| distribution and prevalence of spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks from south carolina, with an epidemiological survey of persons bitten by infected ticks. | live ticks removed from human hosts were tested for the presence of spotted fever group rickettsiae from 1974 through 1976. spotted fever group rickettsiae were detected in dermacentor variabilis, amblyomma americanum, amblyomma maculatum, and ixodes scapularis. persons from whom positive ticks were removed in 1974 and 1975 were questioned about ensuing illness. eleven of 51 persons from whom rickettsia-positive d. variabilis were removed reported some unexplained combination of symptoms compati ... | 1978 | 103448 |
| babesia infections in man. | only recently has it been recognized that hemotropic animal parasites of the genus babesia are also human pathogens. similar to malaria in both symptoms and laboratory findings, acute babesiosis generally results in self-limited illness, but it can be fatal in the asplenic patient. the widely disseminated vector tick, ixodes dammini, can transmit infection at each stage of its development, larva and nymph as well as adult. | 1979 | 376427 |
| human babesiosis on nantucket island, usa: description of the vector, ixodes (ixodes) dammini, n. sp. (acarina: ixodidae). | | 1979 | 439119 |
| erythema chronicum migrans and lyme arthritis: field study of ticks. | ticks were collected during 1977 in communities east of the connecticut river where there was a high incidence of erythema chronicum migrans and lyme arthritis and were compared with collections from a similar area 20 km west of the river where cases of the disease were rare. ixodes scapularis was much more abundant on the east side than on the west. immature i. scapularis were 13 times more abundant on white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus), and adult i. scapularis 16 times more abundant on wh ... | 1978 | 727201 |
| changes in population density and distribution of ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) in wisconsin during the 1980s. | changes in the density and distribution of ixodes dammini, spielman clifford, piesman & corwin were assessed in wisconsin by examining hunter-killed deer for ticks in 1981 and 1989. deer examination sites were distributed widely across the state and included 23 sites in 1981 and 15 sites in 1989; 10 sites were visited both years. between 1981 and 1989, i. dammini became more abundant throughout its range, and i. dammini range expanded into the southwestern portion of wisconsin. i. dammini was no ... | 1992 | 1404249 |
| immune response of lizards and rodents to larval ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae). | the house mouse (laboratory strain), mus musculus (l.), the cotton mouse, peromyscus gossypinus (leconte), the broad-headed skink, eumeces laticeps (schneider), and the guinea pig, cavia porcellus (l.), were successively infested five times with larvae of the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis say. tick feeding success, engorgement weight, and subsequent molting success were measured after each infestation. a greater percentage of ticks (p less than 0.05) fed on m. musculus and e. laticeps than ... | 1992 | 1404256 |
| anatomy of synganglia, including their neurosecretory regions, in unfed, virgin female ixodes scapularis say (acari: ixodidae). | the central nervous system of ixodes scapularis is fused into a single compact synganglion. the esophagus runs through the synganglion and divides it into supraesophageal and subesophageal parts. the supraesophageal portion contains a single protocerebrum with four pairs of glomeruli, paired optic lobes and cheliceral ganglia, and a single stomodeal bridge. the subesophageal portion contains a centrally located network of commissures and connectives, a pair of palpal ganglia, paired olfactory lo ... | 1992 | 1404406 |
| distribution of the lyme disease vector, ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) and isolation of borrelia burgdorferi in ontario, canada. | ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin was confirmed at long point, lake erie, ontario, on small mammals and white-tailed deer and by dragging for ticks. mean intensities of up to 16.2 larvae and 2.1 nymphs were found on peromyscus leucopus (rafinesque), with an overall prevalence of infestation up to 92%. adult i. dammini (101.6 +/- 77.63) (mean +/- sd) were found on 8 white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus (zimmerman). the seasonal pattern of recovery of ticks from hosts and th ... | 1992 | 1460617 |
| distribution of ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) in residential lawns on prudence island, rhode island. | the distribution of nymphal ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin in residential lawns was assessed by flagging on prudence island, ri. the number of ticks per sample was five times greater in lawns adjacent to woods than in lawns adjacent to other lawns. relative tick abundance was negatively correlated with distance from the woods, but the decline was gradual. spirochete prevalence in ticks did not differ among lawn types or at different distances from the woods. therefore, barri ... | 1992 | 1460622 |
| isolation of the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, from ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) collected on prince edward island, canada. | studies were undertaken to monitor for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme disease, on prince edward island, canada. gut contents were removed for culturing from seven engorged ticks collected in 1991-1992 including five ixodes dammini (spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin) and two i. scapularis (say) removed from a dog that had recently traveled to the southern united states. b. burgdorferi was recovered from one i. dammini that had been removed from a cat in charl ... | 1992 | 1460625 |
| detection of borrelia burgdorferi in laboratory-reared ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) fed on experimentally inoculated white-tailed deer. | larvae and nymphs of ixodes dammini spielman, piesman, clifford & corwin from a laboratory colony were fed on two white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus (zimmerman) inoculated with either the sh2-82 or jd-1 strains of borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner. ticks were exposed to one deer 43 and 69 d after inoculation of the spirochete and to a second deer 35 and 61 d after inoculation. polymerase chain reaction assays amplified the 158 bp ospa dna target sequence in ... | 1992 | 1460639 |
| rates of borrelia burgdorferi infection in ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) in southwestern wisconsin. | ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin collected from a study site in southwestern wisconsin were examined for borrelia burgdorferi infection. adult spirochete infection rates varied seasonally (38.1%, spring 1990; 60.3%, fall 1990; 41.2%, spring 1991) and were similar to or higher than rates reported in various studies from the northeastern united states. statistical comparison of seasonal infection rates indicated a significant difference between the fall 1990 adult population and ... | 1992 | 1495049 |
