| sequence of a 16-kilodalton sexual stage and sporozoite surface antigen of plasmodium reichenowi and comparison with pfs16 of plasmodium falciparum. | | 1992 | 1741021 |
| circumsporozoite protein gene from plasmodium reichenowi, a chimpanzee malaria parasite evolutionarily related to the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum. | we have cloned and sequenced the gene encoding the circumsporozoite (cs) protein of plasmodium reichenowi a plasmodium falciparum-like malaria parasite of chimpanzees. comparison of the two cs proteins reveals both similarities and differences in these two evolutionarily related parasites that have adapted to different hosts. the p. reichenowi cs protein has a new repeat sequence, nvnp, in addition to the p. falciparum-like nanp and nvdp repeats. in the immunodominant th2r and th3r regions of th ... | 1991 | 2016283 |
| primary structure of the 25-kilodalton ookinete antigen from plasmodium reichenowi. | | 1990 | 2290442 |
| circumsporozoite protein gene from plasmodium brasilianum. animal reservoirs for human malaria parasites? | we describe here the sequence of the circumsporozoite protein gene of the monkey malaria parasite plasmodium brasilianum and show that the immunodominant repeat domain is the same as that of the human malaria parasite, plasmodium malariae. the immunodominant epitope on the surface of sporozoites of a third species of human malaria parasite has, therefore, been identified. this genetic based data and the biological similarities between p. brasilianum and p. malariae support their putative zoonoti ... | 1988 | 3128542 |
| the sporogonic cycle of plasmodium reichenowi. | plasmodium reichenowi, a malarial parasite of the chimpanzee, was infective to anopheles freeborni, anopheles quadrimaculatus, anopheles stephensi, anopheles maculatus, anopheles dirus, and anopheles culicifacies mosquitoes. anopheles gambiae and anopheles albimanus were not infected. mean oocyst diameters of p. reichenowi were smaller than those of the other chimpanzee parasite, plasmodium schwetzi. sporozoites were present in the salivary glands of an. freeborni at 15 days when held at 25 to 2 ... | 1986 | 3734994 |
| conservation of the plasmodium falciparum sporozoite surface protein gene, starp, in field isolates and distinct species of plasmodium. | the extent of structural conservation of the plasmodium falciparum sporozoite surface protein gene, starp, recently characterized in the t9/96 clone, has been analyzed using the polymerase chain reaction. results from ivory coast and thai clones, field isolates originating from brazil and kenya and laboratory-maintained strains strongly suggest that this gene has a highly conserved structure throughout this species. this structure includes a complex repetitive central domain consisting of a mosa ... | 1994 | 7870130 |
| phylogeny of the malarial genus plasmodium, derived from rrna gene sequences. | malaria is among mankind's worst scourges, affecting many millions of people, particularly in the tropics. human malaria is caused by several species of plasmodium, a parasitic protozoan. we analyze the small subunit rrna gene sequences of 11 plasmodium species, including three parasitic to humans, to infer their evolutionary relationships. plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent of the human species, is closely related to plasmodium reichenowi, which is parasitic to chimpanzee. the estimated t ... | 1994 | 7972067 |
| structure and expression of a post-transcriptionally regulated malaria gene encoding a surface protein from the sexual stages of plasmodium berghei. | the sexual stage-specific protein pbs21 of the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei, expressed on the surface of zygotes and ookinetes, has been shown to induce an effective and long-lasting transmission blocking immunity. the gene encoding pbs21 was cloned by screening a cdna library prepared from enriched zygotes and ookinetes using the monoclonal antibody 13.1.15, which is capable of blocking subsequent parasite sexual development in the mosquito vector. the pbs21 gene encoded a protein ... | 1993 | 8341324 |
| sequence of a 27-kilodalton gamete antigen of plasmodium reichenowi and comparison with pfg27 of plasmodium falciparum. | | 1993 | 8515780 |
| plasmodium reichenowi: deduced amino acid sequence of sexual stage-specific surface antigen prs48/45 and comparison with its homologue in plasmodium falciparum. | | 1997 | 9326890 |
| merozoite surface protein 2 of plasmodium reichenowi is a unique mosaic of plasmodium falciparum allelic forms and species-specific elements. | | 1998 | 9574922 |
| the evolution of primate malaria parasites based on the gene encoding cytochrome b from the linear mitochondrial genome. | we report a phylogenetic analysis of primate malaria parasites based on the gene encoding the cytochrome b protein from the mitochondrial genome. we have studied 17 species of plasmodium, including 14 parasitic in primates. in our analysis, four species were used for rooting the plasmodium phylogenetic tree: two from closely related genera (hepatocystis sp. and haemoproteus columbae) and two other apicomplexa (toxoplasma gondii and theileria parva). we found that primate malaria parasites form a ... | 1998 | 9653151 |
