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comparative evaluation of 7 helminth antigens in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (e.l.i.s.a.).112 sera from europeans with parasitologically proven helminthiasis were tested in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (e.l.i.s.a.) against 6 crude extracts of various helminths (2 of adult worms: dipetalonema viteae, fasciola hepatica; 3 of eggs: ascaris suum, toxocara canis, schistosoma mansoni; and of echinococcus granulosus scolices) and against bovine hydatid fluid. each serum was tested simultaneously at a fixed dilution of 1:160 against all antigens. extensive cross-reactions were obser ...197992420
detection of antibodies against echinococcus granulosus arc 5 antigens by double diffusion test.this report deals with an evaluation of a double diffusion (dd5) test which employs a control antiserum against echinococcus granulosus arc 5 antigens to recognize arc 5-positive sera by a reaction of identity. the dd5 test was more sensitive than the immuno-electrophoresis (iep5) test based on the same positivity criterion and was equally specific for the immunodiagnosis of human hydatidosis. its greater simplicity suggest its application as a substitute for the iep5 test in diagnosis, particul ...197897814
histochemistry and histoenzymology of the hydatid cyst (echinococcus granulosus batsch, 1786). i. the germinal membrane.healthy germinal membranes of hydatid cysts from lungs of human and bovine sources were dissected and isolated for histochemical and histoenzymatic research. these techniques were performed in frozen sections and pieces of the whole membrane. enzymatic research showed that the germinal membrane presents highly differentiated metabolic areas. these areas were topographically related with the origin and insertion of brood capsules, having differentiated structures for metabolic interchange with sc ...1975176836
hydatid disease in new zealand: changing patterns in human infection, 1878-1972.temporal trends in the prevalence and incidence of human hydatid disease in new zealand were described with respect to the different phases in echinococcal control. the prevalence rate of human hydatid disease increased steadily from 1878 to 1954 despite some educational and legislative measures aimed primarily at controlling canine infections. there was not a marked reduction in incidence in young children and in maoris until after the intensification of control activities by the voluntary comm ...1977266658
the styx field trial: effect of treatment of the definitive host for tapeworms on larval forms in the intermediate host.a 13-year assessment has been made of the effectiveness of a monthly drug treatment programme for the control of tapeworms in dogs in order to prevent hydatidosis (echinococcus granulosus) and cysticercosis (taenia hydatigena and t. ovis) in sheep. the age-specific prevalence of t. hydatigena in lambs was used as the principal indicator. the trial was carried out in the styx valley of the maniototo plain in the south island of new zealand.over an 8-year period dogs were treated monthly with buna ...1978308408
echinococcus granulosus: the distribution of hydatid fluid antigens in the tissues of the larval stage. ii. localization of the thermostable lipoprotein of parasitic origin (antigen b). 1977324784
studies on the mechanism of lysis of echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces incubated in normal serum.brood capsules were obtained from freshly collected cysts of equine and ovine strains of echinococcus granulosus. protoscoleces were freed from brood capsules either by mechanical disruption or pepsin-hci digestion. preparations of protoscoleces studied included: mechanically released protoscoleces without further treatment, or incubated either in hci ph 2.0 or in evaginating solution (containing na taurocholate) for 24 h; pepsin-hci released protoscoleces without further treatment or incubated ...1977340500
an epidemiological analysis of factors influencing the increase in taenia ovis prevalence during the new zealand echinococcus granulosus control program.there was an 8-fold increase in the national prevalence of taenia ovis in dogs during the first decade of the new zealand hydatid disease control program. the temporal patterns in the prevalence of t. ovis were similar in both rural working dogs and urban pet dogs, with the highest prevalence found in the sheep farming areas. the dramatic increase in the prevalence of t. ovis was a reflection of the change in source of food for many working dogs, from the traditional raw viscera to carcase meat ...1977303900
[1st case of human hepatic hydatidosis in costa rica].about seven cases of unilocular hydatidosis for echinococcus granulosus in porcine and bovine cattles have been found in costa rica. according to one out of the authors--brenes, r. r.--the experimental infection of a dog (1950) after the oral administration of a fertile cyst for obtaining or developing the adult form failed to produce good results. up to date, no report of the finding of e. granulosus in dogs or in people has been obtained. no additional case of bovine hydatidosis has been repor ...1977354644
echinococcus granulosus, taenia hydatigena, t. ovis: evaluation of cyst fluids as antigen for serodiagnosis of larval cestodes in sheep. 1978281662
the effect of mebendazole and praziquantel on the cysts of echinococcus granulosus, taenia hydatigena and t. ovis in sheep. 1978276754
epidemiological analysis of factors influencing rate of progress in echinococcus granulosus control in new zealand.the factors influencing the rate of progress in echinococcus granulosus control in new zealand were analysed by hydatid control area using stepwise multiple regression techniques. the results indicated that the rate of progress was related positively to initial e. granulosus prevalence in dogs and the efficiency with which local authorities implemented national control policy, and negatively to the maori proportion in the local population and the number of dogs per owner. problems in analysis of ...1977265340
