| infective larvae of brugia: escape from mosquitoes into water and subsequent oral infectivity in jirds. | published work showed that third-stage larvae (l-3s) escape into water from dead or dying, brugia pahangi-infected, aedes aegypti. the present study revealed the same escape phenomenon among b. pahangi-infected armigeres subalbatus, anopheles quadrimaculatus, and aedes togoi, and among brugia malayi-infected ae. aegypti and ae. togoi. l-3s maintained in water or in lum's solution for 3 hours retained infectivity when tested in orally or subcutaneously exposed jirds; furthermore, l-3s recovered f ... | 1976 | 8999 |
| development of the timor filaria in aedes togoi: preliminary observations. | developmental stages of the timor filaria recovered from experimentally infected aedes togoi mosquitoes are described. mosquitoes were dissected and examined for larvae beginning 1 1/2 days and continuing daily for 9 days after they had fed on a carrier on the island of flores, indonesia. timor microfilariae develop rapidly to third-stage larvae within the thoracic muscles of a. togoi: the first molt occurs at 3 1/2 days, the second molt as early as 5 1/2 days, and infective forms are found at 6 ... | 1976 | 12255 |
| distribution of acid phosphatase activity in the larval stages of wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, b. pahangi and dirofilaria immitis in the mosquito. | the histochemical distribution of acid phosphatase in microfilariae and in the larval stages of four mosquito-borne filariae: wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi, b. pahangi and dirofilaria immitis was studied using naphthol as-tr-hexazonium technique and light microscopy. accurate differentiation between microfilariae of the four species could be made on the basis of their patterns of acid phosphatase activity. in contrast to microfilariae in the blood, the larval stages in the mosquito exhibit ... | 1977 | 16368 |
| the microfilaria of brugia timori (partono et al. 1977 = timor microfilaria, david and edeson, 1964): morphologic description with comparison to brugia malayi of indonesia. | the microfilaria of brugia timori was compared with microfilariae of indonesian strains of periodic and subperiodic brugia malayi using alcohol-fixed (stained) and formalin-fixed (unstained) preparations. as noted by other observers of the timor microfilaria, the absence of a stained sheath in giemsa preparations, a long cephalic space with a length-to-width ratio of about 3:1, and a great overall body length are features which most readily distinguish this parasite. additionally, b. timori has ... | 1977 | 22593 |
| filariasis in west kalimantan (borneo), indonesia. | a survey was carried out among persons residing in 8 villages in the province of west kalimantan, indonesia to determine the prevalence of filariasis. finger tip blood smears were obtained at night from over 3,000 people and microfilariae of brugia malayi were found in 108 (3.5%) and wuchereria bancrofti in 10 (0.3%). most b. malayi (96 carriers) was found in kakap, a village near the coast, 20 km from the provincial capital of pontianak. nine of 10 cases of w. bancrofti were located in pahauman ... | 1977 | 26980 |
| the vectors of brugia malayi in southern thailand. | mansonia uniformis, with an infective rate of 0.02, was incriminated as the vector of periodic brugia malayi in pattani province. mansonia bonneae and ma. dives, with infective rates of 0.18 and 0.20 respectively, were the vectors of b. malayi in narathiwat, where the microfilarial periodicity was the subperiodic form. | 1978 | 35838 |
| [scanning microscopical observations on the foregut structures o mosquitoes and their role for the ingestion of microfilariae (author's transl)]. | experiments on the transmission of brugia malayi by various mosquitoes had shown that microfilariae ingested by some species were badly damaged when they reached the stomach, but were much less hurt in others. the structures of the foregut likely to cause these injuries, were investigated and documented by scanning microscope techniques. in anopheles albimanus, a. arabiensis, a. stephensi and a. pharoensis which have well developed armatures the microfilariae showed a high rate of destruction. i ... | 1979 | 44040 |
| specific allergic sensitsation to filarial antigens in tropical eosinophilia syndrome. | reaginic antibodies to antigens from the human filarial parasites wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi and the animal parasite dirofilaria immitis were studied by histamine release from basophils in 7 patients with tropical eosinophilia (t.e.) and 18 patients with other manifestations of filarial infection (lymphatic changes or symptomless microfilaraemia). all the patients had antibodies to all three filariae but t.e. patients were more highly sensitised. t.e. patients responded more to antig ... | 1979 | 86883 |
| the effect of diethylcarbamazine in a murine model of brugia malayi microfilaraemia. | the effect of diethylcarbamazine was tested in a murine model of brugia malayi microfilaraemia. a course of therapy similar to that used to treat human infection led to more than a 90% decrease in circulating parasites. experiments in which different amounts of diethylcarbamazine were given as a single dose indicated that its microfilaricidal activity is dose-dependent. the animal model of b. malayi microfilaraemia may be useful for studies of the mechanism of action and pharmacology of diethylc ... | 1979 | 312165 |
| zoonotic aspects of filarial infections in man. | this article gives an account of the filarial parasites found in man and their potential transmissibility to and from other vertebrate animals under natural and experimental conditions.those species that are regarded as being primarily parasites of other vertebrates, but which also infect man, are then dealt with in greater detail. these include the subperiodic strain of brugia malayi and perhaps also b. pahangi, both of which are found in wild and domestic carnivores and monkeys, and dirofilari ... | 1979 | 314349 |
| sensitivity and specificity of skin reactivity to brugia malayi and dirofilaria immitis antigens in bancroftian and malayan filariasis in the philippines. | saline antigen extracts of microfilariae, adult worms and third-stage larvae of subperiodic brugia malayi maintained in gerbils were prepared for use as skin test reagents. patients were studied on three different islands in the philippines, one endemic for bancroftian filariasis (sorsogon, luzon), another endemic for malayan filariasis (palawan) and the third without endemic filariasis (cebu). a dose-response curve was established initially in patients with bancroftian filariasis: thereafter 1. ... | 1977 | 322516 |
