| trans-beta-farnesene as a feeding stimulant for the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae). | the aphid alarm pheromone, trans-beta-farnesene (tbf), was found to stimulate feeding in both male and female lutzomyia longipalpis lutz & neiva. four other structurally related compounds (farnesol; 808 farnesene; trans, trans-farnesyl acetate; farnesyl methyl ether) were slightly less stimulating to these insects. the effect of tbf varied with sand fly age and the concentration of the chemical used. in contrast, tbf did not stimulate feeding in either sex of four other sand fly species (l. shan ... | 1992 | 1495034 |
| some methods for membrane feeding of laboratory reared, neotropical sandflies (diptera: psychodidae). | a brief introduction to the history and applications of membrane feeding is given, together with its use to feed and infect sandflies with leishmania. the present paper describes methods for feeding lutzomyia longipalpis and lu. flaviscutellata through membranes. of the membranes tested, chick skins and bat wings gave the best results. membranes stored at -20 degrees c for over a year were found to be less effective than fresh ones. blood meals were maintained at temperatures between 24 degrees ... | 1978 | 666397 |
| leishmania in phlebotomid sandflies. iii. the ultrastructure of leishmania mexicana amazonensis in the midgut and pharynx of lutzomyia longipalpis. | | 1975 | 240164 |
| leishmania in phlebotomid sandflies. vii. on the taxonomic status of leishmania peruviana, causative agent of peruvian 'uta', as indicated by its development in the sandfly, lutzomyia longipalpis. | the name leishmania peruviana was given by velez (1913) to the parasite responsible for a form of cutaneous leishmaniasis known as 'uta'; this disease occurs in the peruvian andes. clinical similarities between uta and 'oriental sore', which is caused by leishmania tropica of the eastern hemisphere, have, however, led to the suggestion that uta is simply due to l. tropica, which was introduced into latin america by african slaves or european immigrants. leishmania species are divisible into thre ... | 1979 | 43976 |
| leishmania in phlebotomid sandflies. iv. the transmission of leishmania mexicana amazonensis to hamsters by the bite of experimentally infected lutzomyia longipalpis. | | 1977 | 15270 |
| epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in colombia. | epidemiologic studies were conducted during the period 1986-1988 in a small rural community in colombia (el callejon) where visceral leishmaniasis is highly endemic. in this community of 185 people, 14 cases of infantile visceral leishmaniasis were diagnosed in the 9 years 1981-1988. leishmanin skin testing of a sample of the human residents showed that prevalence of leishmania chagasi infection increased with age; overall, 51.2% of the subjects had a positive reaction. a canine surveillance pro ... | 1989 | 2729506 |
| studies on sandfly fauna (diptera: psychodidae) in a foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in mesquita, rio de janeiro state, brazil. | in a study on vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in mesquita, rio de janeiro state, brazil, eleven species of sandflies were found: lutzomyia longipalpis, l. fischeri, l. quinquefer, l. intermedia, l. whitmani, l. shannoni, l. cortelezzii, l. edwardsi, l. migonei, l. lanei and l. firmatoi. lutzomyia intermedia was the predominant species. it was collected indoors but in much higher numbers outdoors, in the close vicinity of houses. in comparative captures it was found to feed more frequently on ... | 1990 | 2215232 |
| amazonian visceral leishmaniasis--distribution of the vector lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva) in relation to the fox cerdocyon thous (linn.) and the efficiency of this reservoir host as a source of infection. | | 1990 | 2215228 |
| susceptibility of laboratory-reared female lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva, 1912) to infection by different species and strains of leishmania ross, 1903. | a study was undertaken to compare the susceptibility of laboratory-reared female lutzomyia longipalpis to infection by different species or strains of new world leishmania. the sand flies proved to be highly susceptible to infection by a strain of le. guyanensis, with flagellates developing in all (18/18) of the specimens examined. a lower infection rate of 37% (10/27) was recorded in flies exposed to infection by a strain of le. amazonensis. flagellates developed in 13% (6/46) of the sand flies ... | 1990 | 2152197 |
| isolation of maxadilan, a potent vasodilatory peptide from the salivary glands of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis. | blood feeding by the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis is aided by the presence of a vasodilator in its salivary glands. this novel vasodilator has been isolated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. ten nanograms of the vasodilator are present in the extract of a pair of sand fly salivary glands. it has 500 times the vasodilatory activity of calcitonin gene-related peptide, previously the most potent vasodilator peptide known. this novel peptide is thus called maxadilan. | 1991 | 2040631 |
| host preferences of the phlebotomine sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis in amazonian brazil. | experiments were undertaken to determine the relative attractiveness of humans, dogs and chickens to lutzomyia longipalpis, the principal vector of leishmania chagasi causing american visceral leishmaniasis. field experiments in two villages on marajó island, pará state, brazil, showed that one boy attracted significantly more flies than one dog or chicken, and slightly fewer flies than a group of six chickens. experiments with laboratory-bred female flies showed that a significantly greater num ... | 1992 | 1421498 |
| distinctions between promastigotes of leishmania species developing in the digestive tract of laboratory reared lutzomyia longipalpis. | female lutzomyia longipalpis were exposed to infection by three different species/strains of leishmania. when the insects were dissected four days after exposure, stained preparations were made of the flagellates contained in the digestive tract. using traditional morphometric methods, l. amazonensis, l. guyanensis and an unnamed species of the mexicana complex could be distinguished from one another. | 1991 | 1842403 |
| recent advances in laboratory mass rearing of phlebotomine sand flies. | recent technical and procedural advances in mass rearing of sand flies have resulted in larger, healthier, and less labor-intensive colonies. we now maintain closed colonies of phlebotomus papatasi, p. duboscqi, p. argentipes, and lutzomyia longipalpis which produce up to 1,000 females per week, in excess of colony-maintenance requirements, for use in research. advances include larval food preparation in acrylic-plastic incubator cabinets, strict regulation of food quantity and moisture in 500-m ... | 1991 | 1841228 |