path analysis: application in an epidemiological study of echinococcosis in new zealand.the method of path analysis is described in detail. application of this analyogical systems is demonstrated using data from an epidemiological study of echinococcosis in new zealand. the results identified the major causal pathways determining echinococcus granulosus prevalence in dogs, based on multiple regression analysis of a linear causal model constructed from prior biological and epidemiological knowledge. only ethnic and sheep husbandry variables had important direct effect on prevalence ...1977265339
possible antigenic similarity between pulmonary carcinoma and cysts of echinococcus granulosus. 1979466062
physiocochemical properties of a lipoprotein antigen of echinococcus granulosus.molecular weight and optical properties of the lipoprotein b, the main antigen produced by the parasite in sheep hydatid fluid, have been determined. by sedimentation equilibrium studies, its molecular weight has been found equal to 120,000. circular dichroism and optical rotatory dispersion spectra are consistent with an alpha-helix content of about 50%, and this ordered structure is not completely destroyed by dissociation in guanidinium choloride. the ord spectrum is discussed in relation to ...1975234207
chemotherapy of experimental echinococcus granulosus infection. trials in cf1 mice and jirds (meriones unguiculatus).mice and jirds with experimental secondary hydatidosis (echinococus granulous) were treated at various post-infection periods with eight different drugs; iodinized oil of thymol, ethyl-n-dimethyl ether of thymol fumarate, chloroguanide, rifampin, pentamidine isethionate, amphotericin b, suramin, and methotrexate. in initial experiments with methotrexate, mice treated after 99 days of infection had significantly fewer infections at necropsy than did controls (33% and 100%, respecitively). however ...1975163063
[biology of echinococcus granulosus in the body of sheep]. 1976133525
histochemistry and histoenzymology of the hydatid cyst (echinococcus granulosus batsch, 1786). ii. scolices and brood capsules.scolices and brood capsules of healthy hydatid cysts from lungs of human patients were studied with histochemical and histoenzymatic methods. the subtegumental and flame cells were sepcially rich in glycogen, rna and some dehydrogenases such as sdh, mdh, nadh-reductase and g-6-pdh. the rostellar zone or invaginated pole, an area of marked contractile movements, showed intense activity in atp'ase and simple esterase. the so-called excretory pole shows strong activity in simple esterases, lipase, ...1975130750
[kinetics of the serological response in the experimental primary hydatid disease of mice infected with echinococcus granulosus embryophores (author's transl)].a serological response kinetics study was carried out in cf-1 mice orally infected with echinococcus granulosus embryophores using immuno-electrophoresis, double diffusion, latex agglutination and passive hemagglutination. starting from the 76th day after the infection, serum antibodies reach the minimum detectable level by immunoelectrophoresis test. band number 5, now considered as specific for e. granulosus, was proved to be the first precipitating system exhibited in this test. double diffus ...1978105664
echinococcus granulosus: comparison between antigens in scolices and hydatid fluid. 197883314
evidence that a hydatid cyst is seldom "as old as the patient".human hydatid disease caused by the strain of echinococcus granulosus endemic in australia and new zeland has been regarded as a very lonstanding condition, and most cysts diagnosed in adults were believed to have resulted from infection in childhood. a significant drop in the number of new cases among people and 25 and over (p less than 0.05) in two hydatid-control programmes makes it necessary to revise this view. in both tasmania (p greater than 0.50) and new zealand (0.50 greater than p grea ...197878222
hydatidosis: a global problem of increasing importance.this review of recent literature reporting the occurrence of hydatid disease due to echinococcus granulosus and e. multilocularis throughout the world emphasizes the global nature of the problem and the threat of its spread into those countries currently free from it. attention is drawn to the urgent need for measures to prevent the importation of infected livestock and this would require the development of techniques for pre-mortem diagnosis and differentiation of hydatidosis and cysticercosis ...197774294
[echinococcus granulosus infection in urban areas].in a previous survey, carried out in 100 dogs in rome by tassi and widenhorn (1977), two animals, which always lived in the urban area, were found infected by echinococcus granulosus. an urban infection was therefore hypothized. during a following experiment 6 three-month old beagle dogs were fed for nine months with raw meat sold in the butcheries of rome as "food for pets". two dogs of the same breed and origin were fed for the same period with canned food and were kept as control animals. at ...1978553262
comparative antigenic characterisation of echinococcus granulosus and taenia hydatigena cyst fluids by immunoelectrophoresis.hydatid cyst fluid from echinococcus granulosus (hcf) and cyst fluid from taenia hydatigena (tcf) cysts were compared in reciprocal immunoelectrophoresis (iep) tests using homologous and heterologous antisera which were free of antibodies to host serum contaminants. the antigens for the e granulosus arc 5 were demonstrated in tcf. antibody activity to these and other antigens common to hcf and tcf was removed from homologous antisera by absorptions with the heterologous antigenic preparation. an ...197773210
detection of the echinococcus granulosus diagnostic arc 5 in sera from patients with surgically-confirmed e. multilocularis infection.the echinococcus granulosus diagnostic arc 5 was revealed by sera from an alaskan and a swiss patient with surgically confirmed e. multilocularis infections. the possibility of each patient harboring a concurrent infection with both parasites may be disregarded on the basis of radiologic, scintillographic and surgical data. this conclusion is compatible with ecologic and epidemiologic considerations. these observations suggest that the immunoelectrophoresis test based on arc 5 positivity is not ...197772462