| tick sweep: modification of the tick drag-flag method for sampling nymphs of the deer tick (acari: ixodidae). | we describe a version of the standard tick drag-flag modified for use in close-growing and tangled vegetation, as well as under ornamental shrubbery and fallen branches. two major features of the sweep are: (1) it allows the user to remain upright with the flag parallel to the ground, thus sampling effectively beneath low and fallen branches and around shrubs, as well as capturing host-seeking ticks in advance of the operator; and (2) the use of a flannel rubberized-laminate fabric (crib sheet) ... | 1992 | 1495058 |
| isolation of borrelia burgdorferi (spirochaetales: spirochaetaceae) from ixodes scapularis and dermacentor albipictus ticks (acari: ixodidae) in oklahoma. | borrelia burgdorferi was isolated from ixodes scapularis say and dermacentor albipictus packard that were removed as partially fed adults from white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus zimmermann, in oklahoma. isolation in media was accomplished only after homogenates of pooled field-collected ticks were inoculated into laboratory-reared peromyscus leucopus and reisolated from the urinary bladder into bsk ii media. both isolates were confirmed by western blot analysis and reactivity with monoclo ... | 1992 | 1495072 |
| field evaluation of two formulations of cyfluthrin for control of ixodes dammini and amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae). | liquid or granular cyfluthrin was applied in the spring and fall to different test plots at a rate of 0.41 (ai) kg/ha to control ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin and amblyomma americanum (l.). spring application of liquid cyfluthrin showed the most significant decreases of both species. i. dammini nymphs were reduced 97% at 10 d, 100% at 2 mo, and 100% at 1 yr; and a. americanum adults and nymphs were reduced 91-93% at 10 d and 100% at 2 mo posttreatment. granular cyfluthrin a ... | 1992 | 1495073 |
| attempted transmission of borrelia burgdorferi (spirochaetales: spirochaetaceae) (jdi strain) by ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae), dermacentor variabilis, and amblyomma americanum. | laboratory-reared ixodes scapularis say, amblyomma americanum (l.), and dermacentor variabilis (say) were fed on new zealand white rabbits experimentally infected with borrelia burgdorferi (jdi strain). at repletion, spirochetes could be detected by dark-field microscopy only in i. scapularis. acquisition rates were 18 and 21%. when previously exposed nymphs of each species were fed on susceptible rabbits, i. scapularis was the only tick of the three species that transmitted b. burgdorferi. when ... | 1992 | 1495078 |
| third-year evaluation of host-targeted permethrin for the control of ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) in southeastern connecticut. | the impact of commercially available permethrin-treated cotton balls targeted at ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin on white-footed mice, peromyscus leucopus, was evaluated for a third year at five residential sites in south-central connecticut. each site had been treated twice each year from 1989 through 1991 with sufficient product to treat 0.4 ha of mouse habitat, and results were compared with five untreated sites. there were no significant differences in the number of host- ... | 1992 | 1495085 |
| borrelia sp. in ticks recovered from white-tailed deer in alabama. | six hundred sixty-five hunter-killed white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from 18 counties in alabama (usa) were examined for ticks. most of the collections were made at state-operated wildlife management areas. four species of ticks (n = 4,527) were recovered: the lone star tick amblyomma americanum (n = 482); the gulf coast tick a. maculatum (n = 11); the winter tick dermacentor albipictus (n = 1,242); and the black-legged tick ixodes scapularis (n = 2,792). fifty-six percent of the tick ... | 1992 | 1512879 |
| monthly incidence of theileria cervi and seroconversion to babesia odocoilei in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in texas. | monthly monitoring of fawns collected from an area in texas endemic for theileria cervi and babesia odocoilei showed that transmission of t. cervi occurred during july and august, a time period consistent with the occurrence of amblyomma americanum. seroconversion to b. odocoilei occurred during october to december and possibly continued through january and february. the time of seroconversion was more suggestive of transmission of b. odocoilei by ixodes scapularis than by amblyomma americanum. | 1992 | 1512881 |
| absence of ovicidal effects of fenoxycarb in the tick ixodes dammini as observed by light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. | freshly oviposited eggs from fed females of the northern deer tick ixodes dammini were divided into two groups--untreated controls and fenoxycarb-exposed ova. the level of fenoxycarb exposure in the experimental group was equal to a concentration that proved 100% lethal in the cat flea, ctenocephalides felis (marchiondo et al. 1990). both groups were allowed to develop with samples taken at 48 and 144 h for examination by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron ... | 1992 | 1552518 |
| distribution, density, and lyme disease spirochete infection in ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) on white-tailed deer in maryland. | a statewide survey of ticks parasitizing white-tailed deer was carried out in maryland during november 1989 to assess the status of the deer tick, ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin, the major vector of lyme disease in the northeastern united states. ticks were collected from deer carcasses brought in by hunters at 23 check stations (one per county). a total of 3,437 i. dammini were collected from 538 of 1,281 deer (42%), together with 2,013 dermacentor albipictus (packard) and ... | 1992 | 1552529 |
| ixodes scapularis say on white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from long point, ontario. | ixodes scapularis say was the only species of tick found on white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus, collected at long point, ontario from october 1972 to august 1973. adults were most abundant from september 1972 to april 1973. larvae were found throughout the study period except during february. nymphs were scarce during winter months but fairly common during spring and summer. most adults were found on the neck and shoulders. larvae occurred mainly on lower regions of the body and nymphs ma ... | 1976 | 1255915 |
| tick paralysis in three children. the diversity of neurologic presentations. | reviewed are 3 cases of tick paralysis in children each with a different presentation. one child presented with an ascending flaccid weakness, another with weakness and cerebellar signs, and a third with pure cerebellar signs. ixodes scapularis, the black-legged deer tick, was the offending tick in case 3 and apparently has not been previously reported to cause paralysis in humans. because of the potential for a fatal outcome, it is imperative to consider tick paralysis in any child with an asce ... | 1978 | 627119 |