| vectors of leishmaniases in venezuela. | information on the vectors of leishmaniases in venezuela is reviewed and updated. lutzomyia longipalpis is considered the vector of visceral leishmaniasis. lutzomyia ovallesi of the northcentral area is the only human feeding species from which parasites have been isolated and typed as leishmania braziliensis. in the andean region there is strong evidence that lu. youngi is the vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis but the parasites require further identification. lutzomyia spinicrassa may be respon ... | 1991 | 1841212 |
| methods of reducing ascogregarina chagasi parasitaemia in laboratory colonies of lutzomyia longipalpis. | ascogregarina chagasi is an aseptate gregarine parasite found naturally in populations of lutzomyia longipalpis. under intensive rearing conditions in the laboratory, the parasite is known to reduce longevity and egg production, therefore, it is thought to be a major contributing factor to the phenomenon of colony crashes. a study is described to test egg cleansing techniques, with a view to controlling this parasite in laboratory colonies. methods used include washing eggs with formol, benzalko ... | 1991 | 1841206 |
| changes in sex ratio during attempts to establish a laboratory colony of lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae). | after the discovery of "one spot" and "two spot" male lutzomyia longipalpis in the same dog's kennel, attempts were made to establish laboratory colonies of the two forms. pure lines of the two forms were not obtained and various "intermediate" males were recorded. interbreeding between the two populations probably occurs in nature but appears precarious. in one colonization attempt a change in sex ratio was noted from the 7th generation onwards and only females emerged in the 11th generation. | 1991 | 1841203 |
| a study of sandfly species (diptera: psychodidae: phlebotominae) in a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the municipality of baturité, ceará, brazil. | in a study on putative vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in baturité, ceará state, brazil, six sandfly species were identified: lutzomyia longipalpis, l. wellcomei, l. peresi, l. whitmani, l. shannoni and l. migonei. in general l. whitmani and l. migonei were the predominant species. they were collected in periodomiciliary areas and were attracted by man and equines. l. whitmani was the most anthropophilic species. studies using animals as bait showed that blood-feeding occurs throughout the ni ... | 1991 | 1842431 |
| maxadilan. cloning and functional expression of the gene encoding this potent vasodilator peptide. | maxadilan is a potent vasodilator peptide released into the skin when the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis, an important vector of leishmania, probes for a blood meal. as several lines of evidence suggest that this peptide may play a critical role in the enhancement of leishmania infectivity attributed to sand fly saliva, the peptide has been proposed as a candidate antigen for a leishmanial vaccine. although maxadilan is the most potent vasodilator peptide known and shares several properties with ... | 1992 | 1730635 |
| retrotransposons and evolution in phlebotomines. | the polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify a segment of the reverse transcriptase (rt) gene of putative retrotransposons from phlebotomus (larroussius) perniciosus, p. (l.) perfiliewi, p. (phlebotomus) papatasi and lutzomyia (lutzomyia) longipalpis. based on amino acid sequence comparisons with known rt genes, the amplified products of these species were shown to be derived from non-ltr retrotransposons related to the f element of drosophila melanogaster. the usefulness of this technique ... | 1991 | 1726736 |
| the presence of fructose in wild-caught lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera:psychodidae). | | 1991 | 1842392 |
| experimental infection of old and new world phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) with ascogregarina chagasi (eugregarinorida: lecudinidae). | the aseptate gregarine, ascogregarina chagasi (adler and mayrink), found in a colombian strain of lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz and neiva), was fed to the larvae of seven species of laboratory-bred sand flies: phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli), p. argentipes annandale and brunetti, p. perniciosus newstead, l. serrana (damasceno and arouck), l. abonnenci (floch and chassignet), l. columbiana (ristorcelli and van ty), and a gregarine-free brazilian strain of l. longipalpis. trophozoites of the gregarin ... | 1989 | 2769700 |
| field and laboratory evidence for multiple bloodfeeding by lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae). | | 1992 | 1421490 |
| a novel vasodilatory peptide from the salivary glands of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis. | salivary gland lysates of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis contain a potent vasodilator that aids the fly to feed on the blood of its vertebrate hosts. chromatographic analysis, antibody reactivity, and data obtained from bioassays of the salivary erythema-inducing factor indicate striking similarity with human calcitonin gene-related peptide. the erythema-inducing factor is, however, at least one order of magnitude more potent than calcitonin gene-related peptide. | 1989 | 2783496 |
| the susceptibility of lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz and neiva), diptera, psychodidae, to artificial infection with three viruses of the phlebotomus fever group. | | 1980 | 6257191 |
| ultrastructural development of leishmania chagasi in its vector, lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae). | the development of leishmania chagasi, etiologic agent of american visceral leishmaniasis, was studied by light and electron microscopy in the gut of the sand fly, lutzomyia longipalpis, a natural vector. new aspects of suprapylarian leishmania behavior were elucidated. in the sand fly midgut, amastigotes transformed into promastigotes (division promastigote i) during a first division sequence within the bloodmeal. secondary division of these promastigotes resulted in a second form (division pro ... | 1989 | 2802019 |
| oviposition attractants and stimulants for the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae). | oviposition preferences of lutzomyia longipalpis lutz & neiva for surfaces containing frass (colony remains), larval rearing medium, and rabbit feces were investigated in the laboratory. in oviposition choice chambers, significantly more eggs were laid on sites containing frass, larval rearing medium, or rabbit feces than on untreated control sites. experiments using unwashed and washed materials indicated, for the first time, the presence of chemical oviposition attractants or stimulants or bot ... | 1992 | 1552528 |
| feeding-site selection of lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) on mice infected with leishmania mexicana amazonensis. | | 1988 | 3404541 |
| observations on the development of leishmania (l.) chagasi cunha and chagas in the midgut of the sandfly vector lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz and neiva). | previous observations have shown that forms of leishmania, infective to hamsters, are present in the midgut of experimentally infected sandflies from 15-221 hours after the infective bloodmeal. in a continuation of these studies, stained smears of the midgut contents of lutzomyia longipalpis infected with leishmania (l.) chagasi, made at intervals between 15-120 hours, revealed two lines of parasite development. one of these is the direct transformation of small, non-dividing amastigotes into ve ... | 1988 | 3421641 |
