| polyarteritis nodosa: general aspects and occurrence in domestic animals, particularly in association with nosematosis in blue foxex (author's transl). | a survey of polyarteritis nodosa in domestic animals is presented, including a description of the patho-morphological lesions and a discussion on the causal factors. this vascular disease occurs in domestic animals in association with both viral infections (infectious plasmacytosis in mink), bacterial infections (erysipelas in swine), and protozoan infections (nosematosis in blue foxes). the conclusion is drawn that the observations in domestic animals support the view that immunological disturb ... | 1976 | 2901 |
| encephalitozoonosis in laboratory animals--a serological survey. | serum samples of rabbits, guinea pigs, syrian golden hamsters and mice from various breeding stations and laboratory colonies were examined for the presence of antibodies to encephalitozoon cuniculi by the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat). of more than 500 rabbits, only those from commercial farms and laboratory colonies were found positive. the number of positive animals fluctuated in different colonies from 0% to 95%. 140 guinea pigs were examined. two colonies were antibody-free, fou ... | 1979 | 109381 |
| animal infectivity of encephalitozoon cuniculi. | rabbits, mice, rats and rhesus monkeys were infected experimentally with a rabbit isolate of the mammalian microsporidan encephalitozoon cuniculi. the lesions produced were typical of those occurring in spontaneous encephalitozoonosis in rabbits, mice, and rats, respectively. viable e. cuniculi were recovered from tissues of injected animals with and without lesions. titration of rabbit, mouse, and hamster isolates of e. cuniculi in mice and in rabbit choroid plexus cell cultures showed that the ... | 1979 | 109602 |
| the biology of encephalitozoon cuniculi. | encephalitozoon cuniculi is a widespread and often sub-clinical microsporidian parasite of homeothermic animals, including man. the biology, pathology and taxonomy of the organism is reviewed and the available diagnostic methods discussed. transmission is almost invariably via the oral route either by ingestion of contaminated tissues and other foods or by ingestion of infected urine, perhaps on food, or when animals lick the coats of others. transplacental transmission does not seem common but ... | 1979 | 109708 |
| sensitivity of encephalitozoon cuniculi to various temperatures, disinfectants and drugs. | spores of encephalitozoon cuniculi were exposed to various temperature or to disinfectants, and their infectivity was then tested on monolayer cultures of canine kidney cells. the maximum survival time for spores suspended in medium 199 was 1 day at -20 degrees c, 98 days at 4 degrees c, 6 days at 22 degrees c, and 2 days at 37 degrees c. only 2.5% survived 30 min at 56 degrees c. boiling for 5 min or autoclaving at 120 degrees c for 10 min killed all spores. dry spores survived less than a week ... | 1979 | 121934 |
| altered immune responsiveness associated with encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in rabbits. | the variation in immune response of two unrelated colonies of laboratory rabbits to high doses of heat-killed brucella abortus strain 19 was investigated. one was a mixed-breed, multicolored colony in which a high prevalence of encephalitozoonosis had been recorded, whereas the other rabbits were derived from a colony of dutch-marked specific-pathogen-free rabits. although considerable variation in the immune response between individual rabbits was noticed at all bleeds, rabbits infected with en ... | 1977 | 139377 |
| application of immunofluorescence to the establishment of an encephalitozoon cuniculi-free rabbit colony. | serologic screening of a rabbit breeding colony over a 9-month period showed that all 9-week-old rabbits with encephalitozoon cuniculi infection were born of e cuniculi-infected does. this observation, obtained from studies on 395 young rabbits, suggested that transmission of infection is either transplacental or the result of close contact soon after birth. on this basis, 16 young healthy rabbits, seronegative to e cuniculi, were isolated and tested at 2-week intervals for antibodies to e cunic ... | 1977 | 140272 |
| encephalitozoon cuniculi antibodies in a specific-pathogen-free rabbit unit. | we describe our discovery of encephalitozoon cuniculi antibodies in a specific-pathogen-free rabbit colony. small-sized samples had failed to reveal the presence of infection with a prevalence of about 5%. using an india ink immunoreaction test by which we were able to visualize both negative and positive reactions, we were able to undertake a 100% screen of the colony of more than 700 rabbits and to repeat this 4 weeks later when we had culled the positive reactors. by collating the results of ... | 1978 | 151081 |
| the eradication of encephalitozoon cuniculi from a specific pathogen-free rabbit colony. | encephalitozoan cuniculi was discovered in a large specific pathogen-free rabbit colony during routine quality assurance testing. by using a modified india-ink immunoreaction test we were able to test the entire colony for antibodies to encephalitozoon cuniculi. the prevalence of the disease was approximately 5%. all seropositive animals were culled, and another test of the entire colony, carried out 4 weeks later, revealed one seropositive rabbit which was also culled. two subsequent screenings ... | 1978 | 151763 |
| [rearing of germfree rabbits and establishment of an spf rabbit colony]. | baby rabbits hysterectomy-derived from conventional japanese white rabbits were reared under aseptic condition by feeding with 4 types of artificial diets. rabbit milk for the artificial diet was obtained from conventional dams at 7--25 days after delivery. the artificial diets was given by stomach tube twice a day. the total volumes of diet given (ml per day) were y = 2.3x + a (1 to approximately 14 days of age), y = 32.2 + a (l5 to approximately 25 days of age), or y = (32.2 + a) - 37.5 (x - 2 ... | 1979 | 155008 |
| diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis in experimentally infected rabbits by intradermal and immunofluorescence tests. | the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test was performed on serial blood samples from eight young new zealand white rabbits with experimental encephalitozoonosis. the test showed seroconversion in six of the eight infected rabbits by the 8th day after inoculation and in all rabbits by the 15th day. antibody titers reached a peak by about the 36th day after inoculation and remained significantly elevated until the termination of the experiment at 84 days after inoculation. none of four sham-in ... | 1977 | 323570 |
