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natural wolbachia infections in the drosophila yakuba species complex do not induce cytoplasmic incompatibility but fully rescue the wri modification.in this study, we report data about the presence of wolbachia in drosophila yakuba, d. teissieri, and d. santomea. wolbachia strains were characterized using their wsp gene sequence and cytoplasmic incompatibility assays. all three species were found infected with wolbachia bacteria closely related to the wau strain, found so far in d. simulans natural populations, and were unable to induce cytoplasmic incompatibility. we injected wri, a ci-inducing strain naturally infecting d. simulans, into t ...200415238531
mitochondrial dna of chlamydomonas reinhardtii: the nd4 gene encoding a subunit of nadh dehydrogenase.the nd4 gene encoding a subunit of respiratory nadh dehydrogenase has been identified on the linear 15.8 kb mitochondrial dna of chlamydomonas reinhardtii. the gene maps downstream of nd5. the 1,332 bp nucleotide sequence presented is the first complete reported nd4 sequence from a photoautotrophic organism. the deduced protein of 443 amino acid residues shows 34%, 29% and 27% homology to the protein sequences of aspergillus amstelodami, drosophila yakuba and mouse, respectively. nd4 is the fift ...19892791036
sequence and arrangement of the genes for cytochrome b, urf1, urf4l, urf4, urf5, urf6 and five trnas in drosophila mitochondrial dna.the nucleotide sequence of a segment of the mtdna molecule of drosophila yakuba has been determined, within which have been identified the 3' end of the large rrna gene and the entire genes for trnaleucun , urf1 , trnaserucn , cytochrome b, urf6 , trnapro, trnathr , urf4l , urf4 , trnahis and urf5 . the genes are arranged in the order given, with the large rrna gene being closest to the a+t-rich region which contains the origin of replication. transcription of all of these genes except those for ...19846328435
the drosophila gene 2a5 complements the defect in mitochondrial f1-atpase assembly in yeast lacking the molecular chaperone atp11p.assembly of mitochondrial f1-atpase in saccharomyces cerevisiae requires the molecular chaperone, atp11p. database searches have identified protein sequences from schizosaccharomyces pombe and two species of drosophila that are homologous to s. cerevisiae atp11p. a cdna encoding the putative atp11p from drosophila yakuba was shown to complement the respiratory deficient phenotype of yeast harboring an atp11::his3 disruption allele. furthermore, the product of this drosophila gene was shown to in ...199910386611
what maintains noncytoplasmic incompatibility inducing wolbachia in their hosts: a case study from a natural drosophila yakuba population.cytoplasmic incompatibility (ci) allows wolbachia to invade hosts populations by specifically inducing sterility in crosses between infected males and uninfected females. in some species, non-ci inducing wolbachia, that are thought to derive from ci-inducing ancestors, are common. in theory, the maintenance of such infections is not possible unless the bacterium is perfectly transmitted to offspring--and/or provides a fitness benefit to infected females. the present study aims to test this view ...200415009266
mitochondrial dna of chlamydomonas reinhardtii: the gene for apocytochrome b and the complete functional map of the 15.8 kb dna.we have sequenced the termini of the mitochondrial genome of chlamydomonas reinhardtii and now present the dna sequence of the gene for apocytochrome b. this gene is the thirteenth gene of the linear 15.8 kb dna and appears to be the last one of the mt genome. the deduced protein sequence of 381 amino acid residues shows 56%, 48.6% and 48% identity with the apocytochrome b proteins of maize, drosophila yakuba and mouse, respectively. rna analysis reveals a transcript of about 1250 nucleotides. i ...19902250648
codon usage is imposed by the gene location in the transcription unit.a characteristic profile of the fluctuations of codon usage is observed in bacteriophages and mitochondria. by following the dna in the direction of transcription, one moves slowly from a region where selective pressure favours codons ending with c to a region where the bias is in favour of codons ending with t; then, abruptly, one again enters a region of codons ending in c. the transcription end point takes place in the area of abrupt change in codon usage. by comparing drosophila yakuba and m ...19911807825
the watermelon mitochondrial urf-1 gene: evidence for a complex structure.we have cloned and sequenced a fragment of watermelon mitochondrial dna (mtdna) which contains a gene homologous to mitochondrial urf-1 (unidentified reading frame-1) of vertebrates, drosophila yakuba and aspergillus nidulans. urf-1 is thought to encode a component of the respiratory chain nadh dehydrogenase. two coding regions in the watermelon gene are separated by approximately 1,450 bp of untranslatable dna. these two exons encode the central portions of urf-1, and are highly conserved. we p ...19863447741
mitochondrial transfer rna genes in a black fly, simulium vittatum (diptera: simuliidae), indicate long divergence from mosquito (diptera: culicidae) and fruit fly (diptera: drosophilidae).sequences are given for nine complete genes and one partial mitochondrial trna gene of the black fly, simulium vittatum (zetterstedt). sequenced trna genes were for alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, leucine(cun), lysine, serine(agn), and valine. nucleotides were aligned with the same previously sequenced genes in aedes albopictus skuse and drosophila yakuba burla. a cluster of six trna genes, which differ in arrangement in ae. albopictus and d. yakuba, was amp ...19921379642
a cellular drosophila melanogaster protein with similarity to baculovirus f envelope fusion proteins.baculovirus f (fusion) proteins are found in the envelopes of budded virions. recently a drosophila melanogaster gene (cg4715) that encodes a protein with sequence similarity to baculovirus f proteins was discovered. to examine similarities and differences with baculovirus f proteins, we cloned the d. melanogaster cellular f (dm-cf) protein gene and analyzed dm-cf expression and localization. the predicted dm-cf protein sequence lacks a furin cleavage site, and transiently expressed dm-cf showed ...200515956544
conspecific sperm precedence in sister species of drosophila with overlapping ranges.barriers to gene flow that act after mating but before fertilization are often overlooked in studies of reproductive isolation. where species are sympatric, such "cryptic" isolating barriers may be important in maintaining species as distinct entities. drosophila yakuba and its sister species d. santomea have overlapping ranges on the island of são tomé, off the coast of west africa. previous studies have shown that the two species are strongly sexually isolated. however, the degree of sexual is ...200415154554
nucleotide sequence of a segment of drosophila mitochondrial dna that contains the genes for cytochrome c oxidase subunits ii and iii and atpase subunit 6.the nucleotide sequence of a segment of the mtdna molecule of drosophila yakuba has been determined, within which have been identified the genes for trnaleuuur, cytochrome c oxidase subunit ii (coii), trnalys, trnaasp, urfa6l, atpase subunit 6 (atpase6), cytochrome c oxidase subunit iii (coiii) and trnagly. the genes are arranged in the order given and all are transcribed from the same strand of the molecule in a direction opposite to that in which replication proceeds around the molecule. the t ...19836306579