| destruction of leishmania mexicana amazonensis promastigotes by normal human serum. | fresh normal human serum was observed to have a lethal effect on leishmania mexicana amazonensis promastigotes obtained from laboratory-bred lutzomyia longipalpis or on promastigotes grown in liquid culture medium, inoculated with the same isolates. heat inactivation abolished the leishmania lytic activity from the sera. resistance of culture promastigotes to lysis by normal human serum was investigated in three isolates of l. m. amazonensis. development of resistance (up to 7%) was found in onl ... | 1987 | 3605505 |
| a method for the purification of leishmania promastigotes from infected phlebotomine sandflies. | we describe a method for the purification of leishmania promastigotes, isolated from infected sandflies (lutzomyia longipalpis) using a discontinuous density centrifugation gradient (percoll/homem). the sandflies, infected seven days previously with leishmania donovani chagasi or leishmania mexicana mexicana from culture, were homogenized and centrifuged on a percoll discontinuous gradient. five interface bands were formed, and most of the promastigotes settled out at the interface between the ( ... | 1987 | 3675038 |
| detection and enumeration of leishmania in sand flies using agar-based media. | an agar plating technique was used to determine the number of amastigotes ingested by lutzomyia longipalpis fed on papules on mesocricetus auratus caused by leishmania mexicana amazonensis and on lesions on mystromys albicaudatus caused by leishmania braziliensis panamensis. the technique involved homogenizing sand flies after bloodfeeding on the infected animals and spreading the homogenate over the surface of agar plates. a great variation in the number of amastigotes ingested by individual sa ... | 1987 | 3688307 |
| leishmaniasis in brazil. xxii: characterization of leishmania from man, dogs and the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva, 1912) isolated during an outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis in santarém, pará state. | during epidemiological studies on an outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis in santarém, pará state, north brazil, isolates of leishmania from two children, three dogs and six naturally infected specimens of the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis were compared, biochemically, by starch-gel enzyme electrophoresis. they have proved to be indistinguishable from each other, and from a reference strain of leishmania chagasi cunha & chagas, 1937 from a case of human visceral leishmaniasis from bahia state, nor ... | 1986 | 3726975 |
| genetic isolating mechanisms between different forms of the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae). | | 1986 | 3752826 |
| the retained capacity of lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva) to transmit leishmania chagasi (cunha & chagas) after eight years (64 generations) in a closed laboratory colony. | a closed lutzomyia longipalpis colony, from ceará has been used to transmit leishmania chagasi isolated from a fox in pará state. the last time this colony was successfully used in similar transmission experiments was eight years (64 generations) ago indicating that this colony of lu. longipalpis has fully maintained its vectorial capacity in spite of such a long period of maintainance in the laboratory. | 1985 | 3837170 |
| flagellates in the malpighian tubules of laboratory-bred lutzomyia longipalpis fed on a hamster experimentally infected with leishmania mexicana amazonensis. | as a preparatory stage for a study aiming at identifying the species and subspecies of local leishmania in naturally infected sandflies through immunoradiometric assay with monoclonal antibodies, we tried to obtain experimental infections of phlebotomines with well characterized stocks of parasites, in order to test the effectiveness of the method. | 1985 | 3837172 |
| [biology of lutzomyia intermedia lutz & neiva, 1912 and lutzomyia longipalpis lutz & neiva, 1912 (diptera, psychodidae), under experimental conditions. i. feeding aspects of larvae and adults]. | to improve our knowledge on the breeding and behaviour of sandflies in captivity, we established closed colonies of lutzomyia intermedia and lutzomyia longipalpis. data are here presented on the feeding preferences of larvae and adults and their influence on the development and survival of each species. fish food is accepted by the larvae of both species; it is easily available, unexpensive and does not encourage the growth of fungi. the larvae of both species, in all stages accepted food of veg ... | 1986 | 3613978 |
| leishmaniasis in brazil. xxi. visceral leishmaniasis in the amazon region and further observations on the role of lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva, 1912) as the vector. | further evidence is presented incriminating the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis as the vector of leishmania chagasi, the causative agent of american visceral leishmaniasis, in the amazon region of brazil. during an outbreak of the disease in santarém, pará state, this insect was shown to be the only species of sandfly consistently present in and around the patient's homes, where it often occurred in very large numbers. of 491 specimens dissected, 35 (7.14%) proved to be infected, and isolates of l ... | 1985 | 4002291 |
| leishmaniasis in bolivia. i. lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva, 1912) as the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in los yungas. | a relatively high leishmanial infection rate was found in the phlebotomine sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis collected from three villages of the los yungas region (department of la paz, bolivia). 2,578 female sandflies were dissected. in three houses surveyed in santa barbara promastigote infection rates of lu. longipalpis were 4.2, 2.2 and 3.2% respectively. anatomical localization of the infection in the insect, and biochemical characterization of the strains indicate that the parasite belongs to ... | 1985 | 4002292 |
| development of infective stage leishmania promastigotes within phlebotomine sand flies. | midgut promastigotes were obtained from phlebotomus papatasi and lutzomyia longipalpis on days 3-7 after infection with cloned isolates of leishmania major and leishmania mexicana amazonensis, respectively, and examined as to their ability to initiate cutaneous infections in balb/c mice. sequential development of midgut promastigotes from a noninfective to an infective stage was confirmed for both the new world and old world species. the generation of infective promastigotes from rapidly dividin ... | 1985 | 4039899 |
| [new finding of phlebotom uses in the state of são paulo with special reference to lutzomyia longipalpis]. | | 1976 | 945607 |