| the india-ink immunoreaction: a method for the rapid diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis. | sera from 37 rabbits were assayed for antibodies against encephalitozoon cuniculi (nosema cuniculi) by the india-ink immunoreaction and the indirect fluorescent antibody tests: all animals seropositive to the former were also positive to the latter test. 27 of the rabbits were also tested for skin hypersensitivity and then autopsied. animals positive to the skin test were also positive to the serological tests. at autopsy 18 of 22 rabbits positive in the immunological tests showed lesions typica ... | 1977 | 325292 |
| the immunoperoxidase test diagnosis of encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits. | sera collected from both naturally and artificially infected rabbits were found to show excellent correlation when examined for the presence of encephalitozoon cuniculi antibodies using the immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence tests. out of 85 randomly selected rabbits, 21 were found to be serologically positive using both the tests. however, lesions which could be attributed to e. cuniculi infection were only demonstrated in 16. | 1978 | 364187 |
| humoral immune response to infection with encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits. | parenteral administration of encephalitozoon cuniculi induced an antibody response within 7--11 days. peroral administration was less effective since only 2 of 6 animals showed seroconversion; they became seropositive within 14--21 days. sera from animals which became seropositive had high antibody titres during the whole test period. immune sera from 3 animals were fractionated by gel filtration. with the india-ink immunoreaction test, antibodies to e. cuniculi were found only in the 7s fractio ... | 1978 | 364188 |
| is encephalitozoonosis a zoonosis? | encephalitozoon cuniculi has often been cited as a human pathogen although few cases (of disease) have been described in the literature. a discussion of these cases suggests that this microsporidium should not be regarded as a pathogen of man. | 1979 | 384086 |
| a simple method for the detection of antibodies to encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits. | rabbit antibodies against encephalitozoon cuniculi were detected in an indirect microagglutination test using a bead substrate to which anti-rabbit immunoglobin g light and heavy chain antibodies were coupled. the test was positive using immune whole serum or f(ab)' and f(ab)'2 fragments of immunoglobin g but negative using the f(c) fragment. the reaction was blocked by saturating the beads with rabbit serum or by absorbing positive sera with excess encephalitozoon cuniculi. the test provided a ... | 1979 | 388070 |
| encephalitozoon cuniculi in wild european rabbits and a fox. | | 1979 | 472479 |
| an investigation of the route and progression of encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in adult rabbits. | rabbits infected either orally or intratracheally with cell culture-grown encephalitozoon cuniculi were monitored regularly for serum antibody levels and e. cuniculi in the urine. their responses were compared with intravenously inoculated and uninoculated control rabbits. all rabbits receiving e. cuniculi developed serum antibodies, generally within 3 weeks, and excreted e. cuniculi by 6 weeks. in the acute stage of infection, the organs most affected were lung, kidney and liver; the brain and ... | 1979 | 490434 |
| microsporidal encephalitis in muskrats. | microsporida similar morphologically to encephalitozoon cuniculi were found in granulomatous foci in the brain of 5 of 29 wild-caught muskrats (ondatra zibethica) held in captivity for various periods of time, but not in any of 36 free-living muskrats examined. the significance and possible source of this infection are discussed. | 1979 | 501846 |
| humoral immune response to natural infection with encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits. | sera from 4 generations of a family of rabbits having a natural encephalitozoon cuniculi infection were investigated. antibodies were demonstrated in a litter of newborn rabbits and in another litter 11 days old. histoloigcal examination of the brains and kidneys of these animals failed to reveal lesions attributable to the disease. sera from a further litter of 2 rabbits, taken at weekly intervals from 4 to 42 weeks of age, revealed a low initial antibody titre which regressed to an undetectabl ... | 1979 | 529764 |
| simple focus assay for encephalitozoon cuniculi. | in this is vitro infectivity assay for encephalitozoon cuniculi, lesions due to the organism appeared as macroscopically distinct foci. the number of such foci was used as a direct measure of the number of infectious units in the original sample. the expected correlation between focus-forming units and 50% infectious doses was observed in limit dilution experiments. | 1979 | 553187 |
| serological and histological studies on adult rabbits with recent, naturally acquired encephalitozoonosis. | twenty adult rabbits were killed two to 12 weeks after antibodies to encephalitozoon cuniculi were first detected in their sera. specimens of urine were examined for e cuniculi and sections of kidneys and brains were examined both for organisms and lesions consistent with encephalitozoonosis. organisms were observed in the kidneys from two weeks after the appearance of antibodies, and histological lesions in the kidneys were observed after five weeks. however, organisms were rarely seen in the b ... | 1978 | 653124 |
| isolation of the causative organism of canine encephalitozoonosis. | spontaneous infection with encephalitozoon cuniculi resulted in a lethal disease in all but one of a litter of puppies in texas. the disease was characterized by severe nonsuppurative nephritis, encephalitis and segmental vasculitis. many protozoa were in renal tubule cells, endothelial cells and brain. the number of organisms decreased and the granulomatous character of the lesions became more prominent as the disease progressed. sera from affected puppies and their parents reacted in an indire ... | 1978 | 695219 |
| some factors influencing the in vitro infectivity and replication of encephalitozoon cuniculi. | rabbit encephalitozoon cuniculi were propagated in vitro using rabbit choroid plexus (rcp) cells. the organisms reached maximum titer and numbers by 15 days. the source and in vitro passage level of rcp cells moderately influenced the sensitivity of the cells to infection. cells less than 1 week old were significantly less sensitive than older cells. a moderate increase in infectivity for rcp cells was demonstrated with increasing organism passage level in vitro. rabbit e. cuniculi were not affe ... | 1978 | 739413 |