partial sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the crustacean daphnia pulex.a 4062-nucleotide (nt) fragment of the mitochondrial genome of the crustacean daphnia pulex was sequenced and found to contain the complete genes for eight trnas and five proteins (atp6, atp8, coii, coiii, nd3) and the partial sequence of coi. in combination with data described previously, approximately 50% of the d. pulex mitochondrial genome has been sequenced. the gene order in this half of the genome is identical to that of drosophila yakuba which differs from that of the other completely se ...19979000380
numerous gene rearrangements in the mitochondrial genome of the wallaby louse, heterodoxus macropus (phthiraptera).the complete arrangement of genes in the mitochondrial (mt) genome is known for 12 species of insects, and part of the gene arrangement in the mt genome is known for over 300 other species of insects. the arrangement of genes in the mt genome is very conserved in insects studied, since all of the protein-coding and rrna genes and most of the trna genes are arranged in the same way. we sequenced the entire mt genome of the wallaby louse, heterodoxus macropus, which is 14,670 bp long and has the 3 ...200111319269
the sequence, organization, and evolution of the locusta migratoria mitochondrial genome.the sequencing of the cloned locusta migratoria mitochondrial genome has been completed. the sequence is 15,722 bp in length and contains 75.3% a+t, the lowest value in any of the five insect mitochondrial sequences so far determined. the protein coding genes have a similar a+t content (74.1%) but are distinguished by a high cytosine content at the third codon position. the gene content and organization are the same as in drosophila yakuba except for a rearrangement of the two trna genes trnalys ...19958587138
a local algorithm for dna sequence alignment with inversions.a dynamic programming algorithm to find all optimal alignments of dna subsequences is described. the alignments use not only substitutions, insertions and deletions of nucleotides but also inversions (reversed complements) of substrings of the sequences. the inversion alignments themselves contain substitutions, insertions and deletions of nucleotides. we study the problem of alignment with non-intersecting inversions. to provide a computationally efficient algorithm we restrict candidate invers ...19921591531
slip-sliding away: serial changes and homoplasy in repeat number in the drosophila yakuba homolog of human cancer susceptibility gene brca2.several recent studies have examined the function and evolution of a drosophila homolog to the human breast cancer susceptibility gene brca2, named dmbrca2. we previously identified what appeared to be a recent expansion in the rad51-binding brc-repeat array in the ancestor of drosophila yakuba. in this study, we examine patterns of variation and evolution of the dmbrca2 brc-repeat array within d. yakuba and its close relatives. we develop a model of how unequal crossing over may have produced t ...201020543987
evolutionary novelties in islands: drosophila santomea, a new melanogaster sister species from são tomé.the finding of new melanogaster sister species may help us in understanding more about how the emergence of genetic novelties, particularly in insular habitats, can result in speciation. here we report on the discovery of drosophila santomea, which is the first melanogaster sibling found off west-equatorial africa, on são tomé, one of the gulf of guinea islands. although the eight other melanogaster sister species are remarkably conservative in their morphology except for their terminalia, the n ...200011007323
the drosophila melanogaster dodecasatellite sequence is closely linked to the centromere and can form connections between sister chromatids during mitosis.we have used fluorescence in situ hybridisation to wild-type and rearranged mitotic chromosomes to map the drosophila melanogaster dodecasatellite sequence. it is located at a unique site, within the pericentric heterochromatin of the right arm of the third chromosome, closely linked to the primary constriction. in polytene chromosomes, dodecasatellite is found as one or a few dots in the central region of the chromocentre. in untreated diploid cells, dodecasatellite sequences are found as one o ...19938360277
genes for cytochrome c oxidase subunit i, urf2, and three trnas in drosophila mitochondrial dna.genes for urf2, trnatrp, trnacys, trnatyr and cytochrome c oxidase subunit i (coi) have been identified within a sequenced segment of the drosophila yakuba mtdna molecule. the five genes are arranged in the order given. transcription of the trnacys and trnatyr genes is in the same direction as replication, while transcription of the urf2, trnatrp and coi genes is in the opposite direction. a similar arrangement of these genes is found in mammalian mtdna except that in the latter, the trnaala and ...19836314262
drosophila melanogaster mitochondrial dna: gene organization and evolutionary considerations.the sequence of a 8351-nucleotide mitochondrial dna (mtdna) fragment has been obtained extending the knowledge of the drosophila melanogaster mitochondrial genome to 90% of its coding region. the sequence encodes seven polypeptides, 12 trnas and the 3' end of the 16s rrna and co iii genes. the gene organization is strictly conserved with respect to the drosophila yakuba mitochondrial genome, and different from that found in mammals and xenopus. the high a + t content of d. melanogaster mitochond ...20113130291
analysis of mitochondrial dna and development of pcr-based diagnostic molecular markers for mediterranean fruit fly (ceratitis capitata) populations.a 2.99 kb mtdna fragment containing two variable restriction endonuclease sites (ecorv and xbai) was subcloned and sequenced from the mediterranean fruit fly (ceratitis capitata). this fragment represents approximately one-fifth of the entire mitochondrial sequence. the sequence was aligned with the comparable region from drosophila yakuba and anopheles gambiae, resulting in 81.8% and 76.7% identity at the nucleotide level, and 77% and 67.7% identity, respectively, at the amino acid level. the s ...19957742977
mitochondrial dna of the blowfly phormia regina: restriction analysis and gene localization.a study of an invertebrate mitochondrial genome, that of the blowfly phormia regina, has been initiated to compare its structural and functional relatedness to other metazoan mitochondrial genomes. a restriction map of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) isolated from sucrose gradient-purified mitochondria has been established using a combination of single and double restriction endonuclease digestions and hybridizations with isolated mtdna fragments, revealing a genome size of 17.5 kilobases (kb). a numb ...19911652934
recombination and replication of plasmid-like derivatives of a short section of the mitochondrial chromosome of neurospora crassa.the 21-kbp mitochondrial chromosome of the stp-ruv strain of neurospora crassa undergoes regional amplification yielding plasmid-like supercoiled circles varying in size from subunit length to very high multimers. a comparison of the base sequence of the five plasmids studied, with the region of the chromosome from which they were derived, indicated that the amplified chromosomal segments were determined by a recombination-excision process near or within two structurally distinctive regions. one ...19892524421
the ribosomal rna genes of drosophila mitochondrial dna.the nucleotide sequence of a segment of the mtdna molecule of drosophila yakuba which contains the a+t-rich region and the small and large rrna genes separated by the trnaval gene has been determined. the 5' end of the small rrna gene was located by s1 protection analysis. in contrast to mammalian mtdna, a trna gene was not found at the 5' end of the d. yakuba small rrna gene. the small and large rrna genes are 20.7% and 16.7% g+c and contain only 789 and 1326 nucleotides. the 5' regions of the ...19852989784