| blood-finding strategy of a capillary-feeding sandfly, lutzomyia longipalpis. | salivary gland homogenates of adult female lutzomyia longipalpis inhibited platelet aggregation induced by adp and collagen. apyrase (atp diphosphohydrolase) activity was prominent, requiring ca2+ but not mg2+ and a ph optimum of 8.0. human as well as rabbit hosts developed a well delimited erythema, evident 2-3 min after initial probing and lasting for as long as 2 days. erythema, not accompanied by itching or swelling, developed in previously exposed hosts as well as in those not previously ex ... | 1986 | 2870860 |
| chemical analysis of compounds extracted from the tergal "spots" of lutzomyia longipalpis from brazil. | the chemical composition of the compounds contained in the tergal spots of lutzomyia longipalpis was investigated. four populations of l. longipalpis were examined, originating from: sobral, ceará, brazil (one spot and two spot populations), santarém, pará, brazil (one spot) and marajó island, pará, brazil (one spot). the tergal spots were dissected out, extracted in hexane and analysed on a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer. two compounds were found, identical to compounds found in earlier st ... | 1986 | 2877553 |
| natural infection of humans, animals, and phlebotomine sand flies with the alagoas serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus in colombia. | five isolations of the alagoas serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus (rhabdoviridae: vesiculovirus) were made from naturally infected phlebotomine sand flies (lutzomyia spp.) collected in colombia. these are the first isolations of alagoas virus from an arthropod. replication of the virus occurred in laboratory-reared sand flies (lutzomyia longipalpis) after inoculation. bite and transovarial transmission of the virus was also demonstrated in experimentally infected sand flies. alagoas virus ne ... | 1987 | 3034087 |
| analysis of enhancing effect of sand fly saliva on leishmania infection in mice. | salivary gland lysates of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis markedly enhance the course of infection with leishmania major in mice. here we examine various parameters of this phenomenon. the exacerbative effect of l. longipalpis salivary gland lysates occurred in five different mouse strains; however, the character of the effect varied from one strain to another. consistent exacerbation of infection was achieved with as little as 1/10 of a gland. the exacerbative effect applied to more than one ... | 1991 | 2019430 |
| entomopathogens of phlebotomine sand flies: laboratory experiments and natural infections. | the susceptibility of different geographical strains of phlebotomus papatasi to a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (cpv) was determined experimentally by feeding polyhedra to larvae. of the indian p. papatasi, 15.6% became infected, whereas egyptian p. papatasi were mostly refractory. infection rates were not augmented in colony flies from the jordan valley, 23.8% of which were naturally infected with cpv. the infectivity of serratia marcescens and beauvaria bassiana to p. papatasi were determined ... | 1991 | 1783777 |
| experimental transmission of leishmania chagasi, causative agent of neotropical visceral leishmaniasis, by the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis. | | 1977 | 859627 |
| leishmania infections in lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera:psychodidae) on the island of são luis, maranhão state, brazil. | dissection of lutzomyia longipalpis, captured in the são luis focus of visceral leishmaniasis revealed a 1.8% promastigote infection rate. | 1984 | 6535920 |
| salivary gland lysates from the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis enhance leishmania infectivity. | leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies. the role of sand fly saliva in transmission of the disease was investigated by injecting mice with leishmania major parasites in the presence of homogenized salivary glands from lutzomyia longipalpis. this procedure resulted in cutaneous lesions of leishmania major that were routinely five to ten times as large and contained as much as 5000 times as many parasites as controls. with inocula consisting of low numbers of l ... | 1988 | 3344436 |
| visceral leishmaniasis in teresina, state of piauí, brazil: preliminary observations on the detection and transmissibility of canine and sandfly infections. | a leishmania donovani-complex specific dna probe was used to confirm the widespread dissemination of amastigotes in apparently normal skin of dogs with canine visceral leishmaniasis. when lutzomyia longipalpis were fed on abnormal skin of five naturally infected dogs 57 of 163 (35%) flies became infected: four of 65 flies (6%) became infected when fed on apparently normal skin. the bite of a single sandfly that had fed seven days previously on a naturally infected dog transmitted the infection t ... | 1994 | 7885238 |
| leishmanial infections in lutzomyia longipalpis and lu. antunesi (diptera: psychodidae) on the island of marajó, pará state, brazil. | | 1984 | 6485061 |
| leishmaniasis in brazil. xix: visceral leishmaniasis in the amazon region, and the presence of lutzomyia longipalpis on the island of marajó, pará state. | sporadic cases of visceral leishmaniasis in amazonian brazil appear limited to pará state, in the lower amazon valley and principally near the atlantic coast. the fox cerdocyon thous (l.) has been incriminated as a natural host of the causative parasite, leishmania donovani chagasi, but past doubts have existed over the identification of the most likely vector as lutzomyia (lutzomyia) longipalpis (lutz & neiva, 1912). investigations on two of five recent cases of visceral leishmaniasis of man in ... | 1983 | 6623589 |
| mechanical transmission of rift valley fever virus by hematophagous diptera. | experimental studies were conducted to determine if hematophagous diptera were capable of mechanical transmission of rift valley fever (rvf) virus to laboratory animals. all species tested (glossina morsitans, aedes aegypti, aedes taeniorhynchus, culex pipiens, stomoxys calcitrans, lutzomyia longipalpis, and culicoides variipennis) mechanically transmitted the virus to hamsters. mechanical transmission rates for g. morsitans ranged from 0-100%, with the probability of mechanical transmission pos ... | 1985 | 3970308 |
| a simple method for experimental infection of phlebotomine sand flies with leishmania. | mouse macrophages, grown in continuous cell culture at 37 degrees c, were inoculated with the promastigote stage of various human pathogenic leishmania species. under these culture conditions, the parasites rapidly entered the cells and transformed into amastigotes. two or 3 days after inoculation, the infected macrophages were mixed with washed human erythrocytes and were fed to female sand flies (phlebotomus papatasi and lutzomyia longipalpis) through a chick skin membrane. within 7-10 days af ... | 1984 | 6696182 |
| [the finding of lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz and neiva, 1912) in the state of são paulo, brazil. report]. | | 1970 | 5528214 |