| quantitative evaluation of sampling methods for ixodes dammini and amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae). | three tick-sampling methods (dry ice-baited tick traps, cloth drags, and ambulatory human host) were evaluated to determine which technique yielded the greatest capture of host-seeking stages of ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin and amblyomma americanum (l.). the most reliable method, catching more stages and significantly more numbers of i. dammini and a. americanum; was dry ice-baited tick traps. there were no significant differences between the drag and human-host methods fo ... | 1992 | 1625293 |
| overwintering survival restriction of ixodes scapularis populations in massachusetts. | | 1979 | 532532 |
| inability of ixodes cookei and amblyomma americanum nymphs (acari: ixodidae) to transmit borrelia burgdorferi. | the vector competency of ixodes cookei packard and amblyomma americanum (l.) for borrelia burgdorferi was studied using syrian hamsters. ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin were used as controls. darkfield and immunofluorescent examinations of midgut diverticula revealed b. burgdorferi spirochetes in 32 of 36 (88.9%) i. dammini larvae, 5 of 36 (13.9%) i. cookei larvae, and 7 of 36 (19.4%) a. americanum larvae within 48 h after feeding on infected syrian hamsters. b. burgdorferi w ... | 1992 | 1625302 |
| effectiveness of an aerial application of carbaryl in controlling ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) adults in a high-use recreational area in new jersey. | lyme disease risk reduction through the control of the principal tick vector, ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin, has become a major issue facing public health agencies in many endemic states. where large tracts of land are involved, established methods of i. dammini control are impractical. an aerial application of carbaryl directed against fall populations of i. dammini adults resulted in 93.8% control after 96 h. control persisted through the following spring. the usefulness ... | 1992 | 1625304 |
| cases of lyme disease in the united states: locations correlated with distribution of ixodes dammini. | lyme disease, defined by erythema chronicum migrans and sometimes followed by neurologic, cardiac, or joint involvement, is known to have affected 512 patients in the united states. the disease seems to occur in three distinct foci: along the northeastern coast, in wisconsin, and in california and oregon, a distribution that correlates closely with that of ixodes dammini in the first two areas and with ixodes pacificus in the last. the implicated tick, saved by six patients in the northeast, was ... | 1979 | 496106 |
| vegetation structure influences the burden of immature ixodes dammini on its main host, peromyscus leucopus. | to determine whether the relative abundance of immature ixodes dammini (the vector of lyme disease and human babesiosis) is related to habitat structure, we examined tick burdens on their main host, the white-footed mouse (peromyscus leucopus), in 4 structurally diverse sites on great island, massachusetts, usa. vegetation structure at each site was quantified with respect to 25 habitat variables. principal components analysis was used to reduce this set of habitat variables to seven new and ort ... | 1992 | 1437266 |
| a controlled trial of antimicrobial prophylaxis for lyme disease after deer-tick bites. | borrelia burgdorferi, which causes lyme disease, is transmitted by deer ticks (lxodes dammini) in the northeastern and midwestern united states. although deer-tick bites are common in areas in which the disease is endemic, there is uncertainty about how to manage the care of persons who are bitten. | 1992 | 1435930 |
| a comprehensive multiple matrix model representing the life cycle of the tick that transmits the agent of lyme disease. | an extension of leslie matrix methodology was developed to describe the life cycle of ixodes dammini, the tick that transmits the agent of lyme disease in eastern north america. thereby, we described the seasonally changing pattern of interactions of the tick with its various hosts in a well-studied site on nantucket island, massachusetts. particular numerical values representing the site were estimated mainly on the basis of published values and interpreted on the basis of experience. the model ... | 1992 | 1434674 |
| nymphal ixodes dammini: models of the temporal abundance patterns. | a difference equation model was developed to explore the sensitivity of the temporal pattern of relative abundance of active, host-seeking nymphal ixodes dammini. inputs to the model were the temporal patterns of recruitment of nymphs into the active class, mortality and successful acquisition of hosts by the ticks. input parameters were varied both in the temporal pattern (shape) and in the cumulative level (summed over the period of activity). the output of the models, the temporal abundance p ... | 1992 | 1428510 |
| examination of koch's postulates for borrelia burgdorferi as the causative agent of limb/joint dysfunction in dogs with borreliosis. | borrelia burgdorferi has been implicated as the causative agent of borreliosis in dogs, which is characteristically a limb/joint disorder, but can be associated with multiple-organ dysfunction. attempts to reproduce this disease by inoculating dogs with b burgdorferi have not been successful. in the study of this report, b burgdorferi from ixodes dammini ticks was used to induce signs of limb/joint dysfunction, fever, anorexia, depression, and systemic infection in dogs. a pure culture of this b ... | 1992 | 1307866 |
| tick infestations of white-tailed deer in alabama. | four species of ticks were collected from 537 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), examined during the hunting seasons (november to january) of 1988-89 and 1989-90 at selected locations in alabama (usa). ixodes scapularis was the most common tick recovered (2,060 specimens) and infested 54% of the deer. dermacentor albipictus was the second most frequent tick (1,253 specimens) and infested 15% of the deer. amblyomma americanum was the third most frequent tick (315 specimens) and infested ... | 1991 | 1758026 |
| human babesiosis on nantucket island: transmission by nymphal ixodes ticks. | in order to identify potential vectors of human babesiosis (babesia microli) in southern massachusetts, i attempted to transmit the infection via nymphal ticks of that species found to be most abundant on reservoir hosts (peromyscus leucopus) in nature. mice were collected at frequent intervals throughout a year in a known enzootic focus on nantucket island, and ticks were removed by hand. ticks of only two species were present; larvae and nymphs of ixodes scapularis were about 10 times as numer ... | 1976 | 1008124 |
