| purification and characterization of a ca2+-binding protein in lumbricus terrestris. | a ca2+-binding protein which is capable of activating mammalian ca2+-activatable cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase has been purified from lumbricus terrestris and characterized. this protein and the ca2+-dependent protein modulator from bovine tissues have many similar properties. both proteins have molecular weights of approximately 18,000, isoelectric points of about ph 4, similar and characteristic ultraviolet spectra, and similar amino acid compositions. both proteins bind calcium ions wit ... | 1978 | 203581 |
| chemotactic attraction of lumbricus terrestris coelomocytes to foreign tissue. | | 1979 | 478076 |
| concentration dependence of the self-diffusion of human and lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin. | the self-diffusion coefficient of the extracellular hemoglobin of lumbricus terrestris (mol wt 3.7 x 10(6) daltons) has been measured at protein concentrations ranging from 2 to 25 g/100 ml. the self-diffusion coefficient of human hemoglobin has been measured at concentrations between 10 and 43 g/100 ml. for these measurements, (14)c-labeled hemoglobin was made to diffuse from one millipore filter into three consecutively arranged millipore filters containing unlabeled hemoglobin. after a suitab ... | 1978 | 667295 |
| aeromonas hydrophila in the coelomic cavity of the earthworms lumbricus terrestris and eisenia foetida. | | 1977 | 858944 |
| what about squalene in the earthworm lumbricus terrestris? | | 1975 | 1122731 |
| solution studies on heme proteins: subunit structure, dissociation, and unfolding of lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin by the ureas. | the subunit structure, dissociation, and unfolding of the hemoglobin of the earthworm, lumbricus terrestris, were investigated by light scattering molecular weight methods and changes in optical rotatory dispersion (at 233 nm) and absorption in the soret region. urea and the alkylureas, methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, and butylurea, were employed as the reagents to cause both dissociation and unfolding of the protein. analysis of the light scattering data suggests that the dissociation patterns as a f ... | 1975 | 1182132 |
| immunological analysis of chemoattractive proteins from earthworm to garter snakes. | 1. two sets of polyclonal antibodies to two highly purified prey-derived snake-attractive proteins, a low molecular weight (3000) protein and a 20,000 mol. wt protein, were generated in rabbits. 2. they are immunospecific for their respective purified immunogens and do not cross-react with each other. 3. eight prey-derived proteins that elicit attack by garter snakes (thamnophis sirtalis) from earthworms (lumbricus terrestris) were analyzed with these antibodies, and can be assigned to three dis ... | 1992 | 1611878 |
| isolation, partial purification, and characterization of the cytochrome p-450-dependent monooxygenase system from the midgut of the earthworm lumbricus terrestris. | 1. cytochrome p-450 was purified from microsomes of the midgut of the earthworm lumbricus terrestris up to a maximal specific content of 5.5 nmol p-450/mg protein. 2. at least 3 different cytochromes p-450 with apparent molecular weights of 48,000, 51,000 and 53,000 were identified by sds-page. 3. western blot analysis with various polyclonal antibodies did not show structural epitopes common to the cytochromes p-450 of rodents or yeast and l. terrestris. 4. the microsomes contained about 43 pmo ... | 1991 | 1687532 |
| cellular but not humoral antibacterial activity of earthworms is inhibited by aroclor 1254. | earthworms, eisenia fetida andrei and lumbricus terrestris, exposed to aroclor 1254, followed by infestation with aeromonas hydrophila, elicited two types of responses. first, in e. fetida, there was no change in the ld50 nor in the in vitro antibacterial growth capacity of cell-free coelomic fluid. thus, aroclor exerts no influence on antibacterial proteins nor on the chloragogue cells responsible for their release. second, in l. terrestris, both a high ld50 value and no antibacterial activity ... | 1991 | 1723380 |
| characterization of antigen-binding protein in earthworms lumbricus terrestris and eisenia foetida. | injection of antigen into the annelid worms lumbricus terrestris (lt) and eisenia foetida (ef) results in a marked increase of coelomic fluid protein concentration and the formation of a protein which binds the stimulating antigen (3). in this report we show that the increases in total protein concentration after first and second doses of antigen were higher and were achieved earlier in lt than in ef, while the accumulation of antigen-binding protein in coelomic fluid was similar in both species ... | 1991 | 1773851 |
| the interaction of a protein from the coelomic fluid of earthworms with staphylococcal protein a. | a staphylococcal protein a (spa)-binding protein was isolated from coelomic fluids of the annelids, lumbricus terrestris (lt) and eisenia foetida (ef), by affinity chromatography on spa-sepharose. analyses by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds-page) under reducing and nonreducing conditions showed that spa-binding activity is associated with a single chain protein, with a mol wt of 62 kd. the carbohydrate moiety of this protein consists of 21.4 g/100 g of o-linked ... | 1991 | 1773852 |
| amino acid sequence of the monomer subunit of the giant extracellular hemoglobin of the aquatic oligochaete, tubifex tubifex. | the extracellular hemoglobin of the aquatic oligochaete tubifex tubifex consists of four subunits: a monomer of 16.5 kda, a disulfide-bonded trimer of about 50 kda and at least two subunits of about 30 kda. the complete amino acid sequence of the monomeric subunit was determined: it consists of 141 amino acid residues and has a molecular mass of 16,286 da including a heme group. 39 residues (28%) were found to be identical with those in the corresponding positions in the monomeric globin chains ... | 1990 | 2253625 |
| cadmium speciation studies in the intestine of lumbricus terrestris by electrophoresis of metal proteins complexes. | cadmium speciation of the intestinal compartment of the earthworm species, lumbricus terrestris, has been investigated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions. worms exposed to cd(no3)2 supplemented soils have been studied and compared to control samples. prior to electrophoresis, the worm intestines were removed and dissected. proteins in the crude intestinal extracts were separated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the cadmium distribution in the protei ... | 1990 | 2280762 |
