| dna probes for the detection of babesia caballi. | a genomic library of babesia caballi dna was constructed in the plasmid vector puc13. the specificity of the clones for b. caballi was established by the lack of hybridization to babesia equi, babesia bovis, babesia bigemina and equine dna. two probes, pbc11 and pbc191, were isolated that could detect 0.25 ng and 0.125 ng of b. caballi dna, corresponding to a parasitaemia of 0.12% and 0.06% respectively. pbc191 could detect b. caballi parasites in the blood of an experimentally infected horse as ... | 1991 | 1866181 |
| the transstadial transmission of babesia caballi by rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi. | rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi larvae were fed on the ears of rabbits. seven days after larval infestation, unfed, newly moulted nymphae were manually removed to infest a splenectomized donkey showing a patent babesia caballi infection. engorged nymphae were collected from the donkey and the ensuing adult ticks were placed on a susceptible horse. the horse contracted a b. caballi infection showing a prepatent period of 19 days after tick infestation. a very low parasitaemia, (highest score 2), wh ... | 1987 | 3444624 |
| equine piroplasmosis: indirect fluorescent antibody test for babesia caballi. | | 1968 | 4865734 |
| comparative morphologic features of babesia caballi and babesia equi. | | 1967 | 4965565 |
| some effects of parasitism by babesia caballi on the tropical horse tick, dermacentro (=anocentor) nitens. | | 1970 | 4986167 |
| polyclonal antibody characterization of babesia caballi antigens. | in a previous study diagnostic b. caballi antigens with apparent molecular mass of 50 and 48 kda were identified. another antigen of 141 kda was recognized by most but not all b. caballi sera tested. here a further characterization of the three antigens is reported. rabbits were vaccinated with gel-purified antigens and monospecific antibodies were obtained for the 141 and 48 kda antigens. antibodies raised against the 50 kda antigen cross-reacted with the 48 kda antigen, suggesting that these t ... | 1994 | 7521861 |
| culture confirmation of the carrier status of babesia caballi-infected horses. | culture of horse blood for babesia caballi identified four carrier horses among nine previously infected horses. three of the carriers had no detectable parasitemias on stained blood smears, and sera from two carrier horses were complement fixation test negative. three cultures were continuously cultivated. cryopreserved fourth-passage b. caballi was successfully reestablished in vitro. blood from a 10th horse previously subinoculated with blood from a suspected carrier was cultured, with negati ... | 1993 | 8458966 |
| case report: field-acquired subclinical babesia equi infection confirmed by in vitro culture. | a horse with no prior clinical history of equine piroplasmosis tested negative for babesia caballi and babesia equi in the complement fixation test before importation into the united states from france. after 5 years in residence in the united states, the animal tested serologically positive for b. equi by the complement fixation test, the immunofluorescent antibody test, and western blot analysis. the carrier status of the horse was confirmed by culture of b. equi parasites. in vitro culture of ... | 1997 | 9003619 |
| prevalence of piroplasmosis in equines in the colombian province of cordoba. | eighty-two equine sera from 13 farms in northern colombia were examined for antibodies to babesia caballi and b. equi using the complement fixation (cf) and the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test. seroreactors to both piroplasms were present on all farms. the ifa test indicated a prevalence of 90% for b. caballi and 94% for b. equi. the cf test detected antibodies to b. caballi in 41% and to b. equi in 65% of the animals. the prevalence of seroreactors in different age groups revealed a si ... | 1988 | 3041656 |
| repetitive dna probes for the detection of babesia equi. | this report describes dna probes for the identification of babesia equi. a genomic library of b. equi was constructed in puc13. several clones were identified that hybridized strongly to b. equi dna. clone pbe33 hybridized specifically to b. equi dna and did not hybridize to horse dna nor to dna from babesia caballi, babesia bovis or babesia bigemina. two subclones of pbe33 (psb20 and peh21) containing b. equi repetitive sequences, could detect 0.49 ng and 0.97 ng b. equi dna, respectively. | 1989 | 2710167 |
| the transovarial transmission of babesia caballi by hyalomma truncatum. | babesia caballi, isolated from a horse that originated from south west africa/namibia, was transmitted transovarially by adult hyalomma truncatum. b. caballi proved to be highly infective for adult h. truncatum. forty-five per cent of ticks feeding on a reacting animal with an extremely low parasitaemia became infected. in spite of a low parasitaemia, the ticks were severely affected by the parasite. seventy per cent of the infected ticks either died during oviposition or after laying only a few ... | 1990 | 2339004 |
| haemoparasites of equines: impact on international trade of horses. | the geographical distribution of babesia equi and babesia caballi and their tick vectors is discussed. control of infections with these protozoa is hampered by the lack of a suitable antiprotozoal drug and a reliable serological test. no vaccine is available. ehrlichia risticii (the causal agent of potomac horse fever) and e. equi are rickettsial parasites which are difficult to control. little is known of their geographical distribution and vectors. early diagnosis is required for tetracycline ... | 1990 | 2132711 |
| enrichment of babesia caballi-infected erythrocytes from microaerophilous stationary-phase cultures using percoll gradients. | a rapid and simple method for concentrating leucocyte-free babesia caballi-infected erythrocytes from in vitro cultures is described. infected erythrocytes amounted to at least 95% of all red cells obtained. | 1991 | 2027885 |
| demonstration of the humoral immune response of horses to babesia caballi by western blotting. | babesia caballi-infected or normal equine erythrocytes were solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) buffer and analyzed by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and western blotting. antigens were allowed to react with sera from horses experimentally or field-infected with b. caballi and with sera from non-infected horses. major babesial antigens recognized by immune sera had apparent mol. wts of 141, 112, 70, 50, 48, 34, and 30 kda. the polypeptides at 50 and 48 kda were recogni ... | 1992 | 1399247 |
| experimental acute babesia caballi infections. ii. response of platelets and fibrinogen. | | 1975 | 1126421 |
| experimental acute babesia caballi infections. i. red blood cell dynamics. | | 1975 | 1116517 |
| comparative serologic study of equine piroplasmosis, with card and complement-fixation tests. | an agglutinating antigen and a rapid card test (ct) for equine piroplasmosis was developed. the antigen for the ct was prepared from lyophilized babesia caballi complement-fixation (cf) antigen. serum and plasma samples for testing were obtained from known b caballi-infected horses and clinically normal horses maintained at the laboratory. serum samples also were obtained from horses outside the continental united states, in areas where piroplasmosis is endemic. comparative ct and cf tests were ... | 1979 | 391109 |