| nocturnal activity patterns of lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) at an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in colombia. | nocturnal activity of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva) was studied from august 1991 to july 1992 in a small rural community in colombia where american visceral leishmaniasis is endemic. during 2 or 3 nights each month, sand flies were collected with hand-held aspirators each hour between 1730 and 0630 hours, from a pigpen and a cattle corral located 30 m apart. host-seeking activity of l. longipalpis adults was characterized by 2 general patterns: (1) adult sand fly activity inc ... | 1995 | 7473615 |
| age structure, blood-feeding behavior, and leishmania chagasi infection in lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) at an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in colombia. | ecological studies on the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva) were conducted during 1990-1992 in a small rural community in colombia where american visceral leishmaniasis (avl) is endemic. subsamples of sand flies collected weekly from pigpens, the interior of houses, and natural outdoor resting sites were dissected to determine physiological age and leishmania chagasi cunha & chagas infection rates. eleven female l. longipalpis had flagellates in their gut, 2 of which were successfull ... | 1995 | 7473616 |
| sugar meal sources for the phlebotomine sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis in ceará state, brazil. | in the brazilian village of boqueirão do renato parente, ceará state, where visceral leishmaniasis is endemic, significant variation in the abundance of phlebotomine sandflies between different types of vegetation was demonstrated by castor oil sticky trap collections. population densities of lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva) sandflies were higher in beans and maize crops than in the surrounding open and tree scrub. significant relationships were detected between the abundances of sandflies a ... | 1995 | 7548943 |
| a simple technique for mass rearing lutzomyia longipalpis and phlebotomus papatasi (diptera: psychodidae) in the laboratory. | | 1983 | 6644754 |
| functional morphology of the midgut of a sandfly as compared to other hematophagous nematocera. | the midgut epithelium of female lutzomyia longipalpis was investigated by means of electron microscopic morphometry before and during blood digestion. ultrastructure and cytological changes of the stomach cells upon blood feeding were generally similar to the ones described for phlebotomus longipes (gemetchu, 1974) and for mosquitoes (hecker, 1977). in addition, the quantitative composition of the cells resembled the one of mosquitoes in many respects. despite some morphological differences in t ... | 1982 | 7170711 |
| replication of rift valley fever virus in the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis. | rift valley fever virus was shown to replicate in lutzomyia longipalpis after intrathoracic inoculation. viral titers peaked at approximately 4 days postinoculation [mean titer = 10(4.0) plaque forming units (pfu)] and remained relatively constant through day 7. a minimum of 6 of 326 sand flies transmitted virus by bite to susceptible hamsters after 5-9 days of extrinsic incubation. viral titers of sand flies exposed per os declined steadily through day 9. none of 378 flies that had ingested app ... | 1984 | 6711746 |
| [ecology of lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva, 1912) and possibilities of the existence of visceral leishmaniasis in costa rica]. | a semiarid area of northwest costa rica where lutzomyia longipalpis is common in corrals around houses is described. monthly captures of the sandfly during two consecutive years for fixed periods of time indicated that the insect bites avidly cows, horses, pigs, dogs and humans. from a total of 14,215 specimens, 90.5% were males and the species is markedly more abundant during the dry season decreasing considerably when rain comes. the possibility that visceral leishmaniasis could become in the ... | 1984 | 6533420 |
| studies on the biology of phleboviruses in sand flies (diptera: psychodidae). i. experimental infection of the vector. | this paper describes a series of experiments which were done to determine the behavior of 14 different phleboviruses in laboratory-reared sand flies (phlebotomus papatasi, p. perniciosus and lutzomyia longipalpis) after oral and parenteral infection. most of the viruses replicated in the sand flies after intrathoracic inoculation; however, the insects were quite refractory to oral infection. six of 11 phleboviruses tested were transovarially transmitted in one or more sand fly species. the perce ... | 1984 | 6091466 |
| carajas and maraba viruses, two new vesiculoviruses isolated from phlebotomine sand flies in brazil. | two new rhabdoviruses, designated carajas and maraba, are described. both were isolated from phlebotomine sand flies (lutzomyia spp.) collected in the amazon basin of brazil. one recovery of carajas virus was made from male sand flies. by complement-fixation and neutralization tests both agents were shown to be members of the vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) serogroup (genus vesiculovirus). the pathogenicity of the two viruses in mice and vero cells is similar to that of vsv-indiana and vsv-new ... | 1984 | 6091472 |
| the susceptibility of the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva), diptera, phlebotomidae, to laboratory infection with bluetongue virus. | bluetongue virus multiplied in the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis after intrathoracic inoculation but not after oral ingestion of virus. the level of virus multiplication was lower than that observed in similar experiments with the north american vector of bluetongue, culicoides variipennis. inoculated sandflies did not transmit virus after 6 to 9 days incubation at 25 degrees c. it is unlikely that l. longipalpis would be important in the maintenance of bluetongue virus in the wild. | 1980 | 6247994 |
| detection of promastigote stage-specific antigens on leishmania mexicana amazonensis developing in the midgut of lutzomyia longipalpis. | previously described monoclonal antibodies ix-if9-d8, ix-2h7-e10 and ix-5h9-c1 recognize promastigote stage-specific determinants present on externally exposed membrane proteins of axenically cultured leishmania mexicana amazonensis. in the present study, these antigens were demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence to be present on promastigotes found in the gut lumen of infected lutzoymia longipalpis. the presence of these antigens on promastigotes found in infected sandflies suggests that t ... | 1983 | 6359907 |
| blood leukocyte response in hosts parasitized by the hematophagous arthropods triatoma protracta and lutzomyia longipalpis. | the kinetics of peripheral blood basophil and eosinophil responses in guinea pigs to multiple infestation by nymphal and adult triatoma protracta (vessel feeder) and adult lutzomyia longipalpis (pool feeder) were examined. hosts exhibited significant blood basophil and eosinophil responses to feeding by both arthropods. basophilia was slow to develop and mild in intensity following primary triatoma infestation but exhibited immediate anamnestic-type responses to secondary infestation, with marke ... | 1984 | 6375409 |