| calculation of subunit stoichiometry of large, multisubunit proteins from amino acid compositions. | the subunit stoichiometry of a large, multisubunit protein can be determined from the molar amino acid compositions (i amino acids) of the protein and its subunits. the number of copies of the subunits (1, 2, ... j) is calculated by solving all possible combinations of simultaneous equations in j unknowns (i!/j!(i - j)!). calculations carried out using the published amino acid compositions determined by analysis and the compositions calculated from the sequences for two proteins of known stoichi ... | 1990 | 2321761 |
| isolation and initial characterization of myelin-like membrane fractions from the nerve cord of earthworms (lumbricus terrestris l). | we report here the isolation of fractions enriched in components of the myelin-like membranes surrounding the giant axons of the earthworm. lumbricus terrestris l. the composition and purity of the fractions have been assessed using sds-protein electrophoresis, western immunoblots, and electron microscopy. preliminary enzyme assays indicated that the mitochondrial marker, succinate dehydrogenase, has a similar specific activity distribution in earthworm nerve cord and in mouse liver sedimentatio ... | 1988 | 2465500 |
| ceramide glycanase from leech, hirudo medicinalis, and earthworm, lumbricus terrestris. | | 1989 | 2695772 |
| the structure of the gene encoding chain c of the hemoglobin of the earthworm, lumbricus terrestris. | the complete nucleotide sequence of the gene for chain c of hemoglobin of the earthworm lumbricus terrestris has been determined. the sequence of 4037 base pairs (bp) includes about 310 bp of 5'-flanking sequence and 110 bp 3' to the poly(a) site. comparison of cdna and genomic sequences shows four silent differences in codons that suggest the presence of at least two genes. the coding sequence is split by two introns of 1344 and 1169 bp at highly conserved positions (jhiang, s. m., garey, j. r. ... | 1989 | 2808405 |
| a disulfide-bonded trimer of myoglobin-like chains is the principal subunit of the extracellular hemoglobin of lumbricus terrestris. | the extracellular hemoglobin of lumbricus terrestris (3900 kda) consists of at least six different polypeptide chains: i through iv (16-19 kda), v (31 kda) and iv (37 kda) (vinogradov, s.n., shlom, j.m., hall, b.c., kapp, o.h. and mizukami, h. (1977) biochim. biophys. acta 492, 136-155). sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the unreduced hemoglobin shows that chains ii, iii and iv form a disulfide-bonded 50 kda subunit. this subunit was isolated by gel filtration of the hemoglobin on sephac ... | 1986 | 3081031 |
| bacteriostatic factor(s) in the coelomic fluid of lumbricus terrestris. | | 1988 | 3127253 |
| in vitro agglutinin production by earthworm leukocytes. | leukocytes of the earthworm, lumbricus terrestris, secrete agglutinins in vitro, as shown by measuring agglutinin titers of the culture medium and by observing secretory rosette formation by leukocytes with erythrocytes. leukocytes form the highest percentages of secretory rosettes with rabbit erythrocytes (rbc) and with other rbc species in the order: rat, guinea pig, mouse, calf, sheep, horse, goat. leukocytes displayed allotypic specificity by forming rosettes selectively with erythrocytes fr ... | 1988 | 3169351 |
| the phagocytic activity of lumbricus terrestris leukocytes is enhanced by the vertebrate opsonins: igg and complement c3b fragment. | the effect of the vertebrates opsonins: igg and complement c3 fragments on phagocytic activity of lumbricus terrestris leukocytes towards sheep erythrocytes was studied. sheep erythrocytes were previously sensitized with specific igg or igm and coated with one of the third component fragments (c3b, c3bi, c3d) of human complement. our results show that leukocyte phagocytosis was enhanced by vertebrate igg and c3b complement fragments but not by igm and fragment c3d. because opsonization in verteb ... | 1988 | 3384156 |
| amino acid sequence of the monomer subunit of the extracellular hemoglobin of lumbricus terrestris. | the giant extracellular hemoglobin (3,800 kda) of the oligochaete lumbricus terrestris consists of four subunits: a monomer (chain i), two subunits each of about 35 kda (chains v and vi), and a disulfide-bonded trimer (50 kda) of chains ii, iii, and iv. the complete amino acid sequence of chain i was determined: it consists of 142 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of 16,750 including a heme group. fifty-nine residues (42%) were found to be identical with those in the corresponding p ... | 1987 | 3546301 |
| cytotoxic activity in the coelomic fluid of the annelid eisenia foetida sav. | the annelid eisenia foetida not only causes hemolysis of red blood cells of several vertebrate species, but also has a toxic effect on a variety of cell types, such as chicken fibroblasts, guinea-pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes and insect hemocytes. however, it has no influence on the vitality of the coelomocytes of lumbricus terrestris and other lumbricides, nor on the hemocytes of the snail helix pomatia, the mussels anodonta cygnea and unio tumidus, free cells of the turbellarian euplanaria ... | 1987 | 3571568 |
| comparative analysis of hemolytic and hemagglutinating activities in the coelomic fluid of eisenia foetida and lumbricus terrestris (annelida, lumbricidae). | the cf of lumbricus terrestris and eisenia foetida was analyzed with regard to the protein patterns by isoelectric focusing. the cf of e. foetida results in a variety of protein bands; after separation: seven of these with isoelectric points at ph 5.1, 5.2, 5.4, 5.6, 5.8, 6.0 and 6.2 cause the hemolysis of red blood cells. the protein pattern of normal cf of l. terrestris is relatively poor. most of the protein bands are located at the top of the separation (ph less than 5.1) near the anode. how ... | 1987 | 3622885 |
| oxygenation properties of hemoglobin from the earthworm, lumbricus terrestris. effects of ph, salts, and temperature. | oxygen equilibrium curves of the extracellular hemoglobin from lumbricus terrestris were determined under a variety of conditions. these data were characterized by (i) a rather small free energy of cooperativity (1.6-2.8 kcal/mol), (ii) a large and strongly ph-dependent hill coefficient with a maximum value of 7.9, (iii) a high sensitivity of the upper asymptote of the hill plot to ph, and (iv) a maximum association constant as large as that of the free beta subunit of human hemoglobin a. the ef ... | 1986 | 3722158 |
| the proteins in lumbricus terrestris and eisenia foetida coelomic fluids and on coelomocytes reacting with sheep and goat igg molecules. | sheep and goat fast migrating igg molecules and their f(ab')2 fragments react with l. terrestris and e. foetida coelomic fluid proteins. the reaction was not mediated by antibody binding site but by some other part of the igg molecule, since affinity purified antibodies of different antigen specificities as well as igg preparations from normal sheep sera reacted with the same coelomic fluid proteins. the presence of at least two reacting proteins was detected by immunoelectrophoresis and immunob ... | 1986 | 3817243 |
