| jietacins a and b, new nematocidal antibiotics from a streptomyces sp. taxonomy, isolation, and physico-chemical and biological properties. | jietacins a and b, new azoxy antibiotics, were isolated from the culture broth of a streptomycete. the antibiotics have the molecular formulae of c18h34n2o2 and c19h36n2o2, respectively. both possess an azoxy group. they have potent activity against the pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus lignicolus, and are weakly active against some fungi. | 1987 | 3610821 |
| cloning and characterization of a highly conserved satellite dna sequence specific for the phytoparasitic nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus. | the phytoparasitic nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, contains an unusually abundant satellite dna which constitutes up to 30% of its genome. it is represented as a tandemly repeated mspi-site-containing sequence with a monomeric unit of 160 bp. thirteen monomers were cloned and sequenced. the consensus sequence is 62% a+t-rich, with the presence of direct and inverted repeat clusters. monomers of the sequence are very similar, showing on average 3.9% divergence from the calculated consensus. ... | 1993 | 7686872 |
| dna profiling of bursaphelenchus species. | a 1190-bp dna fragment, designated x14, was isolated from a bursaphelenchus xylophilus (isolate j10) genomic library. used as a probe for dna profiling, this fragment identifies the pinewood nematode (bursaphelenchus spp.) at both the species and isolate level. the dna profiles of a number of different species and isolates hybridised with the x14 probe, are presented. the nucleotide sequence of the 1190-bp probe was determined. secondary structure analysis identified a large imperfect inverted r ... | 1994 | 8056336 |
| accumulation of benzoic acid in suspension cultured cells of pinus thunbergii parl. in response to phenylacetic acid administration. | the generation and accumulation of both benzoic acid (ba) and its conjugates were induced in suspension cultured cells of pinus thunbergii by administering either phenylacetic acid (pa), a toxic metabolite of bacillus cereus (strain hy-3) accompanying the pine wood nematode, or a lyophilized culture supernatant of this bacterium. ba conjugates reached their maximal levels in quantity two days after the administration and then decreased gradually until the 14th day, while ba increased significant ... | 1996 | 8987587 |
| relationship between the pathogenicity of the pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, and phenylacetic acid production. | phenylacetic acid (pa), a toxin produced by three strains of bacteria accompanying the pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, was found to be formed in a culture of the nematode. an animal nutrient, nutrient broth (nb) medium, was more suitable for pa production of the accompanying bacteria than a vegetable nutrient, potato sucrose malt extract (psm) medium. it is presumed that dead nematodes in the psm medium provided the bacteria with nutrient for pa production. in the culture of viru ... | 1996 | 8987588 |
| benzoic acid accumulation in the pinus thunbergii callus inoculated with the pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus. | phenylacetic acid (pa), a phytotoxic product of the bacteria accompanying the virulent nematode isolate okd-3 was detected in the callus of pinus thunbergii after inoculation with the nematode. the amount of pa detected was large enough to induced the formation and accumulation of benzoic acid (ba) and its conjugates in the callus. these results further support the hypotheses that pa is the pathogenic toxin and that the pa-producing bacterial strains accompanying the pathogenic nematode are the ... | 1997 | 9232890 |
| antinematodal activity of some tropical rainforest plants against the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus. | sixty five methanolic extracts of sumatran rainforest plants representing 63 species of 21 families were assayed in vivo for antinematodal activity against bursaphelenchus xylophilus using our cotton ball-fungal mat method. extracts of 27 plants species from 14 families exhibited antinematodal activity, while 37 species were inactive. among them, three extracts of bischofia javanica, knema hookeriana and areca catechu exhibited very strong activity at minimum effective dose (med) of 0.7 mg/cotto ... | 2000 | 10817223 |
| two antinematodal phenolics from knema hookeriana, a sumatran rainforest plant. | the activity-guided chromatographic purification of the methanol extract of knema hookeriana, using pine wood nematodes bursaphelenchus xylophilus has successfully led to the isolation and characterization of two phenolic antinematodal compounds with minimum effective dose (med) of 4.5 and 20 microg/cotton ball (microg/bl.) or 0.018 and 0.073 microm/cotton ball (microm/bl.), respectively. based on their chemical and spectral properties, these compounds were determined to be 3-undecylphenol (1) a ... | 2000 | 10817224 |
| development of a water-soluble preparation of emamectin benzoate and its preventative effect against the wilting of pot-grown pine trees inoculated with the pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus. | water-soluble preparations have been investigated to develop a trunk injection agent based on the poorly water-soluble anti-nematode emamectin benzoate. following tests on the phytotoxicity of some solvents and solubilizers and demonstration of the ability of some solubilizers to dissolve emamectin benzoate in water, acetone + methanol was selected as the solvent and polysorbate 80 as the solubilizer. this water-soluble preparation of emamectin benzoate prevented the wilting of pot-grown 4-year- ... | 2001 | 11374165 |
| phytoalexins from pinus strobus bark infected with pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus. | from the bark of pinus strobus infected with pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a stilbenoid 3-o-methyldihydropinosylvin and a flavanone (2s)-pinocembrin were isolated as active principles of inducibly produced antifungal compounds. the structures of the compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. close investigations of spectroscopic analyses led to the complete assignment of 13c nmr and 1h nmr chemical shifts for the former compound and to the determination of ... | 2001 | 11382237 |
| augmentation by bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a pine wood nematode, of polyclonal ige production induced by lipopolysaccharide plus interleukin-4 in murine splenocytes. | bursaphelenchus xylophilus (b. xylophilus) is a pine wood nematode that is known to cause pine wilt disease. we report here that b. xylophilus extracts augmented the polyclonal immunoglobulin e (ige) production induced by lipopolysaccharide (lps) plus interleukin-4 (il-4) both in murine splenocytes and purified b cells as determined by elisa and elispot assays, but they did not cause such a promotion in the absence of either lps or il-4. we also observed that the antigen-nonspecific ige levels w ... | 2003 | 12686761 |
| distribution and persistence of emamectin benzoate at efficacious concentrations in pine tissues after injection of a liquid formulation. | in an earlier paper the authors reported the creation of a novel emamectin benzoate 40 g litre(-1) liquid formulation (shot wan liquid formulation). the injection of this formulation exerted a preventative effect against the pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner & buhrer) nickle, and this effect lasted for at least 3 years. the present study was carried out to show experimentally that the marked effect of this formulation was due to the presence ... | 2004 | 14727740 |
