| antitumor activity and cardiac stimulatory effects of constituents of anthopleura elegantissima. | | 1974 | 4154373 |
| possible mechanism of the dual action of the new polypeptide (anthopleurin-b) from sea anemone in the isolated ileum and taenia caeci of the guinea-pig. | 1 anthopleurin-b (ap-b), a newly isolated polypeptide from a sea anemone (anthopleura xanthogrammica) caused relaxation of the guinea-pig isolated ileum following a transient contraction at concentrations greater than 3 x 10(-9) m. 2 ap-b caused a tonic contraction followed by rhythmic relaxation of the guinea-pig isolated taenia caeci at a concentration of 3 x 10(-9) m or more. 3 the other polypeptides, anthopleurin-a (ap-a) from the same species of anthopleurin-c (ap-c) from anthopleura elegan ... | 1981 | 6111371 |
| identification and characterization of novel sodium channel toxins from the sea anemone anthopleura xanthogrammica. | six new toxins from the sea anemone anthopleura xanthogrammica were identified using a molecular biological approach. five of these novel isoforms resemble the 47 residue type i long polypeptides native to anthopleura elegantissima, anthopleura fuscoviridis and anemonia sulcata, while one appears to be chimera of the two previously identified 49 residue toxins native to a. xanthogrammica. four of these toxins were expressed in bacteria, purified and characterized by ion flux assays in rt4-b and ... | 1998 | 9604281 |
| carbonic anhydrase expression and synthesis in the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima are enhanced by the presence of dinoflagellate symbionts. | endosymbiotic dinoflagellates resident within cnidarian hosts are extremely productive primary producers. this high productivity may be due in part to an inorganic carbon transport system, present in host tissue, that accelerates carbon delivery to the algae. the enzyme carbonic anhydrase (ca; ec 4.2.1.1) has been shown to be important in this transport system in a variety of tropical symbiotic cnidarians. this study extends the examination of ca to a temperate anemone, anthopleura elegantissima ... | 1999 | 10222325 |
| isolation and characterisation of five neurotoxic and cardiotoxic polypeptides from the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima. | five toxins (ape 1 to ape 5) of the sea anemone species anthopleura elegantissima (brandt) have been isolated from a toxic by-product fraction of its concentrated crude watery-methanolic extract, prepared previously for the isolation of a neuropeptide (the head-activator) by schaller and bodenmüller (proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 78 (1981) 7000) from 200kg sea anemones. toxin purification was performed by desalting of the starting material by dialysis (mwco 3500) against distilled water, anion exch ... | 2001 | 11072049 |
| apetx1, a new toxin from the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima, blocks voltage-gated human ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channels. | a new peptide, apetx1, which specifically inhibits human ether-a-go-go-related gene (herg) channels, was purified from venom of the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima. apetx1 is a 42-amino acid peptide cross-linked by three disulfide bridges and shares 54% homology with bds-i, another sea anemone k+ channel inhibitor. although they differ in their specific targets, circular dichroism spectra and molecular modeling indicate that apetx1 and bds-i have a common molecular scaffold and belong to t ... | 2003 | 12815161 |
| a new sea anemone peptide, apetx2, inhibits asic3, a major acid-sensitive channel in sensory neurons. | from a systematic screening of animal venoms, we isolated a new toxin (apetx2) from the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima, which inhibits asic3 homomeric channels and asic3-containing heteromeric channels both in heterologous expression systems and in primary cultures of rat sensory neurons. apetx2 is a 42 amino-acid peptide crosslinked by three disulfide bridges, with a structural organization similar to that of other sea anemone toxins that inhibit voltage-sensitive na+ and k+ channels. ap ... | 2004 | 15044953 |
| species diversity and peptide toxins blocking selectivity of ether-a-go-go-related gene subfamily k+ channels in the central nervous system. | the ether-à-go-go-related gene (erg) k+ channels are known to be crucial for life in caenorhabditis elegans (mating), drosophila melanogaster (seizure), and humans (lqt syndrome). the erg genes known to date (erg1, erg2, and erg3) are highly expressed in various areas of the rat and mouse central nervous system (cns), and erg channel blockers alter firing accommodation. to assign physiological roles to each isoform, it is necessary to design pharmacological strategies to distinguish individual c ... | 2006 | 16497878 |
| a new toxin from the sea anemone condylactis gigantea with effect on sodium channel inactivation. | a new peptide toxin exhibiting a molecular weight of 5043da (av.) and comprising 47 amino acid residues was isolated from the sea anemone condylactis gigantea. purification of the peptide was achieved by a multistep chromatographic procedure monitoring its strong paralytic activity on crustacea (ld(50) approx. 1microg/kg). complete sequence analysis of the toxic peptide revealed the isolation of a new member of type i sea anemone sodium channel toxins containing the typical pattern of the six cy ... | 2006 | 16814340 |
| effects of apc, a sea anemone toxin, on sodium currents of mammalian neurons. | we have characterized the actions of apc, a sea anemone polypeptide toxin isolated from anthopleura elegantissima, on neuronal sodium currents (i(na)) using current and voltage-clamp techniques. neurons of the dorsal root ganglia of wistar rats (p5-9) in primary culture were used for this study. these cells express tetrodotoxin-sensitive (ttx-s) and tetrodotoxin-resistant (ttx-r) i(na). in current-clamp experiments, application of apc increased the average duration of the action potential. under ... | 2006 | 16914123 |
| apetx1 from sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima is a gating modifier peptide toxin of the human ether-a-go-go- related potassium channel. | we studied the mechanism of action and the binding site of apetx1, a peptide toxin purified from sea anemone, on the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (herg) channel. similar to the effects of gating modifier toxins (hanatoxin and sgtx) on the voltage-gated potassium (kv) 2.1 channel, apetx1 shifts the voltage-dependence of herg activation in the positive direction and suppresses its current amplitudes elicited by strong depolarizing pulses that maximally activate the channels. the apetx1 binding ... | 2007 | 17473056 |
