| preparation of homogenous nadph cytochrome c (p-450) reductase from house flies using affinity chromatography techniques. | nadph-cytochrome c (p-450) reductase (ec 1.6.2.4) was purified to apparent homogeneity from microsomes of house flies, musca domestica l. the purification procedure involves column chromatography on three different resins. the key step in the purification scheme is the chromatography of the enzyme mixture on an affinity column of agarose-hexane-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. the enzyme has an estimated molecular weight of 83,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrop ... | 1979 | 104996 |
| [enterococcal flora of some species of synanthropic flies]. | the study of enterococcal species present in 16 species of synanthropic flies revealed the predominance of str. faecalis and its variants, a high percentage of fly populations being infected. the spectrum of enterococci was proved to depend on the living conditions of the flies. the percentage of musca domestica with the infected digestive tract was found to vary with changes in the age composition of the fly population. | 1979 | 155964 |
| lobster axon acetylcholinesterase: a comparison with acetylcholinesterases of bovine erythrocytes, house fly head and torpedo electroplax. | | 1975 | 240635 |
| excretion of alkaloids by malpighian tubules of insects. | nicotine is transported at high rates by malpighian tubules of larvae of manduca sexta, pieris brassicae and rhodnius prolixus and the transport persists in the absence of alkaloid from the diet. in the fluid-secreting portion of rhodnius tubules this transport is not coupled to ion transport, nor is it dependent on the physiological state of the animal. the transport, which can occur against a steep electrochemical gradient, shows saturation kinetics with a maximal rate of 700 pmol. min-1 per t ... | 1976 | 932618 |
| fine structure and x-ray microanalysis of mineralized concretions in the malpighian tubules of the housefly, musca domestica. | the epithelium and the lumen of the malpighian tubules of the housefly contains mineralized dense bodies called concretions. the morphological characteristics, mode of origin, nature of the sequestered elements and the age-associated changes in the distribution of concretions are reported. there are three types of concretions in the cytoplasm, which have been designated as type a, type b, and type c. type a concretions are membrane-bound spherical structures which may arise by the gradual intrav ... | 1976 | 982422 |
| resistance to fenitrothion in danish houseflies, musca domestica. | resistance to fenitrothion was investigated in housefly populations in danish farms 1964--72 in connection with trials of fenitrothion, dimethoate and other organophosphorus compounds for fly control. resistance was tested by topical application and expressed as resistance ratios, r/s, relative to normal susceptible strains. in 1964--70 fly populations on farms sprayed with fenitrothion (one year each) only developed mode-rate fenitrothion-resistance, r/s at ld 95 below 21 and fly control was ge ... | 1976 | 987109 |
| resistance to fenitrothion in danish houseflies, musca domestica. | resistance to fenitrothion was investigated in housefly populations in danish farms 1964--72 in connection with trials of fenitrothion, dimethoate and other organophosphorus compounds for fly control. resistance was tested by topical application and expressed as resistance ratios, r/s, relative to normal susceptible strains. in 1964--70 fly populations on farms sprayed with fenitrothion (one year each) only developed mode-rate fenitrothion-resistance, r/s at ld 95 below 21 and fly control was ge ... | 1976 | 987100 |
| reproductive inhibition activity of the insect growth regulator th 6040 against the stable fly and the house fly: effects on hatchability. | | 1976 | 956494 |
| [the effect of dimethoate selection on trichlorfon and dimethoate sensitivity in musca domestica]. | selecting of strain a musca domestica resistant to trichlorphon with bi 58 (active ingredient: dimethoate) resulted in an only slight (1.33-fold) increase of the resistance to dimethoate between 1974 and 1975. in the same time the resistance to trichlorphon rose to 5.28 times the original degree. the resistance extends to some other organophosphates, especially malathion, dichlorvos and bromophos, but not to diazinon. among the insecticides registered for control of flies in pig-sties bi 58 has ... | 1977 | 931124 |
| [role of the housefly in the epizootology of pseudoplague in birds]. | it has been demonstrated that musca domestica l. could harbour the newcastle disease virus. it has been isolated from the surface of the flies body 96 hours after these had been in contact with it, and from their digestive tract--after 240 hours. it has also been found that virus excretion in infected flies continues for 96 hours. it is believed that musca domestica l. flies can participate in the spreading of the nd virus. | 1977 | 929968 |
| an unusual effect of n-octylamine on the cytochrome b5 spectrum of insect and mammalian microsomes. | the addition of n-octylamine to microsomes prepared from the midgut of tobacco hornworn (manduca sexta) larvae causes an unusual spectral interaction. the initial optical difference spectrum appears to be the sum of reduced cytochrome b5 and a type ii difference spectrum of cytochrome p-450. this initial spectrum is unstable and diminishes in size, with a concurrent shift in peak (424 to 428 nm) and trough (409 and 392 to approx. 400 nm) positions, to yield a stable spectrum identical to the typ ... | 1977 | 884775 |
| [effect of insecticides on larvae of musca domestica in swine manure],. | the effectiveness of four inorganic compounds and six preparations of insecticides was examined on larvae of musca domestica in pig manure. the activity of sodiumfluoride and chlorinated hydrocarbons was low. carbaryl indicated better effect. good to very good results showed trichlofon and bromophos and the inorganic compounds sodium hexafluorsilicate, sodium tetraborate and calcium cyanamid. the influence of calcium cyanamid and sodium tetraborate led to considerable morphological deformations ... | 1976 | 824979 |
| distribution of split 5.8s ribosomal rna in diptera. | although the 5.8s ribosomal rna (rrna) of most eucaryotes consists of 155-170 nucleotides, in two dipterous species the 5.8s rrna consists of two pieces, 123 and 30 nucleotides in length. the distribution of split 5.8s rrna was studied in other diptera and the most closely related order siphonaptera to learn the origin of split 5.8s rrna. four species of mosquitoes, culex tritaeniorhynchus, culex pipiens molestus, aedes albopictus, anopheles sp. (culicidae) had a single 5.8s rrna consisting of a ... | 1992 | 1343775 |