| the pinewood nematode: regulation and mitigation. | in north america, the native pinewood nematode (pwn), bursaphelenchus xylophilus, kills exotic pines. when inadvertently introduced to japan and other asian countries, pwn became a destructive pest of pines. the pwn has been intercepted in pine shipments from north america to europe, where there is concern that it may also kill pines and other conifers. to protect their forests from the pwn and other pests, the european union and other countries now regulate the import of all coniferous chips, s ... | 1997 | 15012519 |
| early embryogenesis of the pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus. | the early embryogenesis and cell lineage of the pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus was followed from a single-cell zygote to a 46-cell embryo under nomarski optics, and elongation of the microtubules was studied by immunostaining. as a b. xylophilus oocyte matures, it passes through a passage connecting the oviduct with the quadricolumella, the distal part of the uterus, and reaches the quadricolumella where it stays for a few minutes and is fertilized. after fertilization, the germina ... | 2004 | 15066194 |
| a new method for loading bursaphelenchus xylophilus (nematoda: aphelenchoididae) on adult monochamus alternatus (coleoptera: cerambycidae). | a new method was developed for loading the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner et buhrer) nickle, on the beetle monochamus alternatus hope. postdiapause beetle larvae were sterilized with 70 and 99.9% aqueous ethanol and placed singly in flasks where b. xylophilus reproduced on the fungus ophiostoma minus (hedgcock) h. et p. sydow that had been grown on autoclaved barley grain and pinus densifiora sieb. et zucc. wood chips. the fungus produced a large nematode population that ... | 2004 | 15279275 |
| a family of glycosyl hydrolase family 45 cellulases from the pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus. | we have characterized a family of ghf45 cellulases from the pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus. the absence of such genes from other nematodes and their similarity to fungal genes suggests that they may have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer (hgt) from fungi. the cell wall degrading enzymes of other plant parasitic nematodes may have been acquired by hgt from bacteria. b. xylophilus is not directly related to other plant parasites and our data therefore suggest that horizontal ... | 2004 | 15304348 |
| physiology and molecular characteristics of a pine wilt nematode-trapping fungus, monacrosporium megalosporum. | we isolated the nematode-trapping fungus monacrosporium megalosporum from nature and examined its morphology, physiology and molecular characteristics. the nematode-trapping device of this fungus is a three-dimensional network. this fungus captures the pine wilt nematode (bursaphelenchus xylophilus), but not a non-phytopathogenic nematode that is morphologically similar to b. xylophilus. the phylogenic relationship of the nucleotide sequence of the rdna its region was close to those of m. thauma ... | 2004 | 15386097 |
| sesquiterpenes from the mycelial cultures of dichomitus squalens. | three new sesquiterpenes including a rearranged hirsutane, dichomitol (1), an aromadendrane, 2beta,13-dihydroxyledol (2), and a 1,10-seco-2,3-seco-aromadendrane, dichomitone (3), were isolated from mycelial solid cultures of dichomitus squalens. their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, and their nematicidal activities against bursaphelenchus xylophilus were assessed. | 2004 | 15620268 |
| molecular and biochemical characterization of an endo-beta-1,3-glucanase from the pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus acquired by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria. | we report the cloning and functional characterization of an endo-beta-1,3-glucanase from the pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus acquired by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria. this is the first gene of this type from any nematode species. we show that a similar cdna is also present in another closely related species b. mucronatus, but that similar sequences are not present in any other nematode studied to date. the b. xylophilus gene is expressed solely in the oesophageal gland cel ... | 2005 | 15727561 |
| nematicidal activity and chemical component of poria cocos. | poria cocos, a famous traditional chinese medicine, was found to have nematicidal activity in experiments searching for nematicidal fungi. the experiment showed it could kill 94.9% of the saprophytic nematode, panagrellus redivivue, 92.6% of the root-knot nematode, meloidogyne arenaria, and 93.5% of the pine nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, on pda plate within 12 hours. according to the nematicidal activity, three new compounds, 2, 4, 6-triacetylenic octane diacid, 2, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydroxyhe ... | 2005 | 15765052 |
| activation of murine peritoneal macrophages by water-soluble extracts of bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a pine wood nematode. | in our previous study, water-soluble extracts from bursaphelenchus xylophilus (b. xylophilus), a pine wood nematode, were shown to enhance interleukin (il)-4 plus lipopolysaccharide-induced polyclonal immunoglobulin (ig) e production in vitro in mice and to increase serum levels of an antigen-nonspecific ige in vivo. here we examined whether the nematode extracts stimulate immunofunctions of murine peritoneal macrophages. in both resident and inflammatory macrophages, fcgamma receptor-mediated p ... | 2006 | 16428838 |
| [construction and screening of phage display single chain antibody library against bursaphelenchus xylophilus cellulase]. | a phage display single-chain variable fragment (scfv) library against bursaphelenchus xylophilus cellulase (bxc) was constructed and used to screen the specific antibodies binding to bxc. the total rna was extracted from fresh spleens of balb/c mice immunized with bxc. gene fragments encoding vh and vl were amplified by rt-pcr and assembled into a single chain by overlapping pcr with a linker dna encoding the peptide (gly4ser)3. the recombinant fragments were cloned into the phagemids (pcantabse ... | 2005 | 16468343 |
| [effects of pine wood nematode on propagation of its carrying bacteria]. | in this paper, the aseptic eggs of bursaphelenchus xylophilus were obtained after treated with 30% h202, and cultured with pinus thunbergii callus. ten b. xylophilus-carrying bacterial strains directly isolated from diseased p. thugbergii and p. massoniana in six epidemic provinces i.e., gcm6-2a pseudomonas putida, gcm6-1a p. putida, zpb1-2a p. putida, hem2a pseudomonas sp., hem1a pseudomonas sp., hem142b pseudomonas sp., gcm1-3a p. cepacia and hm3 pantoeu sp., zpb4-2b staphylococcus sciuri and ... | 2005 | 16515211 |
| cloning and characterization of pectate lyases expressed in the esophageal gland of the pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus. | two pectate lyase genes (bx-pel-1 and bx-pel-2) were cloned from the pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus. the deduced amino acid sequences of these pectate lyases are most similar to polysaccharide lyase family 3 proteins. recombinant bxpel1 showed highest activity on polygalacturonic acid and lower activity on more highly methylated pectin. recombinant bxpel1 demonstrated full dependency on ca2+ for activity and optimal activity at 55 degrees c and ph 8 to 10 like other pectate lyase ... | 2006 | 16570658 |
| acanthocytes of stropharia rugosoannulata function as a nematode-attacking device. | efficient killing of nematodes by stropharia rugosoannulata farlow ex murrill cultures was observed. this fungus showed the ability to immobilize the free-living nematode panagrellus redivivus goodey within minutes and to immobilize the pine wilt nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner & buhrer) nickle within hours on agar plates. moreover, p. redivivus worms were completely degraded by the fungus within 24 to 48 h. the cultures of s. rugosoannulata studied shared the characteristic of abun ... | 2006 | 16598005 |