| molecular characterisation of plasmodium reichenowi apical membrane antigen-1 (ama-1), comparison with p. falciparum ama-1, and antibody-mediated inhibition of red cell invasion. | apical membrane antigen 1 is a candidate vaccine component for malaria. it is encoded by a single copy gene and has been characterised in a number of malaria species as either an 83-kda de novo product (plasmodium falciparum; pf ama-1) or a 66-kda product (all other species). all members of the ama-1 family are expressed during merozoite formation in maturing schizonts and are initially routed to the rhoptries. processed forms may subsequently be associated with the merozoite surface. because of ... | 2000 | 10960173 |
| allelic lineages of the merozoite surface protein 3 gene in plasmodium reichenowi and plasmodium falciparum. | | 2000 | 10960178 |
| genetic variation and the recent worldwide expansion of plasmodium falciparum. | plasmodium falciparum, the agent of human malignant malaria, diverged from plasmodium reichenowi, the chimpanzee parasite, about the time the human and chimpanzee lineages diverged from each other. the absence of synonymous nucleotide variation at ten loci indicates that the world populations of p. falciparum derive most recently from one single strain, or 'cenancestor,' which lived a few thousand years ago. antigenic genes of p. falciparum (such as csp, msp-1, and msp-2) exhibit numerous polymo ... | 2000 | 11164047 |
| cloning, nucleotide sequencing and analysis of the gene encoding the glutamate-rich protein (glurp) from plasmodium reichenowi. | | 2001 | 11420113 |
| comparative analysis of plasmodium reichenowi and p. falciparum erythrocyte-binding proteins reveals selection to maintain polymorphism in the erythrocyte-binding region of eba-175. | | 2001 | 11463469 |
| studies on malaria in chimpanzees. i. the erythrocytic forms of plasmodium reichenowi. | | 1956 | 13398864 |
| some observations on malaria parasites in a chimpanzee, with particular reference to the persistence of plasmodium reichenowi and plasmodium vivax. | | 1956 | 13435607 |
| studies on malaria in chimpanzees. iii. gametogony of plasmodium reichenowi. | | 1957 | 13459024 |
| rapid evolution of an erythrocyte invasion gene family: the plasmodium reichenowi reticulocyte binding like (rbl) genes. | malarial merozoites use an array of ligands, including members of the reticulocyte binding like (rbl) super-family of invasion proteins, to identify and invade erythrocytes. rbl family members are large type i membrane anchored proteins expressed at the invasive end of merozoites that share homology with the reticulocyte binding proteins 1 and 2 (pvrbp1 and 2) of plasmodium vivax. plasmodium species vary widely both in the number and sequence of their rbl genes, with the recently completed plasm ... | 2004 | 14698440 |
| conservation and divergence in erythrocyte invasion ligands: plasmodium reichenowi ebl genes. | | 2004 | 15555736 |
| genetic distance in housekeeping genes between plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium reichenowi and within p. falciparum. | the time to the most recent common ancestor of the extant populations of plasmodium falciparum is controversial. the controversy primarily stems from the limited availability of sequences from plasmodium reichenowi, a chimpanzee malaria parasite closely related to p. falciparum. since the rate of nucleotide substitution differs in different loci and dna regions, the estimation of genetic distance between p. falciparum and p. reichenowi should be performed using orthologous sequences that are evo ... | 2004 | 15693624 |
| evolution of noncoding and silent coding sites in the plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium reichenowi genomes. | we compared levels of sequence divergence between fourfold synonymous coding sites and noncoding sites from the intergenic and intronic regions of the plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium reichenowi genomes. we observed significant differences in the level of divergence between these classes of silent sites. fourfold synonymous coding sites exhibited the highest level of sequence divergence, followed by introns, and then intergenic sequences. this pattern of relative divergence rates has been ob ... | 2005 | 15858207 |
| orthologous gene sequences of merozoite surface protein 1 (msp1) from plasmodium reichenowi and p. gallinaceum confirm an ancient divergence of p. falciparum alleles. | merozoite surface protein 1 (msp 1) of plasmodium falciparum has a major allelic dimorphism in the majority of its sequence, the origin and significance of which is obscure. here, the cloning and sequencing of the msp1 gene from p. reichenowi (a chimpanzee parasite that is the nearest relative of p. falciparum) and p. gallinaceum (a malaria parasite of birds) is reported. p. reichenowi msp1 is most closely related to one allelic type (k1) of p. falciparum. the other p. falciparum major allelic t ... | 2005 | 15907558 |