| intestinal and blood parasites in the north lore district, central sulawesi, indonesia. | over 1,000 stool specimens from residents of the napu and besoa valleys, central sulawesi, indonesia were examined. schistosoma japonicum was detected in 31% of napu valley residents while in only 2% of the besoa valley residents. hookworm infections were the most frequently encountered helminth parasitisms in both valleys. other helminth parasites encountered were: ascaris lumbricoides, trichuris trichiura, enterobius vermicularis, strongyloides stercoralis, physaloptera sp., diphyllobothrium s ... | 1977 | 335530 |
| brugia malayi infective larval whole worm antigen in the diagnosis of filariasis by skin test. | | 1978 | 359469 |
| human filariae in indonesia. | the distribution of human filariae in indonesia has not changed significantly since initial reports of the disease were made in 1928. wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi are widely distributed but the newly described brugia timori appears to be restricted to the lesser sunda islands. w. bancrofti and b. timori in indonesia are nocturnally periodic and b. malayi has nocturnally periodic and b. malayi has nocturnally periodic and nocturnally subperiodic strains. | 1978 | 360410 |
| distribution and prevalence of cases of microfilaraemia in indonesia. | blood smear surveys were conducted in principal villages on the major islands of indonesia to determine the microfilarial rates presently existing in the populations. a total of 163,454 persons were examined and 10.8 percent found positive for microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi or brugia timori. the highest prevalence rates were found in nusatenggara-maluku-irian jaya (15.5%) followed by sulawesi (13.7%) kalimantan (10.8%) sumatera (8.9%) and jawa and bali (1.7%). many areas en ... | 1978 | 375405 |
| studies on human filariasis in malaysia: immunodiagnosis using indirect immunofluorescence. | the indirect immunofluorescence test using sonicated microfilariae of brugia malayi has been evaluated on 173 sera from patients and persons exposed to wuchereria bancrofti and b. malayi in endemic areas of peninsular malaysia. in the microfilaria-negative group, without signs and symptoms of filariasis 55/62 sera (89%) had titers of 1:16 and less. in the microfilaremic groups and in the amicrofilaremic cases with clinical filariasis, all the sera tested were positive, with the antibody titers r ... | 1979 | 395664 |
| studies on human filariasis in malaysia: immunoglobulin and complement levels in persons infected with brugia malayi and wuchereria bancrofti. | levels of immunoglobulins g, a, m and e as well as complement components c3c and c4 have been determined in populations in various endemic areas in peninsular malaysia and also in filariasis patients. high immunoglobulin levels were seen. in the microfilarial-negative group igg was 2009 mg% while ige was 3967 i.u./ml. in the filariasis group, wuchereria bancrofti patients had significantly higher levels of igg, igm and ige, namely, 3314 mg%, 804 mg% and 18400 i.u./ml respectively. the significan ... | 1979 | 400204 |
| experimental brugia malayi infections in the rhesus monkey. | twenty-eight rhesus monkeys in 3 groups were exposed to single (group i), double (group ii), and multiple (group iii) inoculations with b. malayi infective larvae. infections were monitored by microfilarial and blood counts, selected biochemical tests, ifa responses, and records of body temperature and lymphadenopathy before and/or after treatment with dec. as a whole, the highest microfilaraemia levels were observed in group ii and lowest in group iii monkeys. eosinophilia was a common occurren ... | 1977 | 411182 |
| effect of diethylcarbamazine citrate on fourth stage and adult brugia malayi in cats. | sixty-three experimental and 58 control cats were infected with brugia malayi so that the developing and adult worms localized in the regional lymphatics of the hind legs. at 20 days after infection when brugia were in the 4th larval stage, and at 8 weeks when worms were young adults, cats were divided into groups to test the efficacy of diethylcarbamazine citrate (dec) at various dosage levels. at 100 mg total dec/kg no 4th-stage larvae were seen in 5 cats compared with a mean of 20.4 living la ... | 1979 | 453446 |
| microfilarial periodicity analysis of the survey data from six localities in indonesia. | the survey data of microfilarial periodicity of 2 species of filariae brugia malayi at 4 localities, mahang and lampihong in south kalimantan, bengkulu in south sumatra, palolo in central sulwesi, and the species of brugia timori at 2 localities, flores and alor islands in nusa tenggara were analysed by using aikat and das's modified statistical method. nine cases at mahang and five cases at lampihong were recognized as same group of non-periodic b. malayi and 1 case at mahang was considered to ... | 1979 | 483016 |
| quantitative aspects of the development of mosquito transmitted brugia malayi and brugia pahangi and their distribution in jirds, meriones unguiculatus. | twenty-two jirds, meriones unguiculatus, were exposed to the bites of 2250 females of aedes aegypti carrying an estimated total of 2464 larvae of brugia malayi, and 13 jirds were offered for blood feeding to 1450 mosquitoes infected with about 4460 larvae of brugia pahangi. on necropsy of the jirds, four months after feeding of the mosquitoes, a total of 88 adult filariae of b. malayi and 143 of b. pahangi were recovered in 20 and 13 jirds respectively. the majority of the adult filariae was obt ... | 1979 | 483379 |
| diethylcarbamazine enhances antibody-mediated cellular adherence to brugia malayi microfilariae. | treatment with the antifilarial drug diethylcarbamazine (dec) results in a rapid decline in the number of microfilariae circulating in the blood of infected hosts. dec induces morphological changes in the surface layers of microfilariae, but these alterations alone are probably insufficient to cause the death of the parasite, because the drug fails to reduce microfilaraemia in animals lacking filarial antibodies, and also does not shorten the survival of microfilariae in vitro. the effect of dec ... | 1979 | 514361 |
| the exsheathment of brugia pahangi microfilariae under controlled conditions in vitro. | two reproducible techniques for the exsheathment in vitro of microfilariae of brugia pahangi, and other sheathed microfilariae, are described. microfilariae were isolated from infected cat blood by filtration and suspended in hank's balanced salt solution. the first technique involved the incubation of isolated microfilariae for one hour in 20 mm cacl2 in a phosphate-free balanced salt solution, during which time approximately 90% of the microfilariae lost their sheaths. the second method of exs ... | 1979 | 573989 |
| the development of exsheathed microfilariae of brugia pahangi and brugia malayi in mosquito cell lines. | | 1979 | 573990 |