| transamination of aminoalkylphosphonic acids with alpha ketoglutarate. | dialyzed homogenates prepared from escherichia coli, tetrahymena pyriformis, sea anemone (anthopleura elegantissima), and mouse liver were tested for ability to transaminate 17 aminoalkylphosphonic acids with alpha-ketoglutarate. 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid (2-aep), which occurs naturally in tetrahymena and anemone, was transaminated by these latter organisms more than any of the substances tested, but not by preparations from liver or e. coli. 3-aminopropylphosphonic acid was transaminated by a ... | 1968 | 17768980 |
| novel peptide toxins recently isolated from sea anemones. | sea anemones are a rich source of peptide toxins acting on ion channels. two classes of peptide toxins, site-3 sodium channel toxins and kv1 potassium channel toxins, have been well characterized and some of them used as valuable pharmacological reagents. recently, the following six peptides toxins, which structurally constitute a new family but target different ion channels, have been isolated: bds-i and -ii (kv3 potassium channel toxins) from anemonia sulcata, apetx1 (human ether-a-go-go-relat ... | 2009 | 19269303 |
| chemical synthesis and folding of apetx2, a potent and selective inhibitor of acid sensing ion channel 3. | acid sensing ion channels (asics) are ph-sensitive channels that are distributed in the central and peripheral nervous system and which are believed to play a key role in pain perception. apetx2, a 42-residue peptide toxin isolated from the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima, is the only known selective inhibitor of asic3 channels. here we describe the total chemical synthesis of apetx2 by solid-phase peptide synthesis and native chemical ligation. the folded synthetic toxin had an ic(50) of ... | 2009 | 19306891 |
| expression in pichia pastoris and characterization of apetx2, a specific inhibitor of acid sensing ion channel 3. | acid sensing ion channels (asics) are family of proteins predominantly present in the central and peripheral nervous system. they are known to play important roles in the pathophysiology of pain and ischemic stroke. apetx2 is a potent and selective inhibitor of asic3-containing channels and was isolated from sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima. to facilitate the study on the molecular determinants of asic3-ligand interactions, we expressed recombinant apetx2 in the pichia pastoris (p. pastoris ... | 2010 | 20813121 |
| a bifunctional sea anemone peptide with kunitz type protease and potassium channel inhibiting properties. | sea anemone venom is a known source of interesting bioactive compounds, including peptide toxins which are invaluable tools for studying structure and function of voltage-gated potassium channels. apektx1 is a novel peptide isolated from the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima, containing 63 amino acids cross-linked by 3 disulfide bridges. sequence alignment reveals that apektx1 is a new member of the type 2 sea anemone peptides targeting voltage-gated potassium channels (k(v)s), which also in ... | 2011 | 21477583 |
| transcriptome analysis of a cnidarian-dinoflagellate mutualism reveals complex modulation of host gene expression. | cnidarian-dinoflagellate intracellular symbioses are one of the most important mutualisms in the marine environment. they form the trophic and structural foundation of coral reef ecosystems, and have played a key role in the evolutionary radiation and biodiversity of cnidarian species. despite the prevalence of these symbioses, we still know very little about the molecular modulators that initiate, regulate, and maintain the interaction between these two different biological entities. in this st ... | 2006 | 16472376 |
| functional expression in escherichia coli of the disulfide-rich sea anemone peptide apetx2, a potent blocker of acid-sensing ion channel 3. | acid-sensing ion channels (asics) are proton-gated sodium channels present in the central and peripheral nervous system of chordates. asic3 is highly expressed in sensory neurons and plays an important role in inflammatory and ischemic pain. thus, specific inhibitors of asic3 have the potential to be developed as novel analgesics. apetx2, isolated from the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima, is the most potent and selective inhibitor of asic3-containing channels. however, the mechanism of act ... | 2012 | 22851929 |
| low thermal limit of growth rate of symbiodinium californium (dinophyta) in culture may restrict the symbiont to southern populations of its host anemones (anthopleura spp.; anthozoa, cnidaria)(1). | symbiodinium californium (#383, banaszak et al. 1993) is one of two known dinoflagellate symbionts of the intertidal sea anemones anthopleura elegantissima, a. xanthogrammica, and a. sola and occurs only in hosts at southern latitudes of the north pacific. to investigate if temperature restricts the latitudinal distribution of s. californium, growth and photosynthesis at a range of temperatures (5°c-30°c) were determined for cultured symbionts. mean specific growth rates were the highest between ... | 2009 | 27034215 |
| differential protein profiles reflect the different lifestyles of symbiotic and aposymbiotic anthopleura elegantissima, a sea anemone from temperate waters | mutualistic associations are prevalent in virtually all environments yet relatively little is known about their complex biochemical and molecular integration and regulation. the endosymbiosis between cnidarians such as the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima and the photosynthetic dinoflagellate symbiodinium californium, in which the algal symbionts are housed in vacuoles within animal endodermal cells, is an ideal model for the study of highly integrated associations at the biochemical and mo ... | 1996 | 9318671 |
| symbiotic state influences life-history strategy of a clonal cnidarian. | along the north american pacific coast, the common intertidal sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima engages in facultative, flexible symbioses with symbiodinium muscatinei (a dinoflagellate) and elliptochloris marina (a chlorophyte). determining how symbiotic state affects host fitness is essential to understanding the ecological significance of engaging in such flexible relationships with diverse symbionts. fitness consequences of hosting s. muscatinei, e. marina or negligible numbers of either ... | 2014 | 25009060 |