| detection of equine antibodies to babesia caballi by recombinant b. caballi rhoptry-associated protein 1 in a competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | a competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (celisa) was developed for detection of equine antibodies specific for babesia caballi. the assay used recombinant b. caballi rhoptry-associated protein 1 (rap-1) and monoclonal antibody (mab) 79/17.18.5, which is reactive with a peptide epitope of a native 60-kda b. caballi antigen. the gene encoding the recombinant antigen was sequenced, and database analysis revealed that the gene product is a rhoptry-associated protein. cloning and e ... | 1999 | 10364599 |
| monoclonal antibodies against babesia caballi and babesia equi and their application in serodiagnosis. | the production of monoclonal antibodies to the bloodstages of the haemoprotozoan parasites babesia caballi and babesia equi and the characterization of their corresponding antigens are described. species specific and immunogenic proteins of both parasites were identified using sds-page, western blotting and elisa. these proteins were then electroeluted from sds-page gels and used to immunize balb/c mice for hybridoma production. one monoclonal antibody (mab), designated bc5.37.70.27 (bc5), recog ... | 1997 | 9066047 |
| equine piroplasmosis an update on diagnosis, treatment and prevention. | two haemoprotozoan parasites, babesia caballi and babesia equi, can cause equine piroplasmosis. due to the presence of potential tick vectors in areas so far unaffected by equine babesias, import and export regulations often require the serum testing of animals for evidence of infection. although the complement fixation test (cft) has been recommended for detecting the presence of antibodies to babesia spp., it has been demonstrated to have several disadvantages, including false-positive results ... | 1996 | 8680838 |
| diagnosis of babesia caballi infections in horses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blot. | from babesia caballi in vitro cultures a preparation of 100% infected erythrocytes was obtained. from this, b. caballi antigens were extracted with the detergent 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propane-sulfonate (chaps) and used as elisa antigens. a control antigen of normal erythrocytes from the same donor horse was prepared in an identical manner. the elisa and western blot were validated by testing of sera from horses experimentally infected with b. caballi or b. equi or not infecte ... | 1994 | 8070952 |
| identification of diagnostic antigens for south american babesia caballi infections. | sera from 60 horses held in breeding herd in brazil were examined monthly by elisa, immunofluorescence antibody test (ifat) and western blot. all foals had maternal antibodies detectable by elisa and ifat, and sero-conversion took place between the 2nd and 5th month of age. the 48 and 50 kda antigens were recognized first in the course of infection. of 79 sera taken after sero-conversion 78 reacted with the 48 kda antigen, 76 with the 50 kda, 50 with the 70 kda, 54 with the 112 kda, 72 with the ... | 1994 | 8026903 |
| cryopreservation of babesia caballi cultures. | babesia caballi cultures were cryopreserved with a solution of 10% (w/v) polyvinylpyrrolidone 40 as cryoprotectant. samples were cooled at rates of 1, 10, 30 and 100 degrees c min-1 using a programmable freezer. additionally, a styrofoam box designed to cool samples at an approximate rate of 10 degrees c min-1 when placed in a -80 degrees c freezer was used. samples were stored in liquid nitrogen, thawed rapidly and inoculated into cultures. although, a high loss of infectivity was observed afte ... | 1994 | 8026902 |
| current state and future trends in the diagnosis of babesiosis. | an overview is given of the currently available methods to diagnose babesiosis in livestock. microscopic techniques are still the only appropriate techniques to diagnose acute disease. thin or thick blood films stained with giemsa's stain are sufficient. the sensitivity ranges from 10(-5) to 10(-6), i.e. one parasite per 10(5)-10(6) erythrocytes can be detected. thick films stained with acridine orange (sensitivity approximately 10(-7)) and the quantitative buffy coat (qbc) analysis tube system ... | 1995 | 7597794 |
| a comparison of the complement fixation and immunofluorescent antibody tests in a survey of the prevalence of babesia equi and babesia caballi in horses in the sultanate of oman. | the incidence of antibodies to babesia equi and b. caballi in horses in the royal stables of his majesty the sultan of oman was assessed by complement fixation (cf) and immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) tests. two series of samples taken with a 2-year interval, mainly from animals reared in oman, indicated a stable but high prevalence of antibodies. on the 2 occasions 94.6 and 97.7% respectively were positive to b. equi by ifa and 76.8 and 75.0% were positive by cf. for b. caballi the correspondi ... | 1980 | 6989066 |
| the interaction of babesia caballi kinetes with tick cells. | | 1983 | 6644089 |
| equine piroplasmosis: complement-fixation titers of horses infected with babesia caballi. | | 1969 | 5813666 |
| observations on the development of babesia caballi (nuttall) in the tropical horse tick dermacentor nitens neumann. | | 1968 | 4973786 |
| altered serum lipoproteins in equine infectious anemia: comparisons of values among normal horses and horses infected with babesia caballi. | | 1966 | 4961634 |
| detection of babesia caballi and babesia equi in dermacentor nuttalli adult ticks. | ticks play an important role in human and veterinary medicine particularly due to their ability to transmit protozoan pathogens. in this study we have demonstrated that polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and nested pcr methods enabled detection of babesia caballi and babesia equi in field isolates of dermacentor nuttalli adult ticks from mongolia. primers specific for 218 bp fragment merozoite antigen 1 (ema-1) gene of b. equi successfully amplified products from all samples of d. nuttalli adult ti ... | 2001 | 11306116 |
| detection of antibodies to babesia equi in horses by a latex agglutination test using recombinant ema-1. | a latex agglutination test (lat) using recombinant equi merozoite antigen 1 (ema-1) for the detection of antibodies to babesia equi was developed. the lat was able to differentiate very clearly between sera from b. equi-infected horses and sera from babesia caballi-infected horses or from normal horses. the lat results were identical to those of a previously developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. these results indicate that lat using recombinant ema-1 might be very useful as a routine scre ... | 2001 | 11329474 |
