| characterization of the intracellular melanization response in anopheles quadrimaculatus against subperiodic brugia malayi larvae. | intracellular melanization, a defense or an immune response in the thoracic muscle cells, was investigated in a refractory strain of anopheles quadrimaculatus infected with larvae of brugia malayi. in mosquitoes fed on b. malayi-infected jirds, intracellular melanization against first-stage larvae (l1) was better expressed when fewer than 40 microfilariae reached the thoracic muscle cells than when more than 40 microfilariae reached the thoracic muscle cells. this result suggests that when large ... | 1992 | 1403431 |
| lethal effects of ivermectin on anopheles quadrimaculatus. | female anopheles quadrimaculatus adults were blood fed on 15 mixed breed dogs 4 h after the dogs were given oral dosages of ivermectin. dogs were divided into 5 treatment groups of 3 dogs each, at 10, 500, 1,000, 2,500 micrograms/kg, and untreated. additionally, an. quadrimaculatus were fed on lambskin-membranes containing blood drawn from one dog in each treatment group. mosquitoes were allowed to feed on the dogs or the lambskin-membranes and were observed for death at 24 and 48 h post-feeding ... | 1992 | 1402865 |
| dirofilaria immitis and its potential mosquito vectors in central new york state. | screening of 25,822 dog blood samples indicated approximately a 1% infection rate with dirofilaria immitis. dipetalonema reconditum microfilariae were found in approximately 2% of 1,876 feral dogs examined. laboratory experimentation indicated that 6 of 10 local mosquito species examined allowed successful extrinsic incubation of d immitis. indices of experimental infection indicated aedes triseriatus and anopheles quadrimaculatus were excellent hosts for d immitis, but other factors considered, ... | 1977 | 20828 |
| infective larvae of brugia: escape from mosquitoes into water and subsequent oral infectivity in jirds. | published work showed that third-stage larvae (l-3s) escape into water from dead or dying, brugia pahangi-infected, aedes aegypti. the present study revealed the same escape phenomenon among b. pahangi-infected armigeres subalbatus, anopheles quadrimaculatus, and aedes togoi, and among brugia malayi-infected ae. aegypti and ae. togoi. l-3s maintained in water or in lum's solution for 3 hours retained infectivity when tested in orally or subcutaneously exposed jirds; furthermore, l-3s recovered f ... | 1976 | 8999 |
| comparative susceptibility of species a, b and c of anopheles quadrimaculatus complex to infection with subperiodic brugia malayi and brugia pahangi (nematoda: filarioidea). | susceptibilities of natural populations of sibling species a, b and c of the anopheles quadrimaculatus complex and the colonized strain a to subperiodic brugia malayi and brugia pahangi were compared. all 3 sibling species showed varying degrees of susceptibility to both b. pahangi and b. malayi, and they were considerably more susceptible to b. pahangi than to b. malayi. the rate and intensity of infection to b. pahangi were highest for species a (66.2% and 7.4 l3/female, respectively) and lowe ... | 1992 | 1583491 |
| in vitro development of brugia pahangi and brugia malayi in cultured mosquito thoraces. | in vitro cultivation of brugia pahangi and subperiodic brugia malayi one-day old larvae to infective stage larvae (l3) within thoraces excised from aedes aegypti (black eye, liverpool) and anopheles quadrimaculatus was attempted. the mosquito thoraces were excised under aseptic conditions, 24 h after a blood meal on either b. pahangi- or b. malayi-infected jirds. the excised thoraces were washed aseptically and inoculated into a diphasic media. a nutrient agar base was overlaid with either grace ... | 1991 | 1671619 |
| nocturnal distribution of louisiana riceland mosquito adults. | nocturnal riceland mosquito populations in southern louisiana were monitored using nonbaited cdc miniature light traps. a mixed population of anopheles quadrimaculatus, an. crucians, psorophora columbiae and culex salinarius adults was collected in a livestock occupied barn. highly variable numbers of all 4 species were trapped in areas away from the barns. species density at any given trap location was not related to trap location, type of habitat surrounding the trap or brush density near the ... | 1991 | 1686276 |
| comparison of host-feeding patterns between anopheles quadrimaculatus sibling species a and b. | bloodmeal sources for sympatric species a and b of anopheles quadrimaculatus in an area of mississippi were identified using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. females had fed only on 6 species of mammals including dog/fox, pig, opossum, raccoon, cottontail rabbit and white-tailed deer. the latter species was the predominant host, representing 96.7 and 89.5% of the bloodmeals taken by species a and b, respectively. no marked difference in feeding patterns was found. | 1991 | 1791465 |
| nutritional factors and antimicrobials on development of infective larvae of subperiodic brugia malayi (nematoda: filarioidea) in anopheles quadrimaculatus and aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae). | the effects of nutritional factors and antimicrobials on the development of infective larvae of subperiodic brugia malayi in susceptible anopheles quadrimaculatus say and aedes aegypti (l.) were investigated. larvae of both species of mosquitoes were reared on brewers yeast or a 1:1 brewers yeast-liver powder mixture. after emergence, one-half of the adults from each rearing condition were maintained on a 10% sucrose solution and the other half on a 10% sucrose solution containing 0.1% p-aminobe ... | 1991 | 2056511 |
| structural diversity of trypsin from different mosquito species feeding on vertebrate blood. | mosquito trypsin was purified using a combination of ion exchange and affinity chromatography with the ligand soybean trypsin inhibitor. three aedes and three anopheles species were tested, all of which are specialized in the digestion of vertebrate blood. amino-terminal sequences of hplc-purified trypsins from aedes aegypti and anopheles quadrimaculatus revealed homologies of 30-40% with vertebrate and other invertebrate proteases previously identified as serine-proteases. the purified mosquito ... | 1991 | 2065758 |