| the housefly (musca domestica) as a carrier of pathogenic microorganisms in a hospital environment. | houseflies have long been regarded as potential carriers of microorganisms. since pathogenic microorganisms are widespread in the hospital environment, there is abundant opportunity for flies to become contaminated and, in turn, to contaminate the patient environment. in the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and identify pathogenic bacteria, fungi and parasites from the housefly musca domestica collected in the surgical ward of the all india institute of medical sciences hospital and ... | 1992 | 1348776 |
| host range of clostridium bifermentans serovar. malaysia, a mosquitocidal anaerobic bacterium. | clostridium bifermentans serovar. malaysia (c.b.m.) is toxic to mosquito larvae. in this study, we quantified its toxicity to the mosquitoes, aedes aegypti, ae. albopictus, ae. caspius, ae. detritus, anopheles stephensi, an. gambiae, culex pipiens and cx. quinquefasciatus. anopheles larvae are the most susceptible, followed by ae. detritus and ae. caspius, then culex and other aedes larvae. according to mosquito species, the lc50 varies from 7 x 10(3) to 1.3 x 10(6) cells/ml. three concentration ... | 1992 | 1357087 |
| effect of nosema algerae on the house fly musca domestica (diptera: muscidae). | larvae of musca domestica were exposed to spores of nosema algerae on the surface of their diet. infective concentrations (ic50 and ic90) for the larvae were 3.6 x 10(4) and 1.6 x 10(6) spores/cm2, respectively. the disease appeared to cause no larval mortality, but the longevity of adult females was reduced. at 30 days post-infection, there were at least 1 x 10(7) spores per fly in all dosage groups. at lower dosages, the development of spores was delayed and fewer spores were produced. | 1992 | 1402864 |
| [role of flies in the epizootiology of coccidiosis in poultry]. | the possibility is shown musca domestica l. to ingest considerable amounts of oocysts of eimeria tenella which remain in their digestive tract during 120 hrs. both sporulated and non-sporulated oocysts remain viable and infectable. non-sporulated oocysts do not form spores in the digestive tracts of flies, but after their excretion, they terminate normally their development under favourable conditions. it is shown that when flies, infected with oocysts, are fed to susceptible chicks, they are af ... | 1978 | 751318 |
| [studies of the sensitivity to the usual domestic insecticides on insects of the anopheles maculipennis group, and musca domestica, cimex lectularius and blattella germanica species]. | the present paper was designed to the study of the degree of sensitivity of mosquitoes, flies, bedbugs and cockroaches to organochloride and organophosphoric insecticides produced in romania. testing of the sensitivity to insecticides of these species, important as transmitters of human pathogens, showed the effectiveness of the products, which induced a high mortality rate in relatively small concentrations. against anopheles labranchiae atroparvus, the insecticides detox, carbetox and lindatox ... | 1978 | 694334 |
| substrate preferences of wild and a mutant house fly acetylcholinesterase and a comparison with the bovine erythrocyte enzyme. | comparisons were made of purified acetylcholinesterase from the heads of wild type house flies with a mutant form (which bound organophosphates and carbamates less tightly). using 12 substrates and 6 quaternary inhibitors, the only substantial difference was that the km for butyrylcholine was 25 times greater for the mutant enzyme, suggesting that butyrylcholine and the organophosphates and carbamates shared a common binding site. the pure enzyme from the wild type house fly was also compared wi ... | 1978 | 687646 |
| relationship between selected bacteria and the growth of immature house flies, musca domestica, in an axenic test system. | to investigate the relationship between immature (maggot) house flies, musca domestica, and bacteria, we compared the development of sterile first-instar maggots in each of 10 pure blood agar cultures of bacteria with growth on sterile blood agar (negative control) and on standard house fly rearing medium (positive control). nine species of bacteria representing gram-negative and gram-positive rods, coccoid, and micrococcoid cell types supported house fly growth on blood agar. one bacterium, a s ... | 1992 | 1495035 |
| vector potential of hospital houseflies with special reference to klebsiella species. | the vector potential of houseflies (musca domestica) for klebsiella spp. was investigated. klebsiella spp. (mostly klebsiella pneumoniae) were isolated from 36.7% of hospital flies and 28.1% of infected wounds of patients. antibiograms of klebsiella spp. showed that 82.0% of isolates from hospital flies and 96.3% from infected wounds were resistant to four or more commonly used antimicrobials. in contrast, from the control group, only 8.7% klebsiella isolates showed similar antimicrobial resista ... | 1992 | 1499668 |
| field and laboratory investigations into the role of the musca species in the transmission of intestinal parasitic cysts and eggs in nigeria. | houseflies caught on refuse dumps in six areas of ibadan were dissected and the intestinal parasitic cysts and eggs which were found in their alimentary canal were similar to those found in the examined faeces of the community living in the environment. strongly eggs were also found in the alimentary canal of musca species which had fed on the faeces of an infected sheep. while the houseflies caught in the living quarters the high income group were free of parasites, some of these caught in and ... | 1977 | 562375 |
| the ecdysteroids from the tobacco hornworm during pupal-adult development five days after peak titer of molting hormone activity. | six naturally occurring c27 ecdysteroids were isolated and identified from the tobacco hornworm during pupal-adult development five days after peak titer of molting hormone activity. in order of decreasing quantities the hormones were: 20,26-dihydroxyecdysone, 3-epi-20-hydroxyecdysone, 20hydroxyecdysone, 3-epi-20,26-dihydroxyecdysone, 3-epi-ecdysone, and ecdysone. 20-hydroxyecdysone, in an earlier study, was the major molting hormone present at peak titer during pupal-adult development. the majo ... | 1979 | 494370 |
| transport of glial cell acid phosphatase by endoplasmic reticulum into damaged axons. | earlier observations indicated that cutting the photoreceptor (r) cell perikarya in the retina of the flies musca domestica and calliphora erythrocephala resulted in an extremely rapid degeneration of the r-cell axons. the process manifested itself within minutes and secondary lysosomes appeared early on in the degenerating axons. in this study, biochemical assays of the classical lysosomal marker enzyme acid phosphatase (acpase) showed a rapid increase in activity upon cutting the retina, reach ... | 1979 | 457814 |
| ph of gut & salivary glands of sarcophaga ruficornis fab. & musca domestica linn. | | 1975 | 239904 |
| purification and characterization of nadph-cytochrome c (p450) reductase from the house fly, musca domestica. | | 1977 | 122550 |