| seasonal changes in needle water content and needle aba concentration of japanese red pine, pinus densiflora, in declining forests on mt. gokurakuji, hiroshima prefecture, japan. | to evaluate the effects of air pollution on the decline of pinus densiflora forests, various research has been conducted around mt. gokurakuji (34 degrees 23'n, 132 degrees 19'e, 693 m a.s.l.) north of the seto inland sea, west japan. to investigate the mechanisms responsible for decreases in photosynthesis (pn) and stomatal conductance (gl), delta13c of needles and seasonal changes in the water content (wc) and abscisic acid concentration (aba) of needles were measured in various stands. the de ... | 2006 | 16607566 |
| ambient ph signaling regulates expression of the serine protease gene (spr1) in pine wilt nematode-trapping fungus, monacrosporium megalosporum. | we have cloned and characterized spr1, a putative serine protease gene, from a nematode-trapping fungus, monacrosporium megalosporum. the gene was present as a single copy in the genome. the predicted protein sequence of spr1 is homologous to the putative cuticle-degrading serine proteases pii and azo1 from the nematode-trapping fungus, arthrobotrys oligospora. in the 5' untranslated region near the initiation codon, consensus sequences to an area binding site, a well-known mediator of nitrogen ... | 2008 | 16697631 |
| reproductive traits of monochamus galloprovincialis (coleoptera: cerambycidae) under laboratory conditions. | the pine sawyer monochamus galloprovincialis (olivier) is the vector of the introduced pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner & bührer) nickle in portugal, and until recently was considered a secondary forest insect. under laboratory conditions, a study of biological and reproductive traits of 37 insect pairs was conducted. the longevity of both sexes was similar, being 61.2+/-6.5 days for males and 64.0+/-6.3 days for females (mean+/-se). sixteen small-sized insects (22% of the ... | 2006 | 16768817 |
| cloning, expression and deletion of the cuticle-degrading protease blg4 from nematophagous bacterium brevibacillus laterosporus g4. | brevibacillus laterosporus g4, which was isolated from soil sample, kills free-living nematodes (panagrellus redivius) and plant-parasite nematodes (bursaphelenchus xylophilus) and degrades their cuticle in previous bioassay. our works for b. laterosporus g4 had demonstrated that an extracellular alkaline protease blg4 played a key role as a pathogenic factor in infection against nematode. in this study, the nematicidal activity of blg4 was further verified by an in vitro assay with purified rec ... | 2006 | 16897037 |
| [electroantennogram and behavioral responses of monochamus alternatus to the volatiles from pinus thunbergii with different physiological status]. | the volatiles from healthy and pinewood nematode-infested branches of pinus thunbergii were collected by distillation, and analyzed by using hplc and gc-ms. electroantennogram (eag) and behavioral responses of monochamus alternatus with different physiological status to the volatiles were investigated respectively. the results showed that unmated beetle had a greater eag response potential to the volatiles from healthy branch than to those from infested branch, while it was reverse for mated bee ... | 2006 | 16964943 |
| new nematicidal azaphilones from the aquatic fungus pseudohalonectria adversaria ymf1.01019. | two new azaphilone metabolites, named pseudohalonectrin a (1) and b (2), were isolated from the culture of the aquatic fungus pseudohalonectria adversaria ymf1.01019, originally separated from submerged wood in yunnan province, china. pseudohalonectrin a and b were assessed for their nematicidal activity against the pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus and their structures were defined after spectral analysis. this is the first report of secondary metabolites from any member of the genu ... | 2006 | 17020549 |
| [effects of different removal disturbance intensity on plant diversity of bursaphelenchus xylophilus-invaded masson pine community]. | the study on the plant diversity of bursaphelenchus xylophilus-invaded masson pine community under effects of different removal disturbance intensity showed that the species diversity indices (richness, shannon-wiener index and evenness) of arbor layer decreased in the sequence of broad-leaved stand after the removal of all infected pine trees in the pure pine stand in fuyang > lightly infected masson pine - schima superba mixed stand in fuyang > uninfected stand mixture of masson pine and casta ... | 2006 | 17044484 |
| pathogenic cellulase assay of pine wilt disease and immunological localization. | the pine wilt disease caused by bursaphelenchus xylophilus (bx), also known as the pine wood nematode (pwn), is the most devastating disease of pine trees. in this work, a high molecular weight b. xylophilus cellulase antigen (bxca) was purified from total homogenates of nematodes. bxca was found to be able to hydrolyze carboxymethyl cellulose (cmc) efficiently (155.65 u/mg) and to have an approximate molecular mass of 58.9 kda. we harvested anti-bxca antibodies and performed immunocytochemical ... | 2006 | 17090937 |
| screening and isolation of a nematicidal sesquiterpene from magnolia grandiflora l. | the ethanolic extracts from 30 plant species were tested for their nematicidal activity against nematodes bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner & buhrer) nickle and panagrellus redivivus (l.) goodey. the leaf extract of magnolia grandiflora l. exhibited the strongest nematicidal activity against both nematodes, causing 73 and 100% mortality respectively within 48 h at 5 mg ml(-1). a new nematicidal sesquiterpene was obtained from the leaves of m. grandiflora. the compound was determined to be 4,5- ... | 2007 | 17304632 |
| maturation feeding and transmission of bursaphelenchus xylophilus (nematoda: parasitaphelenchidae) by monochamus alternatus (coleoptera: cerambycidae) inoculated with beauveria bassiana (deuteromycotina: hyphomycetes). | we examined the amount of maturation feeding and transmission of pinewood nematodes, bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner et buhrer) nickle (nematoda: parasitaphelenchidae), to healthy pine (pinus spp.) trees by pine sawyer monochamus alternatus hope (coleoptera: cerambycidae) adults infected with beauveria bassiana (balsamo) vuill. (deuteromycotina: hyphomycetes). inoculated beetles fed less than noninoculated beetles, probably because feeding by inoculated beetles began to decrease at about 4 d ... | 2007 | 17370808 |
| cloning and characterization of an extracellular serine protease from the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys conoides. | an extracellular serine protease (ac1) with a molecular mass of 35 kda was purified from the nematode-trapping fungus arthrobotrys conoides. the optimum activity of ac1 is at ph 7.0 and 53.2 degrees c (over 20 min). ac1 can degrade a broad range of substrates including casein, gelatin, bovine serum albumin, collagen, and nematode cuticles. moreover, the enzyme can immobilize the free-living nematode panagrellus redivivus and the pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus, indicating ac1 may b ... | 2007 | 17390124 |
| nematicidal resorcylides from the aquatic fungus caryospora callicarpa ymf1.01026. | this study investigated metabolites with activities against plant parasite nematodes from the fresh-water fungus caryospora callicarpa ymf1.01026. we obtained three novel tetradecalactone metabolites, caryospomycins a-c, with such activities. the chemical structures of these were determined through nmr spectroscopic analysis and were found to belong to the 14-membered macrolides with a fused 1,2-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzene ring, a rare structure among the resorcylides. in the in vitro tests, all ... | 2007 | 17393283 |