| evolution of human-chimpanzee differences in malaria susceptibility: relationship to human genetic loss of n-glycolylneuraminic acid. | chimpanzees are the closest evolutionary cousins of humans, sharing >99% identity in most protein sequences. plasmodium falciparum is the major worldwide cause of malaria mortality. plasmodium reichenowi, a morphologically identical and genetically very similar parasite, infects chimpanzees but not humans. conversely, experimental p. falciparum infection causes brief moderate parasitization and no severe infection in chimpanzees. this surprising host specificity remains unexplained. we modified ... | 2005 | 16126901 |
| the structure of the plasmodium falciparum eba175 ligand domain and the molecular basis of host specificity. | erythrocyte-binding antigen 175 (eba175) is one of the best-characterized plasmodium falciparum merozoite ligands; the recently solved crystal structure of eba175 reveals that terminal sialic acids on the erythrocyte glycoprotein glycophorin a are a crucial factor for erythrocyte recognition by eba175 because they lock into pockets on its surface. comparison with plasmodium reichenowi eba175 indicates that these interactions have a pivotal role in the host-specific adaptations of parasite ligand ... | 2006 | 16497558 |
| structural polymorphism and diversifying selection on the pregnancy malaria vaccine candidate var2csa. | var2csa is the main candidate for a pregnancy malaria vaccine, but vaccine development may be complicated by sequence polymorphism. here, we obtained partial or full-length var2csa sequences from 106 parasites and applied novel computational methods and three-dimensional modeling to investigate var2csa geographic variation and selection pressure. our analysis reveals structural patterns of var2csa sequence variation in which polymorphic sites group into segments of limited diversity. within thes ... | 2007 | 17669514 |
| diversity and evolution of the rhoph1/clag multigene family of plasmodium falciparum. | a complex of high-molecular-mass proteins (pfrhoph) of the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum induces host protective immunity and therefore is a candidate for vaccine development. understanding the level of polymorphism and the evolutionary processes is important for advancements in both vaccine design and knowledge of the evolution of cell invasion in this parasite. in the present study, we sequenced the entire open reading frames of seven genes encoding the proteins of the pfrhoph c ... | 2008 | 18155305 |
| plasmodium falciparum antigenic variation. mapping mosaic var gene sequences onto a network of shared, highly polymorphic sequence blocks. | plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (pfemp1) is a potentially important family of immune targets, encoded by an extremely diverse gene family called var. understanding of the genetic organization of var genes is hampered by sequence mosaicism that results from a long history of non-homologous recombination. here we have used software designed to analyse social networks to visualize the relationships between large collections of short var sequences tags sampled from clinical para ... | 2008 | 18433451 |
| the origin of malignant malaria. | plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malignant malaria, is among the most severe human infectious diseases. the closest known relative of p. falciparum is a chimpanzee parasite, plasmodium reichenowi, of which one single isolate was previously known. the co-speciation hypothesis suggests that both parasites evolved separately from a common ancestor over the last 5-7 million years, in parallel with the divergence of their hosts, the hominin and chimpanzee lineages. genetic analysis of ei ... | 2009 | 19666593 |
| african great apes are natural hosts of multiple related malaria species, including plasmodium falciparum. | plasmodium reichenowi, a chimpanzee parasite, was until very recently the only known close relative of plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent agent of human malaria. recently, plasmodium gaboni, another closely related chimpanzee parasite, was discovered, suggesting that the diversity of plasmodium circulating in great apes in africa might have been underestimated. it was also recently shown that p. reichenowi is a geographically widespread and genetically diverse chimpanzee parasite and that ... | 2010 | 20133889 |
| allele frequency-based and polymorphism-versus-divergence indices of balancing selection in a new filtered set of polymorphic genes in plasmodium falciparum. | signatures of balancing selection operating on specific gene loci in endemic pathogens can identify candidate targets of naturally acquired immunity. in malaria parasites, several leading vaccine candidates convincingly show such signatures when subjected to several tests of neutrality, but the discovery of new targets affected by selection to a similar extent has been slow. a small minority of all genes are under such selection, as indicated by a recent study of 26 plasmodium falciparum merozoi ... | 2010 | 20457586 |