| chromosomal localization and copy number of 18s + 28s ribosomal rna genes in evolutionarily diverse mosquitoes (diptera, culicidae). | in situ hybridization using 3h-labeled 18s and 28s ribosomal dna (rdna) probes from aedes albopictus was performed on the mitotic chromosomes of 20 species of mosquitoes belonging to 8 genera of subfamilies culicinae and anophelinae. in all but one species examined, the rdna family was localized to a single chromosome per haploid genome. aedes triseriatus was the only exception, with the rdna cistrons present on chromosome 1 and on chromosome 3. the ribosomal rna genes were located on chromosome ... | 1990 | 2093704 |
| horizontal transmission of parathelohania anophelis to the copepod, microcyclops varicans, and the mosquito, anopheles quadrimaculatus. | the copepod microcyclops varicans was infected with parathelohania anophelis by unincleate meiospores from a field-collected fourth instar anopheles quadrimaculatus larva. large numbers of unincleate, pyriform spores developed in the copepod. these spores were fed to early instar a. quadrimaculatus larvae, infecting both males and females, resulting in the production of cylindrical, binucleate spores in the adult. these spores were responsible for vertical transmission, through the eggs, to the ... | 1990 | 2115902 |
| the effect of bacillus sphaericus upon the susceptibility of anopheles quadrimaculatus to plasmodium berghei. | larvae of anopheles quadrimaculatus were exposed to bacillus sphaericus. the surviving adults took blood meals on hamsters infected with plasmodium berghei. fewer mosquitoes were infected than were the paired controls. the inhibitory action appeared to occur during the early stages of the infection in the mosquito gut. | 1990 | 2182774 |
| effect of topically treating cattle with permethrin on blood feeding of psorophora columbiae (diptera: culicidae) in a southwestern louisiana rice-pasture ecosystem. | the percentage of resting mosquitoes that had fed on blood or were gravid-parous was determined in two pastures associated with the riceland agroecosystem in southwestern louisiana. in one pasture, all of the cattle were treated with permethrin every 14 d over a 22-wk period, whereas cattle in the other pasture were untreated. the percentage of blood-engorged psorophora columbiae (dyar & knab) was significantly lower in the vicinity of the treated herd. the effectiveness of the permethrin treatm ... | 1990 | 2280387 |
| susceptibility of anopheles quadrimaculatus (diptera: culicidae) to subperiodic brugia malayi and brugia pahangi (nematoda: filarioidea) adapted to nude mice and jirds. | anopheles quadrimaculatus and aedes aegypti (black-eyed liverpool strain) were fed on jirds and nude mice (jird-jird infection, jird-mouse infection, and mouse-jird infection) infected with subperiodic brugia malayi and b. pahangi. microfilariae of b. malayi from jird-mouse and mouse-jird infections developed normally in an. quadrimaculatus, whereas those from jird-jird infections did not develop. microfilariae of both species from jirds and nude mice developed normally in ae. aegypti and those ... | 1990 | 2332882 |
| variation in binding of bacillus sphaericus toxin and wheat germ agglutinin to larval midgut cells of six species of mosquitoes. | bacillus sphaericus toxin labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate was readily ingested by culex pipiens, aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi, anopheles gambiae, anopheles quadrimaculatus, and anopheles albimanus larvae. fluorescent toxin bound to the luminal cell surface in discrete regions of the posterior midgut and gastric caecum in c. pipiens. in anopheles spp., toxin bound in a variable pattern to these structures and central and anterior midgut as well. the toxin did not bind to midgut cell ... | 1989 | 2566636 |
| efficacy of duplex and vectobac against psorophora columbiae and anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae in arkansas ricefields. | | 1989 | 2568399 |
| residual activity of permethrin on cattle as determined by mosquito bioassays. | the residual effectiveness against laboratory-reared female anopheles quadrimaculatus mosquitoes of a synthetic pyrethroid (permethrin) applied to cattle was determined. twenty-four-hour postexposure mortality and the degree of successful blood engorgement were determined by exposing mosquitoes for 10 min to cattle. three replicated assays were conducted and mortality determined at 1, 2, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days after each treatment with an oil-based formulation of permethrin (delice) or with an emu ... | 1989 | 2708990 |
| experimental vertical transmission of saint louis encephalitis virus by florida mosquitoes. | vertical transmission of st. louis encephalitis (sle) virus to f1 larval progeny was demonstrated in 8 species of mosquitoes which occur in florida: culex quinquefasciatus, cx. nigripalpus, cx. salinarius, cx. restuans, cx. opisthopus, anopheles quadrimaculatus, an. albimanus, and aedes taeniorhynchus. relatively high rates of such transmission were observed in ae. taeniorhynchus and vertical transmission to f1 adult progeny and venereal transmission from males to females also were demonstrated ... | 1986 | 2878627 |
| tests of ultrasonic emissions on mosquito attraction to hosts in a flight chamber. | five ultrasonic devices generating fundamental frequencies of 20-70 khz were tested for their efficacy in repelling mosquitoes. four species (anopheles quadrimaculatus, aedes aegypti, ae. triseriatus and haemagogus equinus), were used in a flight chamber in which females must fly upwind against the direction of the sound waves and around the ultrasonic devices to reach a trap downwind of a source of human breath and skin emanations. repellency was rated by the number of mosquitoes entering the t ... | 1985 | 2906666 |
| the isolation of microsporidia and other pathogens from concentrated ditch water. | water from a mosquito larval habitat in florida was collected periodically for one year. after removing debris and macroscopic organisms, the small particles were concentrated by continuous flow centrifugation and examined microscopically. anopheles quadrimaculatus, culex salinarius and heliothis zea larvae were exposed to the concentrates. the microsporidia isolated were nosema, pleistophora, telomyxa, vavraia and vairimorpha. in addition to these microsporidia, a helicosporidium (protozoa), a ... | 1987 | 3144577 |
| dose-mortality responses of crawfish and mosquitoes to selected pesticides. | a study was conducted to determine the toxicities (lc50s) of several pesticides on the commercially important red swamp crawfish, procambarus clarkii, and 3 mosquito species common in louisiana ricelands--anopheles quadrimaculatus, culex salinarius and psorophora columbiae. pesticides tested in laboratory bioassays included bacillus sphaericus, b. thuringiensis var. israelensis, bendiocarb, glyphosate, isostearyl alcohol, malathion, propoxur, resmethrin synergized with piperonyl butoxide (pbo) a ... | 1987 | 2904959 |