unusual features of the drosophila melanogaster telomere transposable element het-a are conserved in drosophila yakuba telomere elements.het-a was the first transposable element shown to have a bona fide role in chromosome structure, maintenance of telomeres in drosophila melanogaster. het-a has hallmarks of non-long-terminal-repeat (non-ltr) retrotransposable elements but also has several unique features. we have now isolated het-a elements from drosophila yakuba, showing that the retrotransposon mechanism of telomere maintenance predates the separation of d. melanogaster and d. yakuba (5-15 million years ago). het-a elements fr ...09520442
comparison of mitochondrial dna sequences of seven morphospecies of black flies (diptera: simuliidae).universal primers constructed from the 16s ribosomal rna gene in the drosophila yakuba mitochondrial genome were successfully used to amplify, via the polymerase chain reaction, the homologous region of mitochondrial dna from seven black fly morphospecies. amplification was achieved from single larval salivary glands and from single adults preserved in carnoy's fixative (ethanol - acetic acid, 3:1), allowing dna sequences and polytene chromosome banding pattern data to be gathered from the same ...19912055453
an anomalous hybrid zone in drosophila.despite the genetic tractability of many of drosophila species, the genus has few examples of the "classic" type of hybrid zone, in which the ranges of two species overlap with a gradual transition from one species to another through an area where hybrids are produced. here we describe a classic hybrid zone in drosophila that involves two sister species, drosophila yakuba and d. santomea, on the island of são tomé. our transect of this zone has yielded several surprising and anomalous findings. ...200516526507
a comparison of frost expression among species and life stages of drosophila.frost (fst) is a gene associated with cold exposure in drosophila melanogaster. we used real-time pcr to assess whether cold exposure induces expression of fst in 10 different life stages of d. melanogaster, and adults of seven other drosophila species. we exposed groups of individuals to 0 °c (2 h), followed by 1 h recovery (22 °c). frost was significantly upregulated in response to cold in eggs, third instar larvae, and 2- and 5-day-old male and female adults in d. melanogaster. life stages in ...201221955087
comparative genomic analysis of allatostatin-encoding (ast) genes in drosophila species and prediction of regulatory elements by phylogenetic footprinting.the role of the yxfgla family of allatostatin (ast) peptides in dipterans is not well-established. the recent completion of sequencing of genomes for multiple drosophila species provides an opportunity to study the evolutionary variation of the allatostatins and to examine regulatory elements that control gene expression. we performed comparative analyses of ast genes from seven drosophila species (drosophila melanogaster, drosophila simulans, drosophila ananassae, drosophila yakuba, drosophila ...200717175069
the complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the crustacean penaeus monodon: are malacostracan crustaceans more closely related to insects than to branchiopods?the complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the giant tiger prawn, penaeus monodon (arthropoda, crustacea, malacostraca), is presented. the gene content and gene order are identical to those observed in drosophila yakuba. the overall at composition is lower than that observed in the known insect mitochondrial genomes, but higher than that observed in the other two crustaceans for which complete mitochondrial sequence is available. analysis of the effect of nucleotide bias on codon compo ...200010833192
evidence for interspecific transfer of the transposable element mariner between drosophila and zaprionus.the transposable element mariner occurs widely in the melanogaster species group of drosophila. however, in drosophilids outside of the melanogaster species group, sequences showing strong dna hybridization with mariner are found only in the genus zaprionus. the mariner sequence obtained from zaprionus tuberculatus is 97% identical with that from drosophila mauritiana, a member of the melanogaster species subgroup, whereas a mariner sequence isolated from drosophila tsacasi is only 92% identical ...19911664000
identification of nucleotide substitutions necessary for trans-activation of mariner transposable elements in drosophila: analysis of naturally occurring elements.six copies of the mariner element from the genomes of drosophila mauritiana and drosophila simulans were chosen at random for dna sequencing and functional analysis and compared with the highly active element mos1 and the inactive element peach. all elements were 1286 base pairs in length, but among them there were 18 nucleotide differences. as assayed in drosophila melanogaster, three of the elements were apparently nonfunctional, two were marginally functional, and one had moderate activity th ...19911655567
an intron loss of dfak gene in species of the drosophila melanogaster subgroup and phylogenetic analysis.drosophila focal adhesion kinase (dfak) gene is a single-copy nuclear gene. previous study revealed that drosophila melanogaster and drosophila simulans had lost an intron precisely within the tyrosine kinase (tyk) domain of this gene. however, this did not happen in several other drosophila species, including drosophila elegans, drosophila ficusphila, drosophila biarmipes, drosophila jambulina, drosophila prostipennis, drosophila takahashii, and drosophila pseudoobscura. in the current study, h ...200918310070
fast protein evolution and germ line expression of a drosophila parental gene and its young retroposed paralog.this is the first detailed study of the evolution, phylogenetic distribution, and transcription of one young retroposed gene, cg13732, and its parental gene cg15645, whose functions are unknown. cg13732 is a recognizable retroposed copy of cg15645 retaining the signals of this process. we name the parental gene cervantes and the retrogene quijote. to determine when this duplication occurred and the phylogenetic distribution of quijote, we employed polymerase chain reaction, southern blotting, an ...200616916943
cloning of the mitochondrial genome of anopheles quadrimaculatus.the entire 15 kilobase (kb) anopheles quadrimaculatus mitochondrial dna (mtdna) was cloned as three ecori fragments in a bacteriophage vector and then subcloned into plasmid vectors. the cloned dna was physically mapped with restriction endonucleases, and the maps were compared to the restriction patterns of native a. quadrimaculatus mtdna. several genes were mapped by sequencing the ends of a. quadrimaculatus mtdna subclones and by hybridization with the previously characterized aedes albopictu ...19822134168
recurrent positive selection of the drosophila hybrid incompatibility gene hmr.lethality in hybrids between drosophila melanogaster and its sibling species drosophila simulans is caused in part by the interaction of the genes hybrid male rescue (hmr) and lethal hybrid rescue (lhr). hmr and lhr have diverged under positive selection in the hybridizing species. here we test whether positive selection of hmr is confined only to d. melanogaster and d. simulans. we find that hmr has continued to diverge under recurrent positive selection between the sibling species d. simulans ...200818755760