| evidence of synthesis by lumbricus terrestris of specific substances in response to an immunization with a synthetic hapten. | lumbricus terrestris (annelid, oligocheta) is capable of cellular- and humoral-specific reactions against natural antigens. is this earthworm able to elaborate a response of antibody type against a synthetic hapten? l. terrestris have been immunized with conjugates made of one of two different synthetic haptens (400 mw) and a carrier protein: bovine serum albumin (bsa) or keyhole limpet haemocyanin (klh). the presence of anti-hapten substances in coelomic fluid was tested against each iodinated ... | 1985 | 4077104 |
| the presence of a hyperglycemic factor in the suprapharyngeal ganglia of lumbricus terrestris. | | 1972 | 5016204 |
| biodegradation of animal waste by lumbricus terrestris. | | 1972 | 5032211 |
| comparative structural studies of the active site of atp: guanidine phosphotransferases. the essential cysteine tryptic peptide of lombricine kinase from lumbricus terrestris muscle. | | 1971 | 5128744 |
| lack of a bactericidal response in the earthworm lumbricus terrestris after immunization with bacterial antigens. | | 1969 | 5369201 |
| p-1 blood group substance in lumbricus terrestris (earthworm) and ascaris suum. | | 1966 | 5956327 |
| cellular localization of monoamines by fluorescence microscopy in hirudo medicinalis and lumbricus terrestris. | | 1967 | 6051664 |
| immunohistochemical localization of substance p and acth-like activity in the central nervous system of the earthworm lumbricus terrestris l. | the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (pap) method was used for the immunohistological demonstration of substances p and acth in the cerebral and subesophageal ganglia of the earthworm, lumbricus terrestris l. with rabbit antibody to substance p a positive immunoreaction was found in nerve cells smaller than the type a neurons of the cerebral ganglion. their perikarya and nerve processes as well as their terminal enlargements in the synaptic zone were immunoreactive. acth-like activity was visible in a ... | 1980 | 6158247 |
| immunocytochemical studies on the central nervous system of the earthworm, lumbricus terrestris. | there are numerous aldehyde fuchsin (af)-positive, neurosecretory cells of medium size (a cells) and a small number of large, af-negative neurons (b cells) in the cortical layer of the cerebral ganglion. in the subesophageal ganglion, symmetrical groups of af-positive cells lie ventrally. the peroxidase--antiperoxidase (pap) method was used for the immunocytochemical study of substance p and acth in these ganglia. in addition, the presence of l-enkephalin and alpha endorphin could be confirmed. ... | 1980 | 6164189 |
| [substances contained in the coelomic fluid of lumbricus terristris having functions in common with those of some human complement components]. | in the present work, it was demonstrated for the first time that the coelomic fluid of lumbricus terrestris contained a substance recognized by human classical convertase. this substance permitted an immune, complement-dependent agglutination response of sheep erythrocytes carrying c3-convertase (eac142). in addition, substances secreted by coelomic leukocytes possessed an inhibitory activity against human complement: the component c3 was cleaved into a c3b fragment. this result suggests the pre ... | 1983 | 6559048 |
| mitogenic effect of earthworm (lumbricus terrestris) coelomic fluid on mouse and human lymphocytes. | we have cultured mouse and human lymphocytes with earthworm (lumbricus terrestris) coelomic fluid and measured their mitogenic responses. normal fluid was collected from untreated worms, while induced fluid was harvested from worms injected 24 h earlier with rabbit erythrocytes. at low protein concentrations in the coelomic fluid, human and mouse lymphocytes were significantly activated, as measured by incorporation of 3htdr. the activation index for induced fluid was approximately 2.5 times tha ... | 1984 | 6609877 |
| rosette formation of the coelomocytes of the earthworm lumbricus terrestris l. with sheep erythrocytes. | | 1984 | 6734875 |
| agglutinins in the earthworm lumbricus terrestris: naturally occurring and induced. | a naturally occurring hemagglutinin against rabbit and rat erythrocytes is contained in the coelomic fluid of the earthworm lumbricus terrestris. the hemagglutinin reacts with some chicken and human erythrocytes, but not others, and does not react with the erythrocytes of seven other vertebrates. hemagglutinins appear in increased amounts within 24 hr after injection of rat, rabbit, horse and sheep erythrocytes, and some chicken and human erythrocytes, and are the highest (approximately four- to ... | 1982 | 6813152 |
| the role of opsonins in phagocytosis by coelomocytes of the earthworm, lumbricus terrestris. | | 1981 | 7024010 |
| the amino acid sequence of a major polypeptide chain of earthworm hemoglobin. | the amino acid sequence has been determined for polypeptide chain aiii of the major component of the hemoglobin (erythrocruorin) from the earthworm, lumbricus terrestris. the chain has 157 residues and a molecular weight of 17,496. although the extent of sequence identity with other globin chains is only 17-18%, analysis of the sequence leads to the conclusion that the secondary structure of the chain is very similar to those of vertebrate globins and that about 60-70% of the amino acid residues ... | 1982 | 7096348 |
| agglutinins and proteins in the earthworm, lumbricus terrestris, before and after injection of erythrocytes, carbohydrates, and other materials. | agglutinin activity and total protein concentration in earthworm coelomic fluid were determined 24 hours after injecting different erythrocyte types and carbohydrates. agglutinin titers increased from 14 to 1216 after a single injection of erythrocytes. at the same time, protein concentrations increased by variable amounts, suggesting an indirect correlation between increased agglutinin titer and protein concentration. to understand the nature of erythrocyte determinants responsible for inducing ... | 1982 | 7160508 |
| partial deglycosylation of blood-group-specific glycoproteins. | the time course for the partial deglycosylation of blood-group-specific glycoproteins from human ovarian-cyst fluids with 0.25 m-h2so4/acetic acid and 6 m-hcl in methanol was studied. either reagent readily removed about 80% of the carbohydrate from the glycoproteins to leave non-diffusible glycopeptides that contain n-acetylgalactosamine as the predominant sugar. some changes in amino acid distribution were observed during the deglycosylation, which were attributed to an accelerated break-up of ... | 1980 | 7396819 |