| further evidence of both humoral and cellular encapsulations of sheathed microfilariae of brugia pahangi in anopheles quadrimaculatus. | | 1988 | 3192354 |
| incidence of patent infections of anopheles quadrimaculatus (diptera: culicidae) larvae by parathelohania anophelis (protozoa: microsporida) in rice fields in southwestern louisiana. | | 1988 | 3351328 |
| beecomist-applied bacillus sphaericus for the control of riceland mosquitoes. | an aerially applied flowable concentrate (fc) of bacillus sphaericus neide (isolate 2362) was evaluated against riceland mosquitoes using the beecomist spray head. application of the fc at 0.58 and 1.17 liter/ha in maturing rice fields resulted in a 48 hr mean posttreatment reduction of anopheles quadrimaculatus of 71 and 82%, respectively. a significant reduction in larval populations one week posttreatment was also observed. treatment rates of 0.29, 0.44, and 0.58 liter/ha in reflooded second ... | 1986 | 3507530 |
| hybrid male sterility in crosses between field and laboratory strains of anopheles quadrimaculatus (say) (diptera: culicidae). | | 1988 | 3404543 |
| swath width determination for beecomist-applied bacillus thuringiensis (h-14) against anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae in rice fields. | optimum flight path interval of beecomist-applied bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (serotype h-14) (bti) against anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae was determined by assessing the effective swath width in rice fields. droplet sensitive cards, laboratory-reared and naturally occurring populations of larvae were used to monitor aerial treatments 1 day posttreatment. overlapping swaths were necessary to provide high levels of larval reduction. based on tests where flight path intervals were 18 ... | 1986 | 3507523 |
| exsheathment of microfilariae of brugia pahangi in anopheles quadrimaculatus and culex quinquefasciatus. | in order to determine whether the exsheathment patterns described in our previous study occurred in other microfilaria-mosquito systems, exsheathment of microfilariae of brugia pahangi was studied in two species of mosquitoes. the results of the quantitative observation revealed that the microfilariae of brugia pahangi tend to carry their sheaths into the haemocoel of anopheles quadrimaculatus and culex quinquefasciatus within 4 hr after infected blood meals. the percentage of the sheathed micro ... | 1987 | 3448778 |
| an ultrastructural study of dirofilaria immitis infection in the malpighian tubules of anopheles quadrimaculatus. | an ultrastructural study was conducted of the malpighian tubules of anopheles quadrimaculatus, both uninfected and following infection with dirofilaria immitis. the malpighian tubules in anopheles are composed of primary and stellate cells. the primary cells are the predominant cell type and are characterized by the presence of membrane-bound, intracellular, mineralized concretions and large apical microvilli containing mitochondria. following the infective blood meal, the microfilariae enter th ... | 1987 | 3655998 |
| effects of infection with dirofilaria immitis on diuresis and oocyte development in aedes taeniorhynchus and anopheles quadrimaculatus (diptera: culicidae). | | 1987 | 3694626 |
| the sporogonic cycle of plasmodium reichenowi. | plasmodium reichenowi, a malarial parasite of the chimpanzee, was infective to anopheles freeborni, anopheles quadrimaculatus, anopheles stephensi, anopheles maculatus, anopheles dirus, and anopheles culicifacies mosquitoes. anopheles gambiae and anopheles albimanus were not infected. mean oocyst diameters of p. reichenowi were smaller than those of the other chimpanzee parasite, plasmodium schwetzi. sporozoites were present in the salivary glands of an. freeborni at 15 days when held at 25 to 2 ... | 1986 | 3734994 |
| comparative susceptibilities of anopheles quadrimaculatus mutants to plasmodium yoelii. | four homozygous mutant stocks and a wild-type stock (orlando) of anopheles quadrimaculatus were compared for susceptibility to plasmodium yoelii. the mutant stocks, rose eye (ro) and red stripe (strd), had the same level of susceptibility as the control stock (orlando), but q2 (homozygous for brown body and nonstripe) and rose eye q2 (roq2), were significantly less susceptible. body size of the adult mosquitoes had no effect on susceptibility. | 1985 | 3880267 |
| evaluation of beecomist-applied bacillus thuringiensis (h-14) against anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae in rice fields. | the beecomist spray head was evaluated for aerial application of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (serotype h-14; bti) at various ultra low volume (ulv) rates against natural populations of anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae in rice fields. deposits on kromekote cards indicated that 0.54 liter/ha of neat bti penetrated the dense canopy of the rice field. mean number of droplets 65 cm below canopy level was 4.9 +/- 5.0/100 cm2. at 1 day posttreatment, applications of 0.54, 0.27, 0.11, 0.07 a ... | 1985 | 3880248 |
| an ultrastructural study on the encapsulation of microfilariae of brugia pahangi in the haemocoel of anopheles quadrimaculatus. | | 1985 | 4030213 |
| studies on a newly isolated strain of plasmodium brasilianum in aotus and saimiri monkeys and different anophelines. | a strain of plasmodium brasilianum was isolated from an aotus vociferans monkey from peru. the parasite readily infected aotus monkeys from bolivia and columbia and saimiri sciureus monkeys from peru and bolivia. highest level mosquito infections were obtained by feeding on the saimiri monkeys. the most susceptible mosquito was anopheles freeborni, followed by anopheles dirus, anopheles stephensi, anopheles gambiae, anopheles culicifacies, anopheles maculatus and anopheles albimanus. anopheles q ... | 1985 | 4093810 |
| studies of the transmission of plasmodium gallinaceum by anopheles quadrimaculatus infected with a nosema sp. | | 1971 | 5004429 |
| plasmodium cynomolgi: sources of variation in susceptibility of anopheles quadrimaculatus, a. balabacensis, and a. stephensi. | | 1970 | 5413008 |
| plasmodium gallinaceum: comparative infection rates in aedes aegypti and anopheles quadrimaculatus. | | 1972 | 5049753 |
| sugar solution feeding and its effect on the retention of infective dirofilaria immitis larvae in anopheles quadrimaculatus. | | 1969 | 5820845 |