complete base sequence for the mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal rna of the gypsy moth lymantria dispar (l.).a 1355 bp sequence (accession number l32141) isolated from a gypsy moth (lymantria dispar) cdna library showed 68-74% sequence identity to mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal rna (mt irrna) sequences of locusta migratoria, apis mellifera, aedes albopictus, anopheles gambiae and two drosophila species. a comparison of the primary sequences of the mt irrnas from the above insects in four orders and from esherichia coli demonstrated regions of conservation which presumably correspond to regions o ...19947704305
naturally occurring variation in copia expression is due to both element (cis) and host (trans) regulatory variation.significant differences in levels of copia [drosophila long terminal repeat (ltr) retrotransposon] expression exist among six species representing the drosophila melanogaster species complex (d. melanogaster, drosophila mauritiana, drosophila simulans, drosophila sechellia, drosophila yakuba, and drosophila erecta) and a more distantly related species (drosophila willistoni). these differences in expression are correlated with major size variation mapping to putative regulatory regions of the co ...19968692951
phylogeny, integration and expression of sigma virus-like genes in drosophila.the recent and surprising discovery of widespread nirvs (non-retroviral integrated rna viruses) has highlighted the importance of genomic interactions between non-retroviral rna viruses and their eukaryotic hosts. among the viruses with integrated representatives are the rhabdoviruses, a family of negative sense single-stranded rna viruses. we identify sigma virus-like nirvs of drosophila spp. that represent unique cases where nirvs are closely related to exogenous rna viruses in a model host or ...201222750113
a novel dataset for identifying sex-biased genes in drosophila.phenotypic differences between males and females of sexually dimorphic species are caused in large part by differences in gene expression between the sexes, most of which occurs in the gonads. to accurately identify genes differentially expressed between males and females in drosophila, we sequenced the testis and ovary transcriptomes of d. yakuba, d. pseudoobscura, and d. ananassae and used them to identify sex-biased genes in the latter two species. we highlight the increased sensitivity and i ...201425031657
phylogeny of sibling species of simulium venustum and s. verecundum (diptera: simuliidae) based on sequences of the mitochondrial 16s rrna gene.the phylogeny of four sibling species of simulium venustum (cc, cc3, cc4, and ac(gb)) and two sibling species of s. verecundum (aa and acd = s. rostratum) was reconstructed using nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial large subunit rrna gene. separate phylogenetic analyses were performed by dividing the sequence data into: (1) helices of a computer-generated secondary structure of the rdna; (2) loops of the computer-generated structure; (3) helices of a consensus secondary structure (deduced ...19937519520
a multispecies approach for comparing sequence evolution of x-linked and autosomal sites in drosophila.population genetics models show that, under certain conditions, the x chromosome is expected to be under more efficient selection than the autosomes. this could lead to 'faster-x evolution', if a large proportion of mutations are fixed by positive selection, as suggested by recent studies in drosophila. we used a multispecies approach to test this: muller's element d, an autosomal arm, is fused to the ancestral x chromosome in drosophila pseudoobscura and its sister species, drosophila affinis. ...200819061532
comparative gene expression analysis of dtg, a novel target gene of dpp signaling pathway in the early drosophila melanogaster embryo.in the early drosophila melanogaster embryo, dpp, a secreted molecule that belongs to the tgf-β superfamily of growth factors, activates a set of downstream genes to subdivide the dorsal region into amnioserosa and dorsal epidermis. here, we examined the expression pattern and transcriptional regulation of dtg, a new target gene of dpp signaling pathway that is required for proper amnioserosa differentiation. we showed that the expression of dtg was controlled by dpp and characterized a 524-bp e ...201424321690
putative origin and function of the intergenic region between coi and coii of apis mellifera l. mitochondrial dna.the mitochondrial genome of honeybees is characterized by the presence of a long intergenic sequence located between the coi and coii genes. in addition, the length of this sequence varies between and within subspecies. four length categories (200, 250, 450 and 650 bp) have been found in 63 sampled colonies. analysis of the sequence of the largest type reveals the existence of two units: p (54 bp, 100% a + t) and q (196 bp, 93.4% a + t). the lengths encountered in the sample are explained by the ...19911649072
one-step pcr amplification of complete arthropod mitochondrial genomes.a new pcr primer set which enables one-step amplification of complete arthropod mitochondrial genomes was designed from two conserved 16s rdna regions for the long pcr technique. for this purpose, partial 16s rdnas amplified with universal primers 16sa and 16sb were newly sequenced from six representative arthropods: armadillidium vulgare and macrobrachium nipponense (crustacea), anopheles sinensis (insecta), lithobius forficatus and megaphyllum sp. (myriapoda), and limulus polyphemus (chelicera ...200111399145
the mitochondrial genome of anopheles quadrimaculatus species a: complete nucleotide sequence and gene organization.the complete sequence (15,455 bp) of the mitochondrial dna of the mosquito anopheles quadrimaculatus species a is reported. this genome is compact and very a+t rich (77.4% a+t). it contains genes for 2 ribosomal rnas (rrnas), 22 transfer rnas (trnas), and 13 subunits of the mitochondrial inner membrane respiratory complexes. the gene arrangement is the same as in drosophila yakuba, except that the positions of two contiguous trnas are reversed and a third trna is transcribed from the complementa ...19938112570
selections that isolate recombinant mitochondrial genomes in animals.homologous recombination is widespread and catalyzes evolution. nonetheless, its existence in animal mitochondrial dna is questioned. we designed selections for recombination between co-resident mitochondrial genomes in various heteroplasmic drosophila lines. in four experimental settings, recombinant genomes became the sole or dominant genome in the progeny. thus, selection uncovers occurrence of homologous recombination in drosophila mtdna and documents its functional benefit. double-strand br ...201526237110
correlated evolution of male and female reproductive traits drive a cascading effect of reinforcement in drosophila yakuba.selection against maladaptive hybridization can drive the evolution of reproductive isolation in a process called reinforcement. while the importance of reinforcement in evolution has been historically debated, many examples now exist. despite these examples, we typically lack a detailed understanding of the mechanisms limiting the spread of reinforced phenotypes throughout a species' range. here we address this issue in the fruit fly drosophila yakuba, a species that hybridizes with its sister ...201627440664