| species composition and relative abundance of sand flies of the genus lutzomyia (diptera: psychodidae) at an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in colombia. | ecological studies on the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva) were conducted during 1990-1993 at a small rural community in colombia where american visceral leishmaniasis is endemic. weekly sand fly collections were made from pigpens, houses, and natural resting sites, using hand-held aspirators, sticky (oiled) paper traps, and opossum-baited disney traps. in total, 263,094 sand flies were collected; l. longipalpis predominated (86.1%), followed by l. trinidadensis (11.0%), l. cayennen ... | 1995 | 7650716 |
| correlates of the peridomestic abundance of lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) in amazonian brazil. | abundance of the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis, the vector of leishmania chagasi, was surveyed using cdc light-suction traps in fifteen villages and 180 homesteads on marajó island, pará state, brazil. flies were most abundant in cultivated areas, secondary growth and open woodland, away from savanna grassland and forest. within homesteads, the abundance of flies in animal sheds was weakly associated with the number of hosts kept therein, and inversely related to the number elsewhere, both human ... | 1994 | 7949312 |
| ecological interactions of visceral leishmaniasis in the state of bahia, brazil. | the laboratory and field observations summarized in this paper on visceral leishmaniasis ecology in the state of bahia, brazil are based on the author's observations over the past 35 years in a number of state's foci, public health records and literature citations. the disease is endemic with epidemic outbreaks occurring every ten years and its geographical distribution is expanding rapidly in the last years. leishmania chagasi is the main ethiologic agent of the visceral leishmaniasis but le. a ... | 1996 | 9283643 |
| development of leishmania chagasi (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae) in the second blood-meal of its vector lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae). | light and electron microscopy investigations were carried out to compare the development of leishmania chagasi in lutzomyia longipalpis females that took a second blood-meal and others that took a single blood-meal. the establishment of the parasite in the foregut and the thoracic midgut of the vector was not severely affected by the intake of the second blood-meal. at 3 days after the intake of the second blood-meal, a rapid increase in the proportion of metacyclic promastigotes detected in the ... | 1994 | 7971928 |
| seasonal abundance of lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) at an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in colombia. | ecological studies on the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva) were conducted during 1990-1993 in a small rural community in colombia where american visceral leishmaniasis is endemic. standardized weekly sand fly collections made from pigpens and natural resting sites displayed a bimodal annual abundance cycle, with a small peak occurring in october-november and a larger one in april-may. time series analysis was employed to quantify the associations between sand fly abundance and weath ... | 1995 | 7650717 |
| [evaluation of the effectiveness of deltamethrin (k-othrine ce) in the control of lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae), in the municipality of santa rita, paraíba, brazil]. | deltamethrin in emulsion concentrate was applied in doses of 12.5, 25.0 and 50.0mg/m2, in households near the littoral of the state of paraíba, where sporadic cases of visceral leishmaniasis were reported. there was a remarkable decrease in populations of several arthropods, including lutzomyia longipalpis. this insect, however, was found again in some treated walls, 14 and 21 days after spraying. statistical analysis indicated significant control for only two four-weeks periods, with extreme ir ... | 1993 | 8115683 |
| didelphis marsupialis, an important reservoir of trypanosoma (schizotrypanum) cruzi and leishmania (leishmania) chagasi in colombia. | the role of didelphis marsupialis as a reservoir of zoonotic hemoflagellates was examined in two ecologically distinct settings in colombia. while 72% (12 of 18) of the opossums collected in the tropical rain forest harbored trypanosoma cruzi, other mammals in the area had lower infection rates: 1.3% (proechymis semispinosus [spiny rat]; 13% tylomys mirae [climbing rat]; and 6% rattus rattus). trypanosoma cruzi isolates from d. marsupialis were similar to zymodeme 1 (z1), and two of four phenoty ... | 1994 | 8203703 |
| salivary gland material from the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis has an inhibitory effect on macrophage function in vitro. | previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that the infectivity of the protozoan parasite leishmania major was enhanced in mice if the infecting inoculum contained salivary gland lysates from the sand fly vector lutzomyia longipalpis. the present study was designed to address the hypothesis that sand fly salivary gland material may function by inhibiting the host immune response. results indicated that sand fly saliva inhibited the ability of macrophages to present leishmanial antigens to pa ... | 1993 | 8233563 |
| cytostatic effect of lutzomyia longipalpis salivary gland homogenates on leishmania parasites. | salivary gland homogenates (sgh) of female lutzomyia longipalpis, in concentrations as small as 0.05 pairs of glands/ml, inhibit the in vitro multiplication of promastigotes of leishmania mexicana amazonensis. the effect seems to be cytostatic since promastigote viability 24 hr after exposure ranged from 55% to 100% in different experiments. the cells cultivated in the presence of sgh were characterized by a very slender shape, with cell bodies that were almost two times as long as controls. the ... | 1993 | 8333578 |
| lutzomyia longipalpis is a species complex: genetic divergence and interspecific hybrid sterility among three populations. | the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis is the vector of leishmania donovani chagasi in latin america. an analysis of genetic variability at 27 enzyme coding loci among three laboratory populations of lu. longipalpis revealed substantial genetic polymorphism. levels of genetic distance between all pairwise comparisons of colonies were very high, and consistent with those previously reported among separate species in the genus lutzomyia. between 7% and 22% of the loci studied were diagnostic for any t ... | 1993 | 8333579 |
| host preferences of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis at an endemic focus of american visceral leishmaniasis in colombia. | blood meals from 579 lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera:psychodidae), collected in an endemic focus of american visceral leishmaniasis in colombia, were identified by precipitin test. sand fly collections were made during a 16-month period from the inside walls of two houses, a pigpen, and rock crevices in a small community (el callejon) within the endemic area. feeding patterns of the sand flies varied with locality and date of collection. overall, bovine feedings predominated, but feedings were al ... | 1993 | 8352394 |