| development of dirofilaria immitis in anopheles quadrimaculatus after exposure of the microfilariae to a freezing temperature. | | 1965 | 5848826 |
| attempts to transmit bovine anaplasmosis with anopheles quadrimaculatus say (diptera: culicidae) and dermacentor andersoni stiles (acarina: ixodidae). | | 1970 | 5485390 |
| some physiological and metabolic problems related to maintenance of the plasmodium berghei cycle in anopheles quadrimaculatus. | | 1965 | 5855034 |
| oxygen consumption in mosquito larvae parasitized by romanomermis culicivorax (nematoda). | the effect of parasitism by romanomermis culicivorax on the oxygen consumption of three species of mosquito larvae was studied by manometric methods. the q02 of culex pipiens, both parasitized and unparasitized, decreased as the host larvae developed from the second to fourth instar. in the early stages there was no significant difference in q02 in parasitized and unparasitized hosts but the q02 increased significantly in parasitized fourth instar larvae. the q02 of parasitized and unparasitized ... | 1984 | 6146430 |
| comparison of migration and encapsulation of brugia malayi microfilariae from the midgut to the hemocoel between anopheles quadrimaculatus and aedes aegypti. | comparisons were made of migration and encapsulation of ingested sheathed microfilariae of brugia malayi from the midgut into the hemocoel between anopheles quadrimaculatus (refractory and susceptible strains to b. malayi) and aedes aegypti (black-eyed, liverpool strain susceptible to b. malayi). encapsulation and melanization of microfilarial sheaths and microfilariae occurred in both strains of an. quadrimaculatus and in ae. aegypti. in both strains of an. quadrimaculatus, by 4 hr and by 24 hr ... | 1995 | 7745283 |
| comparative study of hemolymph phenoloxidase activity in aedes aegypti and anopheles quadrimaculatus and its role in encapsulation of brugia malayi microfilariae. | hemolymph phenoloxidase activity of sugar-fed and blood-fed females of anopheles quadrimaculatus and aedes aegypti showed similar characteristics. phenoloxidase was present as an inactive proenzyme in both mosquito species and was partially activated during collection of the hemolymph. in both mosquito species, phenoloxidase activity was modulated by different buffers and activated phenoloxidase did not need ca2+. enzymatic activity was higher in the hemocytes than in the plasma in both mosquito ... | 1994 | 7828033 |
| mosquito host range and specificity of edhazardia aedis (microspora: culicosporidae). | edhazardia aedis was transmitted horizontally to its natural host, aedes aegypti, and to 6 alternate hosts: ae. albopictus, ae. triseriatus, ae. taeniorhynchus, anopheles quadrimaculatus, orthopodomyia signifera and toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus. the microsporidium produced both binucleate and uninucleate spores in all susceptible hosts. transovarial transmission, however, was only successful in ae. aegypti. therefore, while e. aedis can infect a variety of mosquito species from diverse genera, ... | 1993 | 7902414 |
| intracellular development of subperiodic brugia malayi influenced by mosquito thoracic muscle cells. | the in vitro development of 1-day-old intracellularly lodged larvae of brugia malayi cultured in infected excised thoraces of selected susceptible and refractory strains of aedes aegypti and anopheles quadrimaculatus was compared with larvae reared in vivo. in susceptible mosquitoes, both in vitro and in vivo, larvae developed normally and abnormally. in refractory mosquitoes this pattern of both normal and abnormal development was also observed, except that comparatively fewer larvae developed ... | 1993 | 8105000 |
| effects of ivermectin in canine blood on anopheles quadrimaculatus, aedes albopictus and culex salinarius. | blood from ivermectin-treated dogs was tested against adult mosquitoes. mosquitoes were allowed to bloodfeed on mixed breed dogs 4 h after dogs were given oral dosages of ivermectin. in test 1, anopheles quadrimaculatus and aedes albopictus fed on dogs that had been given ivermectin dosages of 0, 6, 12, and 24 micrograms/kg. in test 2, culex salinarius and ae. albopictus fed on dogs that had been given dosages of 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 micrograms/kg. in both tests, mosquitoes were observed for m ... | 1993 | 8126472 |
| ultrastructural comparison of extracellular and intracellular encapsulation of brugia malayi in anopheles quadrimaculatus. | ultrastructural aspects of extracellular humoral encapsulation of microfilariae of brugia malayi in the hemocoel of anopheles quadrimaculatus were compared with those of intracellular encapsulation of first-stage larvae (l1) of the same parasite species, in the thoracic muscle cells of the same species of mosquito. the results showed that extracellular humoral encapsulation of microfilarial sheaths, and sheathed and exsheathed microfilariae, in the hemocoel of mosquitoes occurs around the parasi ... | 1994 | 8308646 |
| lectin binding to extracellularly melanized microfilariae of brugia malayi from the hemocoel of anopheles quadrimaculatus. | binding patterns of fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc)- and gold-conjugated lectins to extracellularly melanized sheathed and exsheathed microfilariae of subperiodic brugia malayi, isolated from and in situ in the abdominal hemocoel of anopheles quadrimaculatus 72-hr postinfection, were examined. five fitc-conjugated lectins [helix pomatia agglutinin (hpa), arachis hypogaea (peanut agglutinin-pna), triticum vulgaris (wheat germ agglutinin-wga), lens culinaris (lentil-lch), and concanavalin a (con ... | 1995 | 8568282 |
| the sequence, organization, and evolution of the locusta migratoria mitochondrial genome. | the sequencing of the cloned locusta migratoria mitochondrial genome has been completed. the sequence is 15,722 bp in length and contains 75.3% a+t, the lowest value in any of the five insect mitochondrial sequences so far determined. the protein coding genes have a similar a+t content (74.1%) but are distinguished by a high cytosine content at the third codon position. the gene content and organization are the same as in drosophila yakuba except for a rearrangement of the two trna genes trnalys ... | 1995 | 8587138 |
