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purification and properties of drosophila virilis texmelucan l-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. 19763351
conformations of satellite dnas.x-ray fiber diffraction studies of satellite dnas from gecarcinus lateralis, drosophila virilis and mus musculus, all of which have highly repetitious base sequences but with different degrees of sequence complexity, reveal only classical polynucleotide duplex structures in contrast to some highly repetitious synthetic dnas.1976995639
esterase gene frequency differences and linkage equilibrium in drosophila virilis populations from different ecological habitats.in order to study the gene frequency and linkage equilibrium in natural populations, about 5740 chromosomes of drosophila virilis flies from eight natural populations were analyzed by the null strain method for two linked esterase loci. the frequencies of these esterase genes appear to depend on habitat characteristics rather than on geographical distribution. the populations kept a high degree of linkage equilibrium among them (d-.005).19751232025
simple human dna-repeats associated with genomic hypervariability, flanking the genomic retroposons and similar to retroviral sites.earlier we found a human hypervariable genomic region (gvr). the dna hybridization probe isolated from this region detects multiple hypervariability of restriction dna fragments from genomic loci. the sequencing data suggest that the genomic instability and variability are associated with tandem dna repeats. the dna hybridization probe contains two families of simple dna repeats designated as 'apo' and 'tau'. the (tc)n-rich family of dna 'tau'-repeats bears some similarity to the simple transcri ...19902159624
a cytological approach to the role of guanine in determining quinacrine fluorescence response in eukaryotic chromosomes.photooxidation is believed to preferentially remove guanine (g) residues from chromosomal dna. g interspersion, moreover, has been hypothesized as quenching quinacrine (q) fluorescence in cytological preparations. hence, we used photooxidation as a tool for inducing possible changes in the q-banding pattern of drosophila melanogaster, drosophila virilis, and mus musculus metaphase chromosomes. an enhanced q fluorescence, which was particularly evident in certain chromosomal regions, was found. t ...19826818276
regulation of tissue-specific expression of the esterase s gene in drosophila virilis.the esterase s gene (ests) of drosophila virilis is specifically expressed in the ejaculatory bulbs of males. its sequencing shows similarities between ests product and other esterases of different origin. the transcription of ests in ejaculatory bulbs is at least 2 orders of magnitude higher than in other tissues of males. two promoters, p1 (distal) and p2 (proximal), and two different transcripts were identified. the promoter p2 is used much more efficiently, and in a stringent, tissue-specifi ...19938346032
isolation and sequence of the drosophila virilis 60 a gene, a transforming growth factor-beta superfamily member related to vertebrate bone morphogenetic proteins.the complete protein-coding region of the drosophila virilis 60 a gene, a member of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily, was isolated and sequenced. the mature domain of the protein-coding region is 99% identical to the drosophila melanogaster 60 a gene and 73% identical to human bone morphogenetic protein 5. in the pro-domain, a number of large blocks of amino acids are also highly conserved, indicating an important functional role for this portion of the protein as well. in the put ...19968688461
conservation of structure and expression of the trithorax gene between drosophila virilis and drosophila melanogaster.the drosophila melanogaster trithorax gene encodes several large rnas which are expressed in complex patterns in the embryo. the d. virilis trithorax gene was isolated and sequenced. it produces a similar to d. melanogaster set of transcripts, and it encodes a protein that shows sequence similarity in several domains which are also conserved in human homologue, all-1/hrx. previous experiments have suggested that a distinct expression domain of trithorax in the posterior region of the embryo is r ...19958555104
a combined molecular and cytogenetic approach to genome evolution in drosophila using large-fragment dna cloning.methods of genome analysis, including the cloning and manipulation of large fragments of dna, have opened new strategies for uniting molecular evolutionary genetics with chromosome evolution. we have begun the development of a physical map of the genome of drosophila virilis based on large dna fragments cloned in bacteriophage p1. a library of 10,080 p1 clones with average insert sizes of 65.8 kb, containing approximately 3.7 copies of the haploid genome of d. virilis, has been constructed and c ...19938486077
an intraspecific gene duplication polymorphism of the urate oxidase gene of drosophila virilis: a genetic and molecular analysis.nineteen strains of drosophila virilis from diverse geographic locations were examined by genetic and molecular analyses, revealing (a) 12 strains with a single copy of the urate oxidase (uo) gene per haploid genome and (b) 7 strains with a tandem duplication of the uo locus. the d. virilis strains with the uo duplication appear to have identical restriction maps of this region, implying either a single origin for the duplication or several similar events occurring at a hot spot. on the basis of ...19938336546
characterization of the highly conserved tfiia small subunit from drosophila melanogaster.tfiia is a general transcription factor that modulates class ii transcription initiation in vitro by functionally and physically interacting with tfiid or the derived tata-binding protein (tbp). tfiia was previously purified from human, bovine, rat, and yeast sources and has recently been identified in association with tfiid in drosophila. here, we report the cloning of a cdna encoding the 12.5-kda subunit of tfiia from drosophila melanogaster (dtfiia-s) and the identification of a partial dtfii ...19947929095
[tyrosine hydroxylase activity in drosophila virilis lines with contrasting stress response and in their f1 hybrids].activity of tyrosine hydroxylase (th) was examined in adult flies from stress lines of drosophila virilis resistant and nonresistant to heat and from their hybrids under heat stress and normal conditions. the resistant line was shown to have higher enzyme activity and dominate for this character. gene(s) controlling the level of th activity under normal conditions were not sex-linked. it was shown than 30-min heat stress caused a decrease in th activity; with 120-min stress, the activity increas ...19957607425
conservation and function of the transcriptional regulatory protein runt.a phylogenetic approach was used to identify conserved regions of the transcriptional regulator runt. alignment of the deduced protein sequences from drosophila melanogaster, drosophila pseudoobscura, and drosophila virilis revealed eight blocks of high sequence homology separated by regions with little or no homology. the largest conserved block contains the runt domain, a dna and protein binding domain conserved in a small family of mammalian transcription factors. the functional properties of ...19957568078