| residue content of beef feedlot manure after feeding diethylstilbestrol, chlortetracycline and ronnel and the use of stirofos to reduce population of fly larvae in feedlot manure. | two beef cattle feedlot experiments were conducted to determine the amount of certain agricultural chemicals that are likely to be found in both fresh and stored feedlot manure and to investigate fly control in this manure. in experiment 1, diethylstilbestrol (des), chlortetracycline (ctc), and ronnel were used as feed additives. fresh manure, stored manure, runoff water, manure weathered on pasture, and soil from pasture fertilized with manure were analyzed for these additives. stirofos was add ... | 1977 | 71021 |
| [development and decrease of resistance to lindane in strains of musca domestica l. in warsaw]. | | 1977 | 70837 |
| problems of housefly (musca domestica) control due to multiresistance to insesticides. | the development of chemical control of musca domestica on danish farms 1945--72 is outlined. it has been strongly influenced by successive development of resistance and failure of control by one insecticide after another. the chlorinated hydrocarbons used as residual sprays failed 1947--51. organophosphorus compounds (opc) were widely used from 1953, first as strips impregnated with parathion and residual sprays with diazinon. resistance to opc was first found in 1955, diazinon was given up in 1 ... | 1975 | 52667 |
| trypsin activity in the midgut of sarcophaga reficornis and musca domestica (diptera: insecta). | | 1976 | 10177 |
| methoprene as a feed additivie for control of the house fly breeding in chicken manure. | | 1975 | 1159163 |
| a survey of houseflies in bangkok and neighboring provinces. | a survey of flies in bangkok and neighboring province revelaed that among 8,675 flies collected there were 10 genera and 18 species of flies, eg. musca domestica, m. bezzii, m. conducens, m. nebulo, chrysomyia megacephala, c. rufifacies, phaenicia sericata, p. cuprina, sarcophaga ruficornis, s. peregrina, s. orchidae, s. albiceps, megaselia scalaris, lispe orientalis, anaclysta flexa, morellia hortensia, hemipyrellia ligurriens and orthellia coeruleifrons. musca mostly bred in low-protein conten ... | 1976 | 1027114 |
| the role of the house fly (musca domestica) in the dissemination of hookworm. | eggs and larvae of ancylostoma caninum were recovered from the crop, mid-gut and hind-gut of musca domestica; only larvae were recovered from the vomitus and one dead infective larva was recovered from the faeces on one occasion. all eggs recovered from the gut hatched after incubation for 48 hours. up to 319 eggs and 1485 larvae were recovered from the legs of experimentally contaminated flies. the viability of the eggs and the longevity of the larvae recovered from the gut and external surface ... | 1976 | 999359 |
| accudosetm aerosol--an effective house fly (diptera; muscidae: musca domestica l.) adulticide control system for cage type poultry houses. | an automatic piped aerosol system (accudose tm) using 0.7% synergized pyrethrin insecticide, was tested at a typical narrow cage poultry farm for the control of adult house flies, musca domestica l. a similar narrow cage poultry farm was used as a control with all house fly control measures left up to the cooperating poultryman. accudosetm was compared with other house fly control methods at other similar farms which included three types of man-portable ultra volume (ulv) generators and an integ ... | 1976 | 995814 |
| cestodosis in battery-housed laying hens. | cestodosis in battery-housed laying hens severely reduced egg production particularly at the time of peak production. hens were able to consume large numbers of musca domestica, the intermediate host of choanotaenia infundibulum following the use of an aerosol insecticide to control flies. a considerable discharge of cestodes followed the use of "lintex" in the feed resulting in a marked improvement in egg production. the use of an insect growth regulator in the feed showed promise in controllin ... | 1976 | 994133 |
| control of house fly and stable fly breeding in rhinoceros dung with an insect growth regulator used as a feed additive. | an insect grwoth regulator (igr), thompson-hayward th 6040 (n-(4-chlorophenyl)-n'-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea), incorporated in the feed of rhinoceroses at rates of 1 and 0.1 mg/kg inhibited development of musca domestica l. and stomoxys calcitrans (l.) in the feces. | 1975 | 1195495 |
| [tin-organic compounds and their biocidal properties]. | the authors studied the disinfecting action of the vapour of tributyltin oxide in the aerosol chamber and came to the conclusion that the tin-organic compounds possessed a wide buicidal action, still inadequately used in practice. the mentioned vapour served as a disinfectant only in the presence of water vapour. tribytyltin oxide (0.15% concentration) displayed an ovicidal action on the ova of ascaris suum. tributyltin laurate produced a good insecticidal effect on musca domestica. | 1975 | 1221712 |
| houseflies (musca domestica) as mechanical vectors of shigellosis. | houseflies (musca domestica) are mechanical vectors of shigella organisms. seasons during which both flies and cases of dysentery are prevalent often coincide. houseflies have an affinity for human excrement and, as documented by bacteriologic culture of trapped flies, become contaminated with shigella organisms following contact with infected human feces. the inoculum required to transmit shigellosis is only 10-10(2). since houseflies cohabit with humans, they can readily contaminate food and e ... | 1991 | 1925289 |
| insect growth regulator ai3-36206. biological activity against stomoxys calcitrans and musca domestica and its environmental stability. | | 1976 | 1249307 |
| processing of delta-endotoxin from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd-1 and hd-73 by gut juices of various insect larvae. | midgut juices were prepared from adoxophyes sp., smaller tea tortrix (stt); bombyx mori, silkworm (sw); spodoptera litura, common cutworm (ccw); plutella xylostella, diamondback moth (dbm); and musca domestica, housefly (hf) and immobilized onto sepharose 4b. delta-endotoxins (icps) from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki hd-1 and hd-73 were digested by these immobilized gut juice proteases. all gut juices tested derived relatively proteolytic resistant cores from icp. the molecular sizes of ... | 1992 | 1328398 |
| molecular cloning of a glutathione s-transferase overproduced in an insecticide-resistant strain of the housefly (musca domestica). | we report the cloning and sequencing of a glutathione s-transferase (gst) gene from the housefly musca domestica. a cdna lambda gt11 library was prepared from the organophosphate insecticide-resistant housefly strain cornell-r--a variant that has elevated gst activity. the lambda phage gst clone was identified on the basis of its ability to cross-hybridize to a gst dna probe from drosophila melanogaster. based on amino acid homology to other gsts and expression of gst activity in escherichia col ... | 1991 | 2062307 |