| [babesia infections in horses, cattle and dogs in southern germany]. | babesia infections serologically diagnosed in horses, cattle and dogs in southern germany during the last few years are described. 321 sera of horses were examined for specific antibodies to babesia by means of cft and iif in 1984; 18 sera reacted to babesia equi and 4 to babesia caballi antigen. in a cattle breeding area in the western allgäu 13% of 1616 cattle reacted positive to babesia divergens antigen using iif and elisa; during the grazing season 1982 new latent infections were observed i ... | 1985 | 3892774 |
| the role of international transport of equine semen on disease transmission. | despite the numerous benefits of having the capability to transport semen internationally, there are serious potential ramifications if that semen is contaminated with a communicable disease. bacteria: many commensal bacteria colonize the exterior of the stallion penis and are not regarded as pathogenic. they may be cultured from an ejaculate. alterations of the normal bacterial flora on the exterior genitalia may cause the growth of opportunistic bacteria such as klebsiella pneumonia, pseudomon ... | 2001 | 11744267 |
| species-specific serodiagnosis of equine piroplasma infections by means of complement fixation test (cft), immunofluorescence (iif), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). | the increasing horse trade requires a reliable immunodiagnosis of equine piroplasma infections due to import restrictions imposed by various countries, including the united states of america. it was the aim of our investigations to establish the suitability of serological tests for the detection of parasite carriers and, eventually, to differentiate between babesia caballi and b. equi infections. the investigations were carried out on 11 ponies with experimentally-induced b. caballi and/or b. eq ... | 1986 | 3518216 |
| analysis of a growth-promoting factor for babesia caballi cultivation. | serum-free media were examined to culture babesia caballi. daigo's t (dt) basal medium supplemented with daigo's gf21 (gf21) or git medium, which already contains gf21, supported the parasite propagation at 37 c in a humidified atmosphere under 5% co2 in air. growth of b. caballi was dependent of the suitable concentration (10-20%) of gf21. therefore, gf21 was suggested as the growth-promoting factor for b. caballi. however, git medium did not support the growth of parasites from cryopreserved s ... | 2001 | 11780845 |
| an investigation into the clinical pathological changes and serological response in horses experimentally infected with babesia equi and babesia caballi. | serologically negative horses, as determined with the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifa), were infected with babesia equi and 60 days later with babesia caballi. the only clinical signs of disease observed in these animals were a febrile reaction and slight icterus. haematological changes included a drop in haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration, as well as lowered platelet counts. the serum concentrations of albumin, iron and phosphorus were lowered. mildly elevated serum bilirubin and ... | 1987 | 3444610 |
| isolation of pure babesia equi and babesia caballi organisms in splenectomized horses from endemic areas in south africa. | both babesia equi and babesia caballi are endemic in large parts of south africa. attempts were made to obtain pure local isolates of both b. equi and b. caballi for the purpose of developing serological tests to study the epidemiology of equine babesiosis in this country. the indirect fluorescent antibody test was used to screen horses for b. equi and b. caballi in an endemic area. seven horses and 3 donkeys between 3 and 36 months of age that tested negative were subsequently splenectomized. t ... | 1988 | 3353098 |
| genotypically unique babesia spp. isolated from reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in the united states. | two morphologically dissimilar babesia spp. were cultured from reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) in placer county, calif. the smaller isolate, designated rd61, was morphologically similar to babesia odocoilei. serum from rd61-infected reindeer reacted equally strongly to b. odocoilei and rd61 parasites in the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test. small subunit ribosomal rna (ssu rrna) gene-sequence analysis showed 99.0% identity to that of b. odocoilei. the larger piroplasm, designated r ... | 2002 | 12049456 |
| improved in vitro cultivation of babesia caballi. | babesia caballi infected erythrocytes were collected from the blood of an experimentally infected horse and could be continuously cultivated in vitro with parasitemia ranging from 2-4% in rpmi 1640 medium supplemented with 2 mm l-glutamine, 20 mm hepes and 40% adult horse serum in a low oxygen atmosphere (2% o2, 5% co2 and 93% n2). all attempts to increase parasitemia failed using other culture media, serum concentrations and culture vessels. however, parasite growth was enhanced by transfer of ... | 1997 | 9234227 |
| the fine structure of developmental stages of babesia caballi in the salivary glands of hyalomma truncatum. | the development of babesia caballi in the salivary glands of hyalomma truncatum was studied at the electron microscopic level. kinetes were first observed in the salivary glands of ticks on day 2 of tick feeding and on each subsequent day of feeding until engorgement on day 8. sporogony appeared to involve the formation of cytomeres. after continued nuclear division, sporozoites formed when individual rounded nuclei were incorporated into portions of cytoplasm. sporozoites were first observed on ... | 1989 | 2812703 |
| a sero-epidemiological survey of equine piroplasmosis in the northern and eastern cape provinces of south africa. | serum samples from yearling thoroughbred horses (n = 176) in the magisterial districts of colesberg, venterstad, and wodehouse in the northern and eastern cape provinces were collected between september and november 1995 to determine the prevalence of antibodies to babesia equi and babesia caballi in these regions. samples were examined for specific antibodies using the indirect fluorescent antibody test. the 95% confidence intervals for the prevalence of serum antibodies in the 3 districts comb ... | 1996 | 9284032 |
| seroepidemiologic studies on babesia equi and babesia caballi infections in brazil. | horses from six stud farms representing the most frequent types of horse breeding in brazil were tested for babesia antibodies by the ifa test. the farms are located at the tropic of capricorn at an altitude of 472-715 m where temperatures below 0 degrees c may occur. horses of conventional stud farms were infested with dermacentor nitens, amblyomma cajennense, and boophilus microplus. infestation with bo. microplus was associated with direct or indirect contact of horses with cattle, and was no ... | 1999 | 10447188 |
| control of equine piroplasmosis in brazil. | the importance of equine piroplasmosis control in endemic countries has increased in recent years and plays an important role to maintain the international market open to the horse industry. the purpose of this study was to demonstrate the occurrence of equine piroplasmosis (babesia equi or theileria equi and babesia caballi) in brazil--a country where the disease occurs endemically--in different climatic conditions, and to evaluate the results of a strategy for tick control in order to decrease ... | 1999 | 10486829 |