| rectal infusion and aspiration of material through the guts of ixodid ticks (acari: ixodidae). | a technique for inoculating and removing substances via the anus of vector ticks was devised to define features of vector competence precisely. calibrated inocula (greater than 5 nanoliter) containing aqueous dye and polystyrene beads as well as infectious agents were infused into the rectal sacs of ticks using glass microcapillary pipettes placed within the expanded anal orifice. the guts of preadult and adult ticks, ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin, dermacentor variabilis (s ... | 1991 | 1770516 |
| erythema chronicum migrans and lyme arthritis: epidemiologic evidence for a tick vector. | forty-three residents of 12 contiguous connecticut communities were identified who had the onset of erythema chronicum migrans, lyme arthritis, or both during the summer and fall of 1977. nine of them (21%) remembered having been bitten by a tick at the site of the initial skin lesion a median of 12 days (range 3-20) before onset; one patient brought in the tick for identification (ixodes scapularis). compared to 64 of their neighbors, significantly more patients had cats and farm animals, and h ... | 1978 | 727200 |
| ecto- and endoparasites of the black bear in northern wisconsin. | parasites collected from free-ranging black bears, ursus americanus, in northern wisconsin included dermacentor variabilis, d. albipictus, ixodes scapularis, demodex sp., trichodectes pinguis euarctidos, baylisascaris transfuga and dirofilaria ursi. mange, possibly caused by the demodex sp., also was observed. dental caries were common and periodontal disease was observed in one animal. | 1978 | 633522 |
| spatial and temporal dispersion of immature ixodes dammini on peromyscus leucopus in northwestern illinois. | infestation by immature ixodes dammini and infection by borrelia burgdorferi of the white-footed mouse peromyscus leucopus were studied in castle rock state park in northwestern illinois during june-october 1990. prevalence and intensity of infestation of larvae on mice were highest in august with a smaller peak in early june. the distribution of larvae on mice was highly aggregated during each of the sampling periods. aggregation appears to be the result of a series of nonrandom successful atta ... | 1991 | 1779300 |
| development of the tick ixodes dammini (acarina: ixodidae) in the laboratory. | | 1979 | 541813 |
| lyme disease. | lyme disease, also known as lyme borreliosis, is at present the most common arthropod-borne infectious disease in europe and the united states. it is caused by the bacterial spirochete borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted to the human primarily in the spring, summer and early fall by the tick ixodes dammini or deer tick. signs and symptoms of infection are many and misdiagnosis often occurs. if not treated with antibiotics in early stages neurological complications can occur. health care provide ... | 1991 | 1833479 |
| lyme disease in california: a novel enzootic transmission cycle of borrelia burgdorferi. | knowledge of zoonotic transmission cycles is essential for the development of effective strategies for disease prevention. the enzootiology of lyme disease in california differs fundamentally from that reported from the eastern united states. woodrats, not mice, serve as reservoir hosts, and ixodes neotomae, a nonhuman-biting tick, maintains the agent of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi, in enzootic cycles. the western black-legged tick, ixodes pacificus, is the primary vector to humans, but i ... | 1992 | 1604318 |
| prevalence of antibody to borrelia burgdorferi by indirect fluorescent antibody assay, elisa, and western immunoblot in healthy adults in wisconsin and arizona. | the prevalence of antibody to borrelia burgdorferi in healthy adults from wisconsin and arizona was determined by indirect fluorescent antibody assay (ifa), elisa, and western immunoblotting. a total of 301 sera from adult volunteer blood donors were collected from three areas of wisconsin and compared with 49 consecutive anonymous adult volunteer donor sera from tucson, arizona, an area without reported lyme borreliosis. regional differences in seropositivity were found for western immunoblotti ... | 1992 | 1583334 |
| an initial investigation of the status of borrellia burgodorferi and its suspected primary vector, ixodes scapularis, in south carolina. | based on a survey of hunter-harvested deer, the suspected primary vector of lyme disease in the southeast, i. scapularis, is most prevalent in sandhill and coastal plain counties of south carolina. none of 271 i. scapularis examined were found to be infected with the lyme disease spirochete. however, many more specimens of i. scapularis, a. americanum, and other tick species must be examined before an accurate estimate of the probability of acquiring lyme disease in south carolina can be made. | 1992 | 1564909 |
| oviposition and larval dispersal of ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae). | seven of 10 fall-fed female ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman, & corwin, placed on the ground in lyme, conn., within 18-cm-diameter rings in november 1988, survived the winter and laid eggs during the first weeks of may. the female ticks overwintered within the grass mat or in the crevices of the soil under the leaf litter. two of the females had moved as far as the metal rim (approximately 9 cm) sometime in november or december. three females moved from their winter sites to other loca ... | 1992 | 1552522 |
| sequence and secondary structure of 5.8s rrna in the tick, ixodes scapularis. | | 1992 | 1549477 |
| diversity of tick species biting humans in an emerging area for lyme disease. | although most tick bites in humans in areas of the northeastern united states in which lyme disease is highly endemic are due to ixodes dammini, no study documents the frequency of i. dammini bites in low-prevalence or emerging areas for lyme disease. data on the proportion of tick bites in humans that are due to i. dammini in a region may have implications for public health policy and clinical management. | 1992 | 1536337 |
| delayed dissemination of lyme disease spirochetes from the site of deposition in the skin of mice. | to determine whether the agent of lyme disease disseminates in vertebrate hosts directly after deposition by an infecting tick, a 6-mm disk of skin was excised from the sites where nymphal ixodes dammini ticks infected by lyme disease spirochetes, borrelia burgdorferi, had fed. infection in each mouse was tested by examining xenodiagnostic ticks that had engorged on these mice 4 weeks later and by serologic testing. generalized infection was aborted when the site of inoculation was excised withi ... | 1992 | 1527418 |
| the western fence lizard sceloporus occidentalis: evidence of field exposure to borrelia burgdorferi in relation to infestation by ixodes pacificus (acari: ixodidae). | the role of the western fence lizard sceloporus occidentalis in the enzootiology of the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi was evaluated in the hopland and ukiah areas of mendocino county, california. in 1989, half of 74 lizards collected monthly from april to october at hopland were infested by the immature western black-legged tick ixodes pacificus at a mean intensity of 6.0 ticks per lizard. the prevalence of infestation of lizards by immature i. pacificus (36 of 73) at ukiah was si ... | 1992 | 1524146 |