| brugia malayi microfilaraemia in mice: a model for the study of the host response to microfilariae. | microfilariae of brugia malayi were obtained from the peritoneal cavities of infected gerbils and were then injected intravenously into mice. a sub-periodic, nocturnal microfilaraemia was produced. the level of microfilaraemia was proportional to the number of parasites injected, with approximately 1-3% of microfilariae being found in the peripheral circulation. the duration of microfilaraemia was proportional to the number of parasites injected; it subsided by 30 days after injection of 104 mic ... | 1979 | 575562 |
| transovarially-transmitted intracellular microorganisms in adult and larval stages of brugia malayi. | observation of intracellular organisms in the lateral chords of brugia malayi adults initiated further studies to determine the prevalence of these organisms within the tissues of adult worms and of larvae. the organisms were found in the lateral chords of adult males and females, microfilariae, first-, second-, third-, and fourth-stage larvae. in the females, they were present in the oogonia, oocytes, and developing eggs, suggesting transovarial transmission within the life cycle of the filarid ... | 1977 | 592054 |
| the influence of the gene sb in culex pipiens on the development of sub-periodic brugia malayi and wuchereria bancrofti. | the gene sb (filarial susceptibility, brugia pahangi) in culex pipiens controls the development also of sub-periodic b. malayi, but has no influence on the development of periodic wuchereria bancrofti (ceylon strain). c.p. fatigans (kuala lumpur), c.p. molestus (london) and aedes aegypti (re fm strain) were all susceptible to the ceylon strain of w. bancrofti, with susceptibility rate of 90.3%, 92.9% and 52.6% respectively. however, a low proportion of the larvae in a. aegypti developed to matur ... | 1977 | 596959 |
| intestinal and blood parasites in the banggai kabupaten, central sulawesi, indonesia. | a survey for blood and intestinal parasites was carried out in the banggai kabupaten central sulawesi, indonesia. a total of 336, stool specimens were obtained from 182 males and 154 females ranging in age from 2 to 90 years. hookworm, trichuris trichiura and ascaris lumbricoides were the most common helminths encountered. schistosoma japonicum was noticeably absent in the population sampled. the following intestingl protozoa were detected: entamoeba coli, e.histolytica, iodamoeba bütschlii, gia ... | 1977 | 607427 |
| brugia malayi in seven villages in south kalimantan, indonesia. | seven villages in south kalimantan were visited in 1971 and night peripheral blood smears from 2,764 people examined for microfilariae. brugia malayi was found endemic in all villages with microfilarial rates of 12--46% (average 25%) and the median microfilarial density (mfd50) of 6 to 15 microfilariae per 20 microliter of blood. the microfilariae showed a typical subperiodic pattern. the disease was more common in males than females and the prevalence increased with age. clinical manifestations ... | 1977 | 607430 |
| malayan filariasis in central sulawesi (celebes), indonesia. | seven villages in central sulawesi were surveyed in september 1971 and finger blood samples from 3,658 persons examined for microfilariae. periodic, nocturnal brugia malayi was endemic in all seven villages with microfilarial rates (mf-rate) of 10-42% (av. 25%). the median microfilarial density (mfd50) averaged 5.4 and varied from 0.8 to 9.4 microfilariae per 20 microliter of blood. males had higher mf-rate and mfd50 value than females and in males mf-rates and mfd50 values increased with age. i ... | 1977 | 614706 |
| histochemical differentiation of brugia, wuchereria, dirofilaria and breinlia microfilariae. | histochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase activity in microfilariae gives sufficiently characteristic and consistent results for the differentiation of even closely related species. no difference could be detected among nocturnally periodic, nocturnally subperiodic and diurnally subperiodic brugia malayi, but they could readily be distinguished from b. pahangi. similarly, dirofilaria repens could be readily distinguished from d. immitis and b. booliati from b. sergenti. the enzyme distribu ... | 1978 | 666387 |
| hybridization between brugia patei, b. pahangi and sub-periodic b. malayi. | virgin females of brugia malayi, b. pahangi and b. patei were mated with males of species other than their own to determine whether they would hybridize. microfilariae were produced in all but one cross (that between b. pahangi males and b. malayi females). hybrid infective larvae, produced in mosquitoes and inoculated intraperitoneally into jirds, grew to adults but these were unable to produce microfilariae because hybrid males did not produce spermatozoa. hybrid females were fertile and produ ... | 1978 | 704146 |
| brugia malayi in kresek, west java, indonesia: the effect of environmental changes of filarial endemicity. | a survey was conducted in kresek, west java, indonesia and 813 persons from six villages examined for filariasis. only eight had microfilaremia and one male person had elephantiasis. comparing results obtained approximately ten years earlier and the present survey, there was a marked decrease in the microfilarial rate in kresek, especially in penameng, during the interim. there was no drug treatment, insecticide application or any dramatic population movement. the development of a well-organized ... | 1978 | 734755 |
| the differentiation of brugia malayi, b. pahangi, b. tupaiae and wuchereria bancrofti. | during studies on filariasis in thailand, attempts were made to differentiate wuchereria bancrofti and brugia spp. by morphological characteristics, as well as by vector species. | 1975 | 775653 |
| parasitic infections in humans in west kalimantan (borneo), indonesia. | a survey was carried out among inhabitants of eight villages in west kalimantan province (borneo), whereby blood smears were examined for malaria, stools examined for intestinal parasites and sera tested by the indirect hemagglutination test for antibodies to entamoeba histolytica and toxoplasma gondii. the prevalence of malaria among 3017 people examined was 5.6% (plasmodium vivax 2.8%, plasmodium falciparum 2.8%). brugia malayi microfilariae were found in 3.6% and wuchereria bancrofti in 0.3%. ... | 1976 | 788263 |
| susceptibility of the "bush baby" (galago crassicaudatus panganiensis) to brugia malayi and b. pahangi. | | 1975 | 809564 |
| microfilaria malayi in uveitis: case report. | a case of uveitis with microfilariae in the anterior chamber is reported. the organism was recovered from the aqueous and identified as brugia malayi. | 1977 | 857871 |