| ultrastructural characteristics of babesia caballi in equine erythrocytes in vitro. | babesia caballi cultured continuously in equine erythrocytes was examined by transmission electron microscopy. the use of cultured b. caballi permitted examination of a large number of parasitized cells with various stages of intra erythrocytic development. the piriform merozoites of b. caballi were composed of an outer membrane and an inner double-membrane complex. numerous micronemes and three rhoptries were found in the pellicle of the merozoite, and a spherical body was seen in the anterior ... | 1999 | 10494804 |
| cloning and expression of a 48-kilodalton babesia caballi merozoite rhoptry protein and potential use of the recombinant antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | a cdna expression library prepared from babesia caballi merozoite mrna was screened with a monoclonal antibody bc11d against the rhoptry protein of b. caballi merozoite. a cdna encoding a 48-kda protein of b. caballi was cloned and designated bc48. the complete nucleotide sequence of the bc48 gene had 1,828 bp and was shown to contain no intron. southern blotting analysis indicated that the bc48 gene contained more than two copies in the b. caballi genome. computer analysis suggested that this s ... | 1999 | 10523537 |
| inhibitory effect of monoclonal antibodies on the growth of babesia caballi. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were produced against babesia caballi (usda strain) to define a species-specific antigen for use in diagnosis and vaccine development. eight positive clones of b. caballi mabs determined by indirect immunofluorescent antibody test were selected for purification and further characterisation. confocal laser microscopy showed that the antigens recognised by the mabs were located on the surface/cytoplasm, central part, and/or anterior end of b. caballi parasites, with fi ... | 1999 | 10616924 |
| procedurally similar competitive immunoassay systems for the serodiagnosis of babesia equi, babesia caballi, trypanosoma equiperdum, and burkholderia mallei infection in horses. | procedurally similar competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay (celisa) methods were developed for the serodiagnosis of babesia equi and babesia caballi (piroplasmosis), trypanosoma equiperdum (dourine), and burkholderia mallei (glanders) infections in horses. apparent test specificities for the b. equi, b. caballi, t. equiperdum, and b. mallei celisas were 99.2%, 99.5%, 98.9%, and 98.9%, respectively. concordances and kappa values between the complement fixation (cf) and the celisa procedures for t ... | 2000 | 10690775 |
| detection of babesia caballi infection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant 48-kda merozoite rhoptry protein. | the 48-kda babesia caballi merozoite rhoptry protein was expressed using a pgex4t expression vector in escherichia coli as glutathione s-transferase fusion protein (gst-bc48), and the expressed gst-bc48 was used in an elisa to detect specific antibodies in serum samples. no cross-reaction was observed with sera from horses experimentally infected with babesia equi. gst-bc48 elisa was a highly sensitive and specific test when compared with the cft. a total of 209 horse sera obtained from central ... | 2000 | 10779577 |
| the beta-tubulin gene of babesia and theileria parasites is an informative marker for species discrimination. | a fragment of the beta-tubulin gene was polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplified from genomic dnas of babesia bovis, babesia bigemina, babesia divergens, babesia major, babesia caballi, babesia equi, babesia microti, theileria annulata and theileria sergenti. single amplification products were obtained for each of these species, but the size of the amplicons varied from 310 to 460 bp. sequence analysis revealed that this variation is due to the presence of a single intron, which ranged from 20 ... | 2000 | 11027785 |
| expression of babesia equi merozoite antigen 1 in insect cells by recombinant baculovirus and evaluation of its diagnostic potential in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | the gene encoding the entire babesia equi merozoite antigen 1 (ema-1) was inserted into a baculovirus transfer vector, and a recombinant virus expressing ema-1 was isolated. the expressed ema-1 was transported to the surface of infected insect cells, as judged by an indirect fluorescent-antibody test (ifat). the expressed ema-1 was also secreted into the supernatant of a cell culture infected with recombinant baculovirus. both intracellular and extracellular ema-1 reacted with a specific antibod ... | 2001 | 11158131 |
| detection of babesia equi (laveran, 1901) by nested polymerase chain reaction. | we describe a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the detection of babesia equi in equine infected erythrocytes using oligonucleotides designed on the published sequence of a b. equi merozoite antigen gene (ema-1). a 102bp dna fragment is specifically amplified from b. equi but not from babesia caballi, babesia bovis or babesia bigemina dna. in a mock infection we were able to detect down to six infected cells in 10(8) equine erythrocytes or to detect the parasite in blood with an equival ... | 2001 | 11587829 |
| prevalence of equine piroplasmosis in central mongolia. | antigen for the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat) was routinely prepared from infected erythrocytes from horses experimentally infected with babesia equi and babesia caballi. with the successful establishment of in vitro cultures of b. equi and b. caballi, it is now possible to employ culture-derived antigens in this test. in this study, in vitro-propagated b. equi- and b. caballi-infected erythrocytes were used as antigen in the ifat. various modifications to an established protocol had ... | 1997 | 9352563 |
| biotin-labeled dna probe in a pcr-based assay increases detection sensitivity for the equine hemoparasite babesia caballi. | a dna probe from babesia caballi (bc1) was selected by antibody screening of a genomic library. the bc1 probe hybridized specifically to b. caballi genomic dna. a polymerase-chain-reaction-based assay for b. caballi dna was developed from primers deduced from the probe nucleotide sequence. an amplified product of 1.6 kb was detected from as little as 500 fg b. caballi template dna. sensitivity increased 1000-fold when the biotin-labeled bc1 probe was hybridized to the amplicons in a southern blo ... | 1997 | 9477492 |
| identification of anti-babesial activity for four ethnoveterinary plants in vitro. | a commonly available babesia caballi culture system was utilized for anti-babesial screening of four commonly used ethnoveterinary plants, rhoiscissus tridentata, elephantorrhiza elephantina, aloe marlothii and urginea sanguinea, in vitro. well-established b. caballi cultures were initially incubated with either imidocarb diproprionate and diminazene aceturate to validate the model, where after the studies were performed on the four plants. effectivity was established as the degree of inhibition ... | 2005 | 15893064 |