| the possible role of the soil fauna in the epizootiology of cysticercosis in cattle. i. earthworms -- the biotic factor in a transmission of taenia saginata eggs. | the role of earthworms in the transmission of taenia saginata eggs was determined by inoculating 30 earthworms directly: lumbricus terrestris, allolobophora caliginosa and eisenia foetida with tapeworm eggs. the remaining earthworms (280 specimens) were examined by contaminating their medium indirectly with t. saginata eggs or segments. it has been concluded that the eggs of tapeworms may be transmitted by the digestive tracts of earthworms. it seems that in the natural environment earthworms ma ... | 1980 | 7447063 |
| dna dosimetry in biological indicator species living on pah-contaminated soils and sediments. | a large variety of environmental carcinogens are metabolically activated to electrophilic metabolites that can bind to nucleic acids, forming covalent adducts. in organisms possessing active metabolic systems for a particular carcinogen, dna adducts generally have longer biological half-lives than the substrate carcinogens. thus, measurement of specific dna adduct concentrations in terrestrial and water organisms may provide a relevant biological indicator of prior exposure to environmental carc ... | 1995 | 7539372 |
| induction of protective immunity to schistosomiasis with immunologically cross-reactive lumbricus molecules. | immunologically cross-reactive molecules of schistosoma japonicum and lumbricus terrestris were identified by antibodies derived from human and rodent sera. pooled igg from schistosomiasis patients but not uninfected individuals bound multiple antigens of identical molecular weight in both soluble s. japonicum worm antigen preparations (swap) and soluble earthworm preparations (sewp). these antigens had molecular weights corresponding to 18, 40, 62, 64, 74, 97, and > 110 kda. three of these anti ... | 1995 | 7543459 |
| pcbs increase molecular-related activities (lysozyme, antibacterial, hemolysis, proteases) but inhibit macrophage-related functions (phagocytosis, wound healing) in earthworms. | both humoral and cellular immunodefense responses of the earthworms, eisenia fetida andrei, eisenia hortensis, and lumbricus terrestris, have been compared after exposure to the pcb aroclor 1254. responses mediated by free factors, detected by in vitro assays for lysozyme, hemolysis, and proteases, were increased in both eisenia. antibacterial activity directed against pathogenic bacteria was increased in e.f. andrei. the resistance of l. terrestris against non-pathogenic bacteria was decreased, ... | 1995 | 7745278 |
| peptides related to the diploptera punctata allatostatins in nonarthropod invertebrates: an immunocytochemical survey. | the allatostatins are a family of peptides isolated originally from the cockroach, diploptera punctata. related peptides have been identified in periplaneta americana and the blowfly, calliphora vomitoria. these peptides have been shown to be potent inhibitors of juvenile hormone synthesis in these species. a peptide inhibitor of juvenile hormone biosynthesis has also been isolated from the moth, manduca sexta; however, this peptide has no structural homology with the d. punctata-type allatostat ... | 1994 | 7822491 |
| the metabolism of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in the earthworm lumbricus terrestris. | 1. earthworms can hydrolyze di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (dehp) to mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (mehp) and phthalic acid (pa). 2. they apparently cannot produce the side-chain-oxidized derivatives of mehp that constitute the major dehp metabolites in higher animals. 3. with the assistance of intestinal bacterial pseudomonas, the worm-derived pa is degraded through protocatechuic and beta-carboxymuconic acids to co2. 4. there is an indication of a second pathway for degradation of pa leading throug ... | 1993 | 8098688 |
| absence of ligand binding-induced tertiary changes in the multimeric earthworm lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin. a resonance raman study. | in vertebrate hemoglobins, changes in protein tertiary structure induced by either ligand binding or changes in quaternary state are manifested at the heme as reflected in resonance raman spectral changes involving the iron-proximal histidine stretching mode. no such changes are observed for lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin. the iron-histidine stretching mode and the porphyrin breathing motion in the deoxy-, oxy-, or co-photodissociated forms of lumbricus hemoglobin and human hemoglobin a (ph 7.0 ... | 1993 | 8253738 |
| complete amino acid sequence of the regulatory light chain of obliquely striated muscle myosin from earthworm, lumbricus terrestris. | amino acid sequence analysis of the regulatory light chain of obliquely striated muscle myosin from earthworm, lumbricus terrestris, was performed completely. the polypeptide consists of 195 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 21943 da. from the arrangement of amino acid residues, the first ef-hand domain appears to be a specific ca(2+)-binding site. the unusually long n-terminal region of about 40 amino acids, which is characterized by accumulation of basic amino acids, is similar t ... | 1993 | 8425543 |
| the differential effects of carbon monoxide and oxygen on the pressure dissociation of lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin. | we have explored the subunit affinities of lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin (lthb) under a variety of conditions using high-pressure spectroscopy. while only small changes were observed for lthb-oxy below 1.0 kbar, higher pressures resulted in a 1000 cm-1 red shift and 2-fold increase in fluorescence intensity with a concomitant 12-fold decrease in scattering intensity, all of which reached completion by approx. 2.2 kbar. in the presence of 1 m mgcl2 or at acidic ph (4.2), the curves shifted by 4 ... | 1993 | 8431478 |
| separation of bacteria using agglutinins isolated from invertebrates. | the agglutination of a selection of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria by the haemolymph and coelomic fluid from several invertebrates was studied. the haemolymph from lumbricus terrestris and limulus polyphemus caused the strongest agglutination of most of the bacteria studied. when the agglutinating fraction of lim. polyphemus was liganded to magnetic microspheres 53% of the cells in pure cultures of listeria monocytogenes c200, 15% of salmonella enteritidis 37782, 92% of staphylococcus ... | 1993 | 8468260 |
| [the distribution and biology of capillaria garfiai from sus scrofa]. | the infestation extent of wild boars (sus scrofa) with capillaria garfiai gallégo & mas-coma, 1975 in east-austria and the localisation of the nematodes in the tongue (n = 159) were examined. the infestation extent (prevalence) was between 66.6 and 90.9 percent. concerning the location of the parasites in the tongue there was a striking difference between c. garfiai males and females. so, the number of c. garfiai females continuously decreased from the first to the fourth quarter of the tongue, ... | 1993 | 8508219 |