| anti-p450lpr antiserum inhibits specific monooxygenase activities in lpr house fly microsomes. | monooxygenase activity in microsomes from the lpr strain of house fly (musca domestica l.) was inhibited by anti-p450lpr, and antiserum specific for house fly cytochrome p450lpr. anti-p450lpr did not inhibit house fly cytochrome p450 reductase or rat cytochrome p450 monooxygenase assays, consistent with specific inhibition of p450lpr. anti-p450lpr inhibited the ability of cytochrome p450 reductase to reduce carbon monoxide treated lpr microsomal cytochrome p450, up to 49% of the total, showing t ... | 1992 | 1431777 |
| new diets for production of house flies and stable flies (diptera: muscidae) in the laboratory. | a diet for rearing the house fly, musca domestica (l.), was developed from feed constituents available on a year-round basis in gainesville, fl. the diet, called the gainesville house fly diet, performed as well or better than the chemical specialties manufacturers' association fly larval medium (csma) and can be mixed, bagged, and delivered by a local feed mill within 3 d. by adding pelleted peanut hulls 1:1 by volume, the house fly diet becomes suitable for rearing the stable fly, stomoxys cal ... | 1992 | 1464690 |
| [possibility of employing chemosterilants in control of houseflies (musca domestica l.) in cattle breeding farms]. | | 1975 | 1219354 |
| the specificity of yolk protein uptake in cyclorrhaphan diptera is conserved through evolution. | yolk proteins are transported from the hemolymph into the oocytes of insects during vitellogenesis by receptor-mediated endocytosis. since other hemolymph proteins, both native and foreign, are not accumulated in the oocyte, the process of uptake is selective for yolk proteins. peptide domains within the yolk proteins must therefore be involved in receptor recognition. with the long-term aim of identifying these domains and to open the possibility of understanding the molecular basis of receptor ... | 1992 | 1487828 |
| some ribosome-inactivating proteins depurinate ribosomal rna at multiple sites. | saporin-s6, a ribosome-inactivating protein (rip) from saponaria officinalis released more than 1 mol of adenine/mol of ribosomes from house fly (musca domestica) larvae and from rat liver. the release of adenine from rat liver ribosomes by several rips (plant enzymes with rna n-glycosidase activity) was examined. saporins, pokeweed antiviral protein from roots of phytolacca americana (pap-r), and trichokirin from trichosanthes kirilowii seeds depurinated rat liver ribosomes at more than one sit ... | 1992 | 1520257 |
| bacterial contamination of the housefly musca domestica, collected from 4 hospitals at cairo. | four general hospitals were surveyed for bacterial contamination of the house fly, m. domestica which were caught inside the hospital sites and outside surroundings, especially, general garbages. fly collections were made using the hanging sticky ribbon traps (spiralette). bacterial isolation was made from each sample both externally and internally during two successive years representing the different seasons of the year. twenty one bacterial isolates were identified from the 4 surveyed hospita ... | 1992 | 1578177 |
| susceptibility of house flies (diptera: muscidae) and five pupal parasitoids (hymenoptera: pteromalidae) to abamectin and seven commercial insecticides. | assays of five commercial insecticides applied as residual sprays at label rates to plywood indicated the most toxic insecticide overall for pteromalid parasitoids of house flies, musca domestica l., was atroban (permethrin), followed by ciodrin (crotoxyphos), rabon (tetrachlorvinphos), ectrin (fenvalerate), and cygon (dimethoate). insecticide-susceptible house flies were susceptible to all five insecticides (mortality, 62-100%). flies that were recently colonized from populations on dairy farms ... | 1992 | 1593014 |
| evaluation of field propagation of muscidifurax zaraptor (hymenoptera: pteromalidae) for control of flies associated with confined beef cattle. | the parasitic wasp muscidifurax zaraptor kogan & legner was mass-reared in the field to control house flies, musca domestica l., on two nebraska beef cattle confinements. about 50,000 freeze-killed house fly pupae were exposed to a single release of m. zaraptor in the field. placement of six additional cohorts of 50,000 freeze-killed pupae at the release sites at 2-wk intervals resulted in a mean parasite emergence of 56.4% over the study period. mean fly mortality of 37.3 and 25.9% occurred in ... | 1992 | 1593017 |
| synthesis and use of an isoform-specific affinity matrix in the purification of glutathione s-transferases from the housefly, musca domestica (l.). | glutathione may be linked to an agarose matrix which has been activated by treatment with epichlorhydrin. the resulting resin displayed group selectivity for the glutathione s-transferases of the housefly musca domestica (l). the isoenzymes of low isoelectric point, which have little activity with substrates other than 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, bound strongly to this matrix and were eluted with 10 mm glutathione at ph 7.4. on the other hand, the group of isoenzymes of higher isoelectric point ... | 1990 | 2136233 |
| effects of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate on survival, behavior, and egg viability of adult muscoid flies (diptera: muscidae). | disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (na2b8o13(.)4h2o) was mixed with sugar and fed to adult musca domestica l. and fannia canicularis (l.) to determine concentration-mortality relationships. lc50s (48-h exposure) were 5.7% for m. domestica and 1.0% for f. canicularis. rates of 1 and 2% were used to test effects on m. domestica mortality and egg hatch over an 8-d period. reduced egg hatch was evident after 1 d of feeding on the treated mixtures and was greatest (less than 10% egg hatch) after flies ... | 1992 | 1607475 |
| pcr-generated conspecific sodium channel gene probe for the house fly. | a segment of the house fly (musca domestica) homologue of the para (paralytic) sodium channel gene of drosophila melanogaster was isolated by using mixed sequence oligonucleotide primers in the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the specificity of the procedure was demonstrated by genomic southern analysis using the housefly pcr amplification product as a probe and by dna sequence analysis. the latter showed structural homology to the para gene, but not to the corresponding region of dsc1, another ... | 1991 | 1665994 |
| membrane specializations in the peripheral retina of the housefly musca domestica l. | membrane specializations of the peripheral retina of the housefly (musca domestica) are revealed in thin sections and freeze fracture/etch replicas. septate junctions are abundant in corner areas of the pseudocone enclosure bonding: between homologous corneal pigment cells (cpc); between homologous large pigment cells (lpc); between cpc-lpc; between semper cells (sc); between sc-cpc. spot desmosomes are present between semper cells. it is likely that septate junctions function as strengthening a ... | 1979 | 466686 |