adaptive protein evolution of x-linked and autosomal genes in drosophila: implications for faster-x hypotheses.patterns of sex chromosome and autosome evolution can be used to elucidate the underlying genetic basis of adaptative change. evolutionary theory predicts that x-linked genes will adapt more rapidly than autosomes if adaptation is limited by the availability of beneficial mutations and if such mutations are recessive. in drosophila, rates of molecular divergence between species appear to be equivalent between autosomes and the x chromosome. however, molecular divergence contrasts are difficult t ...200717884828
krüppel expression levels are maintained through compensatory evolution of shadow enhancers.many developmental genes are controlled by shadow enhancers—pairs of enhancers that drive overlapping expression patterns. we hypothesized that compensatory evolution can maintain the total expression of a gene, while individual shadow enhancers diverge between species. to test this hypothesis, we analyzed expression driven by orthologous pairs of shadow enhancers from drosophila melanogaster, drosophila yakuba, and drosophila pseudoobscura that control expression of krüppel, a transcription fac ...201526344774
a major locus controls a genital shape difference involved in reproductive isolation between drosophila yakuba and drosophila santomea.rapid evolution of genitalia shape, a widespread phenomenon in animals with internal fertilization, offers the opportunity to dissect the genetic architecture of morphological evolution linked to sexual selection and speciation. most quantitative trait loci (qtl) mapping studies of genitalia divergence have focused on drosophila melanogaster and its three most closely related species, d. simulans, d. mauritiana, and d. sechellia, and have suggested that the genetic basis of genitalia evolution i ...201526511499
the evolution of reproductive isolation in the drosophila yakuba complex of species.in the drosophila melanogaster subgroup, the yakuba species complex, d. yakuba, d. santomea and d. teissieri have identical mitochondrial genomes in spite of nuclear differentiation. the first two species can be readily hybridized in the laboratory and produce fertile females and sterile males. they also form hybrids in natural conditions. nonetheless, the third species, d. teissieri, was thought to be unable to produce hybrids with either d. yakuba or d. santomea. this in turn posed the conundr ...201525611516
the mitochondrial genome of the honeybee apis mellifera: complete sequence and genome organization.the complete sequence of honeybee (apis mellifera) mitochondrial dna is reported being 16,343 bp long in the strain sequenced. relative to their positions in the drosophila map, 11 of the trna genes are in altered positions, but the other genes and regions are in the same relative positions. comparisons of the predicted protein sequences indicate that the honeybee mitochondrial genetic code is the same as that for drosophila; but the anticodons of two trnas differ between these two insects. the ...19938417993
comparative motif discovery combined with comparative transcriptomics yields accurate targetome and enhancer predictions.the identification of transcription factor binding sites, enhancers, and transcriptional target genes often relies on the integration of gene expression profiling and computational cis-regulatory sequence analysis. methods for the prediction of cis-regulatory elements can take advantage of comparative genomics to increase signal-to-noise levels. however, gene expression data are usually derived from only one species. here we investigate tissue-specific cross-species gene expression profiling by ...201323070853
genomewide comparative analysis of the highly abundant transposable element dine-1 suggests a recent transpositional burst in drosophila yakuba.dine-1 (drosophila interspersed element) is the most abundant repetitive sequence in the drosophila genome derived from transposable elements. it comprises >1% of the drosophila melanogaster genome (dmg) and is believed to be a relic from an ancient transpositional burst that occurred approximately 5-10 mya. we performed a genomewide comparison of the abundance, sequence variation, and chromosomal distribution of dine-1 in d. melanogaster and d. yakuba. unlike the highly diverged copies in the d ...200616387876
x chromosomes and autosomes evolve at similar rates in drosophila: no evidence for faster-x protein evolution.recent data from drosophila suggest that a substantial fraction of amino acid substitutions observed between species are beneficial. if these beneficial mutations are on average partially recessive, then the rate of protein evolution is predicted to be faster for x-linked genes compared to autosomal genes (the "faster-x" hypothesis). we test this prediction by comparing rates of protein substitutions between orthologous genes, taking advantage of variations in chromosome fusions within the genus ...200616520459
quantitative genome-wide enhancer activity maps for five drosophila species show functional enhancer conservation and turnover during cis-regulatory evolution.phenotypic differences between closely related species are thought to arise primarily from changes in gene expression due to mutations in cis-regulatory sequences (enhancers). however, it has remained unclear how frequently mutations alter enhancer activity or create functional enhancers de novo. here we use starr-seq, a recently developed quantitative enhancer assay, to determine genome-wide enhancer activity profiles for five drosophila species in the constant trans-regulatory environment of d ...201424908250
evidence for complex selection on four-fold degenerate sites in drosophila melanogaster.we considered genome-wide four-fold degenerate sites from an african drosophila melanogaster population and compared them to short introns. to include divergence and to polarize the data, we used its close relatives drosophila simulans, drosophila sechellia, drosophila erecta and drosophila yakuba as outgroups. in d. melanogaster, the gc content at four-fold degenerate sites is higher than in short introns; compared to its relatives, more at than gc is fixed. the former has been explained by cod ...201223020078
a conserved developmental patterning network produces quantitatively different output in multiple species of drosophila.differences in the level, timing, or location of gene expression can contribute to alternative phenotypes at the molecular and organismal level. understanding the origins of expression differences is complicated by the fact that organismal morphology and gene regulatory networks could potentially vary even between closely related species. to assess the scope of such changes, we used high-resolution imaging methods to measure mrna expression in blastoderm embryos of drosophila yakuba and drosophi ...201122046143
a young drosophila duplicate gene plays essential roles in spermatogenesis by regulating several y-linked male fertility genes.gene duplication is supposed to be the major source for genetic innovations. however, how a new duplicate gene acquires functions by integrating into a pathway and results in adaptively important phenotypes has remained largely unknown. here, we investigated the biological roles and the underlying molecular mechanism of the young kep1 gene family in the drosophila melanogaster species subgroup to understand the origin and evolution of new genes with new functions. sequence and expression analysi ...201021203494
comparative analysis of transposable elements in the melanogaster subgroup sequenced genomes.transposable elements (tes) are indwelling components of genomes, and their dynamics have been a driving force in genome evolution. although we now have more information concerning their amounts and characteristics in various organisms, we still have little data from overall comparisons of their sequences in very closely-related species. while the drosophila melanogaster genome has been extensively studied, we have only limited knowledge regarding the precise te sequences in the genomes of the r ...201121156200