| molecules in earthworm coelomic fluid that bind anti-iga and anti-igg, but not anti-igm. | coelomic fluid from the earthworm lumbricus terrestris is known to contain immunoactive cells and molecules involved in immune defense. to assess the ability of such molecules to form precipitating complexes with anti-human immunoglobulins, radial immunodiffusion experiments were conducted. anti-human igg, anti-human iga, and anti-human igm were the three immunoglobulins examined. earthworm coelomic fluid was found to contain molecules that bind anti-iga and anti-igg. no precipitation reactions ... | 1993 | 8509150 |
| linker chain l1 of earthworm hemoglobin. structure of gene and protein: homology with low density lipoprotein receptor. | the extracellular hemoglobins (hbs) of annelids and tube worms are giant multisubunit proteins of up to approximately 200 polypeptides and molecular masses to at least 3,900 kda. they differ from all other hbs in having both o2-binding chains and "linker" chains. the latter are required for assembly and structural integrity of the protein and are deficient in or lack heme. we have determined the nucleotide sequences of the cdna and gene for linker chain l1 of the hemoglobin of lumbricus terrestr ... | 1993 | 8514788 |
| mass spectrometric composition and molecular mass of lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin: a refined model of its quaternary structure. | sedimentation equilibrium measurements and scanning transmission electron microscopy (stem) mass mapping of the extracellular, hexagonal bilayer hemoglobin (hbl hb) of the earthworm lumbricus terrestris provided masses of 3.41 to 3.66 mda and 3.56 (+/- 0.13) mda, respectively. the hb also contains 57.2 (+/- 6.0) moles of tightly bound ca per mole of protein. the hb and its subunits obtained by dissociation, in native, dehemed and reduced carbamidomethylated forms, were subjected to electrospray ... | 1996 | 8568863 |
| influence of earthworm activity on gene transfer from pseudomonas fluorescens to indigenous soil bacteria. | we have developed a model system to assess the influence of earthworm activity on the transfer of plasmid pjp4 from an inoculated donor bacterium, pseudomonas fluorescens c5t (pjp4), to indigenous soil microorganisms. three different earthworm species (lumbricus terrestris, lumbricus rubellus, and aporrectodea trapezoides), each with unique burrowing, casting, and feeding behaviors, were evaluated. soil columns were inoculated on the surface with 10(8) cells per g of soil of the donor bacterium, ... | 1996 | 8593052 |
| crossreactivity of hemolytic and hemagglutinating proteins in the coelomic fluid of lumbricidae (annelida). | oligospecific antisera against the hemolytic and hemagglutinating compounds of the coelomic fluid (cf) of the earthworm species eisenia fetida, lumbricus terrestris and aporrectodea caliginosa were prepared. the proteins were bound to the membranes of erythrocytes and injected into rabbits. by the use of these antisera the following results were obtained: 1) the antisera ral t and raac reached a titer of 1:64,000, the detection limit of raef was 1:512,000. raef was demonstrated to be oligospecif ... | 1996 | 8858836 |
| a first evaluation of the natural high molecular weight polymeric lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin as an oxygen carrier. | lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin (lthb), an unusually stable hb (mw approximately 4x10(6) da) with respect to dissociation and oxidation, circulates extracellularly in the earthworm and at neutral ph exhibits oxygen affinity and cooperativity similar to that of human hba. results suggest that lthb may serve as a model for a high molecular weight extracellular oxygen carrier. mice and a rat model partially exchanged with lthb showed no apparent behavioral and physical changes. 31p nmr spectroscopy ... | 1997 | 9285044 |
| novel galactose-binding proteins in annelida. characterization of 29-kda tandem repeat-type lectins from the earthworm lumbricus terrestris. | novel type lectins were found in the phylum annelida, i.e. in the earthworm, tubifex, leech, and lugworm. the lectins (29-31 kda) were extracted from the worms without the use of detergent and purified by affinity chromatography on asialofetuin-agarose. on the basis of the partial primary structures of the earthworm lumbricus terrestris 29-kda lectin (ew29), degenerate primers were synthesized for use in the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. an amplified 155-base pair fragment was ... | 1998 | 9603958 |
| three-dimensional reconstruction of lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin at 22 a resolution: intramolecular localization of the globin and linker chains. | a 3d reconstruction of the hemoglobin (hb) of the earthworm lumbricus terrestris was carried out by the 3d projection alignment method from electron microscopy images of a frozen-hydrated specimen at 22 a resolution. the results were analyzed by a new approach taking into account the evolution of the 210 densities forming the 3d volume as a function of the threshold of surface representation. the whole oligomer with d6point-group symmetry is comprised of 12 hollow globular substructures (hgs) wi ... | 1999 | 10373371 |
| distribution of pacap-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of oligochaeta. | the marked similarity between the primary structures of human, other vertebrate, and the invertebrate tunicate pacap suggests that pacap is one of the most highly conserved peptides during the phylogeny of the metazoans. we investigated the distribution of pacap-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of three oligochaete (annelida) worms with immunocytochemistry. the distribution pattern of immunoreactivity was similar in all three species (lumbricus terrestris, eisenia fetida, and lumbricu ... | 2000 | 10764943 |
| [environmental activity of earthworms (lumbricus terrestris l.) and the spatial organization of soil communities]. | the effect of feeding and burrowing activities of anecic earthworms (lumbricus terrestris) on abiotic characteristics of the soil, biomass and activity of soil microorganisms, and the spatial distribution of collembola and lumbricidae species was studied in a iinden forest near moscow. the results showed that organic carbon content, nitrogen content, ph, and microbial biomass and basal respiration are considerably higher around l. terrestris burrows than in the surrounding soil. the total densit ... | 2000 | 11042967 |
| echinococcus granulosus: cloning and functional in vitro characterization of an actin filament fragmenting protein. | we report the isolation and characterization of an echinococcus granulosus gene that codes for a protein with actin filament fragmenting and nucleating activities (egaffp). the genomic region corresponding to the egaffp gene presents a coding sequence of 1110 bp that is interrupted by eight introns. the egaffp deduced amino acid sequence is about 40% homologous to those of several members of the gelsolin family, such as physarum polycephalum fragmin, dictyostelium discoideum severin, and lumbric ... | 2001 | 11384165 |