| lymphatic patterns of cats infected with brugia malayi and streptococcus. | approximately 50% of the hind legs of cats infected with brugia malayi and insulted with a beta haemolytic streptococcus became elephantoid in appearance after four to six weeks. this condition was found to be reversible. collateral lymphatic vessels were seen by lymphography in most of the brugia-streptococcus-infected legs. the popliteal draining systems in two of three cats, which harboured no worms, appeared normal by lymphography at 18 weeks. | 1977 | 860309 |
| brugia timori sp. n. (nematoda: filarioidea) from flores island, indonesia. | brugia timori sp. n. from experimentally-infected mongolian jirds (meriones unguiculatus) is described. the adult male differs from other brugia species, except brugia malayi, in having a spicular ratio of 3 : 1; it differs from b. malayi in having greater numbers of subventral adanal papillae (up to 5 on each side) that are loosely spaced and irregularly positioned about the cloaca, a greater diameter of the capitulum of the left spicule, greater lengths of the proximal- and midsections of the ... | 1977 | 864573 |
| the combined effect of a cutaneo-lymphatic fungus, sporothrix schenckii and a lymphatic-dwelling nematode, brugia malayi. | domestic cats were infected with third-stage brugia malayi in such a way that the parasites were restricted to the regional lymphatics of one hind limb. later, these cats were exposed on the same leg to the yeast phase of sporothrix schenckii. edema and fibrosis were more extensive in cats infected with both brugia and sporothrix than in cats with either of these organisms alone. lesions tended to appear earlier, more consistently and progressed more rapidly in cats with dual infections than in ... | 1977 | 883012 |
| the periodicity of brugia malayi in south thailand. | the periodicity of brugia malayi microfilariae were studied in the two endemic areas of the south thailand i.e. in pattani and narathiwat provinces. it was found that in pattani province the microfilariae had a markedly nocturnal periodicity character while in narathiwat province they were of a nocturnal sub-periodic type. moreover, the microfilariae of periodic form in giemsa stained blood films usually had "unsheathed" appearance (71.5%), while those of sub-periodic type were mostly of "sheath ... | 1977 | 918710 |
| antistreptolysin o titers of cats infected with brugia malayi and with streptococci. | this study evaluated the usefulness of determining antistreptolysin o(aso) titers in filariasis. the aso titers were elevated in most convalescence sera, but did not reflect comparable pathology resulting from dual brugia-streptococcal infections in cats. | 1977 | 918715 |
| parasitology survey in northern sumatra, indonesia. | a parasitology survey was conducted in five villages in north sumatra, indonesia. a total of 3,207 blood smears, 2,066 stool specimens and 969 sera were examined. sixty (1.9%) inhabitants had malaria (plasmodium vivax 41, p. falciparum 19), and 20 had brugia malayi microfilaraemia. the most common intestinal helminths were trichuris trichiura (87%), ascaris lumbricoides (75%) and hookworm (58%). other helminths found in low numbers were enterobius vermicularis, strongyloides stercoralis, taenia ... | 1976 | 950682 |
| brugia malayi in a cervical smear. | a microfilaria, identified as that of brugia malayi, was found in a routine cervical smear from a healthy, 38-year-old female malaysian aborigine. | 1976 | 961988 |
| brugia malayi, brugia pahangi, and brugia patei: pulmonary pathology in jirds, meriones unguiculatus. | | 1976 | 976421 |
| anopheles barbirostris (van der wulp) still an efficient vector of brugia malayi in central sulawesi (celebes), indonesia. | | 1976 | 982523 |
| oral transmission of brugia malayi to jirds. | | 1976 | 1003273 |
| filariasis in the minahassa. | a survey concerning the occurrence of filariasis was carried out in likupang, a village in the minahassa, the norther tip of the island of celebes. we found four patients with elephantiasis of the leg. only of people living in their neighbourhood proved to be positive for microfilariae of brugia malayi. this result differs from surveys formerly carried out in whole sulawesi, where locally microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti occurred next to those of b. malayi. | 1976 | 1014078 |
| the comparative susceptibility of male and female and of mature and immature cats to infection with sub-periodic brugia malayi. | | 1976 | 1019389 |
| a study of the microfilarial periodicity at bireuen, the type locality of brugia malayi. | a field study was conducted in august 1974 at bireuen, indonesia, at the type locality of brugia malayi from where the parasite was first described by lichtenstein (1927) and brug (1927), in order to determine the pattern of the microfilarial periodicity. from the results, it has been demonstrated that both the microfilariae of b. malayi as well as those of w. bancrofti in man from bireuen area are the nocturnally periodic form. the microfilaria rates observed in the present survey were much lo ... | 1976 | 1025738 |
| experimental attempts to induce ocular infection in cats with subperiodic brugia malayi. | in an attempt to determine whether the finding of human ocular lesions due to b. malayi was due to the site of entry of the infective larvae, cats were infected via ocular instillation, subconjunctival inoculation, subcutaneous inoculation around and infective mosquito bites over the eyes. although no conjunctival lesion was seen patent infections were produced via ocular instillation, subconjunctival and subcutaneous inoculation of infective larvae. adult worms were also recovered from periorbi ... | 1976 | 1027103 |
| parasitological survey in gorontalo north sulawesi, indonesia. | a survey for blood and intestinal parasites was carried out in the municipality of gorontalo on the minahasa peninsula of north sulawesi. a total of 156 stool specimens were obtained from 83 males and 73 females. trichuris trichiura, ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, unidentified dicrocoeliid-like ova and entamoeba coli, in that order, were the most common intestinal parasites detected. other intestinal parasites found less frequently were entamoeba histolytica, iodamoeba bütschlii, endolimax nan ... | 1976 | 1030844 |
| intestinal and blood parasites of man in bireuen and takengon, aceh province, sumatra, indonesia. | a survey for blood and intestinal parasites was carried out in aceh province of north sumatra, indonesia. a total of 348 stool specimens were obtained from 167 males and 181 females ranging in age from 6 months to 70 years. over 98% of the population sampled were found infected with at least one intestinal parasite. ascaris lumbricoides, trichuris trichiura, hookworm and entamoeba coli, in that order, were the most common parasites detected. other intestinal parasites found less frequently were ... | 1976 | 1030850 |