| human blood-feeding rates among sympatric sibling species of anopheles quadrimaculatus mosquitoes in northern florida. | we compared rates of feeding on human hosts for blood-engorged female anopheles quadrimaculatus species a, b and c1 collected from daytime resting sites in manatee springs state park, levy county, florida during 1992-1993. quick-blot dna probes were used to identify mosquito taxa and also the presence of human blood in the mosquito gut. in collections from a campground area, human blood-feeding rates differed significantly among mosquito species (10.7% [19 of 177], 0%, [0 of 62], and 1.2%, [4 of ... | 1996 | 8644909 |
| hemagglutinins in anopheles quadrimaculatus, strains susceptible and refractory to brugia malayi, and their role in the immune response to filarial parasites. | hemagglutinins in the salivary gland extract and in the body fluid from strains of the mosquito, anopheles quadrimaculatus, susceptible and refractory to the filarial parasite, brugia malayi, had higher titers against human a+, b- and o+, and sheep erythrocytes than against rabbit and jird erythrocytes. hemagglutination activity in the body fluid was low in newly emerged females but increased and stabilized as they became older. hemagglutination activity of the body fluid was not reduced by free ... | 1997 | 9080668 |
| vector competence of mosquitoes (diptera:culicidae) from massachusetts for a sympatric isolate of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. | we tested susceptibility to per os infection and potential salivary transmission for eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus in aedes canadensis (theobald), aedes vexans (meigen), anopheles quadrimaculatus (say), anopheles punctipennis (say), coquillettidia perturbans (walker), and culex salinarius (coquillett). culiseta melanura (coquillett), the documented enzootic vector of eee virus, was our control. based on these estimates of laboratory vector competence and other behavioral and ecolo ... | 1997 | 9151501 |
| mixed-species plasmodium infections of anopheles (diptera:culicidae) | mixed-pathogen infections of vectors rarely are considered in the epidemiological literature, although they may occur in nature. a review of published reports shows that many anopheles species are capable of carrying sporozoites of > 1 plasmodium species, of doing so simultaneously in field conditions, and of acquiring and transmitting these in experimental situations. mixed-species infections in mosquito populations occur at frequencies greater than or equal to the product of the constituent sp ... | 1997 | 9220675 |
| studies on a primaquine-tolerant strain of plasmodium vivax from brazil in aotus and saimiri monkeys. | a nonimmune american acquired an infection of plasmodium vivax type 1 malaria in brazil in 1994. after returning to the u.s.a., he had a primary attack followed by 3 relapses. the primary attack and first 2 relapses were treated with a standard regimen of chloroquine, followed by 14 days of primaquine (15 mg/day). following the third relapse, the primaquine treatment was extended to 28 days. no further relapses occurred. the lack of response to primaquine by this strain may recommend it as a sui ... | 1997 | 9267419 |
| characterization and biological activity of a brazilian isolate of bacillus sphaericus (neide) highly toxic to mosquito larvae. | primary powders of bacillus sphaericus strain s2 isolated from soil samples in brazil, and strain 2362 were produced in a 14 liter fermentor. growth patterns and sporulation observed in three trials with strains s2 and 2362 in the fermentor were similar. second-instar larvae of culex quinquefasciatus, anopheles albimanus, anopheles quadrimaculatus, and aedes aegypti exposed for 48 hr to strain s2 responded with lc50 values of 0.25, 5.95, 12.28 and 140.0 ppb of lyophilized primary powder, respect ... | 1996 | 9283664 |
| phylogeny of amblyospora (microsporida: amblyosporidae) and related genera based on small subunit ribosomal dna data: a possible example of host parasite cospeciation. | small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu rrna) gene sequences were analyzed for six species and four genera of microsporidia from mosquito hosts; amblyospora stimuli (aedes stimulans), amblyospora californica (culex tarsalis), amblyospora sp. (culex salinarius), edhazardia aedis (aedes aegypti), culicosporella lunata (culex pilosus), and parathelohania anophelis (anopheles quadrimaculatus). comparison of these sequences to those of other microsporidia show that these sequences are longer with the ssu rr ... | 1998 | 9538024 |
| bacterial density and survey of cultivable heterotrophs in the surface water of a freshwater marsh habitat of anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae (diptera: culicidae). | we examined surface water samples collected in september and october 1994 from a freshwater marsh habitat containing larval anopheles quadrimaculatus mosquitoes. bacterial densities in direct microscopic counts ranged from 9.7 x 10(5) to 1.3 x 10(7) cells/ml. densities of cultivable bacteria on trypticase soy agar medium ranged from 1.0 to 1.5 x 10(5) cells/ml. the majority of 888 isolates were gram-positive rods (41%) followed by gram-negative rods (28%). analysis of the cellular fatty acid pro ... | 1998 | 9599327 |
| mosquito density, biting rate and cage size effects on repellent tests. | mosquito biting rates and the mean duration of protection (in hours) from bites (mdpb) of aedes aegypti and anopheles quadrimaculatus, using the repellent 'deet' (n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) on a 50 cm2 area of healthy human skin, were observed in small (27 l), medium (approximately 65 l) and large (125 l) cages containing low, medium or high densities of mosquitoes: respectively, 640, 128 or 49 cm3 of cage volume per female. at the initial treatment rate of approximately 0.4 microliter/cm2 ( ... | 1998 | 9513937 |
| formation of basement membrane-like structure terminates the cellular encapsulation of microfilariae in the haemocoel of anopheles quadrimaculatus. | the encapsulation of microfilariae in the haemocoels of mosquitoes combines both humoral and cellular reactions: the microfilariae are first encased in an acellular layer of melanin, followed by a cellular encapsulation by plasmatocytes. in this study, we demonstrated that cellular encapsulation of brugia pahangi microfilariae in the haemocoel of the mosquito anopheles quadrimaculatus was terminated by the formation of a basement membrane-like structure on the outermost surface of the cellular c ... | 1998 | 9651933 |