| growth of nosema cuniculi in established cell lines. | growth patterns of nosema cuniculi (encephalitozoon cuniculi) in cell cultures of bovine kidney, canine kidney, feline lung, and rabbit kidney were studied. all cell cultures used were easy to manage and the last 3 are commercially-available established cell lines. the dog kidney cells were the most suitable for large-scale production of nosema. when grown in plastic flasks with a bottom area of 75 cm2, the weekly yield from nosema-infected canine kidney cells during the 10th to 17th week afte ... | 1975 | 804074 |
| fine structure of encephalitozoon cuniculi from rabbits, mice and hamsters. | fine structure and development of encephalitozoon cuniculi from rabbits were studied in rabbit choroid plexus (cp) cell cultures and were compared to hamster and mouse microsporida. sporoplasms had a single limiting membrane and contained a large nucleus. proliferative forms (schizonts) had double outer membranes, the outermost being associated with the formation of the limiting membrane of vacuoles formed within the host cell cytoplasm. these organisms were often binucleate and divided to form ... | 1975 | 811789 |
| encephalitozoonosis (nosematosis) causing bilateral cataract in a rabbit. | bilateral cataract due to a microsporidan believed to be encephalitozoon cuniculi (also called nosema cuniculi) is described as an incidental finding in a laboratory rabbit. the route of infection and the significance of the findings are discussed. this is apparently the first report of cataract due to this cause. | 1976 | 825135 |
| wall structure of the sporonts of encephalitozoon cuniculi grown in human fibroblasts. | | 1977 | 833573 |
| diagnosis of experimental encephalitozoonosis in rabbits by complement fixation. | a complement-fixation (cf) test has been developed for detection of experimental encephalitozoonosis in rabbits. the antigen consisted of disrupted homogenates of encephalitozoon cuniculi spores grown in and released from rabbit choroid plexus tissue culture cells. the test was sensitive and capable of detecting experimental encephalitozoonosis in rabbits as early as 15 days after intracerebral infection. the test was specific for infected animals, and no cross-reactivity was demonstrated betwee ... | 1977 | 864288 |
| isolation of encephalitozoon cuniculi from urine samples. | encephalitozoon cuniculi was isolated from the urine of infected rabbits using human and canine tissue cultures. the organism was isolated from 7 of 11 contaminated urines from seropositive animals. the advantages of urine over tissue as a source of e. cuniculi are that it is obtainable from living animals, can be examined for the presence of organisms, and is essentially free of cells likely to overgrow the tissue cultures used for isolation. | 1977 | 926750 |
| interactions between encephalitozoon cuniculi and macrophages. parasitophorous vacuole growth and the absence of lysosomal fusion. | encephalitozoon cuniculi grow within ever-increasing parasitophorous vacuoles (pv) in peritoneal macrophages. the pv boundary membrane conforms to a rich arrangement of blebs; similar, but free vesicles were observed within the pv space. an iron dextran-concanavalin a marker was used to express visually clustered distributions of con a receptors on the pv boundary blebs and free vesicles; no marker was observed on other membrane surfaces within the pv. these results, combined with the observatio ... | 1975 | 1189574 |
| interference between rickettsia orientalis and encephalitozoon cuniculi in the same cell. | | 1975 | 1243116 |
| glomerulosclerosis and hyalinosis in rabbits. | histological appearances of remnant kidney in female new zealand white rabbits undergoing left nephrectomy at 6 mths were studied. all 20 rabbits had evidence of previous encephalitozoon cuniculi (e. cuniculi) infection. half of the 10 uninephrectomized and 10 control animals completed 3 pregnancies before sacrifice (15 mths). twelve of 30 kidneys at sacrifice showed focal and segmental hyalinosis and sclerosis (fshs), a lesion not previously reported in rabbits. four of 5 kidneys in both uninep ... | 1992 | 1437287 |
| diagnosis of encephalitozoon cuniculi infection by western blot and the use of cross-reactive antigens for the possible detection of microsporidiosis in humans. | microsporidia are very primitive, eukaryotic, obligate, intracellular, protozoan parasites. encephalitozoon cuniculi, a microsporidian originally described from a rabbit infection, has been described in humans as well as in many species of laboratory animals. we report the detection of e. cuniculi by western blotting in a rabbit with torticollis that was obtained from an encephalitozoon-free colony. cross-reactivity of this serum was observed with antigens prepared from several genera of microsp ... | 1992 | 1443343 |
| hepatic lesions in rabbits infected with encephalitozoon cuniculi administered per rectum. | microsporidia have been recognized recently as opportunistic pathogens in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. in an attempt to develop an animal model of enteric microsporidiosis, adult (5 to 6 months old) male flemish giant rabbits from a closed new york colony were administered 5 x 10(3), 5 x 10(5), and 5 x 10(7) encephalitozoon cuniculi per rectum. rabbits given 5 x 10(5) and 5 x 10(7) e. cuniculi had moderate granulomatous periportal infiltrates, characterized by the presence of num ... | 1992 | 1448900 |
| systemic dissemination by a newly recognized intestinal microsporidia species in aids. | primarily to determine whether an intestinal microsporidian recently identified in aids patients disseminates from the bowel to infect other organs. | 1992 | 1466846 |
| rabbit encephalitozoonosis in kenya. | encephalitozoon cuniculi infection was diagnosed in a laboratory rabbit breeding colony at muguga, kenya. this is the first report of the disease in rabbits in kenya. post-mortem examination showed gross renal lesions and the presence of the parasite in histological sections of the cerebrum and cerebellum. on gram stain, spores were observed in the kidney sections. | 1992 | 1501438 |
| microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in a patient with aids. | a male patient is described with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) who developed chronic keratoconjunctivitis and chronic sinusitis due to infection with the microsporidian encephalitozoon cuniculi. diagnosis was confirmed by electron microscopic examination of conjunctival epithelial cells and nasal polypectomy specimens. treatment with propamidine isethionate 0.1% (brolene) eye drops six times daily led to a prompt resolution of the keratoconjunctivitis. | 1992 | 1540567 |
| chronic microsporidian infection of the nasal mucosae, sinuses and conjunctivae in hiv disease. | a case of chronic infection of the nasal mucosae, sinuses and conjunctivae with a microsporidian parasite in association with hiv infection and immune deficiency is reported. this microsporidian resembles both encephalitozoon cuniculi and the newly described encephalitozoon hellem by electron microscopy. this occurred in an adult male resident in the uk with no history of foreign travel. although there are previous descriptions of conjunctival infections from the usa, this is the first descripti ... | 1992 | 1607196 |
| disseminated microsporidiosis (encephalitozoon hellem) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. autopsy evidence for respiratory acquisition. | microsporidia are obligate intracellular protozoal parasites that infect a variety of cell types in a broad range of invertebrates and vertebrates. they have recently come to medical attention due to the increased frequency with which members of two microsporidian genera, enterocytozoon and encephalitozoon, are being diagnosed in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). the majority of published reports of human microsporidiosis describe enterocytozoon infection of small inte ... | 1992 | 1616428 |
| the incidence of encephalitozoon cuniculi in a commercial barrier-maintained rabbit breeding colony. | between 1982 and 1987 sera from 4952 new zealand white rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) obtained from a single commercial supplier were tested for the presence of antibodies to encephalitozoon cuniculi. a commercially available carbon immunoassay test kit was used. initially 32.9% of the rabbits were seropositive with the number progressively decreasing to 2.3% by 1987. the reason for the significant decline in the incidence of infection was most likely due to a selection process for breeding sto ... | 1991 | 1753686 |
| encephalitozoon infection in a still-born foal. | a stud clydesdale foal was still-born near full term. macroscopic examination revealed a normal placenta, pulmonary atelectasis and faint white mottling of the kidneys. microscopically there was severe lymphoplasmacytic interstitial nephritis. numerous organisms resembling encephalitozoon cuniculi were present in the affected kidneys. the organisms occurred in the areas of inflammation as well as in the renal glomeruli and intracellular cysts in the renal tubular epithelial cells and exhibited g ... | 1991 | 1770483 |
| culture, electron microscopy, and immunoblot studies on a microsporidian parasite isolated from the urine of a patient with aids. | microsporidian spores isolated from a urine sample of an hiv-positive patient were inoculated onto monolayers of six different cell cultures. the parasites (cdc:0291:v213) grew profusely in two of the cultures (hlf and e6) and extruded spores into the culture medium. the spores were gram-positive, 2.25- to 2.8-microns long, 1.25- to 1.8-microns broad, and smooth-walled. some of the spores had already extruded their polar tubes, which were either straight or slightly coiled. infected host cells c ... | 1991 | 1818126 |
| in vitro and in vivo investigations of human microsporidia. | the numerous infections of microsporidia which have been diagnosed in patients with aids have revealed the potential of these organisms for establishing themselves when the immune status of the host is compromised. two species of encephalitozoon, e. cuniculi and e. hellem, have been diagnosed in man, the former infecting a variety of tissues, the latter restricted to the corneal and conjunctival epithelia. these species are morphologically indistinguishable even at the ultrastructural level but ... | 1991 | 1818210 |
| studies on ocular microsporidia. | sera from six ocular microsporidiosis patients and eight individuals with no history of microsporidiosis were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and by western blot immunodetection. microsporidia used as antigen include nosema corneum, encephalitozoon hellem, encephalitozoon cuniculi, and nosema algerae. three aids patients with known e. hellem infections displayed elisa antibody titers to e. hellem ranging from 1:400 to 1:12,800. two patients with unclassified microsporidial i ... | 1991 | 1818211 |
| resolution of microsporidial epithelial keratopathy in a patient with aids. | a patient with a positive human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) titer and cryptococcal meningitis suffered bilateral epithelial keratopathy caused by encephalitozoon, which did not respond to sulfas, erythromycin, bacitracin, tobramycin, neomycin, polymyxin b, or fluconazole. eventual administration of itraconazole for the meningitis apparently produced resolution of the long-lasting (2-month) ocular infection. this new oral triazole antifungal may be valuable against the increasingly prevalent mic ... | 1991 | 1848925 |
| evidence for widespread occurrence of antibodies to encephalitozoon cuniculi (microspora) in man provided by elisa and other serological tests. | the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used to survey human sera for antibodies to encephalitozoon cuniculi using spores obtained from in vitro cultures as antigen. sera were obtained from patients with tropical diseases, neurological and renal disorders, patients who were hiv positive and those who had been tested for hiv but found to be negative. sera from inhabitants of the village of jali, the gambia and from healthy blood donors were also examined. numerous sera from all groups e ... | 1991 | 1903878 |
| enteric infection with an obligate intracellular parasite, encephalitozoon cuniculi, in an experimental model. | rabbits were intrarectally infected with 3 doses (5 x 10(3), 5 x 10(5), and 5 x 10(7] of an obligate intracellular parasite, encephalitozoon cuniculi, with or without prior colonic lavages. although chronic administration of enemas seems to interfere to some degree with the intestinal translocation of the parasite, systemic infection was observed in both manipulated and nonmanipulated animals. the animals responded with antibodies of immunoglobulin a (iga) and igg isotypes, reflecting the route ... | 1991 | 1904839 |