chromosomal replication in drosophila virilis. iii. organization of active origins in the highly polytene salivary gland cells.using dna fiber autoradiography, the rate of fork movement in d. virilis salivary glands was determined to be 0.1 micron/ml (25 degrees c). this value is 3.5 times slower than the replication rate determined in the diploid brain cells using the same experimental conditions (steinemann, 1981). replicon lengths in the polytene cells span from 5 to 203 micron, with a mean of approximately x = 46.7 micron and a median of approximately x = 39.5 micron. the polytene replicon length is about the same a ...19817227039
the 10 kb drosophila virilis 28s rdna intervening sequence is flanked by a direct repeat of 14 base pairs of coding sequence.most repeat units of rdna in drosophila virilis are interrupted in the 28s rrna coding region by an intervening sequence about 10 kb in length; uninterrupted repeats have a length of about 11 kb. we have sequenced the coding/intervening sequence junctions and flanking regions in two independent clones of interrupted rdna, and the corresponding 28s rrna coding region in a clone of uninterrupted rdna. the intervening sequence is terminated at both ends by a direct repeat of a fourteen nucleotide s ...19806253902
characterization of the reverse transcriptase of 1731, a drosophila melanogaster retrotransposon.the nucleotide sequence of 1731, a retrotransposon cloned from the genome of drosophila melanogaster, reveals a structural similarity with the proviral form of the retroviruses including a pol-like gene containing a putative reverse-transcriptase(rt)-coding sequence. diverse parts of that sequence were subcloned and expressed in escherichia coli. it has been demonstrated that the expression of the rt-like sequence, when translated, gives rise to peptides displaying enzyme activity characteristic ...19921385119
the in situ formation of dna-dna duplexes of drosophila virilis satellite dna.the dna of drosophila virilis brains and imaginal discs was labeled in vitro to a specific activity of 6 x 10(-5) dpm/mug, using an organ culture medium. the dna was fractionated on neutral and alkaline csc1 gradients and the heavy strands of satellite i annealed in situ to denatured polytene chromosomes from squash preparations of larval salivary glands. nuclease s1 from aspergillus oryzae was used to digest the unpaired ssdna, resulting in a distinct labeling of the alpha-heterochromatin in th ...19761253642
some characteristics of the salivary gland secretion of drosophila virilis. 196314080668
a simple method for the computation of first neighbour frequencies of dnas from cd spectra.a procedure for the computation of the first neighbour frequencies of dna's is presented. this procedure is based on the first neighbour approximation of gray and tinoco. we show that the knowledge of all the ten elementary cd signals attached to the ten double stranded first neighbour configurations is not necessary. one can obtain the ten frequencies of an unknown dna with the use of eight elementary cd signals corresponding to eight linearly independent polymer sequences. these signals can be ...1978673843
cloning of the replication origin from drosophila virilis mitochondrial dna. 1979118756
nuclear proteins. iv. deficiency of non-histone proteins in condensed chromatin of drosophila virilis and mouse. 197766151
the characterization of multiple forms of kynurenine formidase in drosophila melanogaster.two enzymic forms of kynurenine formamidase (ec 3.5.1.9) from drosophila melanogaster were separated and partially purified by ph fractionation, (nh4) 2so4 fractionation and sephadex g-75 gel filtration. the enzymes were also separated by deae-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography and distinguished by their different rates of thermal inactivation. the multiple forms are termed formamidase i and formamidase ii. the molecular weight of formamidase i as measured by sephadex g-75 chromatography is 6 ...197550862
the structure and evolution of penelope in the virilis species group of drosophila: an ancient lineage of retroelements.the penelope element is the key element responsible for mobilization of other transposable elements in the course of hybrid dysgenesis in drosophila virilis. penelope has an unusually complex, highly variable organization in all studied species of the virlis group. thc bridge1 element from the fish fugu rubripes is homologous to penelope, and database searches detected additional homologous sequences among expressed sequence tags from the flatworm schistosoma mansonii and the nematode ancylostom ...200111443348
characterization of the hox cluster from the mosquito anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae).the hox genes have been found to encode transcription factors, which specify the morphological identity of structures along the anteroposterior axis of animals ranging from worms to mice. the canonical set of nine genes is organized in a cluster in the genome of several protostomes and deuterostomes. however, within insects, whereas the hox genes are organized in a single cluster in the beetle tribolium castaneum, they are split into two separate groups in the flies drosophila melanogaster and d ...200011256376
antisera against periplaneta americana cu,zn-superoxide dismutase (sod): separation of the neurohormone bursicon from sod, and immunodetection of sod in the central nervous system.in an effort to characterize the insect molting hormone bursicon from the cockroach, periplaneta americana, amino acid sequences with high identity of cu,zn-superoxide dismutase (sod) of drosophila virilis were identified. antisera against a conserved region of sod, and a sequence unique to periplaneta sod were produced and used to test whether bursicon might be a form of sod. western blots of one- and two-dimensional gels revealed that the dimeric form of sod and bursicon have a similar molecul ...199910528407
vertebrate homologs of drosophila suppressor of fused interact with the gli family of transcriptional regulators.the hedgehog (hh) signaling pathway is crucial for pattern formation during metazoan development. although originially characterized in drosophila, vertebrate homologs have been identified for several, but not all, genes in the pathway. analysis of mutants in drosophila demonstrates that suppressor of fused [su(fu)] interacts genetically with genes encoding proteins in the hh signal transduction pathway, and its protein product physically interacts with two of the proteins in the hh pathway. we ...199910433824
autoregulation at the level of mrna 3' end formation of the suppressor of forked gene of drosophila melanogaster is conserved in drosophila virilis.the drosophila melanogaster suppressor of forked [su(f)] protein shares homology with the yeast rna14 protein and the 77-kda subunit of human cleavage stimulation factor, which are proteins involved in mrna 3' end formation. this suggests a role for su(f) in mrna 3' end formation in drosophila. the su(f) gene produces three transcripts; two of them are polyadenylated at the end of the transcription unit, and one is a truncated transcript, polyadenylated in intron 4. using temperature-sensitive s ...19989826695