| symbiont physiology and population dynamics before and during symbiont shifts in a flexible algal-cnidarian symbiosis. | for cnidarians that can undergo shifts in algal symbiont relative abundance, the underlying algal physiological changes that accompany these shifts are not well known. the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima associates with the dinoflagellate symbiodinium muscatinei and the chlorophyte elliptochloris marina, symbionts with very different tolerances to light and temperature. we compared the performance of these symbionts in anemones maintained in an 8-11.5 month outdoor common garden experiment ... | 2013 | 27007628 |
| relationships between host and symbiont cell cycles in sea anemones and their symbiotic dinoflagellates. | the processes by which cnidarians and their algal endosymbionts achieve balanced growth and biomass could include coordination of host and symbiont cell cycles. we evaluated this theory with natural populations of sea anemones hosting symbiotic dinoflagellates, focusing on the temperate sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima symbiotic with symbiodinium muscatinei in washington state, usa, and the tropical anemone stichodactyla helianthus associating with unknown symbiodinium spp. in belize. by ex ... | 2013 | 24243963 |
| prolonged exposure to elevated co(2) promotes growth of the algal symbiont symbiodinium muscatinei in the intertidal sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima. | some photosynthetic organisms benefit from elevated levels of carbon dioxide, but studies on the effects of elevated pco(2) on the algal symbionts of animals are very few. this study investigated the impact of hypercapnia on a photosynthetic symbiosis between the anemone anthopleura elegantissima and its zooxanthella symbiodinium muscatinei. anemones were maintained in the laboratory for 1 week at 37 pa pco(2) and ph 8.1. clonal pairs were then divided into two groups and maintained for 6 weeks ... | 2012 | 23213455 |
| populations of symbiodinium muscatinei show strong biogeographic structuring in the intertidal anemone anthopleura elegantissima. | among temperate cnidarian symbioses, the partnership between the intertidal anemone anthopleura elegantissima and its dinoflagellate and chlorophyte symbionts is one of the most well characterized. biogeographic, reciprocal transplant, and physiological studies have convincingly demonstrated a relationship between environmental factors such as temperature and irradiance and the distribution of symbionts from both algal phyla. however, little is known about the fine-scale diversity or biogeograph ... | 2011 | 21712228 |
| nutritional role of two algal symbionts in the temperate sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima brandt. | the intertidal sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima in the pacific northwest may host a single type of algal symbiont or two different algal symbionts simultaneously: zooxanthellae (symbiodinium muscatinei) and zoochlorellae (green algae; trebouxiophyceae, chlorophyta). a seasonal comparison of zooxanthellate and zoochlorellate anemones showed stable symbiont population densities in summer and winter, with densities of zoochlorellae about 4 times those of zooxanthellae. photosynthesis-irradianc ... | 2008 | 18723639 |
| localization of a symbiosis-related protein, sym32, in the anthopleura elegantissima-symbiodinium muscatinei association. | cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbioses are widespread in the marine environment. growing concern over the health of coral reef ecosystems has revealed a fundamental lack of knowledge of how cnidarian-algal associations are regulated at the cellular and molecular level. we are interested in identifying genes that mediate interactions between the partners, and we are using the temperate sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima as a model. we previously described a host gene, sym32, encoding a fasciclin d ... | 2003 | 14672988 |
| differential accumulation of heavy metals in the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima as a function of symbiotic state. | the accumulation of metals by the north american pacific coast temperate sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima, and its dinoflagellate-algal symbiont symbiodinium muscatinei was examined following laboratory metal exposures. both, naturally occurring symbiotic and symbiont-free (aposymbiotic) anemones were used in this study to investigate differences in metal uptake due to the symbiotic state of the animal. the effects of metal exposures on the anemone-algal symbiosis were determined using meas ... | 2003 | 12842595 |
| de novo assembly and characterization of four anthozoan (phylum cnidaria) transcriptomes. | many nonmodel species exemplify important biological questions but lack the sequence resources required to study the genes and genomic regions underlying traits of interest. reef-building corals are famously sensitive to rising seawater temperatures, motivating ongoing research into their stress responses and long-term prospects in a changing climate. a comprehensive understanding of these processes will require extending beyond the sequenced coral genome (acropora digitifera) to encompass diver ... | 2015 | 26384772 |
| predation on transmission stages reduces parasitism: sea anemones consume transmission stages of a barnacle parasite. | while parasites serve as prey, it is unclear how the spatial distribution of parasite predators provides transmission control and influences patterns of parasitism. because many of its organisms are sessile, the rocky intertidal zone is a valuable but little used system to understand spatial patterns of parasitism and elucidate the underlying mechanisms driving these patterns. sea anemones and barnacles are important space competitors in the rocky intertidal zone along the pacific coast of north ... | 2017 | 28270243 |
| a rna-seq approach to identify putative toxins from acrorhagi in aggressive and non-aggressive anthopleura elegantissima polyps. | the use of venom in intraspecific aggression is uncommon and venom-transmitting structures specifically used for intraspecific competition are found in few lineages of venomous taxa. next-generation transcriptome sequencing allows robust characterization of venom diversity and exploration of functionally unique tissues. using a tissue-specific rna-seq approach, we investigate the venom composition and gene ontology diversity of acrorhagi, specialized structures used in intraspecific competition, ... | 2015 | 25886045 |
| in silico assessment of interaction of sea anemone toxin apetx2 and acid sensing ion channel 3. | acid sensing ion channels (asics) are proton-gated cation channels that are expressed throughout the nervous system and have been implicated in mediating sensory perception of noxious stimuli. amongst the six asic isoforms, asic1a, 1b, 2a and 3 form proton-gated homomers, which differ in their activation and inactivation kinetics, expression profiles and pharmacological modulation; protons do not gate asic2b and asic4. as with many other ion channels, structure-function studies of asics have bee ... | 2014 | 24942880 |