| cyromazine resistance in the house fly (diptera: muscidae): genetics and cross-resistance to diflubenzuron. | larvae of a house fly, musca domestica l., strain collected in a chicken house near pittsburg, tex, after a control failure with the poultry feedthrough insecticide cyromazine showed 6.5-fold resistance to cyromazine and 10-fold resistance to diflubenzuron. adults of the strain showed high levels of resistance to carbaryl, ddt, and diazinon; moderate resistance to cypermethrin and permethrin; and low resistance to dieldrin. in contrast, no resistance to cyromazine was observed in eight laborator ... | 1990 | 2258507 |
| insect glutathione s-transferases. biochemical characteristics of the major forms from houseflies susceptible and resistant to insecticides. | two classes of glutathione transferases have been identified and purified from musca domestica. the first, designated as gst1, migrates as a single band of 28 kda in sds-gel electrophoresis, and the second, designated as gst2, migrates as a 32-kda band. antisera prepared against each class have no immunological cross-reactivity, and heterodimeric associations between the two classes have not been detected. each class is composed of several isoforms: gst1 is composed of forms with isoelectric poi ... | 1992 | 1730722 |
| retention of larvicidal activity after feeding cyromazine (larvadex) for the initial 20 weeks of life of single comb white leghorn layers. | single comb white leghorn pullets were fed cyromazine (larvadex) continuously at levels of 0, 25, 250, and 1,000 mg/kg diet (ppm) from hatch to 20 wk of age. fresh manure was bioassayed for toxicity to housefly, musca domestica, larvae beginning at the 6th wk after removal of cyromazine from the feed, and at weekly intervals thereafter. at 6 wk after removal of the feed additive there was 51.6% fly mortality at 25 ppm, 75.7% at 250 ppm, and 86.5% at 1,000 ppm relative to the 0-ppm control. fly m ... | 1991 | 1780256 |
| studies on the resistance to various insecticides of a house fly strain (diptera: muscidae) selected with azamethiphos. | a colony of azamethiphos-resistant house flies, musca domestica (l.), was obtained from denmark and further selected in the laboratory with azamethiphos for four generations. ld50s for various insecticides were determined and compared with those of a susceptible house fly strain. the selected flies showed cross-resistance to all insecticides evaluated. the flies were highly resistant to most organophosphorus, carbamate, and chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides except prothiophos, p,p'-ddt, and t ... | 1991 | 1787217 |
| [the secondary action of neporex on the pupa of parasitoids of stable flies]. | in field tests for the control of house fly larvae in dung heaps of a pig fattening and breeding farm with neporex sp 50 revealed, that the same species of parasitoids (muscidifurax raptor, spalangia nigroaenea, s. cameroni, phygadeuon fumator) were capable to develop in cyromazine-damaged, larviform host puparia as in undamaged puparia. the parasitization rate is, however, about 3 times and the hatch of flies is twice as high in normal formed puparia compared with larviform puparia. comparing t ... | 1991 | 1803953 |
| [insecticidal activity of various strains of bacillus against larvae of houseflies (musca domestica)]. | insecticidal activity of b. thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni and b. thuringiensis subsp. darmstadiensis as well as b. sphaericus 2362 and 2297 was evaluated against larvae of the house fly (musca domestica) under laboratory condition. the activity of all tested strains was similar, lc50 ranges from 4 x 10(7) to 1 x 10(8) spores/ml. the higher spores concentration (2 x 10(9)) caused ca 70 per cent mortality. the relative low sensitivity of house fly larvae could results from weakly alkalic ph of th ... | 1991 | 1822051 |
| muscovy ducks as an adjunct for the control of the house fly (diptera: muscidae). | in laboratory trials, muscovy ducks, cairina moschata l., removed adult house flies, musca domestica l., at least 30 times faster than commercial bait cards, coiled fly paper rolls, fly sheets, or fly traps. the lt90 for ducks in 0.24-m3 cages with 100 flies was 0.6 h compared to 15.3 h for the most effective commercial device. ducks survived for at least 12 wk in pens with calves, without injury or feed supplement. ducks ingested a mean of 25 house flies per 15-min observation period when popul ... | 1990 | 2376638 |
| list of mites occurring on insects in poland. | 110 species of mites belonging to 3 orders, 28 families and 72 genera were found on about 136 species of insects in poland. among of those insects the richest fauna was found on copris lunaris, carabus coriaceus, c. hortensis and musca domestica. | 1991 | 1823502 |
| inhibition of atp dephosphorylation by acaricides with emphasis on the anti-atpase activity of the carbodiimide metabolite of diafenthiuron. | 3-(2,6-diisopropyl-4-phenoxyphenyl)-1-tert-butylcarbodiimide (dfcd), a toxic metabolite and photodegradation product of the propesticide diafenthiuron, and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (dccd), a commonly used biochemical inhibitory probe, inhibited mg(2+)-, na+k(+)-, and ca2+mg(2+)-atpase activities in preparations from bulb mites (rhizoglyphus echinopus (fumouze and robin)), twospotted spider mites (tetranychus urticae koch), and bluegill (lepomis macrochirus rafinesque) brain. dccd was more active ... | 1991 | 1832178 |
| comparative toxicity of seven insecticides to immature stages of musca domestica (diptera: muscidae) and two of its important biological control agents, muscidifurax raptor and spalangia cameroni (hymenoptera: pteromalidae). | the toxicity of seven insecticides was evaluated against unparasitized musca domestica l. pupae and pupae parasitized by muscidifurax raptor girault & sanders or spalangia cameroni perkins, two important biological control agents. only pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide (pyrenone) was less toxic to m. raptor compared with house flies. conversely, all of the insecticides except crotoxyphos were less toxic to s. cameroni compared with house flies. a plateau in the tetrachlorvinphos bioassay line for ... | 1991 | 1885842 |
| landing pattern of stable flies (diptera: muscidae) on the alsynite cylinder trap: effect of wind speed and direction. | the distribution of stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.), caught on adhesive-coated alsynite cylinder traps indicated that a significantly higher proportion of flies landed on the side most protected from the wind, and that flies were distributed equally on both sides of the traps bisected by the direction of the prevailing wind, and that the proportion of trapped flies decreased significantly with height on the trap. the landing pattern of house flies, musca domestica l., appeared to differ f ... | 1991 | 1941944 |