complex formation by the drosophila msl proteins: role of the msl2 ring finger in protein complex assembly.drosophila msl proteins are thought to act within a complex to elevate transcription from the male x chromosome. we found that the msl1, msl2 and msl3 proteins are associated in immunoprecipitations, chromatographic steps and in the yeast two-hybrid system, but that the mle protein is not tightly complexed in these assays. we focused our analysis on the msl2-msl1 interaction, which is postulated to play a critical role in msl complex association with the x chromosome. using a modified two-hybrid ...19989736618
isolation, characterization and anti-cancer activity of sk84, a novel glycine-rich antimicrobial peptide from drosophila virilis.we report herein the isolation and characterization of a novel glycine-rich antimicrobial peptide purified from the larvae of drosophila virilis. a range of chromatographic methods was used for isolation and its antibacterial activity against bacillus subtilis was employed to screen for the most active fractions. the peptide, termed sk84 due to its n-terminal serine, c-terminal lysine and a total of 84 residues, was completed sequenced using rt-pcr cdna cloning. sk84 contains a high level of gly ...201019799950
male-predominant carboxylesterase expression in the reproductive system of molluscs and insects: immunochemical and biochemical similarity between mytilus male associated polypeptide (map) and drosophila sex-specific esterase s.we suggested that sexual differentiation of the reproductive system in gonochoric species of invertebrates can be characterized by common molecular mechanisms in spite of high morphological divergences of reproductive tract organs in different animal groups. the present study focused on this problem and report our observations on biochemical characteristics of male-associated polypeptide (map) identified in the gonad tissue of bivalve molluscs, mytilus galloprovincialis, in comparison to those o ...19979418010
cdna cloning of three cecropin-like antimicrobial peptides (styelins) from the tunicate, styela clava.we cloned precursors of three new antimicrobial peptides, styelins c, d and e, from a pharyngeal cdna library of a tunicate, styela clava. preprostyelins resembled dipteran preprocecropins, while the mature domain of styelin c resembled cecropin p1, an antimicrobial peptide purified from the porcine intestine. beginning with the last 6 residues of their signal sequences, styelin c and cecropin 1 from drosophila virilis had 8/11 identical amino acids (72.7%). moreover, 4 of the last 6 residues of ...19979257708
autoradiographic localization of 3 h- -ecdysone in salivary gland cells of drosophila virilis. 20164945007
association of nonhomologous chromosomes in drosophila virilis at different stages of development. 20154428218
the circular dichroism of three drosophila virilis satellite dnas. 20164854681
[cytogenetic localization of acph-1 and lap-1 genes in virilis group drosophila].gene acph-1 coding for acid phosphatase was localized on drosophila virilis chromosome 2 in the region 20a-20e and in d. texana and d. imeretensis homologous regions of the chromosomes 2. gene lap-1 coding for leucine aminopeptidase was linked to acph-1 gene and localized in the 20e-20g region for these drosophila species. the cytogenetical localization of two genes was determined after analysing recombinant chromosomes by isozymic and cytological methods in the progeny of interspecific hybrids.20082620810
[puff expression in relation to genotype].the studies of genotype influence on puff size in salivary gland chromosomes of drosophila virilis (stocks 9, 101, 142, 151) and d. texana (the stock 123) reveal significant differences between the species concerning the structure of puff in the 3-c-6 region at the stage of puparium formation. in reciprocal f1 hybrids the size of the puff was intermediate in comparison with parental forms having a slight maternal effect. the differences in puff size in the 5th chromosome between interspecific hy ...19971218725
two evolutionarily conserved repression domains in the drosophila kruppel protein differ in activator specificity.to identify biologically functional regions in the product of the drosophila melanogaster gene kruppel, we cloned the kruppel homolog from drosophila virilis. both the previously identified amino (n)-terminal repression region and the dna-binding region of the d. virilis kruppel protein are greater than 96% identical to those of the d. melanogaster kruppel protein, demonstrating a selective pressure to maintain the integrity of each region during 60 million to 80 million years of evolution. an a ...19979234738
genetics of esterases in drosophila. vi. gene system regulating the phenotypic expression of the organ-specific esterase in drosophila virilis.it is shown that the gene controlling the synthesis of the organ-specific s-esterase of drosophila virilis ejaculatory bulbs is located on the second chromosome (at approximate position 192.1 +/- map units). the cells of the genital imaginal disks are determined for the synthesis of s-esterase 10-12 hr after the second molt. the organ-specific esterase can be detected after adult emergence only. it is preceded by an increase in rna content and by enhancement of rna synthesis in the cells of the ...1999103540
a hybrid dysgenesis syndrome in drosophila virilis.a new example of "hybrid dysgenesis" has been demonstrated in the f1 progeny of crosses between two different strains of drosophila virilis. the dysgenic traits were observed only in hybrids obtained when wild-type females (of the batumi strain 9 from georgia, ussr) were crossed to males from a marker strain (the long-established laboratory strain, strain 160, carrying recessive markers on all its autosomes). the phenomena observed include high frequencies of male and female sterility, male reco ...20062249761
a framework physical map of drosophila virilis based on p1 clones: applications in genome evolution.the analysis of patterns of genome evolution may help to evaluate the evolutionary forces that shape the composition and organization of the genome. comparisons between the physical maps of divergent species can be used to identify conserved blocks of closely linked genes whose synteny is possibly under selective constraint. we have used in situ hybridization to determine the genomic position of 732 randomly selected clones from a bacteriophage p1 library of drosophila virilis. the resulting map ...19979215559
the putative cell cycle gene, enhancer of rudimentary, encodes a highly conserved protein found in plants and animals.the enhancer of rudimentary gene, e(r), in drosophila melanogaster encodes a protein, er, whose function has been implicated in pyrimidine biosynthesis and the cell cycle (wojcik et al. (1994) genetics 138, 1163-1170). in order to identify conserved regions of the protein and potentially important functional domains, the e(r) gene was cloned and sequenced from two other insects (drosophila virilis and aedes aegypti) and three vertebrates (homo sapiens, mus musculus, and brachydanio rerio) and se ...19979074495