| fine structure of a new human microsporidian, encephalitozoon hellem, in culture. | encephalitozoon hellem is a new human microsporidian isolated from corneal biopsies and conjunctival scrapings of three aids patients and cultured in madin darby canine kidney (mdck) cells. encephalitozoon hellem and encephalitozoon cuniculi display different protein profiles with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and unique antibody binding patterns with murine antisera against western blots of each organism. developmental stages of e. hellem in culture are similar to e. ... | 1991 | 1920150 |
| the pathology of subclinical infection of encephalitozoon cuniculi in canine dams producing pups with overt encephalitozoonosis. | the macroscopic, microscopic and clinical pathology and the serology of 2 clinically normal staffordshire bull terrier bitches, both of whom produced pups with confirmed encephalitozoonosis, is described. mild histopathological changes, similar to those seen in the infected pups, were observed. the spores of encephalitozoon cuniculi were seen in the renal tubules of the kidney of one of the bitches. the serum urea concentrations of one of the bitches was elevated. a positive titre against e. cun ... | 1991 | 1941887 |
| isolation and characterization of a new human microsporidian, encephalitozoon hellem (n. sp.), from three aids patients with keratoconjunctivitis. | a new human microsporidian was isolated from cultures of madin-darby canine kidney cells incubated with conjunctival scrapings or corneal tissues from three aids patients with keratoconjunctivitis. the three isolates were morphologically similar to encephalitozoon cuniculi. the spores averaged 1 x 1.5-2.0 microns, had six to eight polar filament coils, displayed monokaryotic nuclei, and possessed relatively thick endospores with irregularly shaped exospores. organisms developed within a parasito ... | 1991 | 1995733 |
| microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | we describe three patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who presented with a bilateral coarse superficial epithelial keratitis due to infection with the protozoal parasite microspora, encephalitozoon cuniculi. despite the extent of the corneal surface disease, conjunctival inflammation was minimal. visual acuity ranged from 20/20 to 20/200. in one patient, the keratitis was complicated by the development of a surface defect with secondary pseudomonas species infection. all patients ha ... | 1990 | 2108656 |
| enterocytozoon bieneusi (microspora): prevalence and pathogenicity in aids patients. | microsporidia are unicellular organisms, which lack mitochondria. they have prokaryotic-like ribosomes and characteristic spores containing an extrusible polar tube which serves as a passage for inoculation of the infectious agent (sporoplasm) into host cells. clinically apparent infections in man appear to be limited to immunoprivileged sites or immunocompromised patients. one species, encephalitozoon cuniculi, has been reported several times in patients with neurological disorders and once cau ... | 1990 | 2117786 |
| human microsporidiosis. | | 1990 | 2121831 |
| brain and spinal cord lesions in encephalitozoonosis in mink. | central nervous system lesions were studied by light microscopy in 43 farmed mink, aged 5 months to 2 1/2 years, with spontaneous encephalitozoonosis and showing cataractous eye changes. lesions were found in the brain and spinal cord of all animals examined but were generally mild and chronic. the lesions were consistent with those previously described in spontaneous encephalitozoonosis in other carnivores. parasites in parasitophorous vacuoles and free or phagocytosed in necrotic and granuloma ... | 1990 | 2129181 |
| encephalitozoon cuniculi: quantitation of parasites and evaluation of viability. | two methods (manual and automated) for quantitation of viable versus dead encephalitozoon cuniculi are reported. the manual method uses ethidium bromide and acridine orange to stain dead and viable organisms, respectively. the stained organisms are visually differentiated with the aid of a fluorescence microscope. the automated method uses propidium iodide to stain dead parasites, which are differentiated from viable unstained parasites with the aid of a flow cytometer. an automated cell counter ... | 1988 | 2460622 |
| encephalitozoonosis in arctic lemmings. | encephalitozoonosis was identified for the first time in arctic lemmings (dicrostonyx stevensoni and crosses of d. stevensoni and dicrostonyx rubricatus). the most common clinical findings were circling, torticollis, posterior paralysis, depression, blindness and death related to parasitic granulomas in many tissues. granulomas were most frequent in the central nervous system, but were seen in many other tissues throughout the body. granulomas were characterized by collections of macrophages and ... | 1989 | 2474690 |
| distemper-like disease and encephalitozoonosis in wild dogs (lycaon pictus). | clinical signs of a fatal disease resembling those of canine distemper were observed in two groups of captive wild dog (lycaon pictus) pups 13 days after vaccination with a commercially available combination vaccine for dogs which contained a live attenuated strain of canine distemper virus. histopathological examination of tissues revealed the presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies in neurons and lesions resembling canine distemper as well as colonies of an encephalitozoon sp. in the central ... | 1989 | 2492610 |
| prevalence of antibodies to encephalitozoon cuniculi in stray dogs as determined by an elisa. | an elisa, using encephalitozoon cuniculi spores as antigen, was used to determine the prevalence of specific anti-e cuniculi igg in a group of stray dogs. in a preliminary survey 51 of 248 sera were classified as positive with titres of 1:400 to 1:3200. the 18 sera with titres of 1:400 were reclassified as negative when no igg binding to the spores could be detected by comparison with a standard curve of anti-e cuniculi igg. the remaining 33 sera (13.3 per cent) were classified as low, moderate ... | 1989 | 2497576 |
| studies of encephalitozoonosis in vervet monkeys (cercopithecus pygerythrus) orally inoculated with spores of encephalitozoon cuniculi isolated from dogs (canis familiaris). | encephlitozoonosis was induced in 35 of 38 vervet monkeys (cercopithecus pygerythrus). they were either directly (orally) inoculated with encephlitozoon cuniculi or indirectly exposed to this protozoan parasite. cell-culture-grown spores of e. cuniculi, isolated from the kidneys of dogs with natural, fatal disease, were administered orally to 29 of these monkeys. another 5 were exposed in utero by orally infecting pregnant females, and 3 were exposed to horizontal infection by nursing infected i ... | 1989 | 2498797 |
