiasis in guinea pigs (cavia porcellus). | an outbreak of streptococcus pyogenes infection occurred in a colony of 800 dunkin-hartley guinea pigs resulting in 364 (46%) deaths involving breeders, sucklings, weaners, but mainly adults used as a source of blood meals for haematophagus flies (glossina palpalis). clinical signs included bleeding from the nose, mouth and vagina before death. necropsy revealed pneumonia with consolidation of one or both lungs, haemopericardium and haemothorax. there were yellowish-grey deposits in the urinary ... | 1991 | 1857101 |
| the course of experimental trypanosoma vivax infection in uda sheep. | the course of experimental trypanosoma vivax infection in eight uda rams was studied. all the infected animals became parasitaemic 2 days post-inoculation and remained so throughout the study period. a three-phase disease pattern was recognized, i.e. acute, subacute and chronic stages lasting 17-85 days. the disease was characterized by fever and a terminal decrease in rectal temperature despite an increase in parasitaemia with time for rams with acute and subacute infections. mean weight loss w ... | 1991 | 1882495 |
| [the distribution of the tsetse fly (diptera: glossinidae) in the humid savanna zone (central african republic). evaluation of prospective entomological techniques]. | two trapping methods were compared during a survey of the distribution of tsetse flies in the mbororo cattle breeding area of the central african republic: (a) several traps dispersed throughout the riverine forest galleries and remaining only one day at each site: (b) one sentinel trap placed at the cattle drinking point and remaining for several days. the latter method was more reliable and is therefore recommended. the concentration of tsetse flies at the drinking points was negligible during ... | 1991 | 1896769 |
| investigation of the efficacy of flumethrin pour-on for the control of high tsetse and trypanosomiasis challenge in kenya. | the effects of bi-weekly flumethrin pour-on treatments at 1 mg kg bodyweight on tsetse fly population and trypanosome infection rates were monitored over a one-year period (2/89-2/90) in 2000 head of cattle on a trial farm, located in the lamu district in east kenya, an adjacent control farm and a transsecting road for additional fly monitoring. the tsetse fly population on the trial farm dropped from pretreatment counts of 118 flies/trap/week (feb. 1989) to 13 in june 1989 and 32 in jan. 1990. ... | 1991 | 1896770 |
| secondary structure constraints on the evolution of drosophila 28 s ribosomal rna expansion segments. | eukaryotic ribosomal rna genes contain rapidly evolving regions of unknown function termed expansion segments. we present the comparative analysis of the primary and secondary structure of two expansion segments from the large subunit rrna gene of ten species of drosophila and the tsetse fly species glossina morsitans morsitans. at the primary sequence level, most of the differences observed in the sequences obtained are single base substitutions. this is in marked contrast with observations in ... | 1991 | 1904940 |
| expression and deletion analysis of the trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense cysteine protease in escherichia coli. | trypanosoma brucei, the cause of african sleeping sickness, differentiates in the mammalian bloodstream from a long, slender trypanosome into a short, stumpy trypanosome. this event is necessary for infection of the tsetse fly and maintenance of the life cycle. we have previously shown that the stumpy form contains 10- to 15-fold-greater cysteine protease activity than either the slender form or the insect midgut procyclic, and we have isolated a cdna encoding the protease. in order to determine ... | 1991 | 1997411 |
| identification of midgut trypanolysin and trypanoagglutinin in glossina palpalis sspp. (diptera: glossinidae). | a midgut trypanolysin and an agglutinin from glossina palpalis subspecies were isolated and partially characterized using anion-exchange chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. fplc fractions of midgut extracts of glossina palpalis palpalis caused agglutination and lysis of two trypanosome species (trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma brucei brucei), although glossina palpalis gambiensis caused only agglutination. the trypanolysin and agglutinin were active only in the posterior ... | 1990 | 2092294 |