| monoclonal antibody against babesia equi: characterization and potential application of antigen for serodiagnosis. | monoclonal antibody (mab) beg3 was produced against babesia equi parasites to define a species-specific antigen for diagnostic use. the mab reacted with single, paired, and maltese cross forms of b. equi, and no reaction was observed with this mab on acetone-fixed babesia caballi, babesia ovata, or babesia microti parasites in the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test. confocal laser and immunoelectron microscopic studies showed that the antigen which was recognized by this mab was located on ... | 1998 | 9650921 |
| pathogenesis of babesia caballi infection in experimental horses. | the present study was designed to investigate the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of babesia caballi in experimentally infected horses. the expression of cytokine mrna was determined by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in two b. caballi-infected horses for 2 weeks after the infection. in one horse, there was up-regulation of interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) and interleukin-2 mrnas, while in the second horse, expression of only tnf-alpha mrna wa ... | 1998 | 9819767 |
| inhibitory effect of lactoferrin on in vitro growth of babesia caballi. | lactoferrin (lf) is an important biologic molecule with many functions, one of which is antimicrobial defense. we evaluated the growth-inhibiting effects of four types of lf (native lf, fe(+3)-bound [holo] lf, fe(+3)-free [apo] lf, and lf hydrolyzate) on the in vitro growth of babesia caballi and b. equi. the growth of b. caballi was significantly suppressed in media containing apo lf, but was not inhibited in media containing native lf, holo lf, or lf hydrolyzate. the growth of b. equi was not ... | 2005 | 16222014 |
| tubular structures associated with babesia caballi in equine erythrocytes in vitro. | in-vitro-propagated babesia caballi parasites were examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. many small pores were observed over the entire surface of infected erythrocytes on scanning electron microscopy, and on transmission electron microscopy these small pores were found to be openings of tubular structures. by the examination of a number of infected cells the tubular structures were found to be connected with the parasite, and this observation might indicate that the tubular ... | 1999 | 9951958 |
| continuous in vitro cultivation of babesia caballi in serum-free medium. | experiments were undertaken to develop a serum-free medium for the in vitro cultivation of babesia caballi, a tick-borne hemoprotozoan parasite, one of the causative agents of equine piroplasmosis. a modified hl-1 medium supplemented with horse serum, l-glutamine, antibiotics, and hypoxanthine was used. b. caballi organisms were continuously cultivated at 37 degrees c in microaerophilous stationary-phase culture in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% co2 in air before exposure to serum-free cu ... | 1999 | 10227060 |
| short report: molecular cloning and characterization of a putative binding protein of babesia caballi. | a composite 2,206 nucleotide dna sequence encoding a putative immunoglobulin-binding protein (bip) was constructed from a sequence obtained from babesia caballi cdna library clones. the 1,962 nucleotide open reading frame predicts a 72 kd protein with extensive homology with bips from apicomplexa parasites. the bip gene had a predicted n-terminal signal sequence of 18 amino acids and a c-terminal tetrapeptide sequence (ser-asp-glu-leu) for signaling in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. the recomb ... | 2005 | 16354826 |
| molecular detection of babesia equi and babesia caballi in horse blood by pcr amplification of part of the 16s rrna gene. | babesia equi and babesia caballi are tick-borne haemoparasites that may cause babesiosis of equidae. in southern europe b. equi is enzootic and infections may occur asymptomatically and more frequently than those due to b. caballi. complement fixation test (cft) is the official serological test for the diagnosis of equine babesiosis, but it has low sensitivity during early and latent stages of the disease. with the aim of developing more sensitive and rapid direct diagnostic alternatives, pcr sy ... | 1999 | 10435792 |
| pharmacokinetics of imidocarb dipropionate in horses after intramuscular administration. | the objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic behaviour of imidocarb in horses following a single i.m. injection at the dose commonly administered to treat babesia caballi infections or to prevent babesiosis. eight horses were injected i.m. with a single dose of 2.4 mg imidocarb dipropionate/kg bwt and blood, faecal, urine and milk samples were collected. for imidocarb determination, a high-performance liquid chromatographic method (hplc) was used after weak cation-exchange so ... | 2002 | 12358005 |
| growth-inhibitory effects of artesunate, pyrimethamine, and pamaquine against babesia equi and babesia caballi in in vitro cultures. | three antimalarial drugs, artesunate, pyrimethamine, and pamaquine, were evaluated for their growth-inhibitory effects against babesia equi and babesia caballi in in vitro culture. b. equi was more resistant to pyrimethamine than b. caballi. b. equi was also found to be more sensitive to artesunate and pamaquine than b. caballi. of the three compounds, pyrimethamine gave the most promise for in vivo effectiveness. | 2003 | 12543697 |
| identification of a specific antigenic region of the p82 protein of babesia equi and its potential use in serodiagnosis. | the efficacy of the be82 gene product fused with glutathione s-transferase (gst/be82) in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the diagnosis of babesia equi infection was reported previously (h. hirata et al., j. clin. microbiol. 40:1470-1474, 2002). however, the elisa with the gst/be82 antigen cross-reacted with babesia caballi-infected horse sera, despite the high rate of detection of b. equi. these results suggested that gst/be82 has an antigen in common with b. caballi or antigeni ... | 2003 | 12574244 |
| immunochromatographic test for simultaneous serodiagnosis of babesia caballi and b. equi infections in horses. | an immunochromatographic test for the simultaneous detection of babesia caballi- and b. equi-specific antibodies (bceict) was developed using a recombinant b. caballi 48-kda rhoptry protein (rbc48) and a recombinant truncated b. equi merozoite antigen 2 (rema-2t). an evaluation of the ability of the bceict to detect antibodies in sera from uninfected horses and experimentally infected horses showed high sensitivities and specificities of 83.3% (10/12 sera) and 92.9% (52/56 sera), respectively, f ... | 2006 | 16682475 |
| standardisation and comparison of serial dilution and single dilution enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using different antigenic preparations of the babesia (theileria) equi parasite. | serial dilution and single dilution enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) were standardised and their sensitivity and specificity were compared for serodiagnosis of babesia equi infection. the antibody titres of 24 donkey sera of known identity were determined separately by serial dilution elisa using three different b. equi antigens namely whole merozoite (wm), cell membrane (cm) and high speed supernatant (hss). the ratios of the optical density (od) of known positive and known negative s ... | 2003 | 12588685 |