| three antinematodal diterpenes from euphorbia kansui. | three compounds, 20-o-acetyl-[3-o-(2'e,4'z)-decadienoyl]-ingenol (1), 20-o-acetyl-[5-o-(2'e,4'z)-decadienoyl]-ingenol (2) and 3-o-(2'e,4'z)-decadienoylingenol (3), were isolated from euphorbia kansui under the bioassay-guided method. each compound showed the same antinematodal activity against the nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, at a minimum effective dose (med) of 5 microg/cotton ball. | 2007 | 17420578 |
| chemotaxis of the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, to volatiles associated with host pine, pinus massoniana, and its vector monochamus alternatus. | the pinewood nematode (pwn), bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the most important invasive species in pine forests of asia, is transported to new pine hosts by beetles of the genus monochamus. third-stage dispersal juveniles (j(iii)) aggregate in pupal chambers around the vector as it matures. we demonstrated that the ratio of three terpenes (alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, and longifolene at 1:2.7:1.1) released by larval monochamus alternatus strongly attract j(iii), whereas the different ratio (1:0.1:0.0 ... | 2007 | 17447123 |
| nematicidal activity of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid against plant-parasitic nematodes. | a nematicide, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid (1), was isolated from cultures of the fungus aspergillus sp. and its structure was identified by spectroscopic analysis. compound 1 showed effective nematicidal activities against the pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus and the free-living nematode caenorhabditis elegans without inhibitory activity against plant growth, but 1 did not show any effective nematicidal activity against pratylenchus penetrans. | 2007 | 17542490 |
| expressed sequence tag (est) analysis of the pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus and b. mucronatus. | most bursaphelenchus species feed on fungi that colonise dead or dying trees. however, bursaphelenchus xylophilus is unique in that in addition to feeding on fungi it has the capacity to be a parasite of live pine trees. we present an analysis of over 13,000 expressed sequence tags (ests) from b. xylophilus and, by way of contrast, over 3000 ests from a closely related species that does not parasitise plants as readily; b. mucronatus. four libraries from b. xylophilus, from a variety of life sta ... | 2007 | 17560668 |
| use of an enhanced green fluorescence protein linked to a single chain fragment variable antibody to localize bursaphelenchus xylophilus cellulase. | the pine wilt disease caused by bursaphelenchus xylophilus (bx), also known as pine wood nematode (pwn), is the most devastating disease of pine trees. in this study, we engineered a highly specific antibody (single-chain fragment variable, scfv) against b. xylophilus cellulase antigen (bxca). the antibody was raised against highly antigenic cellulase purified from pwn that efficiently hydrolyzed carboxymethyl cellulose. total rna was extracted from fresh spleens from balb/c mice immunized with ... | 2007 | 17587683 |
| the nematocidal activity and the structure-activity relationships of stilbenes. | the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner et buhrer) nickle, is the causative agent of the pine wilt disease which has been devastating forests of pinus densiflora sieb.et zucc. and p. thunbergii parl. in japan. to prevent the pine wilt disease, the development of nematocidal compound is required. twenty-one synthesized stilbenes (1)-(20), (23), salicylic acid (21), and phenylsalicilate (22) were examined for their nematocidal activity against an isolate of b. xylophilus (t-4). ... | 2007 | 17613818 |
| fumiquinones a and b, nematicidal quinones produced by aspergillus fumigatus. | new nematicides named fumiquinones a (1) and b (2), together with spinulosin (3), ll-s490beta (4), and pseurotin a (5), were isolated from aspergillus fumigatus and their structures were established by spectroscopic methods including 2d-nmr. compound 1 showed effective nematicidal activities against bursaphelenchus xylophilus and pratylenchus penetrans without inhibiting plant growth except for lettuce seedlings. compound 2 showed effective nematicidal activity against b. xylophilus, but had no ... | 2007 | 17617730 |
| nematicidal metabolites produced by the endophytic fungus geotrichum sp. al4. | from the endophytic fungal strain geotrichum sp. al4, cultivated from the leaves of the neem tree (azadirachta indica), four compounds, 1-4, were isolated from the acoet extract, including two new, chlorinated, epimeric 1,3-oxazinane derivatives. all compounds were assessed for their nematicidal activities against the nematodes bursaphelenchus xylophilus and panagrellus redivivus, and three out of the four isolates showed noticeable bioactivities. | 2007 | 17638333 |
| genetic variation in the invasive process of bursaphelenchus xylophilus (aphelenchida: aphelenchoididae) and its possible spread routes in china. | pinewood nematode (bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is an invasive species that causes a destructive forest disease-pine wilt disease. this disease has been prevalent in some countries in asia since the 1970s. an amplified fragment length polymorphism survey was used to compare the genetic variation of native and invasive nematode populations in china and to examine the changes in genetic diversity during the invasion process. the genetic diversity of chinese populations was slightly higher than that ... | 2008 | 18091770 |
| in vitro assessment of plant lectins with anti-pinwood nematode activity. | two lectin proteins were purified from the corms of pinellia ternata and lycoris radiata. both p. ternata agglutinin (pta) protein and l. radiata agglutinin (lra) protein formed polymers and coagulated both rabbit red blood cells and yeast cells. the two proteins were each diluted to different concentration and then mixed with pinewood nematodes, and nematode survival was measured. results showed that the two lectin proteins showed significant levels of resistance against nematodes and the nemat ... | 2008 | 18158158 |
| do we need many genes for phylogenetic inference? | fifty-six nuclear protein coding genes from taxonomically broad est database and other databases were selected for phylogenomic-based examination of alternative phylogenetic hypotheses concerning intergroup relationship between multicellular animals (metazoa) and other representatives of opisthokonta. the results of this work support sister group relationship between metazoa and choanoflagellata. both of these groups form the taxon holozoa along with the monophyletic ichthyosporea or mesomycetoz ... | 2007 | 18205615 |
| repellent from traditional chinese medicine, periploca sepium bunge. | by using a new bioassay-guided method, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde isolated from the root bark of periploca sepium, a traditional chinese medicine, showed repellent activity against the olive weevil (dyscerus perforatus) at 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 microg/disc, respectively. in addition, it also exhibited antinematodal activity against bursaphelenchus xylophilus at a minimum effective dose of 200 microg/ball. the three related compounds obtained were also evaluated for the above-mentioned bioa ... | 2007 | 18274284 |
| antinematodal activities of ingenane diterpenes from euphorbia kansui and their derivatives against the pine wood nematode (bursaphelenchus xylophilus). | under the bioassay-guided method, two diterpenes, 3-o-(2",3"-dimethylbutanoyl)-13-o-dodecanoylingenol (1) and 3-o-(2",3"-dimethylbutanoyl)-13-o-decanoylingenol (2) isolated from euphorbia kansui, showed a pronounced antinematodal activity against the nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus at the same minimum effective dose (med) of 5 microg per cotton ball and still displayed antinematodal activity at a dose of 2.5 microg per cotton ball. compounds 3-6 were obtained, and the structure of the new co ... | 2008 | 18386489 |