| effect of diethylcarbamazine on third stage brugia malayi larvae in cats. | forty-one experimental and 37 control cats were each infected with 50 brugia malayi larvae in such a way that a preponderance of the larvae remained localized in the popliteal lymph node or in the lymphatics of the leg draining into that node. during the 1st week after infection cats were treated with varying doses of diethylcarbamazine citrate (dec). two weeks after infection, necropsy for worm recovery was performed on treated and control cats. no living larva was recovered from 21 of 22 cats ... | 1975 | 1111358 |
| the ultrastructure of adult brugia malayi (brug, 1927) (nematoda: filarioidea). | the ultrastruct of the adult subperiodic brugia malayi (brug, 1927) within pulmonary arteries of male jirds (meriones unguiculatus) was studied by transmission electron microscopy. the cuticle consists of 10 sublayers (2 of which are prominently banded) and a typical outer unit membrane. evidence is presented showing that the subcuticular region of the lateral chords comprises a functional complex of basal infoldings, multivesicular bodies, and associated mitochondria, which is probably engaged ... | 1975 | 1138041 |
| experimental infection of rattus sabanus and rattus muelleri with subperiodic brugia malayi. | r. sabanus and r. muelleri are very common in the lowland forests of malaysia. in nature they are infected with breinlia sp. and d. ramachandrani. in an attempt to determine whether they are also susceptible to subperiodic b. malayi and thereby being potential reservoirs of infection of the disease, 24 r. muelleri and 17 r. sabanus were experimentally infected with the parasite. results show that although they can support the full development of the parasite, they are poor hosts. this confirms t ... | 1975 | 1145240 |
| distribution and development of brugia malayi in reinfected cats. | at various time periods after an initial exposure to 50 brugia malayi larvae on one hind foot cats were reexposed to an additional 50 larvae in one of 3 ways: on the previously infected limb only, on the contralateral, uninfected limb only, or on both hind limbs simultaneously. at the time of reexposure uninfected controls were exposed to 50 larvae on one hind foot in a similar manner. from 2 to 4 weeks after reexposure to larvae, the cats were necropsied and the appropriate lymph nodes and vess ... | 1975 | 1165544 |
| studies on filariasis in the pacific. 5. brugia malayi filariasis in treated and untreated populations of south borneo. | a blood survey employing membrane filter concentration (mfc) and examination of stained 20 c.mm thick blood films as diagnostic methods was carried out in banjar regency of south borneo, an area of endemic b. malayi filariasis. in untreated populations the mf rate, as revealed by mfc, ranged from 23.2% for the 5-9 year old group to 43.7% for the greater than 50 year old group. for all age groups approximately one half of the microfilaraemias were of a low grade nature, diagnosed by mfc only. in ... | 1975 | 1166344 |
| the effect of streptococcus on the persistence of brugia malayi and on the production of elephantiasis in cats. | | 1975 | 1201891 |
| mastomys natalensis as an experimental host for brugia malaye subperiodic. | infective larvae of brugia malayi subperiodic obtained by dissection of infected aedes togoi were injected subcutaneously into the scrotal region of mastomys natalensis. from altogether 58 infected male m. natalensis 81% showed consistently or intermittently detectable microfilaraemia, whereas in 19% of the animals no microfilaraemia could be detected at any stage. the mean prepatent period was 136 days; the microfilarial density varied from 1 to 535 per 20 c. mm blood. in those animlas with con ... | 1975 | 1221502 |
| immunological cross-reaction between an onchocerca paramyosin-like molecule and a microfilaria surface antigen. | a monoclonal antibody (2a5b9), previously shown to be reactive with a 14 kd surface associated antigen of onchocerca microfilariae, was found to recognise a 92 kd molecule present in an adult worm extract. the antibody was used to select cdna clones with a coding capacity larger than 14 kd, from a lambda gt11 library of o. volvulus. nucleotide sequencing of the cdna of one such clone revealed extensive homology to the myosin (unc-54) and paramyosin (unc-15) genes of caenorhabditis elegans, simil ... | 1992 | 1281925 |
| specific and sensitive igg4 immunodiagnosis of onchocerciasis with a recombinant 33 kd onchocerca volvulus protein (ov33). | the full length cdna of the immunodominant ov33 protein of onchocerca volvulus was expressed in e. coli using various vector constructs. expression was best with the vectors pgex2t and pcg808fx, yielding fusion protein ov33-gst and ov33-mbp, respectively. purified fusion protein ov33-gst and o. volvulus antigen extracts (ovag) were used to compare antibody responses (igm and igg-subclasses) of patients infected with o. volvulus, brugia malayi, wuchereria bancrofti, mansonella perstans/loa loa an ... | 1992 | 1281926 |
| characterization of a muscle-associated antigen from wuchereria bancrofti. | a recombinant clone, wbn1, isolated from a genomic expression library of wuchereria bancrofti and showing restricted specificity at the dna level (southern and pcr analyses) for wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi has been previously described. sequence analysis of wbn1 indicated that it had notable similarity to myosin. further characterization using in situ hybridization has localized the mrna in the muscle of the adult parasite and in the microfilariae. rabbit polyclonal antiserum, raised ... | 1992 | 1283597 |
| a comparative study of acetylcholinesterase activity in bovine (s. cervi) and human (b. malayi, w. bancrofti) filaria. | setaria cervi, a bovine filarial parasite, contains a significant amount of acetylcholinesterase (ache) activity with microfilaria having five to ten times more ache activity than female and male adult worms, respectively. because ache shows substrate specificity and hydrolyzes acetylthiocholine but not butrylthiocholine, this parasitic enzyme is likely a true acetylcholinesterase. the latter also resembles an ache enzyme in the human filarial parasite b. malayi which hydrolyzes acetylthiocholin ... | 1992 | 1293431 |
| efficacy of diethylcarbamazine medicated salt in interrupting brugia malayi transmission in hill tribe settlements in kerala state. | a filariasis survey carried out about eight years after achieving zero microfilaria (mf) rates following administration of diethylcarbamazine (dec) medicated salt in the kani hill tribe settlements in quilon and thiruvananthapuram districts of kerala state revealed that there was no reappearance of brugia malayi infection in the experimental areas. mf rates were maintained at zero level in the experimental villages, while in the control villages, 2.9 per cent mf positives were observed. mansonia ... | 1992 | 1296947 |