| interactions between benthic predators and zooplanktonic prey are affected by turbulent waves. | predators capture prey in complex and variable environments. in the ocean, bottom-dwelling (benthic) organisms are subjected to water currents, waves, and turbulent eddies. for benthic predators that feed on small animals carried in the water (zooplankton), flow not only delivers prey, but can also shape predator-prey interactions. benthic passive suspension feeders collect prey delivered by movement of ambient water onto capture-surfaces, whereas motile benthic predators, such as burrow-dwellin ... | 2013 | 23942646 |
| a natural point mutation changes both target selectivity and mechanism of action of sea anemone toxins. | apetx3, a novel peptide isolated from the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima, is a naturally occurring mutant from apetx1, only differing by a thr to pro substitution at position 3. apetx1 is believed to be a selective modulator of human ether-á-go-go related gene (herg) potassium channels with a k(d) of 34 nm. in this study, apetx1, 2, and 3 have been subjected to an electrophysiological screening on a wide range of 24 ion channels expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes: 10 cloned voltage-gated ... | 2012 | 22972919 |
| cyclisation increases the stability of the sea anemone peptide apetx2 but decreases its activity at acid-sensing ion channel 3. | apetx2 is a peptide isolated from the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima. it is the most potent and selective inhibitor of acid-sensing ion channel 3 (asic3) and it is currently in preclinical studies as a novel analgesic for the treatment of chronic inflammatory pain. as a peptide it faces many challenges in the drug development process, including the potential lack of stability often associated with therapeutic peptides. in this study we determined the susceptibility of wild-type apetx2 to ... | 2012 | 22851922 |
| neurotoxin localization to ectodermal gland cells uncovers an alternative mechanism of venom delivery in sea anemones. | jellyfish, hydras, corals and sea anemones (phylum cnidaria) are known for their venomous stinging cells, nematocytes, used for prey and defence. here we show, however, that the potent type i neurotoxin of the sea anemone nematostella vectensis, nv1, is confined to ectodermal gland cells rather than nematocytes. we demonstrate massive nv1 secretion upon encounter with a crustacean prey. concomitant discharge of nematocysts probably pierces the prey, expediting toxin penetration. toxin efficiency ... | 2012 | 22048953 |
| distribution patterns of zoochlorellae and zooxanthellae hosted by two pacific northeast anemones, anthopleura elegantissima and a. xanthogrammica. | this study investigated patterns in the relative abundance of two photosynthetic algal symbionts, zoochlorellae (zc) and zooxanthellae (zx), hosted by two temperate anemones, anthopleura elegantissima and a. xanthogrammica. previous studies have documented varying proportions of each symbiont along environmental gradients, presumably determined by their respective physiological capabilities. to test for differences in the algal type between the two host species, we sampled anemone tissues (tenta ... | 2010 | 20570847 |
| uptake and biochemical response to b[a]p in the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima. | in order to evaluate the effects of benzo[a]pyrene (b[a]p), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pah) in the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima at the biochemical level. nadph cytochrome p450 reductase and cytochrome p450 were assayed in a. elegantissima under toxicant. one toxicity test was performed with 75 organisms distributed in 5 groups. animals in groups g1, g2 and g3 were given increasing b[a]p. two groups named gc and gs were used as controls. gc was treated with seawater and gs was tr ... | 2010 | 20390840 |
| elliptochloris marina sp. nov. (trebouxiophyceae, chlorophyta), symbiotic green alga of the temperate pacific sea anemones anthopleura xanthogrammica and a. elegantissima (anthozoa, cnidaria)(1). | symbiotic green algae from two species of intertidal pacific sea anemones, anthopleura elegantissima and anthopleura xanthogrammica, were collected from the northeastern pacific coast of north america across the known range of the symbiont. freshly isolated anthopleura symbionts were used for both morphological and molecular analyses because anthopleura symbiont cultures were not available. light and transmission electron microscopy supported previous morphological studies, showing the symbionts ... | 2009 | 27032358 |
| response of the symbiotic cnidarian anthopleura elegantissima transcriptome to temperature and uv increase. | elevated temperature and solar radiation, including ultraviolet radiation, are now recognized as the primary environmental stresses that lead to mass cnidarian bleaching. this study takes a functional genomics approach to identifying genes that change expression soon after exposure to these stressors in the temperate sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima that harbors symbiodinium, the same genus of symbionts found in reef-building corals. symbiotic anemones were subjected to elevated temperature ... | 2008 | 20494848 |
| analytical approach for selecting normalizing genes from a cdna microarray platform to be used in q-rt-pcr assays: a cnidarian case study. | research in gene function using quantitative reverse transcription pcr (q-rt-pcr) and microarray approaches are emerging and just about to explode in the field of coral and cnidarian biology. these approaches are showing the great potential to significantly advance our understanding of how corals respond to abiotic and biotic stresses, and how host cnidarians/dinoflagellates symbioses are maintained and regulated. with these genomic advances, however, new analytical challenges are also emerging, ... | 2008 | 17913235 |
| characterization of a novel ef-hand homologue, cnidef, in the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima. | the superfamily of ef-hand proteins is comprised of a large and diverse group of proteins that contain one or more characteristic ef-hand calcium-binding domains. this study describes and characterizes a novel ef-hand cdna, cnidef, from the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima (phylum cnidaria, class anthozoa). cnidef was found to contain two ef-hand motifs near the c-terminus of the deduced amino acid sequence and two regions near the n-terminus that could represent degenerate ef-hand motifs. ... | 2007 | 17280859 |