| serologic evidence of encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in a colony of squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus). | five hundred seventeen serum samples obtained during 3 years from a collection of 250 squirrel monkeys were examined by indirect immunofluorescence and dot-elisa for antibodies to encephalitozoon cuniculi. one hundred seventy-nine monkeys were positive at least once and fifty six monkeys were positive three or more times. older animals were more likely to be positive than young animals, but the proportion of serologically positive monkeys did not change appreciably over the 3 years. as judged by ... | 1989 | 2503661 |
| mechanisms of resistance/susceptibility to murine encephalitozoonosis. | mechanisms of resistance/susceptibility to the obligate intracellular protozoan encephalitozoon cuniculi were studied in resistant balb/c and susceptible c57bl/6 mice. three immunological functions were examined: the production of lymphokine(s) (lk) by t-lymphocytes, the proliferative response of spleen cells to parasite spore fragments, and the ability of splenic and thioglycollate-induced peritoneal macrophages to act as accessory cells in antigen-induced t-cell proliferation. the two strains ... | 1989 | 2505212 |
| a case of encephalitozoon cuniculi peritonitis in a patient with aids. | a 45-year-old man with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) presented with an unusual peritonitis resulting from a microsporidian infection. an inflammatory mass formed by the omentum magnum was revealed at partial autopsy. this mass was infested with parasites measuring 2.5-2.6 microns by 1.2-1.5 microns, which appeared gram positive and stained dark blue with giemsa stain. these organisms were pale pink with kinyoun stain, and occasionally one of their poles was periodic acid-schiff posi ... | 1989 | 2505609 |
| human microsporidiosis and aids. | several protozoan parasites of the phylum microspora, previously only rarely recognized in humans, are being detected with increasing frequency in patients with aids. these protozoa are small obligate intracellular parasites of the intestine, liver, muscles, cornea, and several other tissues. they are difficult to detect because they stain poorly, often evoke little or no tissue response, and require electron-microscopic methods for classification. although there are no human isolates, serologic ... | 1989 | 2649958 |
| new aspects of parasitic zoonoses. | selected parasitic zoonoses are discussed with emphasis on epidemiological, diagnostic and some chemotherapeutic aspects. pneumocystosis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis are briefly reviewed as "aids-related zoonoses". up to now 5 genera of microsporidia have been identified as causative agents of human infections, including encephalitozoon cuniculi, enterocytozoon bieneusi and pleistophora sp. which were found in aids patients. from the many "other parasitic zoonoses", gia ... | 1989 | 2669318 |
| murine encephalitozoonosis: the effect of age and mode of transmission on occurrence of infection. | experiments were conducted to determine whether neonatal mice are more susceptible to e. cuniculi than adult mice, and whether vertical and/or horizontal transmission occur in murine encephalitozoonosis. e. cuniculi infection in neonates did not cause mortality or clinical signs, but did result in chronic infection. despite initial age-related immunodeficiency, mice infected as neonates eventually developed humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against the parasite comparable to those seen ... | 1988 | 2975735 |
| modulated immune responsiveness associated with experimental encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in balb/c mice. | spleen cell blastogenesis to mitogens and antibody responses to sheep erythrocytes (srbc) were tested in balb/c mice with experimental e. cuniculi infections. blastogenesis responses of spleen cells 1 week post-infection were significantly lower than normal to t-cell mitogens (con a and pha) and were unchanged in response to b-cell mitogens (lps and pwm). after 2 weeks post-infection, the responses to t cell mitogens returned to normal. mixing spleen cells from 1-week infected mice with cells fr ... | 1988 | 2975736 |
| [infection of rabbits with encephalitozoon cuniculi]. | | 1986 | 3082321 |
| the immune response in a dog to encephalitozoon cuniculi infection. | the immune response to encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in a dog was investigated by means of the indirect fluorescent antibody test, the leucocyte migration inhibition test and the radial immunodiffusion test for serum igg and igm levels. specific antibodies were detected within 7 days of infection and they persisted for 370 days. a cell-mediated immune response was detected from day 13 following infection until day 97. histopathological examination showed plasma cell infiltration of the kidn ... | 1986 | 3083316 |
| [encephalitozoonosis in farm-bred arctic blue foxes (alopex lagopus)]. | occurrence of encephalitozoonosis in farm breeding of blue fox is described. fifty youngs of eight breeding females were infected, mortality was 88%. the main clinical symptoms of the disease were somnolence, ataxia, vision disorders, clonic spasms, at a protracted course also retarded growth. typical nonpurulent microgranulomata with occurrence of individual spores and cysts of encephalitozoon cuniculi were demonstrated in liver and central nervous system. further, diffusion interstitial nephri ... | 1986 | 3083563 |
| the infectivity of encephalitozoon cuniculi in vivo and in vitro. | the infectivity of encephalitozoon cuniculi grown in cell cultures was determined in cultured cells and in wild and domestic rabbits. the ratio of the total to tissue culture viable count was 1,300 (median of seven determinations). the mean ratio of intact spore count to total count, as determined by electron microscopy was 0.12. although variation between infectivity experiments was large, the median animal infective dose contained 51 ffu (cell culture focus-forming units) for wild rabbits (ory ... | 1986 | 3083616 |
| can encephalitozoon cuniculi cross the placenta? | laboratory rabbits and mice were challenged with encephalitozoon cuniculi at three different stages of gestation to determine whether the parasite crosses the placenta. no transplacental transmission could be demonstrated. | 1986 | 3085179 |