| [serological epidemiologic surveillance on filariasis by elisa]. | in 1984-1990 longitudinal or sectional serological surveillance on filariasis by elisa with brugia malayi adult antigen was carried out in 6 villages, yuhang county, zhejiang province, where malayan filariasis had been under control. during that period the microfilaraemia rate of inhabitants had been declining continuously till nil, the positive rate and mean optical density (od) value in elisa for positive inhabitants concurrently declined year by year, especially for children under age of 10. ... | 1992 | 1303334 |
| daily diethylcarbamazine for the treatment of brugia malayi microfilaria carriers. | diethylcarbamazine is effective for the treatment of brugian filaria carriers. however, the 12-day course with a daily dose of 6 mg per kg body weight is rarely completed. the world health organization has indicated the need for better regimes to control filariasis. | 1992 | 1304282 |
| intravascular filarial parasites inhibit platelet aggregation. role of parasite-derived prostanoids. | the nematode parasites that cause human lymphatic filariasis survive for long periods in their vascular habitats despite continual exposure to host cells. platelets do not adhere to blood-borne microfilariae, and thrombo-occlusive phenomena are not observed in patients with circulating microfilariae. we studied the ability of microfilariae to inhibit human platelet aggregation in vitro. brugia malayi microfilariae incubated with human platelets caused dose-dependent inhibition of agonist-induced ... | 1992 | 1313445 |
| identification of a novel transglutaminase from the filarial parasite brugia malayi and its role in growth and development. | recently, we reported the presence of a putative transglutaminase in adult female worms of brugia malayi [1]. the enzyme activity was shown to be essential for in utero growth and development of microfilariae. here, we demonstrate that adult worms of b. malayi have a large amount of epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine isopeptide bonds, a product of physiologically active transglutaminase. a 25-kda immunoreactive band detected in female worm extracts by a monospecific monoclonal antibody (cub 7401) ag ... | 1992 | 1354328 |
| the resting and house frequenting behavior of mansonia annulifera, ma. uniformis and ma. indiana, the vectors of malayan filariasis in kerala state, india. | mansonia annulifera, was recorded to be an endophilic species, preferring to rest indoors, while ma. uniformis was exophilic, having a predilection for outdoor resting habitats, eg bushes and shrubs. ma. indiana did not show a clear preference to either of these biotopes. in indoor resting collections, the unfed proportion of ma. uniformis was significantly higher during post-dusk compared to day hours (p < 0.05), indicating that this exophilic species enters houses during dusk hours for feeding ... | 1992 | 1359651 |
| [observation on the early development of inoculated brugia malayi microfilariae in mosquitoes]. | this paper reports the early development and variation of inoculated brugia malayi microfilariae in 3 groups of mosquitoes, i. e. young anopheles sinensis, young culex quinquefasciatus and old cx. quinquefasciatus. significant differences were observed among these groups. sixty hours after inoculation, the percentage of normally developing filarial larvae in young an. sinensis was 72.3%; the percentage of melanized microfilariae in young cx. quinquefasciatus was 75.4% and the percentage of filar ... | 1992 | 1363886 |
| response of mast cells against filarial antigens from experimentally infected mastomys natelensis with brugia malayi. | the role of antigens of brugia malayi adult worms in induction of histamine release from mast cells was studied. both peritoneal and lung mast cells were passively sensitized using immune serum collected from mastomys natelensis on different days after infection with b. malayi. a significant release of histamine both with crude worm and 60-kd antigens was shown. however, the role of the 43-kd antigen in histamine release was comparable to that of control. when the sera were heat inactivated, the ... | 1992 | 1382749 |
| cd8+ t lymphocytes are not required for murine resistance to human filarial parasites. | mice are resistant to the establishment of infection with the nematode parasite brugia malayi, an etiologic agent of human lymphatic filariasis. we have recently shown that t and b lymphocyte-deficient c.b.-17 scid/scid mice are permissive for infection with this parasite, whereas coisogenic c.b.-17+/+ mice are resistant. this observation suggests that t and b lymphocytes that comprise the antigen-specific immune system orchestrate murine resistance to b. malayi. in order to define the component ... | 1992 | 1386111 |
| biochemical and immunologic characterization of a major ige-inducing filarial antigen of brugia malayi and implications for the pathogenesis of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. | a major allergen of the human filarial parasite brugia malayi has been identified by two-dimensional immunoblot analysis using a serum pool from patients with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. the allergen is composed of two ag with m(r) 23 and m(r) 25 and acidic isoelectric point (bm23-25). immunoblots using affinity-purified ige antibodies to bm23-25 indicated that bm23-25 is expressed mainly in the microfilarial stage. digestion of the allergen with endoglycosidases indicates that it has n-lin ... | 1992 | 1401928 |
| characterization of the intracellular melanization response in anopheles quadrimaculatus against subperiodic brugia malayi larvae. | intracellular melanization, a defense or an immune response in the thoracic muscle cells, was investigated in a refractory strain of anopheles quadrimaculatus infected with larvae of brugia malayi. in mosquitoes fed on b. malayi-infected jirds, intracellular melanization against first-stage larvae (l1) was better expressed when fewer than 40 microfilariae reached the thoracic muscle cells than when more than 40 microfilariae reached the thoracic muscle cells. this result suggests that when large ... | 1992 | 1403431 |
| community participation in the control of filariasis. | a programme was launched in 1986 for the control of brugian filariasis in an area of high endemicity in southern india. sustained community involvement was achieved by integrating economic measures to improve the lot of the people with the creation of widespread awareness about the cause of the disease and about the possibilities of combating it. | 1992 | 1418331 |