strong evidence for lineage and sequence specificity of substitution rates and patterns in drosophila.rates of single nucleotide substitution in drosophila are highly variable within the genome, and several examples illustrate that evolutionary rates differ among drosophila species as well. here, we use a maximum likelihood method to quantify lineage-specific substitutional patterns and apply this method to 4-fold degenerate synonymous sites and introns from more than 8,000 genes aligned in the drosophila melanogaster group. we find that within species, different classes of sequence evolve at di ...200919351792
binding site turnover produces pervasive quantitative changes in transcription factor binding between closely related drosophila species.changes in gene expression play an important role in evolution, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying regulatory evolution are poorly understood. here we compare genome-wide binding of the six transcription factors that initiate segmentation along the anterior-posterior axis in embryos of two closely related species: drosophila melanogaster and drosophila yakuba. where we observe binding by a factor in one species, we almost always observe binding by that factor to the orthologous sequence in ...201020351773
on the origin of new genes in drosophila.several mechanisms have been proposed to account for the origination of new genes. despite extensive case studies, the general principles governing this fundamental process are still unclear at the whole-genome level. here, we unveil genome-wide patterns for the mutational mechanisms leading to new genes and their subsequent lineage-specific evolution at different time nodes in the drosophila melanogaster species subgroup. we find that (1) tandem gene duplication has generated approximately 80% ...200818550802
patterns of mutation and selection at synonymous sites in drosophila.that natural selection affects molecular evolution at synonymous sites in protein-coding sequences is well established and is thought to predominantly reflect selection for translational efficiency/accuracy mediated through codon bias. however, a recently developed maximum likelihood framework, when applied to 18 coding sequences in 3 species of drosophila, confirmed an earlier report that the notch gene in drosophila melanogaster was evolving under selection in favor of those codons defined as ...200718000010
the right period for a siesta.drosophila melanogaster has a broad geographic range. daily activity in this species exhibits seasonality such that midday rest expands on long warm days, possibly to avoid desiccation. comparative analyses show that temperature-dependent control of this behavior is partly linked to patterns of per mrna splicing that are absent in drosophila yakuba, a related species native to warmer climates with little seasonal change.200819109901
molecular characterization and phylogenesis of steganinae (diptera, drosophilidae) inferred by the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1.the subfamily steganinae (diptera, drosophilidae) includes flies which display zoophilic feeding behaviour in the larval and/or adult stages, some of which act as vectors of spirurida eyeworms, which infect both carnivores and humans. to date, the taxonomy and phylogeny of the subfamily steganinae has been studied only superficially and many aspects of their systematics remain unresolved. thus, the present study aimed to provide a molecular dataset to facilitate the identification and phylogenet ...200818380652
strong regional heterogeneity in base composition evolution on the drosophila x chromosome.fluctuations in base composition appear to be prevalent in drosophila and mammal genome evolution, but their timescale, genomic breadth, and causes remain obscure. here, we study base composition evolution within the x chromosomes of drosophila melanogaster and five of its close relatives. substitutions were inferred on six extant and two ancestral lineages for 14 near-telomeric and 9 nontelomeric genes. gc content evolution is highly variable both within the genome and within the phylogenetic t ...200616547109
the drosulfakinin 0 (dsk 0) peptide encoded in the conserved dsk gene affects adult drosophila melanogaster crop contractions.we report that the drosulfakinin 0 (dsk 0; nqktmsfnh2) structure and genomic organization are conserved. the dsk 0 c-terminus, sfnh2, is widely distributed in the animal kingdom suggesting it defines a novel peptide family. we also report the first description of dsk 0 activity. dsk 0, i (dsk i, fddyghmrfnh2), and ii (dsk ii, ggddqfddyghmrfnh2) are encoded in sulfakinin (dsk). drosophila erecta, drosophila sechellia, drosophila simulans, and drosophila yakuba shared 62.5-87.5% identity to drosop ...200717632121
phylogenetic incongruence in the drosophila melanogaster species group.drosophila melanogaster and its close relatives are used extensively in comparative biology. despite the importance of phylogenetic information for such studies, relationships between some melanogaster species group members are unclear due to conflicting phylogenetic signals at different loci. in this study, we use twelve nuclear loci (eleven coding and one non-coding) to assess the degree of phylogenetic incongruence in this model system. we focus on two nodes: (1) the node joining the drosophi ...200717071113
rapid evolution of genomic acp complement in the melanogaster subgroup of drosophila.unusual properties of molecular evolution in reproduction-related drosophila genes, including atypically rapid rates of protein evolution, support the idea that natural selection plays an important role in divergence of reproductive function in drosophila. we used subtractive hybridization to investigate another potential side of evolution of the male reproductive transcriptome. we carried out a screen for genes with much greater transcript abundance in drosophila simulans reproductive tracts th ...200515987879
sequence turnover and tandem repeats in cis-regulatory modules in drosophila.the path by which regulatory sequence can change, yet preserve function, is an important open question for both evolution and bioinformatics. the recent sequencing of two additional species of drosophila plus the wealth of data on gene regulation in the fruit fly provides new means for addressing this question. for regulatory sequences, indels account for more base pairs (bp) of change than substitutions (between drosophila melanogaster and drosophila yakuba), though they are fewer in number. us ...200515659554
maximum likelihood estimation of ancestral codon usage bias parameters in drosophila.we present a likelihood method for estimating codon usage bias parameters along the lineages of a phylogeny. the method is an extension of the classical codon-based models used for estimating dn/ds ratios along the lineages of a phylogeny. however, we add one extra parameter for each lineage: the selection coefficient for optimal codon usage (s), allowing joint maximum likelihood estimation of s and the dn/ds ratio. we apply the method to previously published data from drosophila melanogaster, d ...200717041152
an evolutionary analysis of orphan genes in drosophila.orphan genes are protein-coding regions that have no recognizable homolog in distantly related species. a substantial fraction of coding regions in any genome sequenced consists of orphan genes, but the evolutionary and functional significance of orphan genes is not understood. we present a reanalysis of the drosophila melanogaster proteome that shows that there are still between 26% and 29% of all proteins without a significant match with noninsect sequences, and that these orphans are underrep ...200314525923