| bciv, a new paralyzing peptide obtained from the venom of the sea anemone bunodosoma caissarum. a comparison with the na+ channel toxin bciii. | sea anemones produce a wide variety of biologically active compounds, such as the proteinaceous neurotoxins and cytolysins. herein we report a new peptide, purified to homogeneity from the neurotoxic fraction of b. caissarum venom, by using gel filtration followed by rp-hplc, naming it as bciv. bciv is a 41 amino acid peptide (molecular mass of 4669 amu) possessing 6 cysteines covalently linked by three disulfide bonds. this toxin has 45 and 48% of identity when compared to apetx1 and apetx2 fro ... | 2006 | 17015047 |
| solution structure of apetx2, a specific peptide inhibitor of asic3 proton-gated channels. | acid-sensing ion channels (asic) are proton-gated sodium channels that have been implicated in pain transduction associated with acidosis in inflamed or ischemic tissues. apetx2, a peptide toxin effector of asic3, has been purified from an extract of the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima. apetx2 is a 42-amino-acid peptide cross-linked by three disulfide bridges. its three-dimensional structure, as determined by conventional two-dimensional 1h-nmr, consists of a compact disulfide-bonded core ... | 2005 | 15987885 |
| solution structure of apetx1 from the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima: a new fold for an herg toxin. | apetx1 is a 42-amino acid toxin purified from the venom of the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima. this cysteine-rich peptide possesses three disulfide bridges (c4-c37, c6-c30, and c20-c38). its pharmacological target is the ether-a-gogo potassium channel. we herein determine the solution structure of apetx1 by use of conventional two-dimensional 1h-nmr techniques followed by torsion angle dynamics and refinement protocols. the calculated structure of apetx1 belongs to the disulfide-rich all- ... | 2005 | 15726634 |
| isolation and molecular cloning of novel peptide toxins from the sea anemone antheopsis maculata. | three peptide toxins (am i-iii) with crab toxicity were isolated from the sea anemone anthopleura maculata by gel filtration and reverse-phase hplc. am i was weakly lethal to crabs (ld50 830 microg/kg) and am iii was potently lethal (ld50 70 microg/kg), while am ii was only paralytic (ed50 420 microg/kg). the complete amino acid sequences of the three toxins were determined by cdna cloning based on 3'-race and 5'-race. although am iii (47 residues) is an analogue of the well-known type 1 sea ane ... | 2005 | 15581681 |
| competitive equivalence maintains persistent inter-clonal boundaries. | clear boundaries often separate adjacent conspecific competitors. these boundaries may reflect bordering animal territories or regions of inter-organism contact in mobile and non-mobile organisms, respectively. sessile, clonal organisms often form persistent inter-clonal boundaries despite great variation in competitive ability among genotypes within a population. i show that neighboring clones in the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima and three species of the marine hydroid genus hydractinia ... | 2005 | 15538636 |
| phylogenetic placement of "zoochlorellae" (chlorophyta), algal symbiont of the temperate sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima. | at northern latitudes the sea anemones anthopleura elegantissima and its congener a. xanthogrammica contain unidentified green chlorophytes (zoochlorellae) in addition to dinophytes belonging to the genus symbiodinium. this dual algal symbiosis, involving members of distinct algal phyla in one host, has been extensively studied from the perspective of the ecological and energetic consequences of hosting one symbiotic type over the other. however, the identity of the green algal symbiont has rema ... | 2004 | 15501850 |
| assessing dna damage in cnidarians using the comet assay. | the assessment of dna damage by the comet assay has been described as a useful non-specific general biomarker of stress in many marine organisms. in field situations it has successfully been employed to distinguish between reference and polluted sites and in the laboratory it has been widely used as a mechanistic tool to determine pollutant effects and mechanisms of dna damage. to date a wide range of marine vertebrates and invertebrates have been used, however, the usefulness of this assay as a ... | 2015 | 15178102 |
| development of symbiosis-specific genes as biomarkers for the early detection of cnidarian-algal symbiosis breakdown. | coral bleaching, i.e. the loss of dinoflagellate symbionts from cnidarian hosts, is occurring globally at increasing rates, scales, and severity. the significance of these bleaching events to the health of coral reef ecosystems is extreme, as bleached corals exhibit high mortality, reduced fecundity and productivity and increased susceptibility to disease. this decreased coral fitness leads to reef degradation and ultimately to the breakdown of the coral reef ecosystem. to date there has been li ... | 2013 | 12408586 |
| competition for space among sessile marine invertebrates: changes in hsp70 expression in two pacific cnidarians. | the role of stress proteins-either constitutive (hsc) or inducible (hsp)-of the hsp70 family in intra- and interspecific competition for space was examined in two sessile pacific cnidarians. anthopleura elegantissima, an intertidal anemone, and corynactis californica, a subtidal corallimorpharian, express hsp70 in the absence of apparent physical stress. hsp70 protein expression is concentrated in the tentacles of a. elegantissima when the animal is exposed to contact with other benthic organism ... | 2001 | 11751250 |
| biogeography of two species of symbiodinium (freudenthal) inhabiting the intertidal sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima (brandt). | we have analyzed the genetic profiles of dinoflagellate populations obtained from the pacific coast sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima (brandt) at collection sites from washington to california. genetic differences within the symbiont populations of california anemones have been uncovered by restriction length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of the small subunit (ssu) and large subunit (lsu) ribosomal rna genes, and by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) of the internal transcribed sp ... | 2000 | 11081711 |