| a comparison of the role of musca domestica (linnaeus) and chrysomya megacephala (fabricius) as mechanical vectors of helminthic parasites in a typical slum area of metropolitan manila. | a total of 1,016 flies (508 each for musca domestica and chrysomya megacephala) were collected from a typical urban slum area (barangay 51, pasay city, metropolitan manila) in the philippines and examined for the presence of helminth ova attached to their external surfaces. a significantly greater proportion of c. megacephala (41.9%) was found positive compared to m. domestica (9.4%). c. megacephala also exhibited a significantly higher average egg load (11.9 eggs per positive fly) than m. domes ... | 1991 | 1948283 |
| [acetylenic amines as inhibitors of microsomal monooxygenases]. | a new class of compounds: acetylenic amines, possessing structural similarity with the known inhibitor skf-525a, and their saturated analogues, has been studied for its effect on the microsomal cytochrome p-450-dependent monooxygenases (mm). significant differences in sensitivity of different substrate oxidation reactions in experiments with the mouse liver mm were observed. it was shown that the acetylenic amines investigated 13-30 times exceeded their saturated analogues as to the ability to i ... | 1990 | 2087797 |
| hydrogen peroxide production by liver mitochondria in different species. | the objective of this study was to further examine the relationship between oxygen free radicals and the aging process in animals. the rate of h2o2, a product of superoxide anion radical dismutation, released by liver mitochondria, was measured in the mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, pig and cow as well as in flight muscle mitochondria of drosophila melanogaster and the housefly, musca domestica. the rate of h2o2 generation was inversely related to the maximum life span potential (mlsp) of the sp ... | 1990 | 2115947 |
| aneuploid and polyploid cellular dna heterogeneity in insect cell material of diptera species analyzed by flow cytometry. | flow cytometric 1-parameter dna analysis and 2-parameter dna/protein analysis have been performed with cell material of the diptera species chironomus thummi, drosophila melanogaster, calliphora vicina and musca domestica using an impulse cytophotometer with a new quartz objective, that was especially manufactured for cytofluorometric investigations. the occurrence of heterogenous cell populations with aneuploid and polyploid dna content within the cell material of different developmental stages ... | 1990 | 2127179 |
| parasitism of house fly (musca domestica) pupae by four species of pteromalidae (hymenoptera): effects of host--parasitoid densities and host distribution. | parasitoid-induced mortality of house fly, musca domestica l., pupae and parasitoid progeny emergence by four species of pteromalid parasitoids, muscidifurax raptor girault & sanders, m.zaraptor kogan & legner, spalangia cameroni perkins and s.endius walker, were determined for a 24 h exposure period using parasitoid: host ratios ranging from 1:2 to 1:50. when the number of parasitoids was held constant (n = 5) and the numbers of hosts varied, and when the number of hosts was held constant (n = ... | 1990 | 2132987 |
| temperature-dependent development and parasitism rates of four species of pteromalidae (hymenoptera) parasitoids of house fly (musca domestica) pupae. | parasitoid development, parasitoid-induced host mortality and parasitoid progeny emergence were determined at five constant temperatures for muscidifurax raptor girault and sanders, muscidifurax zaraptor kogan and legner, spalangia cameroni perkins and spalangia endius walker using pupae of the house fly, musca domestica l., as hosts. at temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and 35 degrees c the median development times (days from oviposition to adult emergence), respectively, were m. raptor (28.4, 20.7, 1 ... | 1990 | 2132988 |
| effects of host age, host density and parent age on reproduction of the filth fly parasite urolepis rufipes (hymenoptera: pteromalidae). | urolepis rufipes ashmead, a pteromalid wasp, was recently discovered parasitizing house fly and stable fly pupae in eastern nebraska dairies. studies have been conducted on the biology of this parasite to evaluate its potential as a biological control agent of stable flies (stomoxys calcitrans (l.] and house flies (musca domestica l.). house fly pupae were suitable as hosts for u.rufipes at all ages; however, significantly higher parasitism occurred on host pupae aged 96-120 h. parasite-induced ... | 1990 | 2132989 |
| impact of selected pesticides on field population dynamics of parasitic hymenoptera (pteromalidae) in caged-layer poultry manure in southern california, u.s.a. | field studies were conducted at caged-layer poultry facilities in southern california, u.s.a., to determine the effect of selected pesticides on beneficial pteromalidae. weekly parasite sampling was conducted using sentinel musca domestica l. pupae to assess changes in parasitization in relation to pesticide treatment. sites were sampled weekly for 5 weeks before treatment and for 8-10 weeks post-treatment. treatments were applied twice to six hen houses (four treated plus two controls) at each ... | 1990 | 2132990 |
| role of prestomal teeth in feeding of the house fly, musca domestica (diptera; muscidae). | ultrastructural studies of the mouthparts of musca domestica l. show that the fly's prestomal teeth are more damaging to host tissues than considered previously. when fed on tissue culture or pig cornea, sem revealed that m. domestica were able to tear and suck up cells. this process occurs so rapidly, and so few cells are involved, that the damage is not perceptible to the naked eye. except for the prestomal teeth, the mouthparts have few other structures which can inflict the damage observed. | 1990 | 2133000 |
| effects of horn fly and house fly (diptera: muscidae) larvae on the development of parasitic nematodes in bovine dung. | laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effects of horn fly, haematobia irritans (l.), and house fly, musca domestica l., larvae on the development of a mixed population of parasitic nematodes in compressed and crumbled bovine dung. fresh dung (100 g per sample) from a single calf passing trichostrongyle type eggs was infested with 150 horn fly or 150 house fly eggs. after 14-15 d, more horn flies and house flies had emerged from the compressed dung than from the crumbled dung, but mo ... | 1990 | 2212240 |