| purification and characterization of recombinant endoglucanases from the pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus. | a family of endoglucanases belonging to glycoside hydrolase family (ghf) 45 have been isolated from the pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus. here we describe the purification and characterization of the recombinant enzymes, named bx-eng-1, 2, and 3, expressed in pichia pastoris. the respective molecular masses of purified bx-eng-1, 2, and 3 were estimated to be 18, 33-39, and 100-140 kda by sds-page, and 18, 67, and 252 kda by gel filtration, suggesting that bx-eng-1 existed in an ungl ... | 2008 | 18460801 |
| cloning and rnai-mediated functional characterization of malac2 of the pine sawyer, monochamus alternatus. | laccase, a member of a group of proteins collectively known as multicopper oxidases, is hypothesized to play an important role in insect cuticle sclerotization by oxidizing catechols in the cuticle to their corresponding quinones, which then catalyze protein cross-linking reactions. laccase 2 has been proved as the gene required for beetle cuticle tanning through rna interference (rnai) experiments on red flour beetle tribolium castaneum. the pine sawyer beetle, monochamus alternatus (coleoptero ... | 2008 | 18477244 |
| ymf 1029a-e, preussomerin analogues from the fresh-water-derived fungus ymf 1.01029. | five new preussomerin analogues, ymf 1029a (1), b (2), c (3), d (4), and e (5), were isolated from the liquid cultures of an unidentified freshwater fungus ymf 1.01029, along with four known compounds, preussomerin c (6), preussomerin d (7), (4rs)-4,8-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2h)-one (8), and 4,6,8-trihydroxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2h)-one (9). the structures of new metabolites were determined by analysis of nmr and ms data and by analogy with the data for the known bis-spirobisnaphtha ... | 2008 | 18479163 |
| the efficiency of rna interference in bursaphelenchus xylophilus. | rna interference (rnai) was performed on several essential genes in the pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which causes pine wilt disease. double-stranded rna (dsrna) was delivered to larvae or adult worms by soaking, electroporation, or microinjection. soaking and electroporation of l2-l3 stage worms in solutions containing dsrna for essential genes induced over 25% lethality after 5 days, and gene-specific phenotypes were observed. this lethality agreed with significant reductions o ... | 2008 | 18525237 |
| nematicidal coumarins from heracleum candicans wall. | the root extract of heracleum candicans wall. exhibited antagonistic activities against nematodes bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner et buhrer) nickle and panagrellus redivivus (linn.) goodey. through bioassay-guided fractionations, three coumarins were obtained from the extract of h. candicans and determined to be 8-geranyloxypsoralen (1), imperatorin (2), and heraclenin (3) based on spectra data. all three compounds possessed nematicidal activities against the two tested nematodes. the median ... | 2008 | 18569707 |
| inhibition of developmental processes by flavone in caenorhabditis elegans and its application to the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus. | flavone (2-phenyl chromone) is a well-known plant flavonoid, but its bioactivity has been little explored. treatment of caenorhabditis elegans or c. brissage with flavones induced embryonic and larval lethality that was pronounced in early larval stages. this anti-nematodal effect was also observed in the pinewood nematode, b. xylophilus. ld(50) values were approximately 100 mum for both b. xylophilus and c. elegans. our results indicate that flavone is an active nematicidal compound that should ... | 2008 | 18596412 |
| nematicidal activity of plant essential oils and components from coriander (coriandrum sativum), oriental sweetgum (liquidambar orientalis), and valerian (valeriana wallichii) essential oils against pine wood nematode (bursaphelenchus xylophilus). | commercial essential oils from 28 plant species were tested for their nematicidal activities against the pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus. good nematicidal activity against b. xylophilus was achieved with essential oils of coriander (coriandrum sativum), oriental sweetgum (liquidambar orientalis), and valerian (valeriana wallichii). analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry led to the identification of 26, 11, and 4 major compounds from coriander (coriandrum sativum), orient ... | 2008 | 18605734 |
| purification and cloning of an extracellular serine protease from the nematode-trapping fungus monacrosporium cystosporium. | an extracellular protease (mc1) was isolated from the nematode-trapping fungus monacrosporium cystosporium by gel filtration, anion-exchange, and hydrophobic interaction chromatographies. this protease had a molecular mass of approximately 38 kda and displayed an optimal activity at ph 7-9 and 56 degrees (over 30 min). its proteolytic activity was highly sensitive to the serine protease inhibitor pmsf (phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, 0.1 mm), indicating that it belonged to the serine-type peptidas ... | 2008 | 18633281 |
| bursaphelenchus xylophilus: opportunities in comparative genomics and molecular host-parasite interactions. | most bursaphelenchus species are fungal feeding nematodes that colonize dead or dying trees. however, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pine wood nematode, is also a pathogen of trees and is the causal agent of pine wilt disease. b. xylophilus is native to north america and here it causes little damage to trees. where it is introduced to new regions it causes huge damage. the most severely affected areas are found in the far east but more recently b. xylophilus has been introduced into portugal an ... | 2008 | 18705876 |
| the cloning and expression of alpha-tubulin in monochamus alternatus. | the japanese pine sawyer monochamus alternatus is one of the major forest pests. it damages pine directly and transfers the nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus to pine wood; resulting in serious economic losses around the world every year. alpha-tubulin is one of most important proteins in most species. we cloned a ubiquitously expressed m. alternatus alpha-tubulin gene and analysed its nucleotides and protein structure; its sequence characters are consistent with what have been reported in othe ... | 2008 | 18754809 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of alkoxycoumarins as novel nematicidal constituents. | we synthesized all of the monomethoxycoumarins, 5-alkoxycoumarins and their derivatives, and investigated their nematicidal activity against the phytopathogenic nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus. among the compounds, 5-ethoxycoumarin showed the highest nematicidal activity. furthermore, 5-ethoxycoumarin was comparatively harmless against both the brine shrimps, artemia salina, and the japanese killifish, oryzias latipes. | 2008 | 18793855 |
| use of magnetic resonance microscopy for the nondestructive observation of xylem cavitation caused by pine wilt disease. | abstract the development of xylem cavitation caused by pine wilt disease was visualized nondestructively with a compact magnetic resonance (mr) microscope system. a t(1)-weighted spin-echo sequence clearly visualized the water-filled xylem of japanese black pine (pinus thunbergii) as white zones, whereas cavitated xylem was represented as dark areas. cavitated areas in the xylem were first observed 6 to 9 days after inoculation with the pinewood nematode (bursaphelenchus xylophilus), and enlarge ... | 2005 | 18943004 |