| symbiosis-enhanced gene expression in cnidarian-algal associations: cloning and characterization of a cdna, sym32, encoding a possible cell adhesion protein. | mutualistic endosymbioses between two partners are complex associations that are regulated by the genetic interactions of the partners. one important marine symbiosis is that between various cnidarians, such as corals and anemones, and their photosynthetic algal symbionts. we have been interested in characterizing cnidarian host genes that are expressed as a function of the symbiotic state, using the temperate sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima as a model. in this study, we report on symbiosi ... | 2000 | 10908850 |
| translocation of photosynthetic carbon from two algal symbionts to the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima. | the intertidal sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima contains two symbiotic algae, zoochlorellae and zooxanthellae, in the northern puget sound region. possible nutritional advantages to hosting one algal symbiont over the other were explored by comparing the photosynthetic and carbon translocation rates of both symbionts under different environmental conditions. each alga translocated 30% of photosynthetically fixed carbon in freshly collected anemones, although zoochlorellae fixed and transloc ... | 1999 | 28296502 |
| spectral analysis and catalytic activities of the microsomal mixed-function oxidase system of the sea anemone (phylum: cnidaria). | cnidarians are primarily marine organisms with a wide and diverse habitat worldwide. previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated the presence of proteins in the molecular mass range of 50-60 kda that were recognized by several antibodies raised against fish cytochromes p450 of the cyp 1, 2, and 3 families in microsomes prepared from the columnar regions of 5 species of sea anemones (heffernan et al. mar environ res 1996;42:353-357). pursuant to those studies we report herein results of spe ... | 1998 | 9972479 |
| lwamides from cnidaria constitute a novel family of neuropeptides with morphogenetic activity. | metamorphosin a (mma) isolated from the anthozoan anthopleura elegantissima has recently been shown to interfere with developmental control in the colonial hydroid hydractinia echinata. in order to identify the functional homologue in this species we have cloned cdnas of the precursor protein from hydractinia and, for comparison, precursor sequences from two further anthozoans. the deduced preproproteins contain multiple copies of propeptides to be processed into a great variety of novel neurope ... | 1996 | 28306026 |
| peptides in the nervous systems of cnidarians: structure, function, and biosynthesis. | cnidarians are the lowest animal group having a nervous system and it was probably within this phylum or in a related ancestor group that nervous systems first evolved. the primitive nervous systems of cnidarians are strongly peptidergic. from a single sea anemone species, anthopleura elegantissima, 17 different neuropeptides have been isolated so far, and we expect that many more neuropeptides (more than 30) must be present. all peptides are localized in neurons of cnidarians and we have demons ... | 1996 | 8768492 |
| metamorphosin a is a neuropeptide. | a novel biologically active peptide (metamorphosin a, mma, peqpglw.nh2) has recently been described. it was isolated from anthopleura elegantissima and triggers metamorphosis in hydractinia echinata. antibodies directed against the c-terminal part of the molecule immunohistochemically stain neurosensory cells and processes in the anterior part of larvae of h. echinata. we assume that in metamorphosis mma (or a closely related lw-amide) is an internal signal transmitted from the anterior to the p ... | 1995 | 28306123 |
| the nervous systems of cnidarians. | cnidarians have simple nervous systems and it was probably within this group or a closely-related ancestor that nervous systems first evolved. the basic plan of the cnidarian nervous system is that of a nerve net which, at some locations, has condensed to form nerve plexuses, or circular or longitudinal nerve tracts which may be syncytia. at the ultrastructural level, many cnidarian neurons have the combined characteristics of sensory, motor, inter- and neurosecretory neurons and thus appear to ... | 1995 | 7833621 |
| adenylate levels and environmental stress in the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima. | the tissue concentrations of adenosine nucleotides in the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima were determined during laboratory manipulations simulating natural environmental stresses: desiccation at low and high air temperatures, increased seawater temperature, mechanical disturbance causing column contraction, and starvation. the levels of adenylates significantly decreased during anemone desiccation, column contraction, and starvation. variations in adenylate energy charge, the ratio of ade ... | 1994 | 7881513 |
| the expansion behaviour of sea anemones may be coordinated by two inhibitory neuropeptides, antho-kaamide and antho-riamide. | antho-kaamide (l-3-phenyllactyl-phe-lys-ala-nh2) and antho-riamide (l-3-phenyllactyl-tyr-arg-ile-nh2) are novel neuropeptides isolated from the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima. they both inhibited spontaneous contractions of isolated muscle preparations from a wide variety of anemone species (threshold around 10(-7) m). their actions were universal in that they inhibited every muscle preparation tested, regardless of whether the muscle group was located in the ectoderm or endoderm, or was ... | 1993 | 8397415 |
| isolation of <glu-asn-phe-his-leu-arg-pro-nh2 (antho-rpamide ii), a novel, biologically active neuropeptide from sea anemones. | using a radioimmunoassay against the c-terminal sequence arg-pro-nh2 (rpamide) we have isolated the neuropeptide <glu-asn-phe-his-leu-arg-pro-nh2 (antho-rpamide ii) from extracts of the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima. addition of low concentrations of antho-rpamide ii to a tentacle preparation of sea anemones inhibited the spontaneous, rhythmic contractions, suggesting that the peptide is a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator. | 2007 | 8483793 |
| identification of a novel type of processing sites in the precursor for the sea anemone neuropeptide antho-rfamide (<glu-gly-arg-phe-nh2) from anthopleura elegantissima. | neuropeptides are synthesized as large precursor proteins that undergo posttranslational cleavages and modifications to produce bioactive peptides. here, we have cloned two closely related precursor proteins for the sea anemone neuropeptide antho-rfamide (<glu-gly-arg-phe-nh2) from anthopleura elegantissima. the first precursor (435 amino acids long) contains 13 copies of immature antho-rfamide (gln-gly-arg-phe-gly) and nine other, antho-rfamide-related neuropeptide sequences that are in the c-t ... | 1992 | 1429603 |