antigenic characterization of echinococcus granulosus cysts.limited numbers of antigens were detected in the structural components of echinococcus granulosus cysts by double diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis tests using homologous and heterologous antisera without antibody activity to host serum contaminants. although antigens common to the germinal membranes, laminated layers and protoscoleces were demonstrated, no evidence was found of antigen sharing between the laminated layer and hydatid fluid from fertile and sterile cysts. these fluids, however, ...197771902
further observations on the specificity of antigen 5 of echinococcus granulosus.the presence of ige antibodies to antigen 5 of echinococcus granulosus was detected by means of radioimmunoelectrophoresis in the sera of two of six patients infected with e. multilocularis. sera from three of these patients gave a precipitin band in gel diffusion tests identical to that produced by a monospecific rabbit anti-e. granulosus antigen 5 serum, when tested against whole hydatid fluid. sera from 19 individuals infected with fasciola hepatica, 20 with schistosoma mansoni, and 5 with wi ...197768114
permeability studies on taenid metacestodes: i. uptake of proteins by larval stages of taenia taeniaeformis, t. crassiceps, and echinococcus granulosus.host immunoglobulins of several different classes were detected within the bladder fluids of taenia taeniaeformis, t. crassiceps, and echinococcus granulosus. radioiodinated proteins were taken up in vitro by larvae of both t. taeniaeformis and t. crassiceps and were shown to retain their physicochemical and antigenic characteristics. rates of uptake were similar in the 2 species and were not related to the molecular weight of the proteins. immunoglobulins were taken up both in vitro and in vivo ...197767206
nonspecific reactions with the intradermal test for hydatidosis in persons with other helminth infections.a partially purified echinococcus antigen solution, prepared by boiling hydatid cyst fluid, was used in the intradermal test for hydatid disease in a peruvian population. an unexpectedly high rate of positive reactions and poor agreement with serological tests suggested the presence of some agent(s) which produced cross-reactions with echinococcus granulosus antigens in the intradermal test. testing of hospital patients infected with a variety of helminths demonstrated nonspecific reactions in p ...197553018
application of the immunoelectrophoresis test for hydatidosis in patients with a presumptive diagnosis of the disease.the echinococcus granulosus diagnostic arc 5 was detected by the immunoelectrophoresis (iep) test in 43 of 51 sera from patients with a presumptive clinical diagnosis of hydatid disease when stained slides were examined. in 22 of these, however, the arc 5 was readily recognized in the reading following citrate treatment of the slide. the routine reading of slides after 24 and 48 hours of incubation is recommended in an attempt to provide the clinician with an earlier immunological confirmation o ...197552929
evaluation of the crossed-over electrophoresis test for the immunodiagnosis of human hydatid disease.the crossed-over electrophoresis (coe) test for hydatidosis was evaluated with sera from preoperative, surgically-confirmed hydatidosis cases, postoperative hydatidosis patients, healthy donors and persons with other parasitic and non-parasitic diseases. the sensitivity and specificity of the test varied with the use of concentrated or unconcentrated serum and when test positivity was based on readings carried out before or after citrate treatment of slides or after their staining. although the ...197552928
partial purification and properties of ovine liver echinococcus granulosus protoscolices phospholgucose isomerase.echinococcus granulosus protoscolex is the actual larval stage of the cestode causing echinococcosis both in man and animals. in the present report, certain properties of phosphoglucose isomerase from the ovine liver e. granulosus protoscolices have been studied and compared with those of the hydatid cyst fluid and the healthy ovine liver enzymes. the protoscolices enzyme prepared in a manner similar to the hydatid cyst fluid and the ovine liver enzymes exhibited the following properties: (1) ph ...19764246
echinococcus granulosus: characterization of the main antigenic component (arc 5) of hydatid fluid. 197723303
immunohistological localisation of two hydatid antigens (antigen 5 and antigen b) in the cyst wall, brood capsules and protoscoleces of echinococcus granulosus (ovine and equine) and e. multilocularis using immunoperoxidase methods.cyst wall, brood capsules and evaginated protoscoleces of e. granulosus (ovine and equine) and e. multilocularis were fixed in 10% formol-saline, embedded in paraffin and cut at 8 micrometer. specific rabbit antisera to antigen 5 and antigen b of hydatid cyst fluid were used with immunoperoxidase methods to localise the antigens in the histological sections. antigen 5 was found in all parasites and was associated with cells of the subtegumental area of the protoscolex, the brood capsule wall and ...1977340502
an evolving pattern of human hydatid disease transmission in the united states.echinococcus granulosus infection was being acquired in the contiguous united states by virginia sharecroppers and small-holders by the turn of the century. the last recorded human infection from that general area was diagnosed in 1947. by 1920 human infections were also being acquired in the lower mississippi valley. apparently, infection in both of these areas was maintained chiefly in swine. by 1940 a third transmission area definitely existed in the central valley of california, with its res ...1977329700