| the prevalence of encephalitozoonosis in danish farmed foxes. | the prevalence of encephalitozoonosis in danish farmed foxes variated between 3.0% and 73.8% with an average of 19.3%. the prevalence was at little higher in silver foxes than in blue foxes. it seemed, that the titers variated in relation to the sexual period with the maximum value in the oestrus. | 1986 | 3092182 |
| identification of toxoplasma gondii and encephalitozoon cuniculi by immunoperoxidase techniques and electron microscopy, in stored, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue. | | 1986 | 3092604 |
| humoral antibody response of rabbits to experimental infection with encephalitozoon cuniculi. | six female rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) were experimentally infected intravenously with approximately 1.5 x 10(7) live spores of encephalitozoon cuniculi. head tilt was observed as the single clinical sign in only one of the six animals. antibody response was registered over 68 days postinfection using the indirect immunofluorescence test (ift) for igm and igg, and the carbon immunoassay (cia). igg titers reached a level of 160-2560 after a latent phase of 13-28 days, followed by a 2-4 week r ... | 1986 | 3095980 |
| histopathologic evaluation following chronic implantation of chromium and steel based metal alloys in the rabbit central nervous system. | histopathologic evaluation of three metal alloys for chronic implantation in the central nervous system (cns) was undertaken in rabbits. throughout the 8 month evaluation period the inflammatory response to the alloys was bland. two of the alloys tested (chromium based mp35n, trademark of the standard pressed steel company, and a stainless steel alloy, bg42 vacarc, trademark of latrobe steel) appeared suitable as cns implants. the third alloy (stainless steel 440c, carpenter steel company) showe ... | 1986 | 3097022 |
| observations on the pathology of experimental encephalitozoonosis in dogs. | experimental transmission of canine encephalitozoonosis was effected by oral dosing of urine obtained from naturally diseased animals. per os, intraperitoneal and intravenous routes were used to induce infection with tissue culture-grown encephalitozoon spores which were initially isolated from the kidney of a dog with terminal disease. the infection was confirmed by a rise in the indirect immunofluorescent antibody titres, the lesions found in infected dogs and isolation of the parasite in tiss ... | 1986 | 3097313 |
| evaluation of kidney function in dogs suffering from canine encephalitozoonosis by standard clinical pathological and radiopharmaceutical techniques. | canine encephalitozoonosis can be responsible for a severe renal disease in dogs which may develop into progressive, irreversible kidney failure. three pure-bred boxer littermates with confirmed encephalitozoonosis were subjected to sequential clinical pathological tests and renal biopsies. the endogenous serum creatinine and urea levels showed an initial temporary reduction but later increased steadily. the phenolsulphonphthalein retention test confirmed this end-stage renal disease. initial hy ... | 1986 | 3098975 |
| experimental encephalitozoonosis in neonatal dogs. | the in vivo infection of neonatal dogs by the microsporidian protozoan parasite, encephalitozoon cuniculi, was studied. microscopic examination of tissues from infected animals showed granulomatous nephritis, meningoencephalitis, hepatitis, and pneumonitis. a large component of the inflammatory infiltrate consisted of plasma cells and lymphocytes. in addition, hyperplasia of b-lymphocyte-dependent regions of lymph nodes and erythrophagocytosis were consistently seen in infected dogs. infected do ... | 1987 | 3107200 |
| an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for detection of antibodies to encephalitozoon cuniculi and its use in determination of infections in man. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used to detect antibodies to encephalitozoon cuniculi in man, using spores derived from tissue culture as antigen. negligible cross-reactions were found with other microsporidia of vertebrate or of invertebrate origin and there was no cross-reaction with toxoplasma gondii, using elisa, immunoperoxidase or immunofluorescence staining. a high prevalence of antibodies to e. cuniculi was found in patients suffering from schistosomiasis, malaria and ne ... | 1987 | 3108830 |
| microsporidan hepatitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | | 1987 | 3109297 |
| brain and spinal cord lesions in encephalitozoonosis in blue foxes. transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies. | the brains and spinal cords from 3 young blue foxes suffering from acute to subacute encephalitozoonosis, were examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. parasitophorous vacuoles (pv) were demonstrated more frequently in vascular smooth muscular cells than in endothelial cells. the present study also indicated that the parasite has great affinity for neurons, including their processes. in addition, pv occurred in macrophages and probably also in intravascular monocytes. pv were r ... | 1987 | 3115059 |
| brain and spinal cord lesions in encephalitozoonosis in the blue fox. | | 1987 | 3120524 |
| [encephalitozoon cuniculi in a rabbit-breeding colony]. | a case of encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in a rabbitry is reported. after the introduction of new rabbits in 1984, problems arose accompanied by serious losses among rabbits of all ages. affected animals showed muscular weakness, emaciation, polydipsia and polyuria and died within various periods. some of the affected animals also showed neurological symptoms. when two animals were examined at autopsy lesions typical of encephalitozoonis were observed: small granulomas in the brain and chron ... | 1987 | 3125627 |
| immunologic and clinicopathologic evaluation of adult dogs inoculated with encephalitozoon cuniculi. | beagle dogs inoculated intravenously with 1.75 x 10(9) viable encephalitozoon cuniculi spores at 12.5 months of age were monitored for 18 months to assess infection in the adult dog. parameters monitored included packed cell volume, total and differential leukocyte counts, and humoral and cellular responses to infection. immunoglobulin m and g antibodies directed against the parasite tegument were present throughout the 18 months. peripheral blood monocytes treated with lymphokines, either antig ... | 1988 | 3128580 |