| attraction of lutzomyia longipalpis to human skin odours. | male and female lutzomyia longipalpis sandfiles showed attraction to human skin emanations placed on warmed glass petri dishes. unfed virgin females were more strongly attracted than males, which also showed attraction. four human subjects were tested and significant variation was found between the numbers of sandflies attracted to their skin emanations. this suggests that some individuals were more attractive than others. there was a significant difference between the response shown by sandflie ... | 1994 | 7841492 |
| [phlebotomines (diptera: psychodidae) focusing visceral leishmaniasis in the state of mato grosso do sul, brazil]. | in the americas, lutzomyia longipalpis has been incriminated as the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in almost all the areas in which this disease has been reported. the notification of human cases of visceral leishmaniasis and the presence of dogs with an appearance suggestive of the disease in the country of corumbá, mato grosso do sul state, brazil, led us to undertake an entomological investigation in this area, for the purpose of identifying the phlebotomine vector. | 1997 | 9595767 |
| saliva of lutzomyia longipalpis sibling species differs in its composition and capacity to enhance leishmaniasis. | leishmania donovani chagasi parasites, transmitted by sandflies of the lutzomyia longipalpis species complex, normally cause visceral leishmaniasis. however, in central america infections frequently result in cutaneous disease. we undertook experiments to investigate the possible influence of sandfly saliva on the course of infection. erythemas caused by feeding sandflies correlated well with the levels of the erythema-inducing peptide, maxadilan, in their saliva. saliva of brazilian flies was t ... | 1994 | 7972360 |
| dispersal of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) at an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in colombia. | mark-release-recapture studies were carried out during 1990-1991 in el callejón, colombia, an endemic focus of american visceral leishmaniasis, to study the longevity, dispersal, and flight range of the principal vector, lutzomyia longipalpis lutz & neiva. several groups of wild-caught (n = 1,539) and laboratory-reared f1 (n = 2,208) sand flies were marked with fluorescent dusts and released. recaptures at daytime resting sites, on animal bait, and in cdc light traps were made for 20 d following ... | 1993 | 8459421 |
| leishmania differentiation in natural and unnatural sand fly hosts. | leishmania differentiation in the gut of phlebotomine sand flies was evaluated based on five light and electron microscopic studies of natural (leishmania panamensis/lutzomyia gomezi, leishmania chagasi/lutzomyia longipalpis) and unnatural (leishmania mexicana/lutzomyia abonnenci, leishmania panamensis/phlebotomus papatasi, leishmania major/lutzomyia longipalpis) life cycles. in the bloodmeal, transformation of amastigotes into stumpy promastigotes occurred before or during division. further div ... | 1993 | 8461893 |
| laboratory evaluation of repellents against four anopheline mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) and two phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae). | deet, the lactone cic-4, and the piperidine compounds a13-37220 and a13-35765 were evaluated for initial repellency against laboratory-reared anopheles albimanus wiedemann, an. freeborni aitken, an. gambiae giles, an. stephensi liston, and phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli) using a dose-response testing procedure on human volunteers. in addition, deet and cic-4 were tested against lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva). in general, the repellency of a13-37220, a13-35765, and cic-4 was not markedly dif ... | 1993 | 8510108 |
| preliminary observations on the diagnosis and transmissibility of canine visceral leishmaniasis in teresina, n.e. brazil. | a pilot group of 49 dogs and control groups from non-endemic areas were examined serologically for the presence of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) by direct agglutination test (dat), indirect immunofluorescence (ifat) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and dot-elisa. results indicated that dat is less sensitive than the other assays and that serology with filter paper blood samples is less sensitive than with serum. promastigote infections were common in fed lutzomyia longipalpis taken from a ... | 1993 | 7802502 |
| semiochemical mediation of oviposition by the phlebotomine sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis. | extracts of rabbit food, hay and rabbit faeces elicited a positive oviposition response from gravid female lutzomyia longipalpis sandflies (diptera: phlebotominae). combined extract of rabbit food and oviposition pheromone had a synergistic effect on sandfly egg-laying, greatly increasing the number of eggs laid and resulting in a highly targeted response. individually tubed flies, exposed to the combined extract, were shown to be 3.5 times more likely to survive oviposition and laid 2.5 times m ... | 1993 | 8369556 |
| life cycle of leishmania major (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae) in the neotropical sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae). | the development of leishmania major yakimoff & schokhor in the new world sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva) was examined by light and electron microscopy. in this unnatural host, parasites differentiated into 10 typical morphological forms, multiplied at three sites, migrated anteriorly and established in the foregut, and attached to gut surfaces. in the blood meal, amastigotes divided and transformed into two successive dividing, stumpy promastigote stages. elongate nectomonad promas ... | 1993 | 8360894 |
| receptors for the vasodilator maxadilan are expressed on selected neural crest and smooth muscle-derived cells. | maxadilan is a potent vasodilator peptide isolated from salivary glands of the blood feeding sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis. the peptide relaxes rabbit aortic rings in an endothelium independent manner while elevating levels of camp and has been found to bind to membrane homogenates from brain. these studies on tissues have now been expanded with an examination of binding and signaling of maxadilan to a number of established cell lines and primary cultures. the data reveal that maxadilan binds t ... | 1996 | 9035385 |
| laboratory and field evaluations of a repellent soap containing diethyl toluamide (deet) and permethrin against phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae) in valle del cauca, colombia. | the repellency and insecticidal efficacy of nopikex, a soap formulation containing 20% diethyl toluamide and 0.5% permethrin, was evaluated against a laboratory colony of phlebotomine sand flies (lutzomyia longipalpis). the repellency of nopikex soap was also compared with that of a placebo soap against another species (lu. youngi) in a forest near tulua, valle del cauca, colombia. in laboratory trials of the soap, no reduction in repellency was seen 4 hr after application, but within 8 hr, repe ... | 1995 | 7872447 |