strain differences in echinococcus granulosus, with special reference to the status of equine hydatidosis in the united kingdom.the genetics of speciation in the genus echinococcus are briefly discussed. as the organism is a hermaphrodite and multiplies asexually in the larval stage, the genetic mechanism for the ready production of new strains is inherent in the life-cycle. some biological, biochemical and nutritional differences between the horse and sheep strains are examined. the sheep strain may be grown to sexual maturity, in vitro, in a diphasic system; the horse strain fails to grow in such a system. differences ...1977327631
echinococcus granulosus: preparation of monosepcific antisera against antigens in sheep hydatid fluid. 1978654676
ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of two hydatid fluid antigens (antigen 5 and antigen b) in the brood capsules and protoscoleces of ovine and equine echinococcus granulosus and e. multilocularis.the unlabelled antibody method was used in the ultrastructural localization of two hydatid fluid antigens, antigen 5 and antigen b, in brood capsules and protoscoleces of echinococcus granulosus and e. multilocularis. antigen 5 was found in the parenchyma cells of the protoscolex and brood capsule wall and to a lesser extent in the walls of the flame cells and collecting ducts of the excretory system and in the surrounding interstitial material. it is suggested that, while some excretion of this ...1978360151
[chemotherapy of human echinococcosis with mebendazole (vermox): preliminary clinical results].two patients with inoperable multiple echinococcus granulosus infections involving the lungs and the liver (one patient) were treated with the following daily doses of mebendazole (vermox): 3 days 1000 mg, 3 days 1500 mg, the following 3 months 30-40 mg/kg body weight. one of the patients had been treated before with mebendazole in similar doses for 3 periods of 5-6 weeks each. the patients received the drug as 500 mg tablets divided into 3 daily doses after meals. after termination of treatment ...1979441721
a survey of gastro intestinal helminth parasites of stray dogs in zaria, nigeria.a survey of helminth parasites in stray dogs was carried out in the zaria area. out of 180 dogs examined 65.6 per cent (118/180) were found positive for ancylostoma caninum, while toxocara canis and trichuris vulpis were detected in 41.1 per cent (74/180) and 13.9 per cent (25/180) respectively. other helminth parasites found taenia ovis 35 per cent (63/180) taenia hydatigena 67.8 per cent (122/180), echinococcus granulosus 0.006 per cent (1/180) and dipylidium caninum 97.8 per cent (176/180).1979452351
echinococcus granulosus: secretory activity of the rostellum of the adult cestode in situ in the dog. 1979456463
isoelectric focusing of some enzymes from echinococcus granulosus (horse and sheep strains) and e. multilocularis.extracts of the horse and sheep strains of echinococcus granulosus and e. multilocularis were compared on the basis of their isoenzyme patterns for 10 enzymes by means of isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. the enzymes examined were: acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, phosphoglucoseisomerase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, adenylate kinase, aldolase and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. interspecific and intraspecific differences are apparent in ...1979473321
efficacy of injectable and tablet formulations of praziquantel against immature echinococcus granulosus.efficacy of an injectable formulation of praziquantel (given intramuscularly or subcutaneously at a dosage level of 5 mg/kg of body weight) or a tablet formulation (5 mg/kg) against immature echinococcus granulosus was studied in experimentally infected dogs. the compound was efficacious (100% clearance) if injected via either route or if administered orally.1979475115
the effect of oxfendazole on echinococcus granulosus and taenia hydatigena infections in dogs.trials with oxfendazole carried out on 120 dogs infected with either echinococcus granulosus or taenia hydatigena indicated that a single treatment significantly reduced the proportion of dogs infected with tapeworms. diarrhoea occurred occasionally when the dose rate exceeded 20 mg/kg.1979515529
echinococcus granulosus and e. multilocularis: in vitro culture of the strobilar stages from protoscoleces.the techniques for the in vitro culture of echinococcus granulosus and e. multilocularis are described in detail. the sheep strain of e. granulosus was grown to sexual maturity but fertile eggs were not produced due to the failure to achieve insemination in vitro. the horse strain of e. granulosus grew only slightly in vitro and then ceases to develop, although remaining active for long periods. e. multiloculoris differentiated largely into unsegmented, sexually mature, "monozoic" forms; some or ...1979517805
cross-protection between the cysts of echinococcus granulosus, taenia hydatigena and t ovis in lambs.lambs were infected orally at 14 weeks of age with either taenia hydatigena, t ovis or echinococcus granulosus eggs. to induce high levels of resistance to oral reinfection, they were then injected intramuscularly with eggs of the homologous species four weeks and eight weeks later. the degree of immunity was then tested by oral challenge with eggs from either the homologous or an heterologous species. autopsy results indicated that prior infection with an homologous species induced a very high ...1979523807
the effect of nitroscanate tablets of echinococcus granulosus and taenia hydatigena infections in dogs.tablets of micronised nitroscanate (nominal particle size 2--3 microns) were given to a total of 190 dogs that had been experimentally infected with either echinococcus granulosus or taenia hydatigena. the efficiency of the drug in tablet form in freeing dogs from tapeworms, was investigated. the dose rate at which 50 per cent of normally fed dogs can be expected to be freed from e granulosus was found to be 89 mg/kg (95 per cent confidence limits 55 mg/kg to 140 mg/kg). the 90 per cent effectiv ...1979523820
[echinococcus granulosus infection in dogs of puerto aysen and coyhaique (xi región, chile) (author's transl)]. 1979549572