| detection of the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, using a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. | abstract the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has caused significant damage to pine plantations both in east asia and north america and is an important quarantine organism. a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was developed to detect b. xylophilus. a set of primers and probe specific for b. xylophilus was designed to target the ribosomal dna internal transcribed spacer region. optimal primer concentration, mg(2+) concentration, and extension temperature were 400 nm, 3. ... | 2005 | 18943323 |
| genetic structure of populations of the pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pathogen of pine wilt disease, between and within pine forests. | abstract we analyzed the genetic structure of bursaphelenchus xylophilus populations within individual trees (subpopulations) in three distant pine forests (tanashi, tsukuba, and chiba in japan) based on the polymorphism of four microsatellite (ssr) markers. most of the nematodes from subpopulations in tanashi showed the same genotype over 2 years, indicating that nematodes of that genotype dominated there for years. in contrast, 16 and 15 genotypes were identified in nematode populations from t ... | 2007 | 18943649 |
| identification of genes upregulated by pinewood nematode inoculation in japanese red pine. | pine wilt disease caused by the pinewood nematode (pwn), bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner et buhrer) nickle, has destroyed huge areas of pine forest in east asia, including japan, china and korea. no protection against pwn has been developed, and the responses of pine trees at the molecular level are unrecorded. we isolated and analyzed upregulated or newly induced genes from pwn-inoculated japanese red pine (pinus densiflora sieb. et zucc.) by using an annealing control primer system and sup ... | 2009 | 19203959 |
| nematicidal activities of acetylene compounds from coreopsis lanceolata l. | 1-phenylhepta-1,3,5-triyne (1), 5-phenyl-2-(1'-propynyl)-thiophene (2), and 2-(3'-acetoxy-1'-propynyl)-5-phenylthiophene (3) were isolated from coreopsis lanceolata l., and their structures identified by spectroscopic methods. compounds 1 and 2 showed effective nematicidal activities against bursaphelenchus xylophilus and caenorhabditis elegans, but had hardly any effect against pratylenchus penetrans. compound 3 did not show any effective nematicidal activity. | 2008 | 19227832 |
| role of human-mediated dispersal in the spread of the pinewood nematode in china. | intensification of world trade is responsible for an increase in the number of alien species introductions. human-mediated dispersal promotes not only introductions but also expansion of the species distribution via long-distance dispersal. thus, understanding the role of anthropogenic pathways in the spread of invading species has become one of the most important challenges nowadays. | 2009 | 19247498 |
| comparative studies between portuguese and japanese isolates of the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus. | comparative studies between portuguese (t and hf) and japanese (s10, t4, c14-5 and okd-1) isolates of the pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus have been made in order to provide information to better understand the possible origin of the portuguese isolates, recently introduced in the european union. the main comparative aspects investigated were pathogenicity (seedling mortality ratio), sexual compatibility, and dna sequences of the rdna region. four-year-old japanese black pine (pinus ... | 2006 | 19259459 |
| nematicidal activity of cassia and cinnamon oil compounds and related compounds toward bursaphelenchus xylophilus (nematoda: parasitaphelenchidae). | the nematicidal activity of two cassia, cinnamomum cassia, oils (especial and true), four cinnamon, cinnamomum zey-lanicum, oils (technical, #500, bark and green leaf), and their compounds (e.g., trans-cinnamaldehyde and trans-cinnamic acid) toward adult bursaphelenchus xylophilus was examined by a direct contact bioassay. results were compared with those of 34 related compounds. as judged by 24-hour lc(50) values, two cassia oils (0.084-0.085 mg/ml) and four cinnamon oils (0.064-0.113 mg/ml) we ... | 2007 | 19259472 |
| lack of genetic variation of bursaphelenchus xylophilus in portugal revealed by rapd-pcr analyses. | random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd-pcr) technique was used to assess the level of genetic variability and genetic relationships among 24 portuguese isolates of pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus. the isolates represent the main infested areas of portugal. two additional isolates of b. xylophilus representing north america and east asia were included, and b. mucronatus was used as out-group. twenty-eight random primers generated a total of 640 dna fragments. the nei and li similari ... | 2007 | 19259480 |
| nematicidal and propagation activities of thyme red and white oil compounds toward bursaphelenchus xylophilus (nematoda: parasitaphelenchidae). | the toxic and propagation effects on bursaphelenchus xylophilus of 28 thymus vulgaris red oil and white oil compounds were examined using direct contact and cotton ball bioassays. results were compared with those of the trunk-injection nematicides emmamectin benzoate, levamisol hydrochloride and morantel tartrate. in direct contact bioassays, geraniol (lc(50), 0.47 mg/ml) was the most toxic compound, followed by thymol (1.08 mg/ml), carvacrol (1.23 mg/ml) and terpinen-4-ol (2.61 mg/ml). in cotto ... | 2007 | 19259493 |
| two cyclic dipeptides from pseudomonas fluorescens gcm5-1a carried by the pine wood nematode and their toxicities to japanese black pine suspension cells and seedlings in vitro. | pseudomonas fluorescens gcm5-1a, isolated from the pine wood nematode (pwn), bursaphelenchus xylophilus, was cultured in luria broth medium (lb). the clarified culture was extracted with ethyl acetate, and two dipeptides were purified from the extract. the chemical structures of 1 and 2 were identified as cyclo(-pro-val-)and cyclo(-pro-tyr-), respectively, by ms, (1)h nmr, (13)c nmr,(1)h-(1)h cosy, 1h -(13)c cosy spectra. bioassay results showed that the two compounds were toxic to both suspensi ... | 2007 | 19259494 |
| nematicidal activity of plant essential oils and components from ajowan (trachyspermum ammi), allspice (pimenta dioica) and litsea (litsea cubeba) essential oils against pine wood nematode (bursaphelenchus xylophilus). | commercial plant essential oils from 26 plant species were tested for their nematicidal activities against the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus. good nematicidal activity against b. xylophilus was achieved with essential oils of ajowan (trachyspermum ammi), allspice (pimenta dioica) and litsea (litsea cubeba). analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry led to identification of 12, 6 and 16 major compounds from ajowan, allspice and litsea oils, respectively. these compounds fro ... | 2007 | 19259498 |
| molecular phylogeny of geographical isolates of bursaphelenchus xylophilus: implications on the origin and spread of this species in china and worldwide. | the genetic diversity and phylogeny of 26 isolates of bursaphelenchus xylophilus from china, japan, portugal and north america were investigated based on the d2/3 domain of 28s rdna, nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) sequences, and random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis. the genetic diversity analysis showed that the d2/3 domain of 28s rdna of isolates of b. xylophilus from china, portugal, japan and the us were identical and differed at one to three nucleotides compa ... | 2008 | 19259529 |
| inhibitory effect of bursaphelenchus mucronatus (nematoda: aphelenchoididae) on b. xylophilus boarding adult monochamus alternatus (coleoptera: cerambycidae). | inhibitory effects of bursaphelenchus mucronatus on the number of b. xylophilus carried by an adult monochamus alternatus were investigated using artificial pupal chambers. when pupal chambers were infested with either b. xylophilus or b. mucronatus, the load of b. xylophilus onto the beetle was greater (p < 0.001) than that of b. mucronatus. however, within the pupal chamber there was no difference in the abundance of the third-stage dispersal juveniles, which would molt to the fourth-stage dis ... | 2004 | 19262792 |