| leishmania amazonensis: sensitivity of different promastigote morphotypes to salivary gland homogenates of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis. | we have recently demonstrated that lutzomyia longipalpis salivary gland homogenates (sgh) inhibited the multiplication of leishmania promastigotes in vitro. the present work shows that leishmania amazonensis sensitivity to sgh is correlated to the phase of promastigote in vitro growth and can be decreased by the addition of hemin to the culture medium. the possible relevance of these in vitro results is discussed in relation to the development of leishmania parasites within their sand fly vector ... | 1995 | 7895828 |
| comparison of the sex-pheromone components of lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera:psychodidae) from areas of visceral and atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis in honduras and cost rica. | the terpene components of extracts prepared from male lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) collected from four sites in honduras and one in costa rica were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and coupled gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. the terpene components of lu. longipalpis from other regions of south america have previously been shown to be sex pheromones. the flies from the four areas of honduras, where leishmania chagasi infection may lead ... | 1996 | 8915130 |
| the development of species of leishmania ross, 1903 in lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva, 1912). | the development of four isolates of leishmania from foci of american cutaneous leishmaniasis was studied in lutzomyia longipalpis. the suggestion that the differences in the development of the leishmania in the invertebrate host are of great taxonomic significance was confirmed. the pattern of development of three strains was typical of parasites of the subgenus leishmania, the other was similar to leishmania of the subgenus viannia. the identification of the strains using other criteria is in a ... | 1995 | 8544741 |
| vasodilatory properties of recombinant maxadilan. | maxadilan is a peptide from the salivary gland of the sand fly lutzomyia longipalpis, a vector for leishmaniasis. cutaneous injection of femtomolar quantities of maxadilan produces long-lasting erythema, making it the most potent vasodilator known. isolated rabbit thoracic and abdominal aorta, carotid artery, and iliac artery demonstrated dose-dependent arterial relaxation in response to maxadilan with a mean effective concentration (ec50) of 2.7 +/- 1.5, 2.1 +/- 0.5, 2.6 +/- 0.4, and 1.9 +/- 0. ... | 1996 | 8853326 |
| experimental infection of lutzomyia longipalpis fed on a patient with cutaneous leishmaniasis due to leishmania mexicana amazonensis. | | 1986 | 3796279 |
| isolation and bacterial expression of a sesquiterpene synthase cdna clone from peppermint (mentha x piperita, l.) that produces the aphid alarm pheromone (e)-beta-farnesene. | (e)-beta-farnesene is a sesquiterpene semiochemical that is used extensively by both plants and insects for communication. this acyclic olefin is found in the essential oil of peppermint (mentha x piperita) and can be synthesized from farnesyl diphosphate by a cell-free extract of peppermint secretory gland cells. a cdna from peppermint encoding (e)-beta-farnesene synthase was cloned by random sequencing of an oil gland library and was expressed in escherichia coli. the corresponding synthase ha ... | 1997 | 9371761 |
| the sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis shows specific humoral responses to bacterial challenge. | the presence of immune molecules induced by microorganisms in the haemolymph of lutzomyia longipalpis sandflies has been investigated. injections of escherichia coli and micrococcus luteus into female sandflies induced anti-bacterial activity in the haemolymph. inhibition zone assays showed that haemolymph from e. coli and m.luteus injected sandflies differentially inhibited m.luteus growth. this differential effect was specific to m.luteus infection since anti-e.coli activity was similar in hae ... | 1997 | 9430110 |
| larval microhabitats of lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) in an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in colombia. | an intensive search for the larval habitats of lutzomyia longipalpis (lutz & neiva) was conducted from november 1992 to october 1993 at a small rural community in colombia where american visceral leishmaniasis is endemic. emergence traps constructed from polyvinyl chloride pipes were used to sample a variety of soil microhabitats that included edge areas of covered pigpens, cattle corrals, the base of trees, and leaf litter at sites within 40 m of a house, rocks in fields located between 50 and ... | 1997 | 9439128 |
| isozymic and metric variation in the lutzomyia longipalpis complex. | male lutzomyia longipalpis of two types from bolivia were compared using isozyme electrophoresis and wing morphometry. one sample (ex chiflonkaka cave, alt. 2800 m at toro toro, charcas province, potosi department) was 'two-spot' phenotype males (i.e. tergites iii and iv with paired pale patches of pheromone glands), whereas two other locality samples (apa apa and imanaco, sud yungas province, la paz department) were one-spot male phenotype (only tergite iv with paired pale patches). multilocus ... | 1997 | 9430121 |
| a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus in the phlebotomine sandfly lutzomyia longipalpis. | | 1995 | 7787233 |
| phlebotomus papatasi saliva inhibits protein phosphatase activity and nitric oxide production by murine macrophages. | leishmania parasites, transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies, are obligate intracellular parasites of macrophages. the sand fly phlebotomus papatasi is the vector of leishmania major, a causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the old world, and its saliva exacerbates parasite proliferation and lesion growth in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. here we show that p. papatasi saliva contains a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase 1 and protein phosphatase 2a of murine macrophages. we f ... | 1998 | 9529078 |
| susceptibility of lutzomyia longipalpis (diptera: psychodidae) to selected insecticides in an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in venezuela. | a field population of lutzomyia longipalpis from la rinconada, lara state, an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in venezuela, was tested for susceptibility to organochlorine (ddt 2%), carbamate (propoxur 0.01%), organophosphate (malathion 2%, fenitrothion 1%, and pirimiphos methyl 1%), and pyrethroid (deltamethrin 0.06%, lambdacyhalothrin 0.06%, and permethrin 0.2%) insecticides. susceptibility to the insecticides tested was evaluated in the field population of l. longipalpis and compared ... | 1997 | 9474559 |