sequence of expression of paternal and maternal esterases in the ontogeny of drosophila virilis.the order of appearance of the parental fractions of the enzyme in ontogeny was investigated in hybrids between laboratory strains of drosophila virilis differing in the electrophoretic mobility of certain esterases. activity of the esterases was shown to persist at a low level during most of embryogenesis and to increase toward its end, especially after emergence. at the 16th-20th hour of embryonic development the maternal fractions are accompanied by the manifestation of paternal fractions of ...19981114356
evolution of 5s rrna gene families in drosophila.in drosophila virilis, the three clusters of 5s rrna genes on chromosome 5 comprise two different gene families (b and c), which differ profoundly in the organization of their spacer sequences. while c-type genes, which are found in two of the clusters, exhibit a true repetitive character, the b-type genes of the third cluster are each embedded in completely different genomic environments. southern blots of genomic dna of different d. virilis subspecies, d. hydei and d. melanogaster probed with ...200111448042
inducing cold-sensitivity in the frigophilic fly drosophila montana by rnai.cold acclimation is a critical physiological adaptation for coping with seasonal cold. by increasing their cold tolerance individuals can remain active for longer at the onset of winter and can recover more quickly from a cold shock. in insects, despite many physiological studies, little is known about the genetic basis of cold acclimation. recently, transcriptomic analyses in drosophila virilis and d. montana revealed candidate genes for cold acclimation by identifying genes upregulated during ...201627832122
transcriptional activation is a conserved feature of the early embryonic factor zelda that requires a cluster of four zinc fingers for dna binding and a low-complexity activation domain.delayed transcriptional activation of the zygotic genome is a nearly universal phenomenon in metazoans. immediately following fertilization, development is controlled by maternally deposited products, and it is not until later stages that widespread activation of the zygotic genome occurs. although the mechanisms driving this genome activation are currently unknown, the transcriptional activator zelda (zld) has been shown to be instrumental in driving this process in drosophila melanogaster. her ...201425538246
evolutionary changes in gene expression, coding sequence and copy-number at the cyp6g1 locus contribute to resistance to multiple insecticides in drosophila.widespread use of insecticides has led to insecticide resistance in many populations of insects. in some populations, resistance has evolved to multiple pesticides. in drosophila melanogaster, resistance to multiple classes of insecticide is due to the overexpression of a single cytochrome p450 gene, cyp6g1. overexpression of cyp6g1 appears to have evolved in parallel in drosophila simulans, a sibling species of d. melanogaster, where it is also associated with insecticide resistance. however, i ...201424416303
fish retroposons related to the penelope element of drosophila virilis define a new group of retrotransposable elements.poseidon and neptune are two ancient lineages of retroposons related to the penelope element from drosophila virilis. they have been identified in various teleost fish species, including the medakafish (oryzias latipes), and the pufferfishes fugu rubripes and tetraodon nigroviridis, whose genomes are currently being sequenced. some of these elements are highly reiterated in fish genomes. penelope-related elements were also identified in blood fluke, shrimp, sea urchin, cichlid fish and frog, sho ...200111459192
[structure and evolutionary role of the penelope mobile element in drosophila species of the virilis group].the mobile element penelope is activated and mobilizes several other transposons in dysgenic crosses in drosophila virilis. its structure proved to be complex and to vary greatly in all examined species of the virilis group. phylogenetic analysis of the reverse transcriptase (rt) domain assigned penelope to a new branch, rather than to any known family, of ltr-lacking retroelements. amino acid sequence analysis showed that the c-terminal domain of the penelope polyprotein is an active endonuclea ...200111605533
comparative gene expression analysis of dtg, a novel target gene of dpp signaling pathway in the early drosophila melanogaster embryo.in the early drosophila melanogaster embryo, dpp, a secreted molecule that belongs to the tgf-β superfamily of growth factors, activates a set of downstream genes to subdivide the dorsal region into amnioserosa and dorsal epidermis. here, we examined the expression pattern and transcriptional regulation of dtg, a new target gene of dpp signaling pathway that is required for proper amnioserosa differentiation. we showed that the expression of dtg was controlled by dpp and characterized a 524-bp e ...201424321690
conservation of gene order, structure and sequence between three closely linked genes in drosophila melanogaster and drosophila virilis.in drosophila melanogaster, the apparently unrelated genes anon-66da, rpl14, and anon-66db (from telomere to centromere) are located on a 5547 bp genomic fragment on chromosome arm 3l at cytological position 66d8. the three genes are tightly linked, and flanked by two relatively large genes with unknown function. we have taken a comparative genomic approach to investigate the evolutionary history of the three genes. to this end we isolated a drosophila virilis 7.3 kb genomic fragment which is ho ...200211814692
brachyury proteins regulate target genes through modular binding sites in a cooperative fashion.brachyury proteins, a conserved subgroup of the t domain transcription factors, specify gut and posterior mesoderm derivatives throughout the animal kingdom. the t domain confers dna-binding properties to brachyury proteins, but little is known how these proteins regulate their target genes. we characterized a direct target gene of the drosophila brachyury-homolog brachyenteron. brachyenteron activates the homeobox gene orthopedia in a dose-dependent manner via multiple binding sites with the co ...200211850413
the cloning and expression of the gene encoding organ-specific esterase s from the genome of drosophila virilis.we have cloned the gene for the esterase s isozymes complex from the genome of drosophila virilis in pbr322. esterase s is an enzyme which is specifically synthesized in the ejaculatory bulbs of d. virilis adult males. the gene for the esterase s isozyme complex (ests) has been localized in band 2g5e of chromosome ii. poly(a)+ rna prepared from ejaculatory bulbs actively hybridizes with this band. a cloned 15-kb fragment of d. virilis dna (pve9) also hybridizes with band 2g5e. the area encoding ...198311894894