| role of anopheles quadrimaculatus and coquillettidia perturbans (diptera: culicidae) in the transmission cycle of cache valley virus (bunyaviridae: bunyavirus) in the midwest, usa. | midwestern populations of coquillettidia perturbans (walker) and anopheles quadrimaculatus (say) were tested for their ability to transmit cache valley virus (cv), a recognized human and animal pathogen. field-collected mosquitoes were fed artificial blood meals containing 5.2-6.2 log10 pfu/ml of cv. after 9-23 d at 28 degrees c, 75-93% of blood-fed cq. perturbans had disseminated infections and 6-62% transmitted the virus to suckling mice. however, when infected with a lower virus titer (3.3 lo ... | 1998 | 9775588 |
| multispecies plasmodium infections of humans. | we analyzed point-prevalence data from 19 recent studies of human populations in which either plasmodium ovale or plasmodium vivax co-occur with plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium malariae. although the only statistical interactions among, sympatric congeners are pairwise, the frequencies of mixed-species infections relative to standard hypotheses of species sampling independence show no strong relation to overall malaria prevalence. the striking difference between the p. falciparum-p. malaria ... | 1999 | 10207356 |
| studies on infections with the berok strain of plasmodium cynomolgi in monkeys and mosquitoes. | infections with the berok strain of plasmodium cynomolgi were induced in macaca mulatta, macaca fascicularis, macaca nemestrina, aotus lemurinus griseimembra, aotus azarae boliviensis, and saimiri boliviensis monkeys. transmission was obtained with sporozoites developing in anopheles peditaeniatus, anopheles maculatus, anopheles quadrimaculatus, anopheles culicifacies, and anopheles dirus mosquitoes. this strain of p. cynomolgi offers significant potential for a number of experimental studies. t ... | 1999 | 10219307 |
| mosquito (diptera: culicidae) host compatibility and vector competency for the human myositic parasite trachipleistophora hominis (phylum microspora). | microsporidian spores of trachipleistophora hominis hollister, isolated from a human, readily infected larval stages of both anopheles quadrimaculatus say sensu lato and culex quinque-fasciatus say. mosquito infections with t. hominis were located, primarily, in abdominal muscles in segment numbers 4 through 6; other spores were found in the hemocoel and proboscis. nearly 50% of the infected mosquito larvae survived to the adult stage. spores recovered from adult mosquitoes were inoculated into ... | 1999 | 10467783 |
| aedes albopictus (diptera: culicidae): an experimental and natural host of dirofilaria immitis (filarioidea: onchocercidae) in florida, u.s.a. | females of an aedes albopictus (skuse) colony from southeastern florida, u.s.a., ingested low (22.9 +/- 3.2 mg/female) and high (243.2 +/- 37.6 mf/female) numbers of microfilariae from a dog infected with dirofilaria immitis (leidy). high mortality of females occurred during the first 4 d after infection regardless of the number of microfilariae ingested; daily mortality was almost negligible during 5-15 d after infection. percentage of survival 15 d after infection was higher (63%) in females t ... | 1999 | 10467770 |
| toward the incrimination of epidemic vectors of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in massachusetts: abundance of mosquito populations at epidemic foci. | putative epidemic/epizootic eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eee) vector populations were compared at 15 recent (1982-90) human and horse case sites in bristol and plymouth counties in southeastern massachusetts. carbon dioxide-baited american biophysics corporation light traps were used for trapping adult mosquitoes to estimate biting risk in these foci of known transmission. population data suggest that coquillettidia perturbans, aedes canadensis, and culex salinarius are more likely ve ... | 1999 | 10612612 |
| genetics of mosquito vector competence. | mosquito-borne diseases are responsible for significant human morbidity and mortality throughout the world. efforts to control mosquito-borne diseases have been impeded, in part, by the development of drug-resistant parasites, insecticide-resistant mosquitoes, and environmental concerns over the application of insecticides. therefore, there is a need to develop novel disease control strategies that can complement or replace existing control methods. one such strategy is to generate pathogen-resi ... | 2000 | 10704476 |
| application of geographic information technology in determining risk of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus transmission. | geographic information system (gis) technology and remote sensing were used to identify landscape features determining risk of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eee) transmission as defined by the abundance of culiseta melanura (the enzootic vector) and 6 putative epidemic-epizootic vectors in massachusetts. landsat thematic mapper data combined with aerial videography data were used to generate a map of landscape elements at epidemic-epizootic foci in southeastern massachusetts. geographi ... | 2000 | 10757488 |
| effectiveness of aerial- and ground-applied bacillus formulations against anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae in arkansas rice plots. | experimental bacillus larvicides designed to float on or near the water surface were compared to labeled standard bacillus corn-cob-based larvicides using sentinel anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae in arkansas rice plots during the 1998 growing season. experimental floating formulations of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis applied at 5.58 and 11.18 kg/ha provided up to 100% control of 3rd- and 4th-stage anopheles larvae within 24-48 h, whereas the water-dispersible granule formulations containin ... | 2000 | 11081651 |
| effect of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus on the survival of aedes albopictus, anopheles quadrimaculatus, and coquillettidia perturbans (diptera: culicidae). | the effect of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus on the survivorship of aedes albopictus (skuse), anopheles quadrimaculatus say, and coquillettidia perturbans (walker) was determined experimentally. female mosquitoes were allowed to feed on eee viremic chicks, and survival rates were compared for infected and uninfected mosquitoes. additionally, the survival of female cq. perturbans and an. quadrimaculatus intrathoracically (i.t.) inoculated with eee was compared with controls receivin ... | 2000 | 11004781 |