| automated image analysis and in situ hybridization as tools to study bacterial populations in food resources, gut and cast of lumbricus terrestris l. | an image analysis procedure was developed for bacterial cells after staining with the dna-intercalating dye 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (dapi), and after in situ hybridization with cy3-labeled, rrna-targeted oligonucleotide probes. dapi- and cy3-images were captured separately from the same scenery with a cooled digital video camera with three ccd chips for the basic colors red (r), green (g) and blue (b). using the appropriate filter sets, images of dapi-stained cells were captured with the r ... | 2002 | 11733082 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of sphingolipid ceramide n-deacylase from a marine bacterium, shewanella alga g8. | recently, lyso-sphingolipids have been identified as ligands for several orphan g protein-coupled receptors, although the molecular mechanism for their generation has yet to be clarified. here, we report the molecular cloning of the enzyme, which catalyzes the generation of lyso-sphingolipids from various sphingolipids (sphingolipid ceramide n-deacylase). the 75-kda enzyme was purified from the marine bacterium, shewanella alga g8, and its gene was cloned from a g8 genomic library using sequence ... | 2002 | 11827965 |
| long-term survival and germination of bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki in a field trial. | long-term survival, dispersal, and germination of bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki dmu67r has been investigated in a field trial. an experimental cabbage plot was sprayed with dmu67r in 1993 and allowed to lie fallow since. the investigations reported here were carried out from 1997 to 2000 in this plot. high persistence of dmu67r for 7 years in the bulk soil of the plot has been demonstrated. the numbers have not significantly reduced since 1994, stabilizing around 6.6 x 10(2) cfu/g from 19 ... | 2002 | 11989770 |
| annelid epithelia as models for electrogenic na+ transport. | the electrogenic na(+) absorption across tight epithelia from invertebrates follows the principles analog to the mechanisms found in vertebrates. extracellular na(+)-ions pass the apical cell membranes through highly selective na(+) channels and follow an electrochemical gradient which is sustained by the basolateral na(+)/k(+)-atpases. these apical na(+) channels are selectively blocked by amiloride and represent the rate-limiting target for the control of transcellular na(+) uptake. although a ... | 2002 | 12421540 |
| comparative distribution of urocortin- and crf-like immunoreactivities in the nervous system of the earthworm lumbricus terrestris. | corticotropin-releasing factor (crf) and urocortin (ucn) are both members of the crf neuropeptide family. the distribution of ucn- and crf-like immunoreactive (ir) structures in the central nervous system of several vertebrate species has been studied, but little is known about that in non-vertebrates. we used a highly specific polyclonal antibody against rat ucn and crf to determine and compare the distribution of ucn- and crf-like immunoreactivity in the earthworm nervous system. several ucn- ... | 2003 | 12668204 |
| effects of transgenic bt corn litter on the earthworm lumbricus terrestris. | a 200-day study was carried out to investigate the impact of transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) corn on immature and adult lumbricus terrestris in the field and in the laboratory. another objective of this study was to develop test methods that could be used for standard testing of the impact of transgenic plants on different earthworm species in the field and in the laboratory. for this purpose two different experiments were involved, a laboratory experiment with adult l. terrestris and a f ... | 2003 | 12753225 |
| effects of sampling, preparation and defecation on metal concentrations in selected invertebrates at urban sites. | in order to obtain basic information for designing standardized test preparation methods, the heavy metals zn, cu, cd and pb were measured in gastropods (xerolenta obvia), oligochaetes (lumbricus terrestris), isopods (armadillidium vulgare, trachelipus rathkei) and carabids (harpalus rubripes, calathus fuscipes) using different sampling methods and different modes of sample treatment. in some of the experiments, higher zn, cd and pb, and lower cu-contents were observed in isopods and carabids tr ... | 2003 | 12820990 |
| acidovorax-like symbionts in the nephridia of earthworms. | dense accumulations of bacteria in the excretory organs, nephridia, were first described more than 75 years ago in members of the annelid family lumbricidae (earthworms). these nephridial symbionts were assumed to play a role in the degradation of proteins in the excretory fluid for nitrogen recycling. in the present study, the phylogenetic affiliation of the nephridial bacteria of the earthworms lumbricus terrestris, aporrectodea tuberculata, octolasion lacteum and eisenia foetida was resolved. ... | 2003 | 12919416 |
| pesticide-induced surface migration by lumbricid earthworms in grassland: life-stage and species differences. | pesticide-induced changes in surface migration by earthworms in grassland were investigated using trapping and the fungicide benomyl. traps were tended daily for 15 days after spraying, resulting in 2152 earthworms, five species, and juvenile predominance which reflected species/life-stage composition in the soil. significant increases in migration (all worms) occurred already by day 2 due to spraying, final treatment level being 2.8 x control. life-stage composition indicated an increased juven ... | 2004 | 14659371 |
| determination of the formal reduction potential of lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin using thin layer spectroelectrochemistry. | the formal reduction potential (eo') of lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin was determined using thin layer spectroelectrochemistry as 0.073 (+/-0.005) v vs ag/agcl (0.281 v vs she, standard hydrogen electrode). nernst plots of lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin with tris-bipyridinecobalt(ii) as a mediator titrant have similar linear slopes as nernst plots of horse heart myoglobin with hexaamineruthenium(ii) as a mediator titrant. | 2004 | 14659648 |
| comparative toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls to earthworms eisenia foetida and lumbricus terrestris. | effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcb; aroclor 1254) in the manure worm, eisenia foetida, on survival (lc50/ld50), and ability of coelomic leukocytes (also called coelomocytes) to form secretory rosettes (sr) and erythrocyte rosettes (er) with, and to phagocytose antigenic rabbit red blood cells were determined and compared with those published for the earthworm, lumbricus terrestris. using a 5-day filter paper contact exposure protocol, lc50 and ld50 were 30.4 microg cm(-2) and 4500 microg ... | 1992 | 15091979 |