mussel map, a major gonad-duct esterase-like protein, is released into sea water as a dual constituent of the seminal fluid and the spermatozoon.our interest in the comparative analysis of male reproductive-tract esterases in different animal groups has led us to undertake a detailed study of the mytilus galloprovincialis male-associated polypeptide (map) throughout the mussel gonad-duct tract and at spawning. the results of this work indicate that map is a major protein in m. galloprovincialis semen, with dual presence in both sperm cells and cell-free seminal fluid. shortly after spawning, the released sperm mass is subdivided in diffu ...200312477901
[ulysses retrotransposon aspartate proteinase (drosophila virilis)].retrotransposones are mobile genetic elements occurring in genomes of bacteria, plants or animals. retrotransposones were found to contain nucleotide sequences encoding proteins which are homological to retroviral aspartic proteinases. our research has been focused on ulysses which is mobile genetic element found in drosophila virilis. we suggested a primary structure of ulysses proteinase using comparative analysis of amino acid sequences of retroviral proteinases and proteinases from retrotran ...200212698554
the drosophila melanogaster btb proteins bric à brac bind dna through a composite dna binding domain containing a pipsqueak and an at-hook motif.the bric à brac (bab) locus is composed of two paralogous genes, bab1 and bab2, in drosophila melanogaster. bab1 and bab2 are nuclear proteins that contain a broad complex, tramtrack, bric à brac/poxviruses and zinc-finger (btb/poz) domain. many btb/poz proteins are transcriptional regulators of which the majority contain c(2)h(2) zinc-finger motifs. there is no detectable zinc-finger motif in either bab protein. however, they share the bab conserved domain (babcd) that is highly conserved betwe ...200312954775
evolution of the trans-splicing drosophila locus mod(mdg4) in several species of diptera and lepidoptera.the modifier of mdg4 (mod[mdg4]) locus of drosophila melanogaster (dme) encodes chromatin proteins which are involved in position effect variegation, establishment of chromatin boundaries, nerve pathfinding, meiotic chromosome pairing and apoptosis. it was recently shown that mrna trans-splicing is involved in the generation of at least 26 different mod(mdg4) transcripts. here, we show that a similar complex mod(mdg4) locus exists in drosophila pseudoobscura (dps), drosophila virilis (dvi), anop ...200415094203
an old bilbo-like non-ltr retroelement insertion provides insight into the relationship of species of the virilis group.in drosophila, at the population and species level, fixation of a te insertion is an unlikely fate. of the few reported fixations at the species level most involve non-ltr retroelements. in this work we report the fixation of a non-ltr retroelement in five species (drosophila littoralis, drosophila virilis, drosophila lummei, drosophila americana and drosophila novamexicana) of the virilis group of drosophila. in most species, this te insertion is being lost through the accumulation of small del ...200818775768
new aspartic proteinase of ulysses retrotransposon from drosophila virilis.this work is focused on the investigation of a proteinase of ulysses mobile genetic element from drosophila virilis. the primary structure of this proteinase is suggested based on comparative analysis of amino acid sequences of aspartic proteinases from retroviruses and retrotransposons. the corresponding cdna fragment has been cloned and expressed in e. coli. the protein accumulated in inclusion bodies. the recombinant protein (12 kd) was subjected to refolding and purified by affinity chromato ...200415236611
germline transformation of drosophila virilis with the transposable element mariner.an important goal in molecular genetics has been to identify a transposable element that might serve as an efficient transformation vector in diverse species of insects. the transposable element mariner occurs naturally in a wide variety of insects. although virtually all mariner elements are nonfunctional, the mos1 element isolated from drosophila mauritiana is functional. mos1 was injected into the pole-cell region of embryos of d. virilis, which last shared a common ancestor with d. mauritian ...19968722788
phylogeographic patterns in drosophila montana.the drosophila virilis species group offers valuable opportunities for studying the roles of chromosomal re-arrangements and mating signals in speciation. the 13 species are divided into two subgroups, the montana and virilis 'phylads'. there is greater differentiation among species within the montana phylad in both karyotype and acoustic signals than exists among members of the virilis phylad. drosophila montana is a divergent species which is included in the montana phylad. here, we analyse th ...200717305862
juvenile hormonal activity of mono- and polyenehomobenzenes in drosophila virilis, spodoptera frugiperda and araschnia levana.a series of mono- and polyenehomobenzenes was synthesised by a highly regioselective palladium-catalysed allylic alkylation of substituted and unsubstituted benzylic grignard reagents employing catalytic amounts of catalyst and tested for juvenile hormone activity on the fruit fly drosophila virilis sturtevant (diptera: drosophilidae), on an important agricultural pest species, the fall armyworm spodoptera frugiperda je smith (lepidoptera: noctuidae), and on the map butterfly araschnia levana l. ...200717573681
signals of demographic expansion in drosophila virilis.the pattern of genetic variation within and among populations of a species is strongly affected by its phylogeographic history. analyses based on putatively neutral markers provide data from which past events, such as population expansions and colonizations, can be inferred. drosophila virilis is a cosmopolitan species belonging to the virilis group, where divergence times between different phylads go back to the early miocene. we analysed mitochondrial dna sequence variation among 35 drosophila ...200818298823
stanislaw smreczynskis legacy and the department of zoology of the jagiellonian university of krakow (poland).this article covers the origin and development of scientific interest in insect and amphibian developmental biology at the department of systematic zoology and zoogeography of the jagiellonian university. the greater part of this historical account is devoted to professor stanislaw smreczynski (1899-1975), the founding father of the department, and comments on his biography and research achievements in the field of animal experimental embryology. a particular emphasis is on smreczynski's contrib ...200818311698
molecular dissection of penelope transposable element regulatory machinery.penelope-like elements (ples) represent a new class of retroelements identified in more than 80 species belonging to at least 10 animal phyla. penelope isolated from drosophila virilis is the only known transpositionally active representative of this class. although the size and structure of the penelope major transcript has been previously described in both d. virilis and d. melanogaster transgenic strains, the architecture of the penelope regulatory region remains unknown. in order to determin ...200818319284