| survey of microhymenoptera (hymenoptera: chalcidoidea) parasitizing filth flies (diptera: muscidae, calliphoridae) breeding in refuse and poultry farms in peninsular malaysia. | nine species of parasitoids were found parasitizing the pupae of filth flies breeding in refuse dumps and poultry farms throughout peninsular malaysia. spalangia were most common, consisting of spalangia endius walker, s. cameroni perkins, s. gemina boucek, s. nigroaenea curtis, and two undescribed species. other parasitoids collected were pachycrepoideus vindemmiae rondani, dirhinus himalayanus westwood, and an unidentified hymenoptera. the parasitized fly hosts included musca domestica l., chr ... | 1990 | 2231622 |
| role of insects as inhalant allergens in bronchial asthma with special reference to the clinical characteristics of patients. | the whole body extracts (wbes) of 13 common insects from delhi, namely musca domestica (house fly); sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil); callosobrochous maculatus (pulse beetle); anopheles stephensi, culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti (mosquitoes); blattella germanica and periplaneta americana (cockroaches: male, female and nymph); spodoptera litura and heliothis armigera (moths), were prepared to evaluate their allergenic significance in patients with allergic bronchial asthma. intradermal (i ... | 1990 | 2253082 |
| musca domestica as a carrier of intestinal helminths in calabar, nigeria. | a study was undertaken to examine the role of musca domestica as a carrier of intestinal helminths in calabar, nigeria. a total of 5000 house-flies were collected from markets and residential areas and examined for helminthic parasites using centrifugation, dissection and direct smear methods. four helminths were observed with the following frequency of infection on their external surfaces and gastrointestinal tracts respectively: ascaris lumbricoides ova (0.20% and 0.81%), strongyloides stercor ... | 1989 | 2791934 |
| an alternative explanation for anomalies in "soluble lipofuscin" fluorescence data from insects, crustaceans, and other aquatic species. | published attempts to extract lipofuscin from crustaceans and fish to assess age for fisheries research purposes have used essentially the same extraction methodology applied to insects, but have neither shown a conclusive age-dependence of spectrally similar fluorescence nor proved its association with lipofuscin. the reported lipofuscin solvent extraction method for fleshflies, sarcophaga bullata, was manipulated by varying wash volume. this revealed that almost all age-dependent blue fluoresc ... | 1991 | 1756781 |
| suppressing immature house and stable flies in outdoor calf hutches with sand, gravel, and sawdust bedding. | sand, gravel, sawdust, and pine shavings were used as bedding in outdoor calf hutches and compared with straw relative to the density of immature (maggot) house flies, musca domestica, and stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans. in 6-wk field trials, average densities of house and stable fly maggots in concrete mix sand ranged from only .3 to 1.6 and 0 to .1 maggots/l, respectively; pea size gravel bedding also strongly suppressed densities from less than .1 to .3 and less than .1 to .1 maggots/l, re ... | 1991 | 1757634 |
| expression of cytochrome p-450lpr is developmentally regulated and limited to house fly. | expression of house fly cytochrome p-450lpr was examined using immunoblotting in male and female adult lpr house flies, mixed sex adult house flies at 12 different ages, larvae, and pupae. p-450lpr was expressed in both male and female adult house flies. p-4501pr was clearly present in all adult stages examined, was barely detectable in pupae, and could not be detected in larvae. thus, cytochrome p-450lpr is developmentally regulated and present in both sexes of house fly. expression of cytochro ... | 1991 | 1774767 |
| fly pupae as attractant carriers for toxic baits for red imported fire ants (hymenoptera: formicidae). | eight laboratory-reared ant species were fed baits of house fly, musca domestica l., pupae treated with hydramethylnon. two fire ant species, solenopsis invicta buren and solenopsis geminata (f.), and pheidole morrissi (forel) were killed; average percentage of mortality of the five other species was less than 20%. in contrast, all species that were fed the commercial fire ant bait containing hydramethylnon (amdro) died or were adversely affected. in the field, applications of house fly pupae an ... | 1990 | 2324379 |
| filth fly resistance to pyrethrins associated with automated spray equipment in poultry houses. | resistance to pyrethrins plus piperonyl butoxide (pb) in a population of fannia canicularis (l.) (br strain) at a broiler-breeder facility was determined (in f2 laboratory generation) to be 109.1-fold the median lethal dose (ld50), apparently having been influenced by twice-daily treatments with automatic spray equipment during the previous 2 years. by contrast, resistance was only 12-fold the normal ld50 in a population of musca domestica l. (dh strain) at an egg-production facility that was su ... | 1990 | 2367264 |
| autosomal sex-associated pyrethroid resistance in a strain of house fly (diptera: muscidae) with a male-determining factor on chromosome three. | mechanisms and genetics of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides were investigated in a strain of house fly (aspr) collected from a cattle ranch in miyagi, gunma prefecture, japan. flies were selected in the laboratory with the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin. both sexes were resistant to pyrethroids; however, females were 22- to 245-fold more resistant than males. permethrin resistance could be partly suppressed by the monooxygenase inhibitor piperonyl butoxide in females, but not in males. i ... | 1990 | 2376636 |
| commercial and naturally occurring fly parasitoids (hymenoptera: pteromalidae) as biological control agents of stable flies and house flies (diptera: muscidae) on california dairies. | filth fly parasites reared by commercial insectaries were released on two dairies (mo, dg) in southern california to determine their effect on populations of house flies, musca domestica l., and stable flies, stomoxys calcitrans (l.). spalangia endius walker, muscidifurax raptorellus kogan and legner, and muscidifurax zaraptor kogan and legner were released on the mo dairy from 1985 to 1987 in varying quantities. parasitism by muscidifurax zaraptor on the mo dairy was significantly higher (p les ... | 1990 | 2376639 |
| tityus serrulatus toxin vii bears pharmacological properties of both beta-toxin and insect toxin from scorpion venoms. | some beta-toxins from the south american scorpion tityus serrulatus (e.g. ts vii) are highly toxic both for mouse and fly larva. radioiodinated ts vii and the insect toxin from the north african scorpion androctonus australis hector (aah it) bind to the same site on a house fly head synaptosomal fraction. these results reinforce the hypothesis about the existence of a correlated series of scorpion toxins as previously defined by amino acid compositions and sequences, and immunological and circul ... | 1986 | 2429652 |