microevolutionary divergence pattern of the segmentation gene hunchback in drosophila.to study the microevolutionary processes shaping the evolution of the segmentation gene hunchback (hb) from drosophila melanogaster, we cloned and sequenced the gene from 12 isofemale lines representing wild-type populations of d. melanogaster, as well as from the closely related species drosophila sechellia, drosophila orena, and drosophila yakuba. we find a relatively low degree of sequence variation in d. melanogaster (theta = 0.0017), which is, however, consistent with its chromosomal locati ...199812572604
evolution of gene expression in the drosophila melanogaster subgroup.little is known about broad patterns of variation and evolution of gene expression during any developmental process. here we investigate variation in genome-wide gene expression among drosophila simulans, drosophila yakuba and four strains of drosophila melanogaster during a major developmental transition--the start of metamorphosis. differences in gene activity between these lineages follow a phylogenetic pattern, and 27% of all of the genes in these genomes differ in their developmental gene e ...200312548287
the evolution of an alpha-esterase pseudogene inactivated in the drosophila melanogaster lineage.previous analyses of the alpha-esterase cluster of drosophila melanogaster revealed 10 active genes and the dmalphae4a-psi pseudogene. here, we reconstruct the evolution of the pseudogene from the sequences of 12 alleles from widely scattered d. melanogaster populations and single alleles from drosophila simulans and drosophila yakuba. all of the dmalphae4a-psi alleles contain numerous inactivating mutations, suggesting that pseudogene alleles are fixed in natural populations. several lines of e ...200010742048
origin of new genes and source for n-terminal domain of the chimerical gene, jingwei, in drosophila.this paper deals with a general question posed by the origin of new processed chimerical genes: when a new retrosequence inserts into a new genome position, how does it become activated and acquire novel protein function by recruiting new functional domains and regulatory elements? jingwei (jgw), a newly evolved functional gene with a chimerical structure in drosophila, provides an opportunity to examine such questions. the source of its exon encoding c-terminal peptide has been identified as an ...199910570991
assessing constraints on the path of regulatory sequence evolution.structural and functional constraints are known to play a major role in restricting the path of evolution of protein activities. however, constraints acting on evolving transcriptional regulatory sequences, e.g. enhancers, are largely unknown. recently, we elucidated how a novel expression pattern of the neprilysin-1 (nep1) gene in the optic lobe of drosophila santomea evolved via co-option of existing enhancer activities. drosophila santomea, which has diverged from drosophila yakuba by approxi ...201324218638
rate variation of dna sequence evolution in the drosophila lineages.rate constancy of dna sequence evolution was examined for three species of drosophila, using two samples: the published sequences of eight genes from regions of the normal recombination rates and new data of the four as-c (ac, sc, l'sc and ase) and ci genes. the as-c and ci genes were chosen because these genes are located in the regions of very reduced recombination in drosophila melanogaster and their locations remain unchanged throughout the entire lineages involved, yielding less effect of a ...19989611206
nucleotide variation in the triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) locus of drosophila melanogaster and drosophila simulans.dna sequence variation in a 1.1-kb region including the coding portion of the tpi locus was examined in 25 homozygous third-chromosome lines of drosophila melanogaster, nine lines of drosophila simulans, and one line of drosophila yakuba. our data show that the widespread allozyme polymorphism observed in cosmopolitan d. melanogaster is due to a glutamic acid substitution occurring in a phylogenetically conserved lysine that has been identified as part of the "hinged-lid" active site of the enzy ...19989615457
a screen for fast evolving genes from drosophila.in an attempt to quantify the rates of protein sequence divergence in drosophila, we have devised a screen to differentiate between slow and fast evolving genes. we find that over one-third of randomly drawn cdnas from a drosophila melanogaster library do not cross-hybridize with drosophila virilis dna, indicating that they evolve with a very high rate. to determine the evolutionary characteristics of such protein sequences, we sequenced their homologs from a more closely related species (drosop ...19979275195
mesoderm-specific b104 expression in the drosophila embryo is mediated by internal cis-acting elements of the transposon.the drosophila melanogaster genome contains about 100 copies of the b104 transposable element, which is strongly expressed during embryogenesis. here we show that b104 expression is restricted to the esophageal and amnioproctodeal regions of the embryo and to the developing mesoderm. mesoderm-specific b104 expression requires the activity of the mesoderm-determining factors twist and snail. virtually the same expression patterns were observed in drosophila yakuba, a species that a separated from ...19957664613
insect immunity: early events in the encapsulation process of parasitoid (leptopilina boulardi) eggs in resistant and susceptible strains of drosophila.eggs of an immune suppressive strain (= virulent) of the parasitoid leptopilina boulardi are encapsulated neither in resistant nor in susceptible strains of drosophila melanogaster but are encapsulated in drosophila yakuba. eggs of a nonimmune suppressive strain (= avirulent) of the same parasitoid are encapsulated in a resistant strain of d. melanogaster and in d. yakuba but are not encapsulated in a susceptible strain of d. melanogaster. egg chorion in the 2 parasitoid strains showed the same ...19968587797
gene flow between drosophila yakuba and drosophila santomea in subunit v of cytochrome c oxidase: a potential case of cytonuclear cointrogression.introgression is the effective exchange of genetic information between species through natural hybridization. previous genetic analyses of the drosophila yakuba-d. santomea hybrid zone showed that the mitochondrial genome of d. yakuba had introgressed into d. santomea and completely replaced its native form. since mitochondrial proteins work intimately with nuclear-encoded proteins in the oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos) pathway, we hypothesized that some nuclear genes in oxphos cointrogressed ...201526155926
noisy neighbors can hamper the evolution of reproductive isolation by reinforcing selection.reinforcement is the process by which selection against hybridization leads to an increase in reproductive isolation. the influence of reinforcing selection can be detected when sympatric individuals (those from areas of secondary contact) show a higher degree of prezygotic isolation than allopatric individuals (those from areas outside each other's range). in areas of secondary contact with drosophila santomea, drosophila yakuba females show reinforcement of gametic isolation but not behavioral ...201525616143