| probable locally acquired mosquito-transmitted malaria in georgia, 1999. | in july 1999, the centers for disease control and prevention received notification of a case of malaria in a 32-year-old female native of colquitt county, georgia, who had no history of travel into an area where malaria transmission is endemic. an epidemiological investigation confirmed the absence of risk factors, such as blood transfusion, organ transplantation, malariotherapy, needle sharing, or past malaria infection. active case finding revealed no other infected persons in colquitt county. ... | 2001 | 11283820 |
| arbovirus surveillance in south carolina, 1996-98. | arboviruses isolated and identified from mosquitoes in south carolina (usa) are described, including new state records for eastern equine encephalitis virus (eee), st. louis encephalitis virus (sle), flanders virus, tensaw virus (ten), and a variant of jamestown canyon virus (jc). mosquitoes were collected at 52 locations in 30 of 46 south carolina counties beginning in june 1996, and ending in october 1998, and tested for arboviruses. of 1,329 mosquito pools tested by virus isolation (85,806 mo ... | 2001 | 11345423 |
| expression of the p20 gene from bacillus thuringiensis h-14 increases cry11a toxin production and enhances mosquito-larvicidal activity in recombinant gram-negative bacteria. | experimental analyses with recombinant escherichia coli and pseudomonas putida transformed with plasmids bearing genes coding for the cry11a toxin and p20 protein from bacillus thuringiensis h-14 showed that cells producing both proteins were more toxic when fed to third-instar aedes aegypti larvae than were cells expressing cry11a alone; the 50% lethal concentrations were in the range of 10(4) to 10(5) cells/ml. western blots revealed a higher production of cry11a when the p20 gene was coexpres ... | 2001 | 11425714 |
| evaluation of methylated soy oil and water-based formulations of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and golden bear oil (gb-1111) against anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae in small rice plots. | the efficacy of formulations containing methylated soybean oil (mso) alone and with technical-grade bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (bti) were compared to golden bear oil (gb-1111) and a water-based bti formulation against 3rd- to 4th-stage anopheles quadrimaculatus larvae confined to sentinel cages in small rice plots. three replicates each of mso with 2% pyroter added as a surfactant (mso + pyr), mso with 2% pyroter and 4 g of bti technical powder (mso + pyr + bti), gb-1111, a water-ba ... | 2000 | 11198923 |
| plasmodium malariae blood-stage dynamics. | we examine the dynamics of parasitemia, fever, and gametocytemia reflected in the preintervention charts of 180 malaria-naive u.s. neurosyphilis patients infected with the usphs strain of plasmodium malariae, for malariatherapy, focusing on the 84 charts for which more than 35 days of patency preceded intervention and daily records encompassed 92% or more of the duration of each infection. inoculum size did not influence any outcome variable. fevers (days with temperatures > or =101 f) followed ... | 2001 | 11426728 |
| plasmodium vivax blood-stage dynamics. | we examine the dynamics of parasitemia and gametocytemia reflected in the preintervention charts of 221 malaria-naive u.s. neurosyphilis patients infected with the st. elizabeth strain of plasmodium vivax, for malariatherapy, focusing on the 109 charts for which 15 or more days of patency preceded intervention and daily records encompassed an average 98% of the duration of each infection. our approximations of merogony cycles (via "local peaks" in parasitemia) seldom fit patterns that correspond ... | 2002 | 12099421 |
| efficacy of vectolex wdg against anopheles quadrimaculatus and psorophora columbiae larvae in arkansas and mississippi rice. | in 1999, an aerial application of vectolex wdg (water-dispersible granules) at 1.68 and 0.56 kg/ha, applied against sentinel 3rd-stage larvae of psorophora columbiae installed in 0.42-ha rice plots 48 h after treatment, provided no control at 72 and 96 h after treatment. less than 10% reduction was obtained at both rates 8 and 9 days after treatment against larvae of ps. columbiae installed at 7 days after treatment. in a later test, vectolex wdg manually applied at 5.04 and 1.68 kg/ha to small ... | 2001 | 11804459 |
| an aquatic light trap designed for live capture of predatory tropisternus sp (coleoptera: hydrophilidae) larvae in arkansas rice fields. | construction of an aquatic light trap developed for the live capture of 3rd-stage larvae of predatory tropisternus sp. for use in laboratory bioassays against larvae of anopheles quadrimaculatus and psorophora columbiae is described. on 10 occasions, an average of 5.2 traps was used per evening, resulting in 52 trap-nights that accumulated 106.7 h of trapping time, or an average of 10.6 h per trap. use of 2 heavy-duty alkaline d-sized batteries and appropriate in-circuit resistance effectively i ... | 2001 | 11804467 |
| integrated approach to malaria control. | malaria draws global attention in a cyclic manner, with interest and associated financing waxing and waning according to political and humanitarian concerns. currently we are on an upswing, which should be carefully developed. malaria parasites have been eliminated from europe and north america through the use of residual insecticides and manipulation of environmental and ecological characteristics; however, in many tropical and some temperate areas the incidence of disease is increasing dramati ... | 2002 | 11932233 |
| potential of the panama strain of plasmodium vivax for the testing of malarial vaccines in aotus nancymai monkeys. | aotus monkeys were infected with a strain of plasmodium vivax from panama to determine its potential for the testing of malarial vaccines. after sporozoite inoculation, 3 splenectomized aotus nancymai that had been infected previously with plasmodium falciparum and p. vivax had prepatent periods of 13, 15, and 15 days with maximum parasite counts of 12,726/microl, 5,310/microl, and 9,180/microl. three other a. nancymai previously infected with p. falciparum only had prepatent periods of 17, 15, ... | 2002 | 12479543 |
| in silico pattern-based analysis of the human cytomegalovirus genome. | more than 200 open reading frames (orfs) from the human cytomegalovirus genome have been reported as potentially coding for proteins. we have used two pattern-based in silico approaches to analyze this set of putative viral genes. with the help of an objective annotation method that is based on the bio-dictionary, a comprehensive collection of amino acid patterns that describes the currently known natural sequence space of proteins, we have reannotated all of the previously reported putative gen ... | 2003 | 12634390 |