| high-level expression and purification of a truncated merozoite antigen-2 of babesia equi in escherichia coli and its potential for immunodiagnosis. | the gene encoding a truncated merozoite antigen-2 (ema-2t) of babesia equi was cloned and highly expressed in escherichia coli as a glutathione s-transferase fusion protein (g-rema-2t). both g-rema-2t and rema-2t (after the removal of glutathione s-transferase) had good antigenicity. either western blot analysis with rema-2t or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) with g-rema-2t clearly discriminated the sera of horses experimentally infected with b. equi from sera of horses infected with b ... | 2003 | 12624044 |
| the hereditary transmission of babesia caballi in the tropical horse tick, dermacentor nitens neumann. | | 1964 | 14125923 |
| protein analysis of babesia caballi merozoites by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting. | babesia caballi merozoites were prepared by combining two improved methods of cultivation and purification of merozoites using percoll-gradiation, and the protein compositions of merozoites were analyzed by two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting. the relative molecular masses of the major proteins and protein masses separated by electrophoresis were >94, 80-70, 50-45, 34-30, 30-28 and 18 kda. by western blotting, twelve proteins or protein ... | 2000 | 10770608 |
| seroepidemiologic studies on babesia equi and babesia caballi infections in horses in jilin province of china. | the prevalence of equine piroplasmosis caused by babesia equi and babesia caballi in northeast china has remained unknown, although the people's republic of china is recognized as an endemic country for the diseases. in the present study, we investigated the prevalence of equine piroplasmosis in jilin province, a part of northeast china. a total of 111 serum samples were taken from horses in eastern jilin, and examined for diagnosis of b. equi and b. caballi infections by the enzyme-linked immun ... | 2003 | 14532697 |
| molecular cloning of a babesia caballi gene encoding the 134-kilodalton protein and evaluation of its diagnostic potential in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | a babesia caballi gene encoding the 134-kda (bc134) protein was immunoscreened with b. caballi-infected horse serum. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using recombinant bc134 protein could effectively differentiate b. caballi-infected horse sera from babesia equi-infected or noninfected control horse sera. these results suggest that the recombinant bc134 protein is a potential diagnostic antigen in the detection of b. caballi infection. | 2004 | 14715570 |
| the "expanding universe" of piroplasms. | the present paper is the continuation of our previous studies dealing with the genetic characterization of piroplasmid species found in southern europe. we report in this work new data concerning sequences of the 18s rrna gene in spanish piroplasms not studied (or not totally sequenced) in our former surveys. molecular data analysis indicated that spanish cytauxzoon felis (cat isolate) has 98% identity with cytauxzoon sp. from mongolia and 95% identity compared to african c. felis. there are at ... | 2004 | 15154598 |
| molecular evidence of babesia caballi (nuttall and strickland, 1910) parasite transmission from experimentally-infected scid mice to the ixodid tick, haemaphysalis longicornis (neuman, 1901). | molecular evidence that suggests the possible role of the ixodid tick, haemaphysalis longicornis and its eggs in the transmission of equine babesia caballi parasites is presented herein. using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to assay for dna in parasites, presumably acquired by ticks that were allowed to feed on splenectomized-scid mice, experimentally exposed to in vitro-cultivated b. caballi, we have obtained positive bands that corresponded to the expected b. caballi-specific 430bp gene fragm ... | 2001 | 11777598 |
| cloning of a truncated babesia equi gene encoding an 82-kilodalton protein and its potential use in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | to isolate babesia equi genes encoding immunodominant proteins, a cdna expression library prepared from b. equi mrna was immunoscreened with b. equi-infected horse serum. eighteen positive cdna clones were obtained, and the clone that showed the strongest immunoreactivity, designated be82, was further characterized. the be82 gene consisted of 1,953 bp and contained a partial open reading frame lacking the 5'-terminal sequence. as shown by western blot analyses, immune sera from mice intraperiton ... | 2002 | 11923375 |
| seroepidemiologic studies on babesia caballi and babesia equi infections in japan. | antibodies to babesia caballi and babesia equi were examined on a total of 2,019 horse serum samples that had been collected in 1971-1973 by the national institute of animal health by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using recombinant proteins and by western-blot analysis. based on the criterion for positivity by elisa, 5.4% (109/2,019) and 2.2% (44/2,019) had antibodies against b. caballi and b. equi, respectively. the elisa-positive sera were further examined by western blot; 30/109 f ... | 2002 | 12014577 |
| culture, isolation and propagation of babesia caballi from naturally infected horses. | thirteen blood samples of horses from south africa, five of which were seropositive for babesia caballi and eight for both b. caballi and theileria equi, were subjected to in vitro culture to identify carrier animals. none of the animals had a detectable parasitaemia on giemsa-stained blood smears before culture initiation. cultures were initiated in l-cysteine-enriched medium, either in an oxygen-reduced gas mixture or in a 5% co2-in-air atmosphere. all five animals seropositive for b. caballi ... | 2002 | 12049465 |
| detection of natural infection of boophilus microplus with babesia equi and babesia caballi in brazilian horses using nested polymerase chain reaction. | the potential role of boophilus microplus as a natural tick vector of babesia equi and babesia caballi in brazilian horses was assessed using nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based marker assay. b. equi merozoite-specific 218bp gene fragment was detected in almost 96% of horse blood samples, and 45.3-62.5% of females, eggs, larvae, and nymphs of b. microplus collected from 47 horses at campo grande in the state of matto grosso, brazil. except for the partially-fed female ticks, the b. caba ... | 2002 | 12163246 |