| isolation of leu-pro-pro-gly-pro-leu-pro-arg-pro-nh2 (antho-rpamide), an n-terminally protected, biologically active neuropeptide from sea anemones. | using a radioimmunoassay against the c-terminal sequence arg-pro-nh2 (rpamide), we have isolated the peptide leu-pro-pro-gly-pro-leu-pro-arg-pro-nh2 (antho-rpamide) from an extract of the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima. antho-rpamide is located in neurons of sea anemones. application of low concentrations of antho-rpamide to tentacle preparations of sea anemones strongly increased the frequency and duration of spontaneous contractions, suggesting that this peptide is involved in neurotran ... | 2007 | 1480510 |
| isolation of two novel neuropeptides from sea anemones: the unusual, biologically active l-3-phenyllactyl-tyr-arg-ile-nh2 and its des-phenyllactyl fragment tyr-arg-ile-nh2. | using a radioimmunoassay for the carboxyl-terminal sequence arg-val-nh2, two novel peptides were purified from extracts of the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima. these peptides were l-3-phenyllactyl-tyr-arg-ile-nh2 (name: antho-riamide i) and its des-phenyllactyl fragment tyr-arg-ile-nh2 (antho-riamide ii). immunocytochemical staining showed that these peptides were localized in neurons of sea anemones. application of low concentrations (10(-8) m) of antho-riamide i inhibited spontaneous con ... | 2006 | 1821096 |
| isolation of l-3-phenyllactyl-phe-lys-ala-nh2 (antho-kaamide), a novel neuropeptide from sea anemones. | we have isolated and sequenced the neuropeptide l-3-phenyllactyl-phe-lys-ala-nh2 from the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima. this neuropeptide (named antho-kaamide) has the unusual n-terminal l-3-phenyllactyl blocking group which has recently also been discovered in 2 other neuropeptides from sea anemones. we propose that the l-3-phenyllactyl residue renders antho-kaamide resistant to nonspecific aminopeptidases, thereby increasing the stability of the neuropeptide after neuronal release. th ... | 1991 | 1681803 |
| isolation of l-3-phenyllactyl-leu-arg-asn-nh2 (antho-rnamide), a sea anemone neuropeptide containing an unusual amino-terminal blocking group. | using a radioimmunoassay for the carboxyl-terminal sequence arg-asn-nh2, we have purified a peptide from acetic acid extracts of the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima. by classical amino acid analyses, mass spectrometry, and 1h nmr spectroscopy, the structure of this peptide was determined as 3-phenyllactyl-leu-arg-asn-nh2. by using reversed-phase hplc and a chiral mobile phase, it was shown that the 3-phenyllactyl group had the l configuration. immunocytochemical staining with antiserum aga ... | 1990 | 1973541 |
| x-ray microanalysis of elements present in the matrix of cnidarian nematocysts. | the composition and concentration of elements, in particular those of metallic cations, present in the intracapsular matrix and the wall of nematocysts of various cnidarian species have been recorded by means of x-ray microanalysis performed on 100nm thick cryosections. the predominant cation detected in the nematocyst matrix of the hydrozoan podocoryne carnea (medusa), the scyphozoan aurelia aurita (scyphopolyp) and the anthozoan calliactis parasitica (tentacles and acontia) is k(+). mg(2+) pre ... | 1990 | 18620323 |
| physiological energetics of the intertidal sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima : iii. biochemical composition of body tissues, substrate-specific absorption, and carbon and nitrogen budgets. | lipid is the major energy storage molecule, and protein is highly conserved when food availability is low in high- and low-intertidal individuals of anthopleura elegantissima. under laboratory conditions zooxanthellae were lost from anemones, and tissue carbohydrate was mobilized to support metabolic demands. routine catabolic requirements for carbohydrate are probably met by translocated photosynthate. substrate-specific absorption efficiencies were greater than 95% for protein and lipid, but c ... | 1989 | 28312821 |
| isolation of less than glu-gly-leu-arg-trp-nh2 (antho-rwamide ii), a novel neuropeptide from sea anemones. | using a radioimmunoassay for the peptide sequence arg-phe-nh2 (rfamide), a novel peptide has been purified from acetic acid extracts of the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima. this peptide has the structure less than glu-gly-leu-arg-trp-nh2, and was named antho-rwamide ii. antho-rwamide ii is a neuropeptide. its structure is closely related to an earlier characterized neuropeptide from anthopleura less than glu-ser-leu-arg-trp-nh2 (antho-rwamide i). | 1988 | 2903070 |
| isolation of less than glu-ser-leu-arg-trp-nh2, a novel neuropeptide from sea anemones. | using a radioimmunoassay for the peptide sequence arg-phe-nh2, a peptide has been purified from acetic acid extracts of the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima. this peptide has the structure less than glu-ser-leu-arg-trp-nh2. using antisera to its carboxyterminal sequence arg-trp-nh2, the peptide was found to be exclusively localized in neurons of sea anemones, among them neurons associated with the sphincter muscle. this suggest that the peptide is a transmitter at neuromuscular junctions. | 1988 | 2897223 |
| isolation of pyroglu-gly-arg-phe-nh2 (antho-rfamide), a neuropeptide from sea anemones. | a radioimmunoassay has been developed for peptides containing the carboxyl-terminal sequence arg-phe-nh2 (rfamide). using this radioimmunoassay and applying cation-exchange chromatography and hplc, we have isolated an rfamide peptide from acetic acid extracts of the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima. three different methods established that the structure of the anthopleura rfamide peptide (antho-rfamide) is pyroglu-gly-arg-phe-nh2. comparison of synthetic and natural antho-rfamide and their ... | 1986 | 2879288 |
| amino acid sequence of the anthopleura xanthogrammica heart stimulant, anthopleurin-b. | anthopleurin-b, the most potent peptide heart stimulant from the sea anemone anthopleura xanthogrammica, was shown to exist as a single polypeptide chain consisting of 49 amino acid residues. the sequence of the peptide was shown to be: gly-val-pro-cys-leu-cys-asp-ser-asp-gly- pro-arg-pro-arg-gly-asn-thr-leu-ser-gly-ile-leu-trp-phe-tyr-pro-ser- gly-cys-pro-ser-gly-trp-his-asn-cys-lys-ala-his-gly-pro-asn-ile-gly- trp-cys-cys-lys-lys. the carboxymethylcysteine derivative, tryptic and chymotryptic ... | 1985 | 4019448 |