| precision and selection of extraction methods of aphelenchid nematodes from maritime pine wood, pinus pinaster l. | four extraction methods for bursaphelenchus xylophilus and other aphelenchid nematodes were compared on the number of nematodes per gram recovered, and on the precision of the mean number of nematodes per gram of pine wood. the number of nematodes per gram recovered by each method, in addition to its inherent shortcomings when the actual number of nematodes is unknown, failed to provide clear rankings among the extraction methods. the precision of the mean number of nematodes per gram did provid ... | 2002 | 19265909 |
| newly discovered transmission pathway of bursaphelenchus xylophilus from males of the beetle monochamus alternatus to pinus densiflora trees via oviposition wounds. | the transmission of bursaphelenchus xylophilus from monochamus alternatus males to pinus densiflora trees via oviposition wounds has been determined. nematode-infested males, with mandibles fixed experimentally to prevent feeding, were placed for 48 hours with pine bolts containing oviposition wounds that had been made by nematode-free females. after removal of the nematode-infested males, the pine bolts were held for 1 month and then examined for the presence of nematodes. reproducing nematode ... | 2002 | 19265963 |
| horizontal transmission of bursaphelenchus xylophilus between sexes of monochamus alternatus. | four experiments were conducted using nematode-infested and nematode-free adults of the cerambycid beetle, monochamus alternatus, to determine horizontal transmission pathways of bursaphelenchus xylophilus. when nematode-infested beetles of one sex and nematode-free beetles of the opposite sex were paired in containers for 48 or 72 hours, the number of nematodes carried by nematode-free beetles tended to increase with increased number of nematodes carried by nematode-infested beetles. the nemato ... | 2003 | 19265968 |
| evolution of parasitism in insect-transmitted plant nematodes. | nematode-insect associations have evolved many times in the phylum nematoda, but these lineages involve plant parasitism only in the secernentean orders aphelenchida and tylenchida. in the aphelenchida (aphelenchoidoidea), bursaphelenchus xylophilus (pine wood nematode), b. cocophilus (red ring or coconut palm nematode) (parasitaphelenchidae), and the many potential host-specific species of schistonchus (fig nematodes) (aphelenchoididae) nematode-insect interactions probably evolved independentl ... | 2003 | 19265987 |
| temperature effects on the transmission of bursaphelenchus xylophilus (nemata: aphelenchoididae) by monochamus alternatus (coleoptera: cerambycidae). | the object of this research was to investigate the effects of ambient temperature on the transmission of the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, by its vector, monochamus alternatus. ninety m. alternatus were reared individually at one of three constant temperatures (16, 20, and 25 degrees c). as the ambient temperature decreased from 25 to 16 degrees c, longevity of vectors decreased, nematode transmission efficiency decreased, and the peak period of nematode transmission was delayed ... | 2000 | 19270955 |
| effect of monochamus carolinensis on bursaphelenchus xylophilus dispersal stage formation. | bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its insect vector, monochamus carolinensis, both develop within rapidly degrading xylem tissue of dying or recently cut trees of pinus spp. the influence of monochamus development on b. xylophilus dispersal stage formation was investigated. nearly all nematodes extracted from wood surrounding beetle galleries were third-stage dispersal juveniles (j3). formation of fourth-stage dispersal juveniles (j4) occurred almost exclusively in the presence of m. carolinensis l ... | 1998 | 19274218 |
| neutral storage lipid and exit behavior of bursaphelenchus xylophilus fourth- stage dispersal juveniles from their beetle vectors. | the j4 dispersal juvenile is a specialized life stage of the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner &buhrer) nickle, that is transported by cerambycid beeries in the genus monochamus. the nlediafion of j4 exit fronl beetle vectors is poorly understood. we hypothesized that decreasing neutral storage lipid in b. xylophilus j4 was related to behaviors leading to their exit from the beetle on which they are carried. j4 remaining within beetles and j4 exited from beetles were fixed, ... | 1998 | 19274219 |
| a nondestructive method of determining bursaphelenchus xylophilus infestation of monochamus spp. vectors. | pine wilt is caused by the nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus, which is transported to host trees in the trachea of monochamus spp. (coleoptera: cerambycidae). the study of the relationship between the nematode and its beetle vectors has been hampered by the inability to estimate nematode presence or density within live beetles. this report describes a rapid method for estimating nematode load within live m. carolinensis and m. alternatus by visual examination of the atrium of the first abdomin ... | 1995 | 19277259 |
| two new species of aphelenchoididae (nemata) from declining red pines in maryland. | aphelenchoides resinosi n. sp. and ektaphelenchus joyceae n. sp. are described and illustrated from red pines of the allegheny plateau of maryland, usa. the new species were found in trees infested with bursaphelenchus xylophilus. primary diagnostic characters of a. resinosi females are constriction of the head, basal stylet knobs, tong postuterine sac, two incisures in the lateral field, and conical tail four to five anal body widths long with a simple terminal mucro. diagnostic characters of t ... | 1995 | 19277282 |
| a rapid and simple method for staining lipid in fixed nematodes. | a method is described for staining lipid in fourth-stage dispersal juvenile nematodes fixed with formal-acetic fixative (fa4:1). bursaphelenchus xylophilus fourth-stage dispersal juveniles were fixed with hot fa4:1 for 24 hours, excess fixative was removed, and a solution of saturated oil red o in 96% ethanol added and allowed to sit for 25 minutes at 60 c. excess oil red o was removed, nematodes were washed twice with 70% ethanol, and were processed to pure glycerin. lipid droplets within the n ... | 1995 | 19277286 |
| pinewood nematode species complex: interbreeding potential and chromosome number. | interbreeding potential, chromosome number, and host range were compared among several isolates and species of bursaphelenchus from diverse geographic areas. some isolates from north america, japan, and france had a wide-ranging interbreeding potential, whereas others were restricted in their potential to hybridize with other isolates. although interbreeding occurred in the laboratory between some "m" and "r" forms of b. xylophilus, interbreeding of b. xylophilus and b. mucronatus was rare. the ... | 1993 | 19279762 |
| detection and identification of bursaphelenchus species with dna fingerprinting and polymerase chain reaction. | we have evaluated the potential of dna-based methods to identify and differentiate bursaphelenchus spp. and isolates. the isolation of a dna probe, designated x14, and development of a dna fingerprinting method for the identification and differentiation of bursaphelenchus species and strains is described. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of dna isolated from bursaphelenchus species using two primers derived from the sequence of the cloned repetitive dna fragment x14 resulted in mult ... | 1993 | 19279787 |