| spatial analysis of the distribution of ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) on white-tailed deer in ogle county, illinois. | the pattern of infestations of ixodes dammini on white-tailed deer in ogle county in illinois was studied through examinations of hunted deer from 1988 to 1990. the illinois geographic information system mapped the spatial distribution of tick infestations on deer and related it to a known endemic focus for i. dammini and borrelia burgdorferi (castle rock state park), and to a major waterway (rock river). second-order neighborhood analysis was used to analyze the spatial distribution of deer aro ... | 1992 | 1495039 |
| biopsy of canine ear tissue for detection of borrelia burgdorferi following ixodes dammini feeding. | a punch biopsy method was developed to detect and cultivate borrelia burgdorferi from canine ear tissue. the biopsy procedure was sensitive in that spirochetes were detected in 100% of the dogs upon which infected ticks had fed. b. burgdorferi could be cultured as early as 6 days after tick feeding at which time the organisms could not be concurrently recovered from peripheral blood. the ear punch biopsy provides a reliable method for sampling live canines and should prove useful for detecting e ... | 1992 | 1490617 |
| detection of borrelia burgdorferi in ticks by species-specific amplification of the flagellin gene. | we developed a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) that specifically amplifies a fragment of the flagellin gene (fla) of borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease. this fla target, amplified with nested primers, was conserved among all 80 strains of b. burgdorferi tested. strains examined included cultures from ticks, humans, and rodents from major b. burgdorferi-endemic regions of the united states and parts of europe and asia. templates from b. hermsii, b. parkeri, b. turicatae, an ... | 1992 | 1471733 |
| elimination of borrelia burgdorferi from vector ticks feeding on ospa-immunized mice. | although recombinant outer surface protein a (ospa) of borrelia burgdorferi protects mice against injected lyme disease spirochetes, the mode of protection has not yet been explored. indeed, the efficacy of vaccine-induced immunity against a realistic vector-mediated challenge remains unexplored. accordingly, we determined whether this immunogen protects mice against spirochetes delivered by nymphal ixodes dammini ticks. following challenge by tick bite, no spirochetes could be cultured from imm ... | 1992 | 1608951 |
| etiologic agent of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi, detected in ticks (acari: ixodidae) collected at a focus in alabama. | the study was conducted at sites of known transmission of borrelia burgdorferi in east central alabama. the objectives were to determine species of ticks present at these sites, their host associations, and species of ticks and small mammals naturally infected with b. burgdorferi. a total of 451 hosts were examined for ticks, including cotton mice, peromyscus gossypinus (le conte); cotton rats, sigmodon hispidus say & ord; southern short-tailed shrews, blarina carolinensis (bachman); house mice, ... | 1991 | 1941933 |
| borrelia burgdorferi in ticks (acari: ixodidae) from coastal virginia. | ixodid ticks removed from hosts and from vegetation during march-november 1987 at sites in coastal virginia and north carolina were examined for borrelia burgdorferi. b. burgdorferi was evident in nine (22%) ixodes cookei packard removed from rice rats (oryzomys palustris), a white-footed mouse (peromyscus leucopus), and raccoons (procyon lotor); four (6%) amblyomma americanum (l.) removed from raccoons; and two (3%) dermacentor variabilis (say) removed from a raccoon and a rice rat. b. burgdorf ... | 1991 | 1941936 |
| studies on the biology of ixodes dammini in the upper midwest of the united states. | the seasonal activity pattern of ixodes dammini was monitored in south-central wisconsin in 1989 and 1990. immature tick activity and abundance were assessed by small mammal trapping (732 peromyscus leucopus examined) and supplemented with flagging. tick survival and molting times were evaluated by maintaining ticks in environmental chambers at field sites. results indicate the biology of i. dammini in the upper midwest is similar to that previously reported from the eastern united states. one n ... | 1992 | 1626896 |
| lyme disease in california: interrelationship of ixodid ticks (acari), rodents, and borrelia burgdorferi. | the association of immature ixodid ticks, several species of rodents, and the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner, was studied in two habitats in northern california in spring and summer 1985 and year-round in 1986. a total of 428 rodents were collected from ecotonal chaparral and a woodland-grass-rock outcrop; the former habitat yielded six species, the latter three species. the deer mouse, peromyscus maniculatus (wagner), and the piñon mou ... | 1991 | 1941942 |
| horizontal movement of adult ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) attracted to co2-baited traps. | the ability of male and female deer ticks, ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman, & corwin, to move horizontally was evaluated by performing a mark-recapture study. in each of two experiments, 120 ticks were marked with fluorescent powder and released at predetermined distances from a co2-baited trap. the mean recruitment distance was 1.8 m after 6 d of trap operation. this distance is appreciably lower than those calculated from previous studies of several other species of ixodid ticks, in ... | 1991 | 1941943 |
| clustering of host-seeking nymphal deer ticks (ixodes dammini) infected by lyme disease spirochetes (borrelia burgdorferi). | in areas where the agent of lyme disease is intensely enzootic, the mouse reservoirs may be universally infected. because a large proportion of the vector tick population appears to feed upon these hosts, the prevalence of infection in the vectors should approach 100%. however, infection in host-seeking nymphal ticks in nature rarely exceeds 40%. to help reconcile this apparent paradox, we examined whether estimates of prevalence might differ if we did not assume that infected ticks are randomly ... | 1992 | 1636884 |
| deer tick (ixodes dammini) identified in northwestern ontario. | | 1991 | 1843656 |
| isolation of borrelia burgdorferi from peromyscus leucopus in oklahoma. | borrelia burgdorferi was isolated from a field-caught peromyscus leucopus from central oklahoma (usa). the strain was identified as b. burgdorferi by reaction with monoclonal antibody h5332 specific for the outer surface protein ospa of b. burgdorferi. this represents the first isolation of b. burgdorferi from a wild mouse outside of the normal range of the known vectors ixodes dammini and i. pacificus. | 1992 | 1602581 |