| monitoring tsetse fly populations. i. the intrinsic variability of trap catches of glossina pallidipes at nguruman, kenya. | during 1986 the tsetse fly glossina pallidipes austen was monitored daily at nguruman, southwestern kenya, using three unbaited biconical traps. this was done to investigate the nature and causes of daily variation in trap catches. the variability of the observed catches was compared to a model which includes the trapping probability and the stochastic variation in the sex-ratio. by comparing the catches of male and female flies we are able to establish the sampling distribution of the trap catc ... | 1990 | 2132981 |
| monitoring tsetse fly populations. ii. the effect of climate on trap catches of glossina pallidipes. | in part i it was shown that the sampling distribution of trap catches of tsetse flies, glossina pallidipes austen, at nguruman, kenya, using unbaited biconical traps follows a poisson distribution. in this paper we examine the effect of humidity and temperature on day-to-day and seasonal variations in the trap catches. it is shown that the seasonal variation is significantly correlated with maximum daily temperature, the catches increasing with temperature when the maximum temperature is below 3 ... | 1990 | 2132982 |
| specific probes for trypanosoma (trypanozoon) evansi based on kinetoplast dna minicircles. | trypanosoma evansi is difficult to distinguish from other members of subgenus trypanozoon, save for its inability to develop cyclically in the tsetse fly and its characteristic kinetoplast dna (kdna). we have used cloned kdna minicircle fragments as specific probes to distinguish t. evansi from other trypanosomes of subgenus trypanozoon. two probes were required, each specific for one of the subgroups of t. evansi previously described. probe a reacted only with the major isoenzyme group of t. ev ... | 1990 | 2163493 |
| [the trapping of tsetse flies (diptera: glossinidae). improvement of a model: the vavoua trap]. | the control of tsetse flies with traps needs a decrease of their cost/efficiency. in the forest belt of côte d'ivoire, the research on glossina palpalis palpalis behaviour allows to propose a new model of trap, the "vavoua" trap, issued from the biconical and the pyramidal traps, with a similar efficiency but a twice lower cost (1139 f cfa without manpower, i.e. 3.55 us $, respectively 6.68 and 6.98 us $ for the biconical and the pyramidal). this trap has an upper cone (polyamide mosquito net) o ... | 1990 | 2166330 |
| duplicative activation mechanisms of two trypanosome telomeric vsg genes with structurally simple 5' flanks. | in the mammalian bloodstream, african trypanosomes express variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) genes from a family of long and complex telomeric expression sites. vsg switching generally occurs by the duplication of different vsg genes into these sites by gene conversion involving a series of 70 base pair (70bp) repeats in the 5' flank. in contrast, when vsg is first synthesised by trypanosomes in the tsetse fly at the metacyclic stage, a separate set of telomeric expression sites is activated. t ... | 1990 | 2175429 |
| [east african sleeping sickness (trypanosoma rhodesiense infection) in 2 swiss travelers to the tropics]. | we report on two swiss travellers who acquired african sleeping sickness (trypanosoma rhodesiense) the same day while visiting the akagera park in rwanda. the first patient developed clinical signs of sleeping sickness 8 days after being bitten by a tsetse fly. trypanosomes were demonstrated in the blood and csf. the other patient fell ill 13 days after the bite and trypanosomes were found only in blood samples. the first patient (cerebral trypanosomiasis), was treated with melarsoprol. he devel ... | 1990 | 2218457 |
| the effect of intersubspecific hybridization and gamma radiation on the reproductive biology of glossina palpalis palpalis (robineau-desvoidy) and glossina palpalis gambiensis vanderplank. | the closely related tsetse fly subspecies glossina palpalis palpalis (nigeria origin) and glossina palpalis gambiensis (burkina faso origin) hybridize readily in the laboratory. hybridized g.p.palpalis females produced less offspring than the parental intrasubspecific crosses. adult emergence was below 70% with at least 78% being females. most female hybrids were fertile whereas most of the male hybrids were sterile when backcrossed to the g.p.palpalis parental line. all f1 males were capable of ... | 1990 | 2222007 |