'arc 5' antibodies in sera of sheep infected with echinococcus granulosus, taenia hydatigena and taenia ovis.the 'arc 5' precipitin band, formed when test human serum is reacted against immunoelectophoresed hydatid cyst fluid antigen, has provided a positive diagnosis of echinococcus granulosus infection. these antibodies to 'arc 5' antigen have now been found in the sera of sheep. they appear 2 weeks after infection with taenia ovis, after 3 weeks with t. hydatigena and after 16 weeks with e. granulosus. an antigen similar to the 'arc 5' antigen of e. granulosus cyst fluid was also demonstrated in cys ...1979551375
[sensitivity and specificity of the rast (radioallergosorbent test) in biological diagnosis of the hydatidosis (author's transl)].the radioallergosorbent test (rast) for specific ige antibodies to echinococcus granulosus was compared with other immunological methods in regard to sensitivity, specificity and its use as a diagnostic aid for hydatid disease. sera used were from patients with active hydatidosis proved surgically, from persons operated for hydatidosis during the previous 2-10 years and from patients with other parasitic diseases or healthy subjects. results with enzyme-immuno assay (elisa), indirect haemaggluti ...1979554551
the prevalence of tapeworms in dogs during the hydatid limitation program in tasmania.the hydatid limitation program in tasmania began in 1965 with the annual purging of dogs to identify areas of high prevalence of echinococcus granulosus combined with a strong educational program aimed at preventing access to offal by dogs. from 1969 to 1975 aenia spp detected in dog purges were submitted for identification and changes in annual prevalences analysed for each species. despite a significant reduction in the prevalence of e. granulosus since the beginning of the program, the contro ...1977558749
characterization of allergens in schistosoma mansoni, fasciola hepatica and echinococcus granulosus.various antigens interacting specifically with ige antibodies from infected humans were identified in s. mansoni, f. hepatica and e. granulosus soluble extracts by means of radioimmunoelectrophoresis. two allergens common to adult worm and cercariae were identified in s. mansoni extracts. they proved to be distinct from genus--or species--specific antigens previously identified in the parasite. in adult f. hepatica extract a species-specific antigen and another lipoprotein were shown to interact ...1977559469
echinococcus granulosus: ovicidal activity of praziquantel and bunamidine hydrochloride. 1979571349
gastro-intestinal helminths of domestic dogs in the republic of south africa.of the gastro-intestinal helminths found in 1 063 dogs from different parts of the country, dipylidium caninum, the most prevalent cestode, occurred in 19,7% of the animals. echinococcus granulosus was present in 10 dogs, 8 of which were from urban areas, and taenia hydatigena in 69 dogs. taemia multiceps was recovered from dogs only in the cape province and the orange free state. toxocara canis was present in 81 of the necropsies carried out on 253 dogs from the pretoria municipal area, while a ...1979575920
hydatid disease in australia.human hydatidosis is caused by infection with the cystic stage of the hydatid tapeworm of dogs, echinococcus granulosus. although the disease is entirely preventable, the prevalence of hydatidosis in australia has not decreased since the first surveys were taken in the early part of this century. principal reasons for this appear to be a general lack of knowledge of the life history, epidemiology and control methods for e. granulosus, coupled with ineffective community based eradication campaign ...1977603446
hydatid disease screening: sanpete county, utah, 1971-1976.between 1971 and 1976 approximately 20% (2,265) of the population of sanpete county, utah, was screened for hydatid disease (echinococcus granulosus) by intradermal, indirect hemagglutination, and bentonite flocculation tests. of 34 persons who had follow-up chest radiographs and radioisotope liver scans, 6 were found to have asymptomatic hepatic cysts. if a participant who had pulmonary cysts and negative screening tests were included, the prevalence of asymptomatic hydatid disease would be 3 p ...1978626286
the frequency of anomalies in protoscoleces of echinococcus granulosus and e. multilocularis. 1978627966
postoperative recurrence of hydatid disease.since larval scolices of the parasite echinococcus granulosus are capable of developing in vivo into mature hydatid cysts in the human intermediate host, operative spillage of cyst contents can lead to local regrowth of hydatid cysts after a suitable interval. the overall rate of postoperative recurrence of hydatid cysts of soft tissue organs in 106 patients, followed-up from 6 months to 3 years, was 11.3 per cent. both host and parasite factors determine recurrence. serosal and surgical wound s ...1978638445
echinococcus granulosus: specific quantification of the two most immunoreactive antigens in hydatid fluids.preparations of the two most immunoreactive echinococcus granulosus antigens (antigens 4 and 5) from sheep hydatid fluid, purified by a simplified method, and monospecific antisera against antigens 4 and 5, prepared by a new procedure, were used to measure the antigenic concentrations of antigens 4 and 5 in swine, sheep, and human hydatid fluids from pulmonary or hepatic cysts. two bovine samples and two commercial preparations were also tested. the concentration of both antigens was significant ...1978649773
scolicidal effects of cetrimide (r) on hydatid cyst (echinococcus granulosus). 1978675788
immunoelectrophoresis tests showing echinococcus granulosus arc 5 in human cases of echinococcus vogeli and cysticercosis-multiple myeloma.human sera from one case of polycystic hydatidosis due to echnincoccus vogeli and from a case of cysticercosis and multiple myeloma were positive to the immunoelectrophoresis (iep) test for hydatidosis based on the e. granulosus arc 5 positivity criterion. arc 5 can therefore be elicited in iep tests of human sera not only by e. granulosus and e. multilocularis but also by e. vogeli antigens. whether the cross reaction observed in the second serum was due to the multiple myeloma or to the cystic ...1978677368