| profiles of enzymatic activity in earthworms from zinc, lead and cadmium polluted areas near olkusz (poland). | the aim of the study was to determine whether there are signs of adaptation of soil fauna to a gradient of heavy metal contamination. earthworms aporrectodea caliginosa, lumbricus terrestris and eisenia fetida were collected during the spring and summer of 2000 and 2001 from meadow sites situated between 2 and 32 km from the bukowno-olkusz complex of zinc-lead ore mines and smelters. the heavy metal content in the soil near smelters reaches 10,500 mg/kg (d.w.) for zn, 2600 mg/kg for pb and 81.9 ... | 2004 | 15196838 |
| soil macropores and compaction control the leaching potential of escherichia coli o157:h7. | the influence of soil structure in controlling leaching of escherichia coli o157:h7 through soil was investigated under controlled conditions using both intact and repacked soil cores. leaching rates of e. coli o157:h7 decreased with increasing dry bulk density and were significantly increased by the presence of earthworm (lumbricus terrestris) burrows in repacked cores. for intact cores, the percentage of e. coli o157:h7 that leached through replicate cores within 72 h varied from 0.01% to 24%. ... | 2005 | 15658991 |
| the environmental safety of eprinomectin to earthworms. | a study was conducted to assess the environmental safety of the endectocide eprinomectin to the earthworm lumbricus terrestris under conditions mimicking typical product use on pasture. the lc50 value of eprinomectin in artificial soil after 28 days of exposure is higher than the levels expected in feces from dosed cattle or in soil fertilized with manure from dosed cattle, which indicates a wide margin of safety for this compound to earthworms. however, the no-observed-effect concentration has ... | 2004 | 15725539 |
| (1)h, (13)c, and (15)n chemical shift assignment of the c-terminal 15 kda domain of a novel galactose-binding protein from the earthworm lumbricus terrestris. | | 2004 | 15756471 |
| lead bioaccumulation in earthworms, lumbricus terrestris, from exposure to lead compounds of differing solubility. | this study examined the relative effects of soluble and less soluble pb compounds on pb accumulation by lumbricus terrestris. the earthworms were exposed to composted cattle manure contaminated with a range of concentrations of either soluble lead acetate trihydrate (pbac) (14.5, 72.2, 137, 257, and 603 microg/g) or less soluble lead carbonate (pb(co(3))(2)) (5.09, 171, 575, and 710 microg/g). relative pb bioaccumulation rates in earthworms from the pbac and pb(co(3))(2) lead carbonate trials we ... | 2005 | 15993683 |
| comparative study of the ccf-like pattern recognition protein in different lumbricid species. | coelomic fluid of the lumbricid eisenia fetida contains a 42-kda pattern recognition protein named coelomic cytolytic factor (ccf) that binds microbial cell wall components and triggers the activation of the prophenoloxidase cascade, an important invertebrate defense pathway. here we report on the sequence characterization of ccf-like molecules of other lumbricids: aporrectodea caliginosa, aporrectodea icterica, aporrectodea longa, aporrectodea rosea, dendrobaena veneta, lumbricus rubellus and l ... | 2006 | 16386303 |
| linker chains of the gigantic hemoglobin of the earthworm lumbricus terrestris: primary structures of linkers l2, l3, and l4 and analysis of the connectivity of the disulfide bonds in linker l1. | the extracellular hemoglobin (hb) of the earthworm, lumbricus terrestris, has four major kinds of globin chains: a, b, c, and d, present in equimolar proportions, and additional non-heme, non-globin scaffolding chains called linkers that are required for the calcium-dependent assembly of the full-sized molecule. the amino acid sequences of all four of the globin chains and one of the linkers (l1) have previously been determined. the amino acid sequences via cdna of each of the three remaining li ... | 2006 | 16425180 |
| ltci, a novel chymotrypsin inhibitor of the potato i family from the earthworm lumbricus terrestris. purification, cdna cloning, and expression. | a novel chymotrypsin inhibitor of the potato i protease inhibitor family from the earthworm lumbricus terrestris was purified. the inhibitor, named ltci, was isolated by methanol extraction, affinity chromatography on immobilized methylchymotrypsin, and ion exchange chromatography followed by rp-hplc. the 7076 da inhibitor consists of a single polypeptide chain of 64-amino-acid residues without disulfide bridges. ltci is the first of the potato i protease inhibitors with tyr in position p1 of th ... | 2006 | 16469515 |
| plasmid transfer between spatially separated donor and recipient bacteria in earthworm-containing soil microcosms. | most gene transfer studies have been performed with relatively homogeneous soil systems in the absence of soil macrobiota, including invertebrates. in this study we examined the influence of earthworm activity (burrowing, casting, and feeding) on transfer of plasmid pjp4 between spatially separated donor (alcaligenes eutrophus) and recipient (pseudomonas fluorescens) bacteria in nonsterile soil columns. a model system was designed such that the activity of earthworms would act to mediate cell co ... | 1997 | 16535521 |
| patterns of litter disappearance in a northern hardwood forest invaded by exotic earthworms. | a field study was conducted to evaluate the effects of exotic earthworm invasions on the rates of leaf litter disappearance in a northern hardwood forest in southcentral new york, usa. specifically, we assessed whether differences in litter quality and the species composition of exotic earthworm communities affected leaf litter disappearance rates. two forest sites with contrasting communities of exotic earthworms were selected, and disappearance rates of sugar maple and red oak litter were esti ... | 2006 | 16705969 |
| gene structure and molecular phylogeny of the linker chains from the giant annelid hexagonal bilayer hemoglobins. | giant extracellular hexagonal bilayer hemoglobin (hbl-hb), found only in annelids, is an approximately 3500-kda heteropolymeric structure involved in oxygen transport. the hbl-hbs are comprised of globin and linker chains, the latter being required for the assembly of the quaternary structure. the linker chains, varying in size from 225 to 283 amino acids, have a conserved cysteine-rich domain within their n-terminal moiety that is homologous to the cysteine-rich modules constituting the ligand ... | 2006 | 16838215 |