convergent intron loss of mrp1 in drosophila and mosquito species.previous study revealed that the mrp1 gene ortholog dmrp1/cg6214 of drosophila melanogaster contains 12 exons in the coding region. in the current study, the genes of dmrp1/cg6214 from d. melanogaster and drosophila virilis were compared, and the result indicated that d. virilis had an extra intron located in exon 2, implying that intron loss or gain might have occurred at this locus. to track the evolution of the extra intron (intron z), orthologous nucleotide sequences of 37 arthropod species ...201221908794
what happens when penelope comes?: an unusual retroelement invades a host species genome exploring different strategies.transposable elements (tes) are ubiquitous residents in eukaryotic genomes. they can cause dramatic changes in gene expression and lead to gross rearrangements of chromosome structure, providing the basis for rapid evolution. the virilis species group of drosophila contains certain species that can be crossed under experimental conditions and their phylogeny is thoroughly investigated. we have shown that drosophila virilis, the most primitive karyotypically and probably the ancestral species of ...201323914310
a 9.6 kb intervening sequence in d. virilis rdna, and sequence homology in rdna interruptions of diverse species of drosophila and other diptera.a large proportion of the 28s ribosomal rna genes in drosophila virilis are interrupted by a dna sequence 9.6 kilobase pairs long. as regards both its presence and its position in the 28s gene (about two thirds of the way in), the d. virilis rdna intervening sequence is similar to that found in d. melanogaster rdna, but lengths differ markedly between the two species. degrees of nucleotide sequence homology have been detected bewteen rdna interruptions of the two species. this homology extends t ...1998110456
analysis of the promoter region of the housekeeping gene dmrp140 by sequence comparison of drosophila melanogaster and drosophila virilis. 20071937028
satellite dna, h1 histone, and heterochromatin in drosophila virilis. 1964277346
fast-evolving micrornas are highly expressed in the early embryo of drosophila virilis.micrornas are short non-protein-coding rnas that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and are essential for the embryonic development of multicellular animals. comparative genome-scale analyses have revealed that metazoan evolution is accompanied by the continuous acquisition of novel microrna genes. this suggests that novel micrornas may promote innovation and diversity in development. we determined the evolutionary origins of extant drosophila micrornas and estimated the ...201424448446
seasonal gene expression kinetics between diapause phases in drosophila virilis group species and overwintering differences between diapausing and non-diapausing females.most northern insect species experience a period of developmental arrest, diapause, which enables them to survive over the winter and postpone reproduction until favorable conditions. we studied the timing of reproductive diapause and its long-term effects on the cold tolerance of drosophila montana, d. littoralis and d. ezoana females in seasonally varying environmental conditions. at the same time we traced expression levels of 219 genes in d. montana using a custom-made microarray. we show th ...201526063442
a single amino-acid substitution toggles chloride dependence of the alpha-amylase paralog amyrel in drosophila melanogaster and drosophila virilis species.in animals, most α-amylases are chloride-dependent enzymes. a chloride ion is required for allosteric activation and is coordinated by one asparagine and two arginine side chains. whereas the asparagine and one arginine are strictly conserved, the main chloride binding arginine is replaced by a glutamine in some rare instances, resulting in the loss of chloride binding and activation. amyrel is a distant paralogue of α-amylase in diptera, which was not characterized biochemically to date. amyrel ...201627312592
cloning of a structural and functional homolog of the circadian clock gene period from the giant silkmoth antheraea pernyi.the period (per) gene of drosophila plays an important role in circadian clock function. interestingly, homologs of per have not been cloned outside of dipteran species. using a pcr strategy, we now report the cloning of the cdna of a per homolog from the silkmoth antheraea pernyi. the cdna encodes a protein of 849 amino acids, which shows highest identity (39%) with the per protein of drosophila virilis. stretches of high identity between moth and fly proteins are in the amino terminus, the pas ...19947946353
origin and evolution of the regulatory gene male-specific lethal-3.dosage compensation in drosophila is mediated by genes known as "male-specific lethals" (msls). several msls, including male-specific lethal-3 (msl-3), encode proteins of unknown function. we cloned the drosophila virilis msl-3 gene. using the information provided by the sequences of the drosophila melanogaster and d. virilis genes, we found that sequences of other species can be aligned along their entire lengths with msl-3. among them, there are genes in yeasts (the schizosaccharomyces pombe a ...200010908644
evolutionary conservation of the leucine-rich repeat transmembrane protein gp150 in drosophila and bombyx.gp150 is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the leucine-rich repeat (lrr) superfamily. here we report the molecular characterization of a gp150 homolog in drosophila virilis, which is separated from drosophila melanogaster by about 60 million years. a silkworm bombyx mori gp150 homolog was identified through a sequence database search. sequence analysis revealed high conservation in the lrrs and cysteine motifs flanking the lrr region in the extracellular domain of gp150. using an in vivo ...200011180815
the daibam mite element is involved in the origin of one fixed and two polymorphic drosophila virilis phylad inversions.chromosomal inversions can originate from breakage and repair by non-homologous end-joining. nevertheless, they can also originate from ectopic recombination between transposable elements located on the same chromosome inserted in opposite orientations. here, we show that a mite element (daibam), previously involved in the origin of one drosophila americana polymorphic inversion, is also involved in the origin of one fixed inversion between d. virilis and d. americana and another d. americana po ...201222561870
a kunitz type protease inhibitor related protein is synthesized in drosophila prepupal salivary glands and released into the moulting fluid during pupation.from the drosophila virilis late puff region 31c, we microcloned two neighbouring genes, kil-1 and kil-2, that encode putative kunitz serine protease inhibitor like proteins. the kil-1 gene is expressed exclusively in prepupal salivary glands. using a size mutant of the kil-1 protein and maldi-tof analysis, we demonstrate that during pupation this protein is released from the prepupal salivary glands into the pupation fluid covering the surface of the pupa. 3-d-structure predictions are consiste ...200415262289