hepatic versus pulmonary involvement by echinococcus granulosus.in a five period, year 41 consecutive patients with echinococcosis were studied. single organ involvement occurred in 34 (82.93%) and multiple organ disease in seven patients (17.07%). single hepatic involvement, recorded in 15 patients (36.59%) was equal to single pulmonary involvement. this distribution appears to assume an intermediate position between the northern preponderance of hepatic and the southern prevalence of pulmonary echinococcosis in iran.1978683696
serial passages of larval echinococcus granulosus from equine origin in mice. i. infection with protoscolices.starting with protoscolices from echinococcus granulosus cysts of equine origin it was possible to isolate and maintain several "strains" of the parasite in mice through successive transfers of protoscolices. the most advanced strain is now in its 7th generation. several criteria to evaluate the results are presented and discussed. it is concluded that serial echinococcosis of e. granulosus through passages with protoscolices is a practical method to maintain different strains for fundamental an ...1978695821
epidemiologic investigation of echinococcosis in american indians living in arizona and new mexico.ten cases of echinococcosis diagnosed in american indians in arizona and new mexico between 1972 and 1975 were investigated as part of a regional epidemiologic study. patients were visited at home to discover factors associated with local parasite transmission, to detect possible additional cases among family members, and to perform diagnostic tests on dogs. six patients were navajo, 2 zuni, and 2 santo domingo indians. an additional case in a navajo man was detected by serologic testing of pati ...1977842773
the effect of mebendazole in food on echinococcus granulosus and taenia hydatigena infections in dogs.a limited, but controlled trial with mebendazole incorporated in a prepared food and with tablets given with this food showed that with the former there was an overall reduction in the expected dog population harbouring echinococcus granulosus and taenia hydatigena. neither treatment was fully effective.1978705036
hydatid disease in new zealand: an epidemiological study of transmission among maoris.an epidemiological study was designed to determine the factors placing the maori people of new zealand at an unusually high risk of infection with echinococcus granulosus. using stepwise multiple regression techniques, it was shown that the most important determinant of the incidence rate of human hydatid disease was the proportion of maoris in the local population. it was found that the maori system of land tenure, based on the maori land laws led to the formation of many small fragmented prope ...1977848649
the effect of an antibiotic of the streptothricin family against echinococcus granulosus and taenia hydatigena infections in dogs.the effect of an antibiotic of the streptothricin class on echinococcus granulosus and taenia hydatigena infections has been investigated in a trial involving 160 dogs. the drug showed significant activity in freeing dogs from thydatigena, but the evidence for similar activity against e granulosus was less well marked. vomiting and diarrhoea were common sequelae of dosing. the preparation tested consisted of four chemical components and the cestocidal value of each was not determined.1978705037
the effect of diuredosan on echinococcus granulosus and taenia hydatigena infections in dogs.diuredosan has been tested against echinococcus granulosus and taenia hydatigena infections in dogs. the drug showed significant activity against t hydatigena, but there was no significant dose response curve against e granulosus in this trial. two treatments at 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg, however, reduced the number of dogs infected with hydatid worms. worms were still present in some dogs after three treatments at 50 mg/kg. vomiting and diarrhoea were relatively common sequelae at and above 50 mg/k ...1978705038
serial passages of larval echinococcus granulosus from equine origin in mice. ii. infections with sterile cysts.sterile secondary e. granulosus cysts less than or equal to 1 mm in diameter, collected from mice 6-13 months after experimental infection were transferred to helminth-free mice. they developed into larger cysts showing fertility and daughter cyst formation at autopsy 9--14 months p.i. average growth of the largest cyst per mouse, expressed in log volume (microliter), amounted to 0.30 +/- 0.03 per month; average growth of all cysts per mouse, expressed in log weight (mg) amounted to 0.27 +/- 0.0 ...1978706550
a clinical trial of mebendazole in the treatment of alveolar hydatid disease.in july 1974, mebendazole was reported to be effective against the larval stage of echinococcus granulosus in experimentally infected mice. a clinical trial of mebendazole was initiated in december 1974 in 4 patients with far advanced, nonresectable lesions caused by echinococcus multilocularis. a daily dose of 40 mg of the drug per kg of body weight was administered to the 4 patients for more than 3 years. no evidence of toxicity or adverse reactions has been observed. detectable plasma mebenda ...1978707895
computed tomography in hydatid disease of the liver: a report on 13 cases.computed tomography (ct) findings in hydatid disease (echinococciasis) of the liver are described. disease was caused by echinococcus granulosus (n = 8) or e. alveolaris (n = 5), respectively. the ct appearance of these two types of echinococciasis is quite different; in disease caused by e. granulosus the ct appearance is pathognomonic when cysts and daughter cysts surrounded by a capsula and peripheral calcification are discernible. in addition, the extent of organ involvement can be determine ...1978711950
similarities of human hydatid cyst fluid components and the host serum.nine lung hydatid cyst fluid of echinococcus granulosus species from man were analysed by electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis and by biochemical tests. in addition respective sera of the host were analysed for comparison. analysis revealed striking similarities in cellulose acetate and agarose gel electro- and immunoelectrophoretic patterns of proteins from hydatid cyst fluid and the serum of the respective hosts. it is presumed that serum proteins (albumin and globulins) occur in hydatid cys ...1978719852