| antigenicity of a protective recombinant filarial protein in human bancroftian filariasis. | a 92-kda fusion protein that encodes amino acids 1-479 of a 62-kda brugia malayi antigen induces resistance to microfilariae in mice. the antigenicity of this recombinant protein was explored in asymptomatic residents of wuchereria bancrofti-endemic areas of papua new guinea and egypt. unlike sera from individuals in nonendemic areas, sera from residents of endemic areas contained igg3 antibodies (up to dilution 1:1280) reactive with the fusion protein. there was little or no recombinant antigen ... | 1992 | 1431265 |
| ivermectin for the treatment of periodic malayan filariasis: a study of efficacy and side effects following a single oral dose and retreatment at six months. | ivermectin, a new antifilarial drug and currently the drug of choice for the treatment of onchocerciasis, has been shown to be effective in bancroftian filariasis. we report here, for the first time, the efficacy and safety of the drug in the treatment of filariasis caused by periodic brugia malayi. sixty male, asymptomatic microfilaraemics of alleppey district, kerala, south india, received single oral doses of ivermectin in a double blind study. four dosages were used: 20, 50, 100 and 200 micr ... | 1992 | 1449275 |
| diethylcarbamazine treatment of bancroftian and malayan filariasis with emphasis on side effects. | a total of 1015 filarial carriers were hospitalized and treated with dec either in a long course with light doses (6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 mg kg-1 b.w. divided into three doses daily for seven days) or in a short course with heavy doses (15 mg kg-1 b.w. once daily for one, two or three days). the efficacy of the long course (85%) was much higher than that of the short course (59%); but the reaction rate following the heavy dose (87%) was higher than that following the light dose (72%). for brugia malay ... | 1992 | 1463361 |
| videomicroscopy of intralymphatic-dwelling brugia malayi. | | 1992 | 1463367 |
| reduction in the susceptibility of aedes aegypti to brugia malayi infection after treatment with ethyl methanesulfonate. | the susceptibility to brugia malayi infections of f2 and f4 progenies of aedes aegypti (black eye strain) treated with ethyl methanesulfonate (ems) was tested. both 3-day-old males and females were treated with 0.025, 0.050, 0.075 and 0.10% ems. control and treated females were then mated with normal or treated males to recover f1 progeny. f2 offspring were derived from sibling intercrosses, and 3 lines were established by further intercross matings to generate the f4. susceptibility in the 0.02 ... | 1992 | 1474390 |
| factors affecting transmission of wuchereria bancrofti by anopheline mosquitoes. 4. facilitation, limitation, proportionality and their epidemiological significance. | quantitative understanding of the transmission dynamics of lymphatic filarial parasites is essential for the rational planning of control strategies. one of the most important determinants of transmission dynamics is the relationship between parasite yield, the success rate of ingested microfilariae (mf) becoming infective larvae in a mosquito vector, and mf density in the source of the human blood meal. three types of relationship have been recognized in human filaria/mosquito couples--limitati ... | 1992 | 1475823 |
| filarial parasites contain a ras homolog of the tc4/ran/spil family. | we have isolated and characterized a gene encoding a novel gtp-binding protein of the gtpase superfamily in the filarial parasites brugia malayi and onchocerca volvulus. the deduced amino acid sequence of the cloned molecule has approximately 30% overall homology to ras proteins and approximately 90% homology to the 'ras-like' nuclear proteins tc4, ran and spil. rabbit antisera to bacterially expressed filarial protein detect a 24-22 kda doublet in extracts of adult b. malayi and mature microfil ... | 1992 | 1484550 |
| a cloned antigen for serological diagnosis of wuchereria bancrofti microfilaremia with daytime blood samples. | by differentially screening an adult brugia malayi cdna library with sera from microfilaremic and amicrofilaremic donors infected with wuchereria bancrofti, we have identified a novel parasite antigen denoted sxp-1. recombinant sxp-1 filarial antigen is preferentially recognized by sera from microfilaremic persons with bancroftian filariasis and from skin snip-positive patients with onchocerciasis. antibodies to sxp-1 are restricted to the igg4 subclass and gradually decline after treatment with ... | 1992 | 1484551 |
| myosin heavy chain is a dominant parasite antigen recognized by antibodies in sera from donors with filarial infections. | | 1992 | 1484558 |
| further evidence that the genes controlling susceptibility of aedes aegypti to filarial parasites function independently. | comparisons were made of in vivo labeled polypeptides from aedes aegypti strains refractory to either brugia malayi or dirofilaria immitis. there does not seem to be a generalized "anti-parasite" polypeptide response that mosquitoes refractory to filarial worm infection produce following bloodfeeding. instead, it seems that any response produced by these mosquitoes is localized to the tissue in which the filarial parasite develops. | 1992 | 1491306 |
| iga immunoassay for the diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. | in some parasitic infection such as toxoplasmosis, specific iga is a highly reliable marker of active infection. in bancroftian filariasis, only 10 of 20 (50%) and 3 of 20 (15%) of the microfilaremic patients were positive for iga anti-brugia malayi using respectively indirect elisa and immunocapture elisa tests. as regard to these low sensitivities, the detection of specific iga is unlikely to be a useful test for the diagnosis of active wuchereria bancrofti infection. | 1992 | 1519028 |
| mr lymphography with iron oxide compound ami-227: studies in ferrets with filariasis. | the purpose of this study was to assess the mr lymphographic potential of ami-227 to reduce the signal intensity of hyperplastic inflammatory lymph nodes by using ferrets with filariasis as the animal model. both interstitial and iv modes of administration were studied. | 1992 | 1529857 |
| brugia malayi: ivermectin inhibits the exsheathment of microfilariae. | brugia malayi-infected microfilaremic jirds (meriones unguiculatus) were treated with ivermectin at a single dose of 200 micrograms/kg of body weight injected subcutaneously. susceptible aedes aegypti mosquitoes were fed on treated jirds 24 hours later. mosquitoes fed on untreated jirds served as controls. infected mosquitoes were dissected at 1, 3, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr after the blood meal, and differential counts of sheathed microfilariae, exsheathed microfilariae, and cast sheaths were perfo ... | 1992 | 1539753 |