reverse transcriptase and endonuclease activities encoded by penelope-like retroelements.penelope-like elements are a class of retroelement that have now been identified in >50 species belonging to at least 10 animal phyla. the penelope element isolated from drosophila virilis is the only transpositionally active representative of this class isolated so far. the single orf of penelope and its relatives contains regions homologous to a reverse transcriptase of atypical structure and to the giy-yig, or uri, an endonuclease (en) domain not previously found in retroelements. we have exp ...200415465912
comparative polytene chromosome maps of d. montana and d. virilis.chromosomal inversion polymorphism was characterized in finnish drosophila montana populations. a total of 14 polymorphic inversions were observed in finnish d. montana of which nine had not been described before. the number of polymorphic inversions in each chromosome was not significantly different from that expected, assuming equal chance of occurrence in the euchromatic genome. there was, however, no correlation between the number of polymorphic inversions and that of fixed inversions in eac ...200716906413
computational aerodynamic analysis of a micro-ct based bio-realistic fruit fly wing.the aerodynamic features of a bio-realistic 3d fruit fly wing in steady state (snapshot) flight conditions were analyzed numerically. the wing geometry was created from high resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-ct) of the fruit fly drosophila virilis. computational fluid dynamics (cfd) analyses of the wing were conducted at ultra-low reynolds numbers ranging from 71 to 200, and at angles of attack ranging from -10° to +30°. it was found that in the 3d bio-realistic model, the corrugations ...201525954946
nls copy-number variation governs efficiency of nuclear import--case study on dutpases.nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of large macromolecules requires an active transport machinery. in many cases, this is initiated by binding of the nuclear localization signal (nls) peptide of cargo proteins to importin-α molecules. fine orchestration of nucleocytoplasmic trafficking is of particularly high importance for proteins involved in maintenance of genome integrity, such as dutpases, which are responsible for prevention of uracil incorporation into the genome. in most eukaryotes, dutpases ...201425283549
naturally occurring deletions of hunchback binding sites in the even-skipped stripe 3+7 enhancer.changes in regulatory dna contribute to phenotypic differences within and between taxa. comparative studies show that many transcription factor binding sites (tfbs) are conserved between species whereas functional studies reveal that some mutations segregating within species alter tfbs function. consistently, in this analysis of 13 regulatory elements in drosophila melanogaster populations, single base and insertion/deletion polymorphism are rare in characterized regulatory elements. experimenta ...201424786295
drosophila oogenesis as a bio-marker responding to emf sources.the model biological organisms drosophila melanogaster and drosophila virilis have been utilized to assess effects on apoptotic cell death of follicles during oogenesis and reproductive capacity (fecundity) decline. a total of 280 different experiments were performed using newly emerged flies exposed for short time daily for 3-7 d to various emf sources including: gsm 900/1800 mhz mobile phone, 1880-1900 mhz dect wireless base, dect wireless handset, mobile phone-dect handset combination, 2.44 g ...201423915130
independence of genetic geographical variation between photoperiodic diapause, circadian eclosion rhythm, and thr-gly repeat region of the period gene in drosophila littoralis.drosophila littoralis is a latitudinally widespread european species of the drosophila virilis group. the species has ample genetic variation in photoperiodism (adult diapause) and circadian rhythmicity (pupal eclosion rhythm), with adaptive latitudinal clines in both of them. the possible common genetic basis between the variability of photoperiodism and circadian rhythms was studied by a long-term crossing experiment. a northern strain (65 degrees n) having long critical day length (cdl = 19.9 ...200616461980
comparative motif discovery combined with comparative transcriptomics yields accurate targetome and enhancer predictions.the identification of transcription factor binding sites, enhancers, and transcriptional target genes often relies on the integration of gene expression profiling and computational cis-regulatory sequence analysis. methods for the prediction of cis-regulatory elements can take advantage of comparative genomics to increase signal-to-noise levels. however, gene expression data are usually derived from only one species. here we investigate tissue-specific cross-species gene expression profiling by ...201323070853
sequence variation in couch potato and its effects on life-history traits in a northern malt fly, drosophila montana.couch potato (cpo) has previously been connected to reproductive diapause in several insect species including drosophila melanogaster, where it has been suggested to provide a link between the insulin signalling pathway and the hormonal control of diapause. in the first part of the study we sequenced nearly 3.6 kb of this gene in a northern drosophila species (drosophila montana) with a robust photoperiodically determined diapause and found several types of polymorphisms along the sequenced area ...201222138635
decrease in juvenile hormone level as a result of genetic ablation of the corpus allatum cells affects the synthesis and metabolism of stress related hormones in drosophila.previous studies have shown that juvenile hormone (jh) regulates dopamine (da) and octopamine (oa) content in drosophila, and we have shown the influence of an increase in jh level on da and oa metabolism in young females of drosophila virilis and drosophila melanogaster. here we investigate the effects of genetic ablation of a subset of cells in the corpusallatum (ca, endocrine gland synthesizing jh) on the da levels and activities of alkaline phosphatase (alp), tyrosine hydroxylase (th), da-de ...201222019561
elav-mediated 3'-end processing of ewg transcripts is evolutionarily conserved despite sequence degeneration of the elav-binding site.regulation of alternative mrna processing by elav (embryonic lethal abnormal visual system)/hu proteins is mediated by binding to au-rich elements of low complexity. since such sequences diverge very rapidly during evolution, it has not been clear if elav regulation is maintained over extended phylogenetic distances. the transcription factor erect wing (ewg) is a major target of elav in drosophila melanogaster and coordinates metabolic gene expression with regulation of synaptic plasticity. here ...201121705751