| operational studies with valent vectolex wdg, bacillus sphaericus, in three florida mosquito control districts. | vectolex wdg, bacillus sphaericus (valent biosciences corporation), was evaluated in 3 florida mosquito control districts under operational conditions. application rates were 0.5 and 1.0 lb/acre and an untreated control in each district. study sites included woodland ponds, residential areas such as catch basins, and commercial business retention ponds. pretreatment and posttreatment assessments were made with a standard dipper at designated dipping stations. the most prevalent mosquitoes includ ... | 2002 | 12542192 |
| a retrospective examination of mosquito infection on humans infected with plasmodium falciparum. | a retrospective examination was made of archival data collected between 1940 and 1963 on the infection of mosquitoes with plasmodium falciparum. patients were undergoing malariatherapy for the treatment of neurosyphilis. a total of 913 lots of anopheles quadrimaculatus and an. albimanus were fed on 173 patients. mosquito infection continued to occur in a few patients beyond 200 days of patent parasitemia. the primary period of mosquito infection occurred during the first 20 days of gametocytemia ... | 2003 | 12685646 |
| transmission of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in central alabama. | a site near tuskegee, alabama was examined for vector activity of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) virus in 2001. more than 23,000 mosquitoes representing 8 genera and 34 species were collected during a 21-week period, and five species, culiseta melanura, aedes vexans, coquillettidia perturbans, culex erraticus, and uranotaenia sapphirina, were examined for the presence of virus using a nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for eee virus. each species was infected at vario ... | 2003 | 12875303 |
| mosquitoes captured in a horse-baited stable trap in southeast louisiana. | a mosquito study based on collections from horse-baited stable traps was conducted in 1993 and 1994 at 3 sites in geographically and ecologically distinct areas of st. tammany parish (southeastern louisiana) to determine the major horse-feeding mosquito species that could be possible bridging and epidemic vectors of eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus. a total of 4,535 mosquitoes in 1993 and 23,906 in 1994 involving 26 species were collected, of which, depending on the site, culex salinarius, ... | 2003 | 12825665 |
| introduction of culex toxicity into bacillus thuringiensis cry4ba by protein engineering. | bacillus thuringiensis mosquitocidal toxin cry4ba has no significant natural activity against culex quinquefasciatus or culex pipiens (50% lethal concentrations [lc(50)], >80,000 and >20,000 ng/ml, respectively). we introduced amino acid substitutions in three putative loops of domain ii of cry4ba. the mutant proteins were tested on four different species of mosquitoes, aedes aegypti, anopheles quadrimaculatus, c. quinquefasciatus, and c. pipiens. putative loop 1 and 2 exchanges eliminated activ ... | 2003 | 12957922 |
| comparative development of plasmodium relictum oocysts in anopheles quadrimaculatus, a. albimanus, and culex pipiens. | | 1953 | 13035579 |
| the infection of anopheles quadrimaculatus, a human malaria vector, with plasmodium cathemerium, an avian malaria parasite. | | 1953 | 13092378 |
| susceptibility of anopheles quadrimaculatus and a. albimanus to domestic and foreign strains of plasmodium vivax. | | 1954 | 13197714 |
| development of plasmodium berghei in anopheles quadrimaculatus. | | 1953 | 13065628 |
| infectivity of plasmodium berghei for anopheles quadrimaculatus and other mosquitoes. | | 1956 | 13292666 |
| effect of topically applied ddt on development of plasmodium vivax and p. falciparum in anopheles quadrimaculatus. | | 1956 | 13292665 |
| experimental transmission of the dog heartworm, dirofilariaimmitis, by anopheles quadrimaculatus. | | 1957 | 13476313 |
| nitrogen partition in excreta of three species of mosquitoes. | adults of three species of mosquitoes, aedes aegypti, anopheles quadrimaculatus and culex pipiens, showed essentially similar patterns of nitrogen output as judged by their excretion of total nitrogen and by their excretion of nitrogen as uric acid, urea, ammonia, amino acid, and protein. about 80 percent of their total nitrogen has been accounted for. substances that seem on analysis to be like glycoprotein have been found in the excreta of the three species. | 1959 | 13658962 |
| plasmodium berghei: cyclical transmissions by experimentally infected anopheles quadrimaculatus. | a number of strains of plasmodium berghei were isolated from sporozoites of anopheles dureni. laboratory-bred anopheles quadrimaculatus fed on carriers of the newly isolated strains showed overwhelming midgut infections and moderate or mild salivary gland infections. successive cyclic transmissions by the bite of experimentally infected a. quadrimaculatus in laboratorybred tree rats (thamnomys surdaster) were carried out. | 1964 | 14169345 |
| zooprophylaxis or zoopotentiation: the outcome of introducing animals on vector transmission is highly dependent on the mosquito mortality while searching. | zooprophylaxis, the diversion of disease carrying insects from humans to animals, may reduce transmission of diseases such as malaria. however, as the number of animals increases, improved availability of blood meals may increase mosquito survival, thereby countering the impact of diverting feeds. | 2003 | 14565850 |
| boric acid bait kills adult mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae). | the toxicity of boric acid solutions to adult anopheles quadrimaculatus say, culex nigripalpus theobald, and aedes albopictus skuse was evaluated in the laboratory. median lethal concentrations (lc50 in %) at 24-h exposure for male and female an. quadrimaculatus were 0.317 and 0.885, respectively; for cx. nigripalpus, 0.273 and 0.560, respectively; and for ae. albopictus, 0.174 and 0.527, respectively. the lc50 values at 48-h exposure for male and female an. quadrimaculatus were 0.101 and 0.395, ... | 2003 | 14650531 |
| the comparative susceptibility of anopheles quadrimaculatus and anopheles freeborni to infection by plasmodium vivax (st. elizabeth strain). | | 1950 | 14795201 |
| the comparative susceptibility of anopheles albimanus and anopheles quadrimaculatus to a south carolina strain of plasmodium falciparum. | | 1950 | 14774536 |