| absence of transplacental transmission of lyme disease spirochetes from reservoir mice (peromyscus leucopus) to their offspring. | lyme disease spirochetes (borrelia burgdorferi) are naturally maintained in an enzootic cycle mainly by vector ticks (ixodes dammini) infesting white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus). suggestions that mice may become infected without exposure to ticks prompted a study to evaluate whether mice could transmit spirochetes transplacentally to their offspring. mice were live-captured in two massachusetts sites where lyme disease spirochetes are intensely enzootic. pregnant females were housed separa ... | 1991 | 1869842 |
| the geographic spread and temporal increase of the lyme disease epidemic. | to describe the temporal and geographic progression of the lyme disease epidemic in new york state from 1977 through 1989. | 1991 | 1870248 |
| lyme borreliosis: detecting the great imitator. | lyme disease is a common inflammatory disease of north america. it is caused by the spirochetal bacterium borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted by the bite of a small tick, ixodes dammini. the disease is inconsistent in its manifestation, mimicking a wide variety of maladies, many of which are noninfectious. currently, there is no practical means for detection of the presence of the organism, and serologic studies offer the best diagnostic aid. high titers of either immunoglobulin g (igg) o ... | 1991 | 1874654 |
| wood rats and kangaroo rats: potential reservoirs of the lyme disease spirochete in california. | the etiologic agent of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner, was isolated repeatedly from dusky-footed wood rats, neotoma fuscipes baird, and california kangaroo rats, dipodomys californicus merriam, in northern california. all animals were collected in a region endemic for lyme disease but for which the natural reservoir of b. burgdorferi was unknown. similar attempts to isolate spirochetes from lizards, other species of rodents, jack rabbits, and deer ... | 1991 | 1875357 |
| effectiveness of carbaryl applications for the control of ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) nymphs in an endemic residential area. | ground applications of carbaryl in early june 1989 reduced populations of nymphal ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin by 100% in five 0.4-ha residential sites 72 h after application. high levels of control (greater than 90%) persisted for almost 2 mo. five nymphs were recovered at the periphery of the sprayed plots at two sites 2 wk after spraying and nine nymphs were collected at the periphery of the sprayed plots at three of the sites 4-5 wk after application. at 8 wk after app ... | 1991 | 1903451 |
| lyme borreliosis: ten years after discovery of the etiologic agent, borrelia burgdorferi. | since the recovery of its causative agent, borrelia burgdorferi, in 1981, lyme borreliosis has become the most prevalent tick-borne disease in the united states as well as in europe. its steadily increasing clinical spectrum now includes erythema migrans, acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans, lymphadenosis beniga cutis, arthritis, myocarditis, progressive meningoencephalitis, myositis, and various ocular and skin disorders. the true incidence of lyme borreliosis in the world is unknown. in the un ... | 1991 | 1917043 |
| canine seroprevalence and the distribution of ixodes dammini in an area of emerging lyme disease. | this study evaluates the relative usefulness of canine serosurveys to predict risk of exposure in an area of emerging lyme disease by comparing the distribution of canine seroprevalence with that of vector ticks. from 16 veterinary clinics throughout the state of maine, 828 canine sera were obtained during the heartworm-testing months of april and may 1989 and measured for anti-borrelia antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. in the same year, 1605 ticks, including 585 ixodes dammini, w ... | 1991 | 1928538 |
| tick information sheet. the deer tick. ixodes dammini. | | 1991 | 2014627 |
| tick information sheet. the western black-legged tick. ixodes pacificus. | | 1991 | 2014628 |
| tick information sheet. the black-legged or shoulder tick. ixodes scapularis. | | 1991 | 2014629 |
| evaluation of host-targeted acaricide for reducing risk of lyme disease in southern new york state. | a 2-yr evaluation of a commercial product designed to reduce the risk of lyme disease by delivering permethrin-treated cotton to white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) was conducted at three sites in westchester county, n.y., an area where lyme disease is endemic. we examined the numbers of host-seeking nymphal ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin, the numbers of larval i. dammini infesting mice, and the proportion of nymphs infected with borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent ... | 1991 | 1941916 |
| effectiveness of host-targeted permethrin in the control of ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) | tubes of commercially available permethrin-treated cotton balls were distributed twice each year in 1989 and 1990 at five sites in a lyme disease endemic area in connecticut. five additional sites were not treated. at each application, 48 tubes, sufficient to treat 0.4 ha, were dispersed at 10-m intervals through woodlands, around ornamental plantings, and along rockwalls. the cotton was collected by white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) from the majority of the tubes, which resulted in a decr ... | 1991 | 1941927 |
| effectiveness of selected granular acaricide formulations in suppressing populations of ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae): short-term control of nymphs and larvae. | applications of selected granular acaricide formulations to the shrub layer of forested habitats during the peak activity periods of ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin nymphs and larvae significantly reduced the abundance of these stages on peromyscus leucopus. the granules effectively penetrated growing vegetation and suppressed populations of subadult ticks questing in the leaf litter. the use of granular acaricide formulations provides the only documented method of control of ... | 1991 | 1941929 |
| a comparison of methods for sampling the deer tick, ixodes dammini, in a lyme disease endemic area. | the purpose of this study was to compare the trapping and examining of mice, drag sampling, and co2-baited traps for their ability to detect the presence and abundance of immature deer ticks, ixodes dammini, in a lyme disease endemic area in southern new york state. eight study sites were sampled 14 times between 28 may and 31 august by setting 49 live-traps, four co2-baited traps, and drag sampling 500 m2. a total of 1540 nymphs and 3079 larvae was collected during the study. drag sampling coll ... | 1992 | 1638929 |
| salivary gland antigens of ixodes dammini are glycoproteins that have interspecies cross-reactivity. | serum from rabbits and rats exposed to ixodes dammini adults and larvae, respectively, contain antibodies to a large number of antigens in salivary gland homogenates from adult ticks that cross react with the antigens of a closely related species, ixodes scapularis, and significantly with dermacentor variabilis antigens. the salivary gland antigens of i. dammini are glycoproteins composed of both n- and o-linked carbohydrate chains. the antigenic determinants reside in both the polypeptide and c ... | 1991 | 1723426 |