| interactions of earthworms with atrazine-degrading bacteria in an agricultural soil. | in the last 10 years, accelerated mineralization of atrazine (2-chloro-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) has been evidenced in agricultural soils repeatedly treated with this herbicide. here, we report on the interaction between earthworms, considered as soil engineers, and the atrazine-degrading community. the impact of earthworm macrofauna on atrazine mineralization was assessed in representative soil microsites of earthworm activities (gut contents, casts, burrow linings). soil with or ... | 2006 | 16867138 |
| [study of molecular mechanisms of the relaxin action on adenylyl cyclase signaling system using synthetic peptides derived from the relaxin receptor lgr7]. | the peptide hormone relaxin in dose-dependent manner stimulates adenylyl cyclase activity in the rat tissues (brain striatum, heart and skeletal muscles) and the muscle tissues of invertebrates--bivalve mollusk anodonta cygnea and earthworm lumbricus terrestris. adenylyl cyclase stimulating effect of the hormone is most expressed in striatum and heart muscles of rats. for identification of the type ofrelaxin receptors, participating in the realization of this effect of the hormone, the peptides ... | 2006 | 16869281 |
| earthworms as vectors of escherichia coli o157:h7 in soil and vermicomposts. | survival and movement of escherichia coli o157:h7 in both soil and vermicompost is of concern with regards to human health. whilst it is accepted that e. coli o157:h7 can persist for considerable periods in soils, it is not expected to survive thermophilic composting processes. however, the natural behavior of earthworms is increasingly utilized for composting (vermicomposting), and the extent to which earthworms promote the survival and dispersal of the bacterium within such systems is unknown. ... | 2006 | 16958908 |
| tree species effects on decomposition and forest floor dynamics in a common garden. | we studied the effects of tree species on leaf litter decomposition and forest floor dynamics in a common garden experiment of 14 tree species (abies alba, acer platanoides, acer pseudoplatanus, betula pendula, carpinus betulus, fagus sylvatica, larix decidua, picea abies, pinus nigra, pinus sylvestris, pseudotsuga menziesii, quercus robur, quercus rubra, and tilia cordata) in southwestern poland. we used three simultaneous litter bag experiments to tease apart species effects on decomposition v ... | 2006 | 16995629 |
| contact angioedema and conjunctivitis caused by lumbricus terrestris: cross-reactivity with anisakis simplex. | | 2007 | 17156349 |
| dehydrogenase activity in lumbricus terrestris casts and surrounding soil affected by addition of different organic wastes and zn. | a laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different organic wastes such as wheat straw (ws), tea production waste (tew), tobacco production waste (tow), cow manure (cm) and hazelnut husk (hh) on dehydrogenase activity (dha) in casts of earthworm lumbricus terrestris and surrounding soil using 5% (dry weight) application rates associated with increasing doses of zn (0, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 microg g(-1)). twenty one days after treatment of zn and organic wastes, the d ... | 2008 | 17451945 |
| vegetable and animal food sorts found in the gastric content of sardinian wild boar (sus scrofa meridionalis). | authors report results emerging from gastric content analysis from n. 96 wild boars hunted in sardinia isle, during the hunting tide (2001-2005), from november to january. mean ph of the gastric content was 3.77 +/- 0.69. mean total capacity (tc) of each stomach was 1702 +/- 680 g. mean stuff ratio (cw/tc) between the content weight (cw) and stomachs tc was 0.45. food categories found in animal stomachs were: 19 categories of vegetal species (allium spp., arbutus unedo, arisarum vulgare, avena f ... | 2007 | 17516948 |
| studies of the molecular mechanisms of action of relaxin on the adenylyl cyclase signaling system using synthetic peptides derived from the lgr7 relaxin receptor. | the peptide hormone relaxin produces dose-dependent stimulation of adenylyl cyclase activity in rat tissues (striatum, cardiac and skeletal muscle) and the muscle tissues of invertebrates, i.e., the bivalve mollusk anodonta cygnea and the earthworm lumbricus terrestris, adenylyl cyclase stimulation being more marked in the rat striatum and cardiac muscle. our studies of the type of relaxin receptor involved in mediating these actions of relaxin involved the first synthesis of peptides 619-629, 6 ... | 2007 | 17763990 |
| comparison of the antitryptic action of the large roundworm of the chicken (ascaridia galli) and the common earthworm (lumbricus terrestris). | | 1949 | 18126541 |
| [influence of lumbricus terrestris earthworms on the structure of the yeast community of forest litter]. | the taxonomic structure of yeast communities was studied in forest litter and soil, as well as in substrates transformed by the activity of lumbricus terrestris earthworms (tree waste from the hole mouths, the gut contents, and coproliths). the activity of l. terrestris has a weak effect on the total yeast abundance but results in substantial changes in their taxonomic composition. the share of ascomycetous yeasts is significantly higher in the substrates associated with the activity of earthwor ... | 2008 | 18365730 |
| [structural and functional characteristics of the adenylyl cyclase signaling system regulated by biogenic amines and peptide hormones in the muscle of a worm lumbricus terrestris]. | it has been shown for the first time that biogenic amines (catecholamines and tryptophane derivatives) stimulate dose-dependently activity of adenylyl cyclase (ac) and gtp-binding of g-proteins in muscle of the cutaneous-muscle bag of the earthworm lumbricus terrestris. by efficiency of their stimulating action on the ac activity, biogenic amines can be arranged in the following sequence: octopamine > tyramine > tryptamine = serotonin > dopamine > isoproterenol = adrenalin. the sequence of effic ... | 2008 | 18959208 |
| protophormia terraenovae. a new allergenic species in amateur fishermen of caceres, spain. | asticot maggot (blowfly, calliphoridae family) is the most important live bait used for angling in our country. prevalence of allergy to live fish bait in occupationally exposed workers has been described. the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of asticot allergy in amateur fishermen and the identification of marketed asticot species in cáceres, spain. | 2009 | 19445862 |
| studies on invertebrate hemoglobins (erythrocruorins). | 1. two high molecular invertebrate hemoglobins (the erythrocruorins of lumbricus terrestris and of nereis virens) as well as the low molecular erythrocruorin of glycera dibranchiata ehlers were studied. their physical chemical properties were compared with those of vertebrate hemoglobin. 2. the hemin of the blood pigment of glycera dibranchiata ehlers was shown to be identical with that of vertebrate hemoglobin. 3. the dissociation rates of glycera and human oxyhemoglobin were measured in the re ... | 1941 | 19873222 |