| the relationship in dogs between primary renal disease and antibodies to encephalitozoon cuniculi. | fifty-two serum samples from dogs with primary renal failure were tested for antibodies to encephalitozoon cuniculi. twelve were positive as compared to two positive samples from a control group of 42 dogs. there was a statistically significant difference between these two groups which suggests an association between infection with e. cuniculi and the development of chronic renal disease. | 1988 | 3129561 |
| birefringent spores differentiate encephalitozoon and other microsporidia from coccidia. | tissue sections containing protozoa with birefringent spores indicate an infection by microsporidia. hematoxylin and eosin (he) does not affect spore birefringence, but some special stains (goodpasture, brown and brenn, or gram) obscure it. encephalitozoon cuniculi from an infected puppy, glugea stephani from the winter flounder pseudopleuronectes americanus, and plistophora sp. from the japanese eel anguilla japonica all have birefringent spores. encephalitozoon was studied first and then the t ... | 1988 | 3134761 |
| dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot elisa) for antibodies to encephalitozoon cuniculi. | a dot-elisa procedure was developed to detect antibodies against encephalitozoon cuniculi. sera from 84 rabbits, 22 dogs, 18 squirrel monkeys and 200 mice were tested by dot-elisa and most also were tested by immunofluorescence. comparison of the two tests showed that there was excellent agreement of the results (kappa values greater than or equal to 0.74) in all four species. dot-elisa is a simple, quantitative, rapid alternative to immunofluorescence when large numbers of serum samples must be ... | 1988 | 3143028 |
| encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in mrl/mpj-lpr (lymphoproliferation) mice. | experiments were conducted to determine (a) whether mice bearing the single autosomal recessive gene lpr (lymphoproliferation) are more susceptible to encephalitozoonosis than syngeneic mice without the lpr gene and (b) whether infection with encephalitozoon cuniculi in autoimmune mrl/mpj mice accelerates and/or exacerbates the development of hypergammaglobulinemia, a manifestation of encephalitozoonosis in dogs and foxes. the results suggested that the lpr gene does not influence susceptibility ... | 1988 | 3146668 |
| the influence of encephalitozoon cuniculi on neural tissue responses to implanted biomaterials in the rabbit. | laboratory rabbits are commonly used for testing the tissue response of neural device biomaterials. rabbits of many colonies in the u.s. are infected by the intracellular microsporidian parasite, encephalitozoon cuniculi, with rates of infection ranging from 15 to 76% (1). several authors have suggested that infection by this parasite may alter immune system response and experimental results. we report that infection by e. cuniculi made the interpretation of results more difficult and altered th ... | 1988 | 3146669 |
| serological evidence for encephalitozoon cuniculi infection (nosemiasis) in gnotobiotic guineapigs. | encephalitozoon cuniculi infection (nosemiasis) was serologically diagnosed in hysterectomy-derived gnotobiotically reared guineapigs. the probability of vertical transplacental transmission is discussed. | 1988 | 3148061 |
| encephalitozoonosis in squirrel monkeys (saimiri sciureus). | twenty-two cases of naturally occurring encephalitozoonosis in squirrel monkeys are reported from breeding colonies of the delta regional primate research center, covington, la. characteristic foci of granulomatous inflammation and organisms were demonstrated in brains, kidneys, lungs, adrenals, and livers. vasculitis and perivasculitis were also common lesions in several organs. at least seven cases were congenital while ten others occurred in monkeys less than nine months old. granulomatous pl ... | 1985 | 3919491 |
| enhanced pulmonary natural killer cell activity during murine encephalitozoonosis. | experimental infection with the protozoan parasite encephalitozoon cuniculi induced an augmentation of pulmonary natural killer cell (nk) activity in c57bl/6 mice. enhanced clearance of 51cr-labelled yac-1 lymphoma cells peaked on day 4 of infection and returned to normal levels by the tenth day of infection. infected mice also demonstrated heightened resistance to pulmonary tumor formation compared to uninfected control mice following challenge with lung-homing b16f10 melanoma cells. | 1985 | 3920377 |
| encephalitozoonosis in a parrot. | encephalitozoon infection was diagnosed in a double yellow-headed amazon parrot, amazona ochrocephala. illness was characterized by respiratory distress, decreased appetite, diarrhea, and weight loss. this gram-positive organism was present in renal tubules, intestine, and lungs. ultrastructural features consisted of 5 polar filament coils and a single nucleus. organisms were contained within parasitophorous vacuoles in cytoplasm of the renal tubular epithelium. | 1985 | 3921504 |
| susceptibility of cats, sheep, and swine to a rabbit isolate of encephalitozoon cuniculi. | newborn cats, pigs, and sheep (3 to 14 days old) and postweanling cats (2.5 months old) that had been inoculated with gardner feline sarcoma virus and feline leukemia virus at 10 days of age were infected experimentally with a rabbit isolate of the mammalian protozoan parasite encephalitozoon cuniculi. infection occurred in all cats and in some sheep, but was questionable in pigs. brain and kidney were the 2 major target organs in cats. the lesions were compatible with, but less severe than, tho ... | 1985 | 3923875 |
| head tilt in rabbits caused by pasteurellosis and encephalitozoonosis. | rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus) of non-dwarf (group a) and dwarf (group b) strains showing a common clinical sign of head tilt (torticollis) were examined. with 1 exception, all rabbits of group a had otitis and empyema of either one or both middle ears. pasteurella multocida was isolated from pus and from the nose of all but 1 of these rabbits, and on occasion was also isolated from the brain. by contrast in all dwarf rabbits the presence of the protozoan encephalitozoon cuniculi was confirmed ... | 1985 | 3928964 |
| isolation and in vitro cultivation of the mammalian microsporidian encephalitozoon cuniculi. | | 1972 | 4209547 |
| the ultrastructure of encephalitozoon cuniculi (microsporida, nosematidae) and its taxonomic significance. | | 1971 | 4332234 |
| virus resistance in rabbit kidney cell cultures contaminated by a protozoan resembling encephalitozoon cuniculi. | | 1973 | 4348584 |
| detection of antibodies to encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbits by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. | | 1973 | 4591341 |