| effect of monochamus carolinensis on the life history of the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus. | the development of bursaphelenchus xylophilus in pine wood infested with and free of monochamus carolinensis was investigated. formation of third-stage dispersal juveniles occurred in the presence and absence of pine sawyer beetles. the proportion of third-stage dispersal juveniles in the total nematode population was negatively correlated with moisture content of the wood. formation of nematode dauer juveniles was dependent on the presence of the pine sawyer beetle. dauer juveniles were present ... | 1993 | 19279829 |
| within-wood spatial dispersion of the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus. | pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus (steiner &buhrer) nickle, spatial dispersion was determined in scots pine, pinus sylvestris l., bolts infested with the pine sawyer beetle, monochamus carolinensis (olivier) and in bolts without m. carolinensis. according to taylor's power law and green's index of dispersion, nematode dispersion was aggregated in both sets of bolts. the degree of aggregation did not differ significantly between beetle-infested and noninfested bolts, suggesting that t ... | 1992 | 19283026 |
| survival and infectivity of bursaphelenchus xylophilus in wood chip-soil mixtures. | to determine the effect of soil environment on the life stages and total numbers of bursaphelenchus xylophilus, nematode-infested wood chips alone and mixed with soil were incubated at 12 and 20 c. nematodes were extracted at 2-week intervals for 12 weeks. numbers of nematodes and percentage of third-stage dispersal larvae were greater at 12 c and in chips without soil. percentage of juveniles of the propagative cycle was greater at 20 c and in chips with soil. although b. xylophilus survived in ... | 1992 | 19283027 |
| influence of temperature on development of pine wilt in scots pine. | the effect of temperature on pine wilt development in scots pine (pinus sylvestris) was examined in three experiments. container-grown pines (4-6 years old) inoculated with 1,500 bursaphelenchus xylophilus were incubated at constant temperatures in growth chamber for 8 weeks, then at a temperature range of 15-30 c in a greenhouse for 10-12 weeks. nematode infection was greater, tree mortality was higher, and disease incubation was shorter at 32 and 30 c than at 25, 23, 18, and 11 c. foliar sympt ... | 1991 | 19283111 |
| cryopreservation of the pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus spp. | populations of three isolates of bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pinewood nematode, and one of b. mucronatus were treated with three cryoprotectants at -70 c for 24 hours followed by deep freezing at -180 c in liquid nitrogen for different periods of time. a solution of 15% glycerol, 35% buffer s, and 50% m9, or 1% aqueous solution of dimethylsulfoxide (dmso), or a mixture of 60% m9 and 40% s buffer were used as cryoprotectants. a significantly larger number of juveniles than adults survived dee ... | 1991 | 19283151 |
| incubation temperature and time effects on life stages of bursaphelenchus xylophilus in wood chips. | wood chips of pinus strobus inoculated with bursaphelenchus xylophilus were incubated at 3, 12, 30, or 40 c during intervals of 47, 82, and 130 days to determine the effects of incubation temperature and time on total number of nematodes and occurrence of each life stage. nematodes did not survive at 40 c; the greatest number of nematodes was maintained at 3 c. the number and percentage of juveniles in the propagative cycle were greatest at 3 c after 47 days, but the percentage was greatest at 3 ... | 1991 | 19283158 |
| temperature-mediated behavioral relationships in bursaphelenchus xylophilus, b. mucronatus, and their hybrids. | the influence of temperature on reproduction and movement was examined for seven geographic isolates of bursaphelenchus xylophilus, three of b. mucronatus, and two of their interspecific hybrids. all nematode isolates tended to be more active and fecund the higher the temperature, with the isolates of b. xylophilus reaching a reproductive peak at higher temperatures than isolates of b. mucronatus. most isolates of b. xylophilus and b. mucronatus did not produce significantly more progeny at high ... | 1992 | 19283200 |
| transmission of bursaphelenchus xylophilus through oviposition wounds of monochamm carolinensis (coleoptera: cerambycidae). | transmission of pinewood nematode through monochamus carolinensis oviposition wounds was documented. nematode transmission was measured as the average number of nematodes isolated per oviposition wound excavated and also as the percentage of oviposition wounds from which nematodes were isolated. the influence of three factors that might affect nematode transmission was investigated: age of the beetle vector, number of nematodes carried per beetle, and egg deposition in the oviposition wound. onl ... | 1992 | 19283214 |
| taxonomic affinities and intra- and interspecific variation in bursaphelenchus spp. as determined by polymerase chain reaction. | identification of closely related nematode species or races can be very difficult when diagnostic characters are plastic and overlapping. in this study we describe the use of polymerase chain reaction technology and direct dna sequencing on 19 populations of bursaphelenchus spp. to help understand their taxonomic relationships. the 5' end of the heat shock 70a gene from caenorhabditis elegans was used as the target dna sequence because it contains both coding and non-coding regions. the results ... | 1992 | 19283215 |
| effect of copper sulfate and lead acetate on infection of pines with bursaphelenchus xylophilus. | treatment of 3-year-old scots, white, and austrian pine seedlings with copper sulfate or lead acetate significantly affected energy homeostasis and oleoresin production in the seedlings but did not induce wilting of the seedlings. inoculation of copper sulfate-treated or lead acetate-treated white, scots, and austrian pine seedlings with the white pine specific pathotype of bursaphelenchus xylophilus, vpst-1, caused a significant increase in oleoresin production, stressed energy homeostasis, and ... | 1989 | 19287570 |
| development of bursaphelenchus xylophilus populations in wood chips with different moisture contents. | bags of pinus strobus wood chips with moisture contents of 38, 92, 164, and 217% (oven dry weight) were inoculated with bursaphelenchus xylophilus and incubated at 30 c in order to determine the effect of wood moisture on nematode population development. nematodes were extracted after 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. population levels were greatest in wood chips with a moisture content of 38% and decreased successively with each higher moisture content. in chips with the three lower moisture contents, pop ... | 1990 | 19287697 |
| change in water status of pinus thunbergii parl. inoculated with species of bursaphelenchus. | maximum and minimum xylem pressure potentials of needles were measured to evaluate water status of pinus thunbergii parl. after inoculation with the virulent or avirulent populations of bursaphelenchus xylophilus or b. mucronatus. in virulent b. xylophilus-inoculated pines, the water status changed abruptly and needle chlorosis occurred by day 29 after inoculation. similar changes were not seen in b. mucronatus-inoculated and uninoculated control pines. oleoresin flow ceased in virulent b. xylop ... | 1990 | 19287700 |
| transmission of pinewood nematode through feeding wounds of monochamus carolinensis (coleoptera: cerambycidae). | transmission of pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, to mature, field grown scots pines through feeding wounds of monochamus carolinensis was investigated by caging nematode-infested beetles on pine branches for 24 hours. nematodes were transmitted to 31 of 64 branches. frequency of successful transmission was independent of the sex of the beetle but dependent upon beetle age. transmission frequencies were highest for beetles 2, 3, and 4 weeks after emergence as adults. the number of n ... | 1990 | 19287715 |