| isolation and amino acid sequence of a morphogenetic peptide from hydra. | from anthopleura elegantissima and from hydra attenuata, a morphogenetic peptide-the head activator-was isolated in pure form. the sequence of the head activator was established by enzymatic and by chemical degradation of the whole peptide or fragments thereof and subsequent analysis of the amino acids by micromethods. the head activator from both sources was identical and has the sequence:<pglu-pro-pro-gly-gly-ser-lys-val-ile-leu-phe. | 1981 | 16593123 |
| novel role of calcium in exocytosis: mechanism of nematocyst discharge as shown by x-ray microanalysis. | mature nematocysts of the sea anemones rhodactis rhodostoma and anthopleura elegantissima contain a fluid that has a high concentration of solutes and is extraordinarily rich in calcium (ca. 500-600 mmol/kg wet weight); this contrasts with the surrounding cytoplasm which is rich in potassium but poor in calcium. the undischarged capsule is surrounded by a membrane that probably acts as a selective permeability barrier between the cytoplasm and the nematocyst fluid. during discharge the nematocys ... | 1981 | 6943563 |
| electrical activity following cellular recognition of self and non-self in a sea anemone. | the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima lives in clonal colonies and possesses a cellular recognition system of remarkable specificity, by which it can recognize members of its own clone; other anemones, including individuals of the same species which are not syngeneic, are attacked. attack is initiated by contact with a foreign anthozoan and involves the inflation of specialized tentacle-like structures known as acrorhagi, which contain numerous stinging cells. these stinging cells only disch ... | 1981 | 6109255 |
| clone-specific cellular recognition in a sea anemone. | a highly specific cellular recognition system, capable of distinguishing between syngeneic and allogeneic tissue, exists in anthopleura elegantissima, a sea anemone that lives in clonal colonies and attacks foreign clones. during the attack, specialized surface protrusions (acrorhagi) are used for stinging. the recognition process was studied by presenting various tissues to the surface of inflated acrorhagi and observing whether nematocyst discharge occurred. nematocyte excitation required dire ... | 1980 | 6109283 |
| proline inhibition of a sea anemone alarm pheromone response. | 1. l-proline, by itself or in animal tissue extracts, inhibits the response of the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima to the alarm phermone, anthopeurine. 2. the effect of proline is mediated by a receptor that is specific for the structure and configuration of the part of the l-proline molecule containing the carboxyl and imino groups. 3. proline inhibition is competitive, in the sense that the effects of a given proline concentration can be overridden by an increase in anthopeurine concentr ... | 1976 | 11266 |
| social organization within clones of the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima. | the aggregating form of the anemone anthopleura elegantissima often lives in closely packed groups composed of genetically identical individuals. these clonal aggregations remain separated from each other because contact between non-clonemates elicits intraspecific aggression (francis, 1973a & b). since the anemones live in a dependable environment, are long-lived, have indeterminate growth, and reproduce sexually and asexually, and since predation does not appear to be severe, intraspecific com ... | 1976 | 28368208 |
| anthopleurine: a sea anemone alarm pheromone. | the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima responds with characteristic contraction to a pheromone released by wounded conspecifics. the alarm pheromone was isolated by ion-exchange chromatography and identified by chemical and spectroscopic methods as the quaternary ammonium ion (3-carboxy-2, 3-dihydroxy-n, n, n-trimethyl)-1-propanaminium. median effective concentration of the crystalline pheromone is 3.5 x 10-minus 10 mole per liter of seawater. | 1975 | 238286 |
| a description of the embryology, larval development, and feeding of the sea anemones anthopleura elegantissima and a. xanthogrammica. | | 1974 | 4154803 |
| intraspecific aggression and its effect on the distribution of anthopleura elegantissima and some related sea anemones. | tentacle contact between genetically different individuals of the west coast sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima initiates in one or both individuals an elaborate behavior pattern that usually results in damage to one or both animals. this aggressive behavior may be described as progressing through five stages: (1) stimulation (or initiation) during which the tentacles of the two anemones repeatedly come into contact and then withdraw from contact; (2) inflation, during which the acrorhagi com ... | 1973 | 28368755 |
| clone specific segregation in the sea anemone anthopleura-elegantissima. | the anemones in a single continuous aggregation of the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima are observed to resemble each other in two obvious ways: (1) all have the same color pattern, and (2) all individuals having developed gonads are of the same sex. furthermore, while sustained contact between individuals within an aggregation is very common, contact between individuals from different aggregations has been found to initiate an intraspecific aggressive response resulting in the separation o ... | 1973 | 28368753 |
| biphasic feeding response in a sea anemone: control by asparagine and glutathione. | two phases of the feeding response in the sea anemone anthopleura elegantissima are controlled by different chemical activators. asparagine controls the contraction and bending of tentacles which bring food to the mouth; reduced glutathione controls ingestion of food once it has contacted the mouth. a complete feeding response occurs only when both chemical activators are present. | 1971 | 17809219 |
| phospholipids of the sea anemone: quantitative distribution; absence of carbon-phosphorus linkages in glycerol phospholipids; structural elucidation of ceramide aminoethylphosphonate. | the phospholipid composition of the sea anemone (anthopleura elegantissima) was determined by quantitative thin-layer chromatography (tlc). phosphonic acids were not detected in phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, or phosphatidyl serine following isolation and hydrolysis. the structure of ceramide aminoethylphosphonate, a phosphonolipid, was elucidated by hydrolysis and oxidative degradation followed by characterization of the products by tlc and gas-liquid chromatography. the long- ... | 1967 | 17805722 |
| the occurrence of free 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid in the sea anemone, anthopleura elegantissima. | | 1962 | 14456574 |