blastic stimulation of unprimed mouse lymphocytes by living protoscolices of echinococcus granulosus: a possible connection with transplant immunity. 1978722469
identification of echinococcus granulosus strains by enzyme electrophoresis.hydatid cysts were collected from camels, horses, oxen and sheep in various geographical locations. extracts from them were compared for electrophoretic forms of glucose phosphate isomerase. all horse cyst extracts had identical zymogram patterns. these differed markedly in mobility from those of cattle and sheep cysts, all of which were identical to one another. extracts from camels were compared indirectly and may show a third type of pattern.1978725339
efficacy of droncit against echinococcus granulosus infection in dogs.a study was made on 120 dogs to evaluate the effectiveness of droncit against echinococcus granulous infection. the drug was administered orally in tablet form at dose rates of 1.25, 2.5, 5.0,and 10.0 mg/kg of body weight against immature stages of the parasite and at a dose rate of 5.0 mg/kg against gravid worms. droncit was found to be 100% effective against both immature and gravid worms at the dose rate of 5.0 mg/kg. adverse reactions were not observed in the treated dogs, and no risk was in ...1978727589
serial passages of larval echinococcus granulosus from equine origin in mice. iii. infections with sterile daughter cysts.daughter cysts 0.2-3.0 mm in diameter from secondary echinococcus granulosus cysts, collected from mice one year after experimental infection, were transferred to fresh mice. the metacestodes developed into larger cysts showing fertility and daughter cyst formation at autopsy 9-14 months post infection. the average total growth of all cysts per mouse expressed in log weight (mg) amounted to 0.25 +/- 0.03 per month. thus, for the maintenance of the parasite in mice, daughter cysts can be used as ...1978735307
efficacy of injectable and tablet formulations of praziquantel against mature echinococcus granulosus.the efficacy of an injectable formulation of praziquantel (given either intramuscularly or subcutaneously at dose levels of 5 or 8 mg/kg of body weight) and a tablet formulation (5 mg/kg) against mature echinococcus granulosus tapeworms was studied in experimentally infected dogs. the compound was efficacious (100% clearance) if injected via either route or if administered orally.1978736346
pathological changes in the lymphoreticular tissues of swiss mice infected with echinococcus granulosus cysts.swiss mice infected intraperitoneally with approximately 1,500 protoscolices of echinococcus granulosus and sacrificed at three and 13 months post infection yielded both viable and degenerated hydatid cysts. the mean cyst weights in the three and 13 months post infected mice were 0.13 and 2.1 g, respectively. sections of spleens and lymph nodes in the three months post infected mice showed hyperplastic follicles and blastoid cells in thymus dependent areas. at 13 months post infection t cells fr ...1978741856
[research on intestinal parasitic diseases in dogs of the city of rome].a survey on the diffusion of intestinal parasites of dogs in the town of rome. the results of a survey on the diffusion of cestodes and nematodes in a hundred dogs in rome are reported. the dogs were subjected to fecal examinations --- using both the flottation method and the mcmaster method -- and to the post-mortem examination of the intestine. at post-mortem examination 25 dogs were found parasitized by one or more species of nematodes, 19 by one or more species of cestodes and 12 both by ces ...1977754133
survival of protoscolices of echinococcus granulosus at constant temperatures.a study was conducted to determine the effects of storage at constant temperatures upon the survival of protoscolices of echinococcus granulosus from hydatid cysts removed from infected sheep. parallel tests were conducted on intact cysts from both lung and liver, and on protoscolices stored within 1-ml samples of hydatid fluid. the longest survival times of any of the samples tested at each temperature were: -20 c, 1 hr; -10 c, 4 hr; 1 c, 16 days; 10 c, 16 days; 20 c, 8 days; 30 c, 4 days; 40 c ...1978627978
echinococcus granulosus in dogs and sheep in central utah, 1971-1976.during 1971 to 1976, a survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of echinococcus granulosus infection among dogs and sheep in central utah. for each year, the number of dogs positive for adult tapeworms of the total number examined and the percentage infected were: in 1971, 14 of 51 infected (27.4%); in 1972, 13 of 46 infected (28.3%); in 1973, 7 of 36 infected (19.4%); in 1974, 34 of 244 infected (13.9%); in 1975, 13 of 267 infected (4.9%); and in 1976, 14 of 195 infected (7.2%), or a 6- ...1978637397
echinococcus granulosus: distribution of hydatid fluid antigens in tissues of the larval stage. i. localization of the specific antigen of hydatid fluid (antigen 5). 1976789105
the mongolian gerbil (meriones unguiculatus) as a laboratory host for the cystic stage of echinococcus granulosus of british horse origin. 1976795771
hydatid disease in a mandrill baboon.hydatidosis has been described in many species of domestic and wild mammals, including primates. among the latter reported to have been infected are rhesus monkeys, orangutans, and savannah and drill baboons. this is a case report of hydatid disease due to echinococcus granulosus in a mandrill baboon (mandrillus sphinx).1975809388
the cestocidal effect of complement in normal and immuen sera in vitro.the effects of complement and/or specific antibodies on the larval and adult stages of echinococcus granulosus were studied in vitro. lysis and death of both protoscoleces and adult e. granulosus occurred within 10 min to 24 h in 50% fresh normal sera used as a source of complement, without the presence of specific antibodies. the lytic and lethal reaction was marked in fresh sera from guinea-pigs, calves, dogs, man and sheep, but only slight in fresh sera from english rabbits and horses. guinea ...1976823517