| babesia microti, human babesiosis, and borrelia burgdorferi in connecticut. | babesia microti was isolated from a white-footed mouse (peromyscus leucopus) that was captured in southeastern connecticut in 1988, when the first human case of babesiosis acquired in connecticut was recognized. to date, 13 cases of babesiosis have been reported in connecticut, the largest number of human cases reported on the mainland united states. two of nine patients quiried remembered a prior tick bite. since babesia parasites are known to be vectored only by ticks, we surmise that 12 of th ... | 1991 | 1757548 |
| isolation of borrelia burgdorferi from arthropods collected in texas. | the texas department of health laboratory cultured arthropods from november 1988 through december 1989 in an attempt to isolate borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme disease. spirochetes were isolated from eight of 1,093 pools of arthropods cultured. the spirochetal isolates were from several tick and one flea species, including amblyomma americanum, a. maculatum, ixodes scapularis, and ctenocephalides felis. these 8 isolates reacted specifically when treated with monoclonal antibodi ... | 1991 | 2063950 |
| rickettsiae and borrelia burgdorferi in ixodid ticks. | nymphs and adults of hard-bodied ticks were collected in connecticut and tested by direct and indirect immunofluorescence staining methods for rickettsiae and borrelia burgdorferi. of the 609 ixodes dammini ticks examined, 59 (9.7%) harbored rickettsialike microorganisms in hemocytes (blood cells). these bacteria reacted with fluorescein-conjugated antiserum to ehrlichia canis, the etiologic agent of with fluorescein-conjugated antiserum to ehrlichia canis, the etiologic agent of canine ehrlichi ... | 1991 | 1757551 |
| isolation and characterization of borrelia burgdorferi from illinois ixodes dammini. | ixodes dammini ticks from two northwestern illinois sites were found to be infected with borrelia burgdorferi at rates of 19 and 32%. b. burgdorferi isolates, one from each site, had protein and antigenic patterns similar to those of the b-31 strain. an indirect immunofluorescence method proved to be more sensitive than dark-field microscopy in detection of these spirochetes. a modified bsk medium containing rifampin was found to be more efficient for spirochete isolation than unsupplemented bsk ... | 1991 | 1761698 |
| efficacy of a permethrin-based acaricide to reduce the abundance of ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae). | permethrin-impregnated cotton was distributed to reduce abundance of immature ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin feeding upon white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) and questing on vegetation at a private resort site (the crane reservation of the trustees of reservations in ipswich, mass.) located in coastal new england. this test constituted the first independent evaluation of the efficacy of this commercial product (damminix). over a 3-yr period, 2,000 applicator tubes contai ... | 1991 | 1941940 |
| ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) in kansas: a new distribution record. | the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis say, previously known to occur only in the extreme southeastern corner of kansas, has been collected in douglas and jefferson counties in the northeast. the new collections extend the northern range of this species in kansas by approximately 240 km. the role of i. scapularis as a vector of the lyme borreliosis spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, makes this a noteworthy extension of its known range. the proximity of these new collection sites to large centers ... | 1991 | 1770524 |
| ixodes (pholeoixodes) hexagonus, an efficient vector of borrelia burgdorferi in the laboratory. | borrelia burgdorferi johnson et al. was first isolated from the midgut of ixodes dammini spielman et al. in the u.s.a. and from the midgut of i.ricinus (l.) in europe. i.ricinus was considered to be the only tick vector of this borrelia, in europe, until i.hexagonus leach, the hedgehog tick, was found to harbour spirochaetes. this paper reports an evaluation of the vector competence of i.hexagonus for the spirochaete b.burgdorferi. transovarial and trans-stadial survival were demonstrated and th ... | 1991 | 1773121 |
| comparative field evaluation of permethrin and deet-treated military uniforms for personal protection against ticks (acari). | the effectiveness of permethrin-impregnated (pi) versus permethrin-sprayed (ps) military battle dress uniforms was evaluated in protecting soldiers from tick bite. at the same time, an extended-duration formulation of n,n-diethyl-m-toluamide (deet), when applied to clothing only, was evaluated and compared with the permethrin-treated uniforms. testing consisted of exposing subjects, clothed in either untreated or the variously treated uniforms, to field populations of ticks during a series of 30 ... | 1990 | 2231620 |
| borrelia burgdorferi: another cause of foodborne illness? | borrelia burgdorferi was identified as the etiological agent of lyme disease in 1982. this gram-negative spirochete is classified in the order spirochaetales and the family spirochaetaceae. the pathogen is fastidious, microaerophilic, mesophilic and metabolises glucose through the embden-meyerhof pathway. a generation time of 11 to 12 h at 37 degrees c in barbour-stoenner-kelly medium has been reported. lyme disease, named after lyme in connecticut, is distributed globally. it is the most common ... | 1991 | 1790102 |
| geographic occurrence of ixodes scapularis and amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae) infesting white-tailed deer in north carolina. | a state-wide survey to determine the occurrence and comparative numbers of ticks infecting white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) was conducted in north carolina (usa). one thousand six hundred twenty nine deer were examined in 60 of 100 counties; with the exception of one county in the piedmont region, all tick-infested deer occurred in the coastal plain. ixodes scapularis (46%) and amblyomma americanum (53%) were the most prevalent species encountered and accounted for more than 98% of the ... | 1990 | 2250335 |
| ecological studies of adult ixodes scapularis in central mississippi: questing activity in relation to time of year, vegetation type, and meteorologic conditions. | adult ixodes scapularis say were collected weekly during two fall-winter-spring seasons from 1989 to 1991 to assess their temporal and spatial distribution as well as the effects of several meteorologic parameters on questing activity. collections were made in three 0.4-ha sites in central mississippi by flagging vegetation with a white flannel cloth. adult i. scapularis were collected from 25 october through 11 april during the 1989-1990 season and 24 october-1 april in the 1990-1991 season. pe ... | 1992 | 1625300 |