evidence for evolutionary constraints in drosophila metal biology.mutations in single drosophila melanogaster genes can alter total body metal accumulation. we therefore asked whether evolutionary constraints maintain biologically abundant metal ions (iron, copper, manganese and zinc) to similar concentrations in different species of drosophilidae, or whether metal homeostasis is a highly adaptable trait as shown previously for triglyceride and glycogen storage. to avoid dietary influences, only species able to grow and reproduce on a standard laboratory mediu ...201121293906
polycomb-dependent regulatory contacts between distant hox loci in drosophila.in drosophila melanogaster, hox genes are organized in an anterior and a posterior cluster, called antennapedia complex and bithorax complex, located on the same chromosome arm and separated by 10 mb of dna. both clusters are repressed by polycomb group (pcg) proteins. here, we show that genes of the two hox complexes can interact within nuclear pcg bodies in tissues where they are corepressed. this colocalization increases during development and depends on pcg proteins. hox gene contacts are co ...201121241892
evolution of diverse mechanisms for protecting chromosome ends by drosophila tart telomere retrotransposons.the retrotransposons het-a, tart, and tahre, which maintain drosophila telomeres, transpose specifically onto chromosome ends to form long arrays that extend the chromosome and compensate for terminal loss. because they transpose by target-primed reverse transcription, each element is oriented so that its 5' end serves as the extreme end of the chromosome until another element transposes to occupy the terminal position. thus 5' sequences are at risk for terminal erosion while the element is at t ...201021088221
[notch122, mutation of notch locus abruptex type in drosophila virilis: characteristics of genetic interactions].a drosophila virilis notch122 mutant has been isolated and genetically identified which is similar to notch drosophila melanogaster abruptex type alleles. some possible peculiarities of genetic interactions of notch alleles of abruptex type are discussed.201520608160
small rna-based silencing strategies for transposons in the process of invading drosophila species.colonization of a host by an active transposon can increase mutation rates or cause sterility, a phenotype termed hybrid dysgenesis. as an example, intercrosses of certain drosophila virilis strains can produce dysgenic progeny. the penelope element is present only in a subset of laboratory strains and has been implicated as a causative agent of the dysgenic phenotype. we have also introduced penelope into drosophila melanogaster, which are otherwise naive to the element. we have taken advantage ...201020581131
evolution of a distinct genomic domain in drosophila: comparative analysis of the dot chromosome in drosophila melanogaster and drosophila virilis.the distal arm of the fourth ("dot") chromosome of drosophila melanogaster is unusual in that it exhibits an amalgamation of heterochromatic properties (e.g., dense packaging, late replication) and euchromatic properties (e.g., gene density similar to euchromatic domains, replication during polytenization). to examine the evolution of this unusual domain, we undertook a comparative study by generating high-quality sequence data and manually curating gene models for the dot chromosome of d. viril ...201020479145
dopamine down-regulates activity of alkaline phosphatase in drosophila: the role of d2-like receptors.the effect of a rise in dopamine (da) level as a result of a mutation, stress or pharmacological treatment on the activity of the enzyme of its synthesis, alkaline phosphatase (alp) in females of drosophila virilis and drosophila melanogaster has been studied. it has been found that regardless of its nature, a rise in da level has a negative effect on alp activity, which indicates that da down-regulates activity of the enzyme. the effects of bromocriptine (an agonist of drosophila dopamine 2-lik ...201020303975
the brain can eat: establishing the existence of a central pattern generator for feeding in third instar larvae of drosophila virilis and drosophila melanogaster.to establish the existence of a central pattern generator for feeding in the larval central nervous system of two drosophila species, the gross anatomy of feeding related muscles and their innervation is described, the motor units of the muscles identified and rhythmic motor output recorded from the isolated cns. the cibarial dilator muscles that mediate food ingestion are innervated by the frontal nerve. their motor pathway projects from the brain through the antennal nerves, the frontal connec ...201020074578
nucleotide variation at the no-on-transient a gene in drosophila littoralis.the no-on-transient a (nona) gene encodes a putative rna-binding protein, and mutations in this gene are known to affect vision, male courtship song and viability in drosophila melanogaster. here we have sequenced the coding region of the nona gene of drosophila littoralis and compared it with those of drosophila virilis and d. melanogaster. all portions of nona appeared to be conserved between d. littoralis and d. virilis, while the 5' region of the gene of these two species showed high diverge ...200211813105
two phases of aging separated by the smurf transition as a public path to death.aging's most obvious characteristic is the time dependent increase of an individual's probability to die. this lifelong process is accompanied by a large number of molecular and physiological changes. although numerous genes involved in aging have been identified in the past decades its leading factors have yet to be determined. to identify the very processes driving aging we have developed in the past years an assay to identify physiologically old individuals in a synchronized population of dro ...201627002861
helitrons shaping the genomic architecture of drosophila: enrichment of dine-tr1 in α- and β-heterochromatin, satellite dna emergence, and pirna expression.drosophila interspersed elements (dines) constitute an abundant but poorly understood group of helitrons present in several drosophila species. the general structure of dines includes two conserved blocks that may or not contain a region with tandem repeats in between. these central tandem repeats (ctrs) are similar within species but highly divergent between species. it has been assumed that ctrs have independent origins. herein, we identify a subset of dines, termed dine-tr1, which contain hom ...201526408292
an x chromosome effect responsible for asymmetric reproductive isolation between male drosophila virilis and heterospecific females.reproductive isolation between closely related species is expressed through uncoordinated courtship, failed fertilization, and (or) postzygotic barriers. behavioural components of mating often form an initial barrier to hybridization between species. in many animals, females are responsible for mating discrimination in both intra- and interspecific crosses; males of drosophila virilis group represent an exception to this trend. using overall productivity tests, we show that a lower proportion of ...200919132071
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