attempted infection of the rhesus monkey (macaca mulatta) with the british horse strain of echinococcus granulosus. 1976825551
intrabiliary rupture of hydatid cyst of the liver.infestation with echinococcus granulosus is common in iraq, where a close relationship exists between dogs, the carnivorous definitive hosts, and sheep, the herbivorous hosts of the parasite. plants contaminated by eggs of the tapeworm passed in the dog's faeces may be ingested by man, giving rise to hydatid disease. of 136 cases of hydatid disease affecting various tissues and organs studied and treated during a 3-year period, the liver was involved in 94; intrabiliary rupture occurred in 15. p ...1977843042
activation of complement by hydatid cyst fluid of echinococcus granulosus.factors present in hydatid cyst fluid of echinococcus granulosus were found to interact with complement from several species. this nonimmunologic fixation resulted in the depletion of hemolytically active complement from fresh guinea pig serum, the conversion of human c3 to an electrophoretically faster species and the genration of smooth muscle contracting substances, analogous to anaphylatoxins, in normal rat serum in vitro. vascular permeability changes were produced in vivo in rats and human ...1977870671
resistance of dogs to echinococcus granulosus. 1977873683
the control of hydatid disease and ovine cysticercoses in the australian capital territory and southern new south wales.a survey of human hydatid disease in new south wales and the australian capital territory over the period 1968 to 1973 was made from hospital records in sydney and canberra. the 162 new cases found represent an incidence, of 0-57 per 100,000 per annum, but the 20 patients living in the central west statistical division of new south wales at the time of admission to hospital represent an incidence of 12-6 per 100,000 per annum in that area. a survey of a.c.t. farms revealed dogs carrying the caus ...1977875855
echinococcus granulosus: development in vitro from oncosphere to immature hydatid cyst.echinococcus granulosus cysts were cultured in vitro from the oncosphere, and cyst morphogenesis is described. cysts grew to a mean diameter of 16 mm in 120 days, with a maximum of 20 mm. an amorphous layer was apparent around the larvae during early post-oncospheral re-organization. organisms became vesicular at 6 days and laminations appeared in the amorphous layer at 10 days. confluence of proliferating cells to form the syncytium of the germinal membrane was observed.19761012755
the question of diseases caused by echinococcus granulosus and alveococcus multilocularis on the taimyr peninsula. 19761014668
eosinophilia and mast cell hyperplasia induced by parasite phospholipid.phospholipid preparations from the nematode ascaris suum or cysts of echinococcus granulosus (hydatid cysts) induced an eosinophilia when injected into the peritoneal cavity of rats. peritoneal eosinophilia persisted throughout 21 days of daily injections of ascaris lipid and was accompanied by blood eosinophilia, mast cell granule lysis and mast cell hyperplasia. the active material consisted of lecithin and lecithin plasmalogen, and in aqueous suspension had a membrane-like appearance. electro ...1977876690
[experimental therapy of echinococcosis. 1. laboratory model of echinococcosis and the effect of sarcolysinacridine, levamisole and mebendazole on the development of larval cysts of echinococcus granulosus]. 19761025460
the effect of niclosamide on echinococcus granulosus, taenia hydatigena and taenia ovis infections in dogs.the effect of niclosamide (particle size 1 micron m) and its piperazine salt (particle size 5-10 micron m) on echinococcus granulosus and taenia hydatigena has been investigated. the piperazine salt of niclosamide was also tested for activity against taenia ovis. these trials involved 326 dogs. irrespective of particle size, the drug was found to be virtually inactive against 28-day-old e granulosus. some evidence was found indicating that there may be a low degree of activity against 70-day-old ...1977877439
the effect of micronised nitroscanate on echinococcus granulosus and taenia hydatigena infections in dogs.trials with micronised nitroscanate carried out on 170 dogs infected with either echinococcus granulosus or taenia hydatigena indicated that a single treatment at 62-5 mg/kg and 16 mg/kg respectively significantly reduced the proportion of dogs infected with tapeworms. some evidence is presented that micronisation may give a fourfold increase in the efficiency of nitroscanate in worm removal without increasing the toxic effects to the dog.1977877440
prevalence of echinococcus granulosus and other cestodes in dogs on the navajo reservation in arizona and new mexico.fecal specimens from 429 dogs purged with arecoline hydrobromide at 131 rural camps on the navajo reservation in arizona and new mexico were examined for cestodes. echinococcus granulosus was found in feces from 3 dogs at 3 different camps. other cestodes present were taenia hydatigena--45.5%, taenia pisiformis--21.0%, taenia serialis--11.9%, and taenia ovis--1.6%.1977879566
the permeability of the membranes of experimental secondary cysts of echinococcus granulosus to [14c]mebendazole. 1977881283
the host response in secondary hydatidosis of mice. ii. cell mediated immunity.the presence of cell mediated immunity to echinococcus granulosus antigen was detected in syngeneic mice with secondary hydatidosis. significant increases of thymidine uptake were observed in spleen cells from infected animals exposed to protoscolex or hydatid fluid antigens. a definite decrease in the number and size of cysts occurred in mice following the simultaneous intraperitoneal injection of viable protoscolices and a suspension of 1 x 10(7) sensitized spleen cells.1977888508
echinococcus granulosus: acute systemic allergic reactions to hydatid cyst fluid in infected sheep. 1977891711
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