| detection of equine babesia spp. gene fragments in dermacentor nuttalli olenev 1929 infesting mongolian horses, and their amplification in egg and larval progenies. | babesia equi (ema-1) and babesia caballi (bc48) gene fragments were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), in blood samples, and partially fed-females and egg and larval progenies of dermacentor nuttalli, collected from horses in altanbulag, tuv province, mongolia. while babesia parasite dna was detected in some horse blood samples during the first pcr, all positive cases in partially fed-female ticks, eggs and larvae were confirmed by nested pcr. present study reinforces earlier similar ... | 2002 | 12237521 |
| in vitro isolation of equine piroplasms derived from cape mountain zebra (equus zebra zebra) in south africa. | twenty blood samples of zebras (equus zebra zebra) from the karoo national park and the bontebok national park in south africa, all seropositive for theileria equi, were subjected to in vitro culture to identify carrier animals and to isolate the parasites. sixteen animals had a detectable parasitaemia in giemsa-stained blood smears examined before culture initiation, the remaining four animals were identified as t. equi carriers by in vitro culture. cultures were initiated either in an oxygen-r ... | 2002 | 12356165 |
| repeated high dose imidocarb dipropionate treatment did not eliminate babesia caballi from naturally infected horses as determined by pcr-reverse line blot hybridization. | imidocarb treatment of horses infected with babesia caballi is supposed to eliminate the infection, but data on the efficacy of this treatment is scarce. the study presented here concerns four paso fino horses, which were imported into the island of curacao on the basis of a piroplasmosis negative complement fixation test (cft). upon re-testing with an indirect fluorescent antibody test immediately after arrival in curacao, two horses appeared to have antibodies to b. caballi and all horses had ... | 2008 | 18160222 |
| evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with recombinant antigens for the serodiagnosis of equine babesia infections. | two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) with recombinant protein as antigens were evaluated by comparison with the indirect fluorescent antibody tests (ifat) for the detection of specific antibodies to babesia caballi and babesia equi, respectively in 380 sera from experimentally infected, uninfected, and field horses. the high concordances of 92.4% (351/380) and 98.2% (373/380) between elisa and ifat for b. caballi and b. equi, respectively suggest that elisa, especially for b. equi infe ... | 2006 | 16621293 |
| [an epidemiological survey of equine anaplasmosis (anaplasma phagocytophilum) in southern france]. | anaplasmosis is caused by the bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum and transmitted by ixodes spp. ticks. according to some reports the disease can be introduced into disease-free zones by migrating birds. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of a. phagocytophilum in horses in the camargue. data concerning 424 horses were gathered and the sera were tested for a. phagocytophilum and for piroplasmoses using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a complement fixation test, ... | 2005 | 16642760 |
| estimation of the transmission dynamics of theileria equi and babesia caballi in horses. | for the evaluation of the epidemiology of theileria equi and babesia caballi in a herd of 510 horses in sw mongolia, several mathematical models of the transmission dynamics were constructed. because the field data contain information on the presence of the parasite (determined by pcr) and the presence of antibodies (determined by ifat), the models cater for maternal protection with antibodies, susceptible animals, infected animals and animals which have eliminated the parasite and also allow fo ... | 2008 | 18302805 |
| calcium-ions are involved in erythrocyte invasion by equine babesia parasites. | ethylene glycol bis (beta-aminoethylether)-n,n,n,n-tetraacetic acid (egta) is a chelating agent capable of binding to positively-charged metal ions, including a calcium-ion (ca2+). here, we demonstrated the inhibitory effect of the chemical on the in vitro asexual growth of the equine protozoan parasites, babesia caballi and babesia equi. the growth of both b. caballi and b. equi was significantly inhibited in the presence of egta (ic50=1.27 and 2.25 mm, respectively). under microscopical observ ... | 2006 | 16740183 |
| seroepidemiological evidence for the possible presence of babesia (theileria) equi and babesia caballi infections in donkeys in western xinjiang, china. | the prevalence of babesia (theileria) equi and b. caballi infections in donkeys in western xinjiang china was investigated. in total, 93 serum samples were randomly taken from donkeys in the kashi and ili areas, and examined for b. equi and b. caballi infections by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using recombinant antigens. of the 93 samples, 9 (9.6%) and 36 (38.7%) samples were positive for b. equi infection and b. caballi infection, respectively. in addition, 2 (2.2%) samples were positive ... | 2006 | 16891793 |
| natural co-infection of babesia caballi and encephalitozoon-like microsporidia in the tick anocentor nitens (acari: ixodidae). | the present paper reports the occurrence of natural co-infection of babesia caballi and encephalitozoon-like microsporidia in the tick anocentor nitens. engorged females of ticks, collected from a naturally b. caballi-infected horse, were incubated at 27 degrees c and relative humidity over 83%. after a 6-day incubation period, giemsa-stained smears prepared from hemolymph were examined microscopically under oil immersion. b. caballi infected ticks were dissected and samples of midgut tissue wer ... | 2006 | 16973173 |
| development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method for diagnosis of equine piroplasmosis. | loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) is a novel nucleic acid method whereby dna is amplified with high specificity, efficiency, and rapidity under isothermal conditions using a set of four specifically designed primers and a dna polymerase with strand displacement activity. in this study, we used lamp primer sets designed from ema-1 and bc 48 genes for detection of theileria equi and babesia caballi infections, respectively. these primer sets specifically amplified dna of the respective ... | 2007 | 16973284 |
| equine piroplasmoses at the reintroduction site of the przewalski's horse (equus ferus przewalskii) in mongolia. | piroplasmosis has been identified as a possible cause of mortality in reintroduced przewalski's horses (equus ferus przewalskii) in the dsungarian gobi (mongolia). a cross-sectional and a longitudinal study were conducted in a representative sample (n = 141) of the resident domestic horse population and in 23 przewalski's horses to assess the prevalence of theileria equi and babesia caballi. piroplasms were detected in blood by light microscopy in 6.7% (95% confidence interval [ci]: 3.6-12.2%) o ... | 2006 | 17092882 |
| a serological study of babesia caballi and theileria equi in thoroughbreds in trinidad. | ninety-three (93) horses were investigated for serum antibodies to theileria equi (t. equi) and babesia caballi (b. caballi) using the immunofluorescent antibody test (ifat). seventy-seven (82.8%) horses were seropositive; 31 (33.3%) were positive to t. equi compared to 64 (68.8%) to b. caballi while 18 (19.4%) horses were seropositive to both parasites. no significant differences in antibody frequencies among females and males for either t. equi or b. caballi were noted. differences in seroposi ... | 2007 | 17118557 |