| current status of the lyme borreliosis vector, ixodes dammini, in manitoba. | | 1991 | 1843655 |
| lyme disease in south carolina. | lyme disease is present in south carolina, though not as prevalent as in many other states in the country. the characteristics of south carolina cases are similar to those of the nation as a whole. the tick vector of lyme disease in the southeast is not clearly established, but is thought to be ixodes scapularis. questions remain concerning the prevalence of infection in local ticks with borrelia burgdorferi, and the risk to a person bitten by a tick in south carolina. | 1991 | 1943029 |
| amblyomma americanum: identification of tick salivary gland antigens from unfed and early feeding females with comparisons to ixodes dammini and dermacentor variabilis. | salivary gland antigens involved in host resistance to tick feeding by amblyomma americanum (lone star tick) have been identified. gland extracts from unfed and partially fed 12-, 48-, 72-, 96-, and 120-hr females and their corresponding midgut tissues were analyzed by immunoblotting with sera from naturally immune and hyperimmune sheep and rabbits. polypeptides at 90, 75, 58, 45, 33, and 23 kda from the salivary glands of a. americanum females were consistently observed with antibodies from bot ... | 1990 | 2298277 |
| lyme disease: a clinical review. | lyme disease is caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted primarily by ixodes dammini ticks in the northeast and upper midwest, by ixodes pacificus in western states, and by ixodes ricinus in europe. lyme disease can affect the skin, nervous system, heart, eyes, and joints, and is diagnosed in patients with these characteristic clinical features: exposure to an endemic area and usually a positive serologic test for b. burgdorferi six or more weeks after infection. full ... | 1991 | 1944020 |
| lyme borreliosis: a relapsing fever-like disease? | to determine by xenodiagnosis length and concentrations of spirochetemias produced by borrelia burgdorferi in white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus), laboratory reared mice were inoculated with either spirochete-containing tick suspensions or bsk ii spirochete culture and were exposed for as long as three months to larval ixodes dammini. upon development to the nymphal stage, ticks were evaluated for spirochetal infections by direct immunofluorescence. all mice were found to circulate spirochet ... | 1991 | 1947807 |
| detection of borrelia burgdorferi infection in ixodes dammini ticks with the polymerase chain reaction. | the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) was used to amplify dna sequences of the etiologic agent of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi, and was applied to the detection of the spirochete in its tick vector. the target for pcr amplification was the osp-a gene of strain b31; analysis of isolates from different geographical areas indicated that this gene could be used to identify most north american isolates. these methods were extended to the analysis of colony-derived and field-collected ixodes dammi ... | 1990 | 1969867 |
| attempted transmission of ehrlichia risticii, causative agent of potomac horse fever, by the ticks, dermacentor variabilis, rhipicephalus sanguineus, ixodes scapularis and amblyomma americanum. | dermacentor variabilis, rhipicephalus sanguineus, amblyomma americanum, and ixodes scapularis ticks were investigated for their ability to transmit potomac horse fever. larval and nymphal ticks were exposed to ehrlichia risticii by feeding on mice inoculated with the organism. molted exposed ticks were then allowed to feed on susceptible ponies or mice. no evidence of transmission, either clinically or by detection of antibodies to e. risticii in mice or ponies, was observed for any tick species ... | 1990 | 2307070 |
| complete heart block in an adolescent caused by lyme disease. a common--and reversible--disorder. | a 20-year-old university of delaware student developed a vague systemic disorder one week after camping in a maryland state park known to be endemic with the tick ixodes dammini, the vector for lyme disease. light-headedness developed and an electrocardiogram revealed complete heart block. lyme disease was confirmed by the characteristic erythema migrans rash and lyme serologies. | 1991 | 2001770 |
| antibody to a 39-kilodalton borrelia burgdorferi antigen (p39) as a marker for infection in experimentally and naturally inoculated animals. | borrelia burgdorferi expresses a conserved, species-specific 39-kda protein (p39) that can stimulate antibodies during human infection. to confirm that anti-p39 antibodies are produced consistently in animals exposed to infectious spirochetes, white-footed mice, peromyscus leucopus, and laboratory white mice, mus musculus (strain balb/c), were experimentally inoculated with either infectious or noninfectious b. burgdorferi and the antibody response to p39 was determined by immunoblot at 21 days ... | 1991 | 2007630 |
| survey for ixodes spp. and borrelia burgdorferi in southeastern wisconsin and northeastern illinois. | forested areas adjacent to milwaukee, wis., and chicago, ill., were investigated for rodents and ticks infected with borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease. white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus or peromyscus maniculatus), meadow voles (microtus pennsylvanicus), and eastern chipmunks (tamias striatus) were captured; and specimens from these animals were cultured for b. burgdorferi to define whether the midwestern lyme disease area currently encompasses these large metropolita ... | 1991 | 2007650 |
| duration of adult female ixodes dammini attachment and transmission of borrelia burgdorferi, with description of a needle aspiration isolation method. | the relationship between the attachment duration of adult female ixodes dammini and the transmission of borrelia burgdorferi was studied. sixteen rabbits were exposed to spirochete-infected female ticks for specified intervals. all five rabbits exposed to ticks that fed to repletion (greater than 120 h) became infected, as did two of three exposed for 48 h. in contrast, five rabbits exposed to a cumulative total of 53 infected female i. dammini for 36 h failed to become infected, as did three ra ... | 1991 | 2010643 |
| lyme disease: a proposed ecological index to assess areas of risk in the northeastern united states. | recent public awareness has resulted in a demand for information about ways to reduce the risk of acquiring lyme disease. | 1991 | 2029039 |
| spatial and temporal distribution of ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) in a northwestern illinois state park. | five km of hiking trails in castle rock state park in ogle co., ill., were drag-sampled for ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin between 15 may and 19 october 1989. densities of nymphs peaked on 22 june, larval densities peaked on 9 august, and adult densities had two peaks, 15 may and 19 october. the terrain crossed by the trails consisted of woods and meadow. there were no discernible habitat preferences for adult females, but nymphs and larvae were most numerous in the woods. p ... | 1991 | 2033600 |