| transmission-blocking antibodies recognize microfilarial chitinase in brugian lymphatic filariasis. | brugia malayi is a parasitic nematode that causes lymphatic filariasis in humans. the monoclonal antibody mf1, which mediates clearance of peripheral microfilaremia in a gerbil infection model, recognizes two stage-specific proteins, p70 and p75, in b. malayi microfilariae. cdna coding for the mf1 antigen was sequenced, and the predicted protein sequence shows significant similarities to chitinases from bacteria and yeast. when microfilarial extracts and purified preparations of the mf1 antigen ... | 1992 | 1542646 |
| tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. | tropical pulmonary eosinophilia is one of the many pie syndromes [pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia (of the peripheral blood)]. it is caused by immunologic hyperresponsiveness to the filarial parasites wuchereria bancrofti or brugia malayi. its clinical presentation includes nocturnal cough, dyspnea, wheezing, fever, weight loss, fatigue, interstitial mottling on chest radiograph, predominantly restrictive but also obstructive lung function abnormalities, and peripheral blood eosinophilia ... | 1992 | 1580599 |
| brugia malayi: antibody responses to larval antigens in infected and immunized jirds. | vaccination with irradiated third stage brugia malayi larvae (l3) has been reported to induce partial protective immunity to l3 challenge in jirds. the purpose of this study was to identify antigens that may be targets of protective immunity in this model. jirds were immunized by s.c. injection of irradiated l3 and challenged either s.c. or i.p. necropsy was performed 11 wk after challenge. partial protection was achieved in s.c. challenged animals; worm recovery was only 41% of that observed in ... | 1992 | 1582484 |
| comparative susceptibility of species a, b and c of anopheles quadrimaculatus complex to infection with subperiodic brugia malayi and brugia pahangi (nematoda: filarioidea). | susceptibilities of natural populations of sibling species a, b and c of the anopheles quadrimaculatus complex and the colonized strain a to subperiodic brugia malayi and brugia pahangi were compared. all 3 sibling species showed varying degrees of susceptibility to both b. pahangi and b. malayi, and they were considerably more susceptible to b. pahangi than to b. malayi. the rate and intensity of infection to b. pahangi were highest for species a (66.2% and 7.4 l3/female, respectively) and lowe ... | 1992 | 1583491 |
| on the infectivity of early third-stage brugia larvae isolated from the abdomen of aedes aegypti. | third-stage larvae (l3) of wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi and b. pahangi are known to be recovered not only from the head and thorax but also from the abdomen of dissected vector mosquitoes. for epidemiological reasons, was of interest to determine whether l3 larvae from the abdomen of the vector would be infectious for the final host. early abdominal l3 larvae of b. pahangi isolated as early as on day 7 post-infection (p.i.) from aedes aegypti were injected s.c. into five male meriones ung ... | 1992 | 1584752 |
| effect of carrageenan on the resistance of congenitally athymic nude and normal balb/c mice to infective larvae of brugia malayi. | resistance of balb/c mice to infective third-stage larvae (l3) of the human filarial parasite brugia malayi is thymus-dependent, although the actual effector mechanisms that mediate larval killing are unknown. the present study examined the effect of carrageenan (cgn) on the mechanisms of resistance to b. malayi infection in heterozygous (nu/+) and nude (nu/nu) mice. mice were treated with cgn at a single dose of 20 or 200 mg/kg and were inoculated intraperitoneally 1 day later with 100 l3. the ... | 1992 | 1589432 |
| release of prostaglandin e2 by microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi. | to elucidate the local release of immunomodulatory prostaglandins by intravascular filarial parasites, the formation of prostaglandin e2 (pge2) was examined in individual microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi. following incubation of living microfilariae immobilized in an agar matrix, prostaglandins released by the parasites were fixed by carbodiimide and localized by indirect immunofluorescence. prostaglandin e2 was specifically detected around the entire surface of microfilar ... | 1992 | 1599045 |
| lymphatic imaging in experimental filariasis using magnetic resonance. | to evaluate acquired lymphatic abnormalities caused by filariasis, the authors examined the peripheral lymphatic system in normal ferrets and those chronically infected with brugia malayi using magnetic resonance imaging (mri). the findings were compared with previously obtained lymphangioscintigraphic (las) images in ferrets both with and without experimental filariasis. | 1992 | 1601619 |
| surface-associated antigens of brugia malayi l2 and l3 parasites during vector-stage development. | surface and metabolic labeling procedures were used to characterize the composition and the time of expression of brugia malayi l2 and l3 surface-associated molecules as the larvae develop within the mosquito vector. larvae were harvested from mosquito tissues at 5 (early l2), 8 (late l2) and 11 (l3) days post-infection and labeled with 125i-iodo-gen. the results of one-dimensional analysis showed that there is a progressive increase in the complexity of peptides associated with the surface of d ... | 1992 | 1625710 |
| induced polypeptides associated with filarial worm refractoriness in aedes aegypti. | brugia malayi and wuchereria bancrofti are mosquito-borne parasitic nematodes responsible for lymphatic filariasis in approximately 90 million people. the genetic control of the susceptibility of aedes aegypti mosquitoes to b. malayi was well defined 30 years ago, but no data have since been provided regarding the gene products responsible for susceptibility or refractoriness or both. we addressed this problem by assessing polypeptide synthesis in thoracic tissue, the developmental site of this ... | 1992 | 1631149 |
| brugia pahangi: production of a monoclonal antibody reactive with the surface of infective larvae. | monoclonal antibodies against infective third-stage larvae (l3) of brugia pahangi were generated from mice immunized with l3 antigens. the monoclonal antibodies were l3 stage-specific or stage-nonspecific. a bpg1 monoclonal antibody (igg1 subclass) showing l3 stage-specificity was examined in detail. bpg1 recognized the surface of b. pahangi l3 and also reacted with the surface of brugia malayi l3 but not with the surface of filarial worms of other genera, such as acanthocheilonema viteae and li ... | 1992 | 1639160 |