| development of a single-round and multiplex pcr method for the simultaneous detection of babesia caballi and babesia equi in horse blood. | with the aim of developing more simple diagnostic alternatives, a differential single-round and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method was designed for the simultaneous detection of babesia caballi and babesia equi, by targeting 18s ribosomal rna genes. the multiplex pcr amplified dna fragments of 540 and 392 bp from b. caballi and b. equi, respectively, in one reaction. the pcr method evaluated on 39 blood samples collected from domestic horses in mongolia yielded similar results to t ... | 2005 | 15817201 |
| babesia caballi and babesia equi: implications of host sialic acids in erythrocyte infection. | the present study investigated the involvement of host sialic acids in the erythrocyte infection by two equine babesia parasites, babesia equi and babesia caballi. we observed that the in vitro growth of both parasites is influenced by the removal of sialic acids from the surface of equine erythrocytes (rbc). when the parasites were cultured with neuraminidase (nm, ec 3.2.1.18)-treated rbc, in which alpha2-3-linked sialic acid residues were removed from four membrane proteins of the rbc, b. caba ... | 2005 | 15869756 |
| theileria (babesia) equi and babesia caballi infections in horses in galicia, spain. | the control of equine piroplasmosis is becoming increasingly important to maintain the international market open to the horse industry. the purpose of this study was to demonstrate the occurrence of equine piroplasmosis (theileria equi and babesia caballi) in galicia, north-west spain, and to compare haematological and serum biochemistry parameters between non-parasitaemic horses and horses parasitaemic with t. equi and b. caballi. sixty serum samples (control group) were taken from healthy hors ... | 2005 | 15934637 |
| separation of dna fragments for fast diagnosis by microchip electrophoresis using programmed field strength gradient. | we evaluated a novel strategy for fast diagnosis by microchip electrophoresis (me), using programmed field strength gradients (pfsg) in a conventional glass double-t microfluidic chip. the me-pfsg allows for the ultrafast separation and enhanced resolving power for target dna fragments. these results are based on electric field strength gradients (fsg) that use an me separation step in a sieving gel matrix poly-(ethylene oxide). the gradient can develop staircase or programmed shapes fsg over th ... | 2005 | 16041706 |
| detection of babesia caballi in amblyomma variegatum ticks (acari: ixodidae) collected from cattle in the republic of guinea. | a reverse line blot hybridisation (rlb) assay was applied to screen amblyomma variegatum adult ticks (n = 504) collected from n'dama cattle in the republic of guinea. in a pcr, the v1 hypervariable region of the 16s ribosomal rna (rrna) gene was amplified with a set of primers unique for species of the genera anaplasma and ehrlichia, and the v4 hypervariable region of the 18s rrna gene was amplified with primers specific for members of the genera theileria and babesia. amplified pcr products fro ... | 2005 | 16252481 |
| molecular characterization of a putative protein disulfide isomerase from babesia caballi. | we produced a mab against the babesia caballi extracellular merozoite termed mab 2h2 and used it to screen a cdna expression library prepared from b. caballi merozoite mrna for highly expressed proteins. the complete nucleotide sequence of the cloned gene had 1547 nucleotides and contained a 36-nucleotide intron. the 1398 nucleotide open reading frame predicts a 51 kda protein showing similarity to protein disulfide isomerase (pdi) from other species. the pdi gene had a predicted n-terminal sign ... | 2005 | 16336731 |
| [a literature review of equine piroplasmosis after an episode of acute babesiosis in a dutch standardbred foal after a stay in normandy]. | piroplasmosis, a disease endemic to most tropical and subtropical areas, appears to be spreading to more temperate zones. this article gives a review of equine piroplasmosis and describes an acute case of infection with babesia caballi in a dutch standard bred foal after a short stay at a stud in normandy (france). a 3-month-old stallion foal was presented with lethargy, fever of 41 degrees c, and pale mucosal membranes. haematology revealed a low packed cell volume (14 l/l) leucytosis (25 g/l) ... | 2005 | 16363205 |
| new diseases and increased risk of diseases in companion animals and horses due to transport. | dogs and horses are transported within the european union for a number of reasons. the transport per se may cause physical problems, exemplified by hyperthermia in dogs and pleuropneumonia in horses, and the stress may reactivate latent infections such as canine herpesvirus-1 and equine herpesvirus-1. preventive treatments are vital to protect dogs from ticks and mosquitoes transmitting their potentially lethal infectious agents, such as leishmania donovani infantum, babesia canis, ehrlichia can ... | 2003 | 16429803 |
| serological evidence for babesia canis infection of horses and an endemic focus of b. caballi in hungary. | in order to evaluate the seroconversion of horses to babesia caballi and b. canis in hungary, blood samples were collected from 371 animals on 23 different locations of the country. the presence of antibodies to b. caballi was screened with a competitive elisa. all 29 positive samples came from one region (the hortobágy). the prevalence of infection did not show correlation with sexes, and reached 100% in the age group of 2-5 years. babesia canis-specific antibodies were demonstrated by ifat in ... | 2007 | 18277708 |
| development and evaluation of real-time pcr assays for the quantitative detection of babesia caballi and theileria equi infections in horses from south africa. | a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) assay using a taqman minor groove binder (mgb) probe was developed for the detection of babesia caballi infection in equids from south africa. nine previously published sequences of the v4 hypervariable region of the b. caballi 18s rrna gene were used to design primers and probes to target unique, conserved regions. the b. caballi taqman mgb qpcr assay was shown to be efficient and specific. the detection limit, defined as the concentrati ... | 2010 | 20031328 |
| a comparative study on the prevalence of theileria equi and babesia caballi infections in horse sub-populations in turkey. | blood and serum samples were taken from 481 horses, from a stud farm or a racecourse, and tested by microscopic examination of blood smears and celisa for theileria equi (t. equi) and babesia caballi (b. caballi) infections. at the time of sampling, animals were also examined for tick infestations and clinical disease, which were not observed in any of the sampled horses. during the microscopic examination of thin blood smears, parasites were detected in the three horses from the racecourse. ove ... | 2008 | 18672330 |