| the role of non-biting flies in the transmission of enteric pathogens (salmonella species and shigella species) in beirut, lebanon. | in the summer and early autumn of 1974, flies were trapped in the beirut districts of ashraffiyah, burj, burj-hammoud, quarantine, the new slaughter house, ras beirut, american university campus, and the suburbs of chiyah and mreyjieh. musca domestica, muscina stabulans, calliphora vicina, phormia regina, phaenicia sericata, sarcophagidae spp. and fannia canicularis were identified. the rural areas of mreyjieh and chiyah had higher densities of musca domestica while higher densities of calliphor ... | 1978 | 678345 |
| [use of parasitic wasps (hymenoptera: pteromalidae) in the biological control of domestic flies in pig housing]. | adaptability of two parasitoid species s. nigroaenea and m. zaraptor to conditions of stable microclimate was investigated in a farrowing house. the colony was reared in an insectary at a temperature of 24-26 degrees c and relative humidity of 60-70% in cages of the size 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.2 m. the development of the species m. zaraptor from egg to adult lasted 19 to 23 days, in s. nigroaenea it was 23 to 25 days. rates of parasitism of house fly pupae were followed in plastic pots (8 x 4 x 9 cm) wit ... | 1992 | 1481340 |
| reduction of transmission of shigellosis by control of houseflies (musca domestica) | the effect of control of houseflies on the incidence of diarrhoea and shigellosis was evaluated in a prospective crossover intervention study at two military field bases several kilometers apart. in early summer, 1988, intensive fly control measures (mainly bait and trap strategy) were introduced on one base, while the other served as a control. after 11 weeks, as new cohorts arrived, the intervention was abruptly discontinued in the first base and instituted in the second for the next 11 weeks. ... | 1991 | 1673210 |
| actions of the insecticide 2(nitromethylene)tetrahydro-1,3-thiazine on insect and vertebrate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. | the nitromethylene heterocyclic compound 2(nitromethylene)tetrahydro)1,3-thiazine (nmtht) inhibits the binding of [125i]alpha-bungarotoxin to membranes prepared from cockroach (periplaneta americana) nerve cord and fish (torpedo californica) electric organ. electrophysiological studies on the cockroach fast coxal depressor motorneuron (df) reveal a dose-dependent depolarization in response to bath-applied nmtht. responses to ionophoretic application of nmtht onto the cell-body membrane of motorn ... | 1989 | 2479949 |
| influence of temperature and age on the recovery of pseudorabies virus from houseflies (musca domestica). | in laboratory experiments, pseudorabies virus was readily recovered from within the body of houseflies (musca domestica l) that had ingested the virus. age of the fly and ambient temperature affected the rate of virus inactivation within the houseflies. virus half-life in 3-day-old flies was 6.36 hours vs 2.81 hours in flies 8 or 13 days old. half-life in 5-day-old flies was 12.92 hours at 10 c, 5.95 hours at 20 c, and 2.69 hours at 30 c. virus half-life in dead flies was 9.06 hours at 10 c, 4.2 ... | 1989 | 2552878 |
| further characterisation of the [35s]-tbps binding site of the gaba receptor complex in locust (schistocerca gregaria) ganglia membranes. | 1. using homogenates of supraoesophageal ganglia from locust we observed specific binding of [35s]-tbps which was linear with protein concentration up to 7 mg/ml, showed a ph optimum at ph 9.0 and was linear with nacl concentration up to 350 mm. 2. kinetic analysis of the binding showed positive cooperativity as a result of changes in on and off-rates with occupation of the binding site by the ligand. the apparent kd = 417 nm and bmax = 1083 fmol/mg of membrane protein were calculated using a co ... | 1989 | 2566451 |
| action of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis delta-endotoxin on the ultrastructure of the house fly larva neuromuscular system in vitro. | | 1986 | 3007633 |
| experimental contamination of musca domestica sorbens in relation to external and gut pathogen transmission. | | 1988 | 3047270 |
| evidence of a biological mode of transmission of enteric bacteria by musca domestica sorbens. | | 1988 | 3047271 |
| efficacies of mixtures of disinfectants and insecticides. | efficacies of mixtures of diluted commercial formulations of selected insecticides and disinfectants were evaluated. insecticides tested included representative pyrethroids (fenvalerate [ectrin wdl and wd] and permethrin [ectiban ec]), organophosphates (dichlorvos [vapona ec], tetrachlorvinphos [rabon wp] and dichlorvos/tetrachlorvinphos [ravap ec], and a carbamate (carbaryl [sevin s]). disinfectants tested included representatives of cresylic acid (biolene), cresylic acid/phenol (bioguard x-185 ... | 1987 | 3112756 |
| [orienting studies on the passage use of the chitin biosynthesis inhibitor diflubenzuron (dimilin wp 25) against larvae of musca domestica in swine feces]. | | 1987 | 3115221 |
| [demodex folliculorum]. | the author reports on demodex folliculorum ("hair follicle mite"), a frequent and widespread parasite. these mites are found in hair follicles of eyelashes in particular. in ophthalmology they are responsible for chronic eczematous blepharitis ("blepharitis acarica") with trichiasis and madarosis. therapy is unsatisfactory. the author has now discovered that isoptocarbachol 3% eyedrops successfully combat demodex folliculorum. the solution was first tested experimentally on house flies (musca do ... | 1988 | 3236736 |
| [comparative study of the interaction of acetylcholinesterases of human erythrocytes and the heads of houseflies with phosphorylated alkylchloroformoximes]. | studies have been made on the interaction of four types of phosphorylated alkylchloroformoximes, i.e. analogues of an insecticide-acaricide valexon, with acetylcholinesterases from human erythrocytes and from the heads of the housefly musca domestica. antiacetylcholinesterase activity of the drugs depended both on the structure of the organophosphorus compounds, and the origin of the enzyme, indicating the existence of differences in the active surface of these acetylcholinesterases. incorporati ... | 1988 | 3245355 |
| new ways how to control development of the house fly larvae (musca domestica) in litter. | | 1987 | 3297606 |
| neural circuits mediating visual flight control in flies. i. quantitative comparison of neural and behavioral response characteristics. | the motion-sensitive horizontal cells in the lobula plate of the fly are assumed to play a key role in the sensory control of yaw torque generated by the flying animal during course-stabilization maneuvers and the fixation of objects. this inference results from comparisons of electrophysiological data obtained from blowflies (calliphora erythrocephala) and behavioral data obtained mainly from houseflies (musca domestica) and fruitflies (drosophila melanogaster). apart from few exceptions, the c ... | 1989 | 2585057 |