the evolution of gene regulation underlies a morphological difference between two drosophila sister species.understanding the mechanisms underlying the morphological divergence of species is one of the central goals of evolutionary biology. here, we analyze the genetic and molecular bases of the divergence of body pigmentation patterns between drosophila yakuba and its sister species drosophila santomea. we found that loss of pigmentation in d. santomea involved the selective loss of expression of the tan and yellow pigmentation genes. we demonstrate that tan gene expression was eliminated through the ...200818329365
extensive introgression of mitochondrial dna relative to nuclear genes in the drosophila yakuba species group.studies of gene flow between recently diverged species can illuminate the role of natural selection in the formation of new species. drosophila santomea and d. yakuba are recently diverged, partially reproductively isolated species that continue to hybridize in the wild, and appear to be reproductively isolated from the more distantly related species d. teissieri. we examine patterns of nucleotide polymorphism and divergence in these three species at multiple x-linked, y-linked, and mitochondria ...200616610321
mediterranean fruit fly, ceratitis capitata (wiedemann), mitochondrial dna: genes and secondary structures for six t-rnas.the polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify six mitochondrial t-rnas for ala, arg, asn, ser, glu and phe between genes for mitochondrial nadh dehydrogenases 3 and 5. with respect to drosophila yakuba the gene order and direction of transcription is completely conserved. analysis of secondary structure shows complete conservation of the anticodon loops but a number of differences in the dihydrouridine and t psi c loops with respect to drosophila. however, differences are such that tertiary ...19938269094
sexual isolation and cuticular hydrocarbon differences between drosophila santomea and drosophila yakuba.drosophila santomea and drosophila yakuba are two sister species inhabiting saõ tomé island. previous studies showed that both species display strong reproductive isolation, although they can produce a few viable hybrids. our study tried to understand the mechanism of this ethological isolation between two allopatric strains. a strong sexual isolation was confirmed, with a marked asymmetry. comparisons of latency times to either courtship or copulation suggest that males do not discriminate fema ...200516132336
the magnitude of behavioral isolation is affected by characteristics of the mating community.gene exchange between species occurs in areas of secondary contact, where two species have the opportunity to hybridize. if heterospecific males are more common than conspecific males, females will experience more encounters with males of other species. these encounters might increase the likelihood of heterospecific matings, and lead to the production of hybrid progeny. i studied the mating behavior of two pairs of sibling species endemic to africa: drosophila yakuba/drosophila santomea and dro ...201425165530
sequential adaptive introgression of the mitochondrial genome in drosophila yakuba and drosophila santomea.interspecific hybridization provides the unique opportunity for species to tap into genetic variation present in a closely related species and potentially take advantage of beneficial alleles. it has become increasingly clear that when hybridization occurs, mitochondrial dna (mtdna) often crosses species boundaries, raising the possibility that it could serve as a recurrent target of natural selection and source of species' adaptations. here we report the sequences of 46 complete mitochondrial g ...201424460929
unraveling selection in the mitochondrial genome of drosophila.we examine mitochondrial dna variation at the cytochrome b locus within and between three species of drosophila to determine whether patterns of variation conform to the predictions of neutral molecular evolution. the entire 1137-bp cytochrome b locus was sequenced in 16 lines of drosophila melanogaster, 18 lines of drosophila simulans and 13 lines of drosophila yakuba. patterns of variation depart from neutrality by several test criteria. analysis of the evolutionary clock hypothesis shows uneq ...19947851772
sequence evolution of drosophila mitochondrial dna.we have compared nucleotide sequences of corresponding segments of the mitochondrial dna (mtdna) molecules of drosophila yakuba and drosophila melanogaster, which contain the genes for six proteins and seven trnas. the overall frequency of substitution between the nucleotide sequences of these protein genes is 7.2%. as was found for mtdnas from closely related mammals, most substitutions (86%) in drosophila mitochondrial protein genes do not result in an amino acid replacement. however, the freq ...19853921427
molecular evolution in the drosophila yakuba period locus.two nuclear genes from drosophila yakuba were cloned, the orthologue of the drosophila melanogaster period (per) clock gene and the orthologue of an unnamed d. melanogaster gene adjacent to per, which encodes a 0.9-kb rna transcript. the dna and presumed protein sequences of both genes are presented and compared with their orthologues in d. melanogaster. consistent with the per orthologues described in other drosophila species, some parts of the per gene have accumulated nonsynonymous substituti ...19901702156
comparative study of structure and function of blood cells from two drosophila species.hemocytes of drosophila melanogaster and drosophila yakuba larvae have been defined in terms of their ultrastructure and functions in "coagulation", wound healing, encapsulation, phenol-oxidase activity, and phagocytosis. the position of these cells among the classical hemocyte types of insects is determined. we distinguish two plasmatocyte types (macrophage-plasmatocytes and lamellocytes) which do not seem to belong to the same lineage, and oenocytoids which are the crystal cells of the literat ...19826799204
tandem duplications and the limits of natural selection in drosophila yakuba and drosophila simulans.tandem duplications are an essential source of genetic novelty, and their variation in natural populations is expected to influence adaptive walks. here, we describe evolutionary impacts of recently-derived, segregating tandem duplications in drosophila yakuba and drosophila simulans. we observe an excess of duplicated genes involved in defense against pathogens, insecticide resistance, chorion development, cuticular peptides, and lipases or endopeptidases associated with the accessory glands ac ...201526176952
landscape of standing variation for tandem duplications in drosophila yakuba and drosophila simulans.we have used whole genome paired-end illumina sequence data to identify tandem duplications in 20 isofemale lines of drosophila yakuba and 20 isofemale lines of d. simulans and performed genome wide validation with pacbio long molecule sequencing. we identify 1,415 tandem duplications that are segregating in d. yakuba as well as 975 duplications in d. simulans, indicating greater variation in d. yakuba. additionally, we observe high rates of secondary deletions at duplicated sites, with 8% of du ...201424710518
complete mitochondrial genome of drabescoides nuchalis (hemiptera: cicadellidae).the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of drabescoides nuchalis (hemiptera: cicadellidae) was sequenced. it is 15 309 bp in length with 75.62% (a + t) content and comprises 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer rnas, two ribosomal rna genes, and a non-coding region (genbank accession no. kr349344). gene order is identical to that of the inferred ancestral insect genome. all pcgs start with an atn codon and terminate with taa except nd4, which has an incomplete stop codon (t). the anticodo ...201626436567
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