| african apes as reservoirs of plasmodium falciparum and the origin and diversification of the laverania subgenus. | we investigated two mitochondrial genes (cytb and cox1), one plastid gene (tufa), and one nuclear gene (ldh) in blood samples from 12 chimpanzees and two gorillas from cameroon and one lemur from madagascar. one gorilla sample is related to plasmodium falciparum, thus confirming the recently reported presence in gorillas of this parasite. the second gorilla sample is more similar to the recently defined plasmodium gaboni than to the p. falciparum-plasmodium reichenowi clade, but distinct from bo ... | 2010 | 20498054 |
| variable numbers of tandem repeats in plasmodium falciparum genes. | genome variation studies in plasmodium falciparum have focused on snps and, more recently, large-scale copy number polymorphisms and ectopic rearrangements. here, we examine another source of variation: variable number tandem repeats (vntrs). interspersed low complexity features, including the well-studied p. falciparum microsatellite sequences, are commonly classified as vntrs; however, this study is focused on longer coding vntr polymorphisms, a small class of copy number variations. selection ... | 2010 | 20730584 |
| geographic differentiation of polymorphism in the plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccine candidate gene sera5. | sera5 is regarded as a promising malaria vaccine candidate of the most virulent human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum. sera5 is a 120kda abundantly expressed blood-stage protein containing a papain-like protease. since substantial polymorphism in blood-stage vaccine candidates may potentially limit their efficacy, it is imperative to fully investigate polymorphism of the sera5 gene (sera5). in this study, we performed evolutionary and population genetic analysis of sera5. the level of int ... | 2012 | 22230587 |
| genomes of cryptic chimpanzee plasmodium species reveal key evolutionary events leading to human malaria. | african apes harbour at least six plasmodium species of the subgenus laverania, one of which gave rise to human plasmodium falciparum. here we use a selective amplification strategy to sequence the genome of chimpanzee parasites classified as plasmodium reichenowi and plasmodium gaboni based on the subgenomic fragments. genome-wide analyses show that these parasites indeed represent distinct species, with no evidence of cross-species mating. both p. reichenowi and p. gaboni are 10-fold more dive ... | 2016 | 27002652 |
| the evolution and diversity of a low complexity vaccine candidate, merozoite surface protein 9 (msp-9), in plasmodium vivax and closely related species. | the merozoite surface protein-9 (msp-9) has been considered a target for an anti-malarial vaccine since it is one of many proteins involved in the erythrocyte invasion, a critical step in the parasite life cycle. orthologs encoding this antigen have been found in all known species of plasmodium parasitic to primates. in order to characterize and investigate the extent and maintenance of msp-9 genetic diversity, we analyzed dna sequences of the following malaria parasite species: plasmodium falci ... | 2013 | 24044894 |
| polymorphism of the parasite lactate dehydrogenase gene from plasmodium vivax korean isolates. | assaying for the parasitic lactate dehydrogenase (pldh) is widely used as a rapid diagnostic test (rdt), but the efficacy of its serological effectiveness in diagnosis, that is antibody detection ability, is not known. the genetic variation of korean isolates was analysed, and recombinant protein pldh was evaluated as a serodiagnostic antigen for the detection of plasmodium vivax malaria. | 2013 | 23688062 |
| a comparative molecular survey of malaria prevalence among eastern chimpanzee populations in issa valley (tanzania) and kalinzu (uganda). | habitat types can affect vector and pathogen distribution and transmission dynamics. the prevalence and genetic diversity of plasmodium spp. in two eastern chimpanzee populations-kalinzu forest reserve, uganda and issa valley, tanzania-inhabiting different habitat types was investigated. as a follow up study the effect of host sex and age on infections patterns in kalinzu forest reserve chimpanzees was determined. | 2016 | 27543045 |
| the host specificity of ape malaria parasites can be broken in confined environments. | recent studies have revealed a large diversity of plasmodium spp. among african great apes. some of these species are related to plasmodium falciparum, the most virulent agent of human malaria (subgenus laverania), and others to plasmodium ovale, plasmodium malariae and plasmodium vivax (subgenus plasmodium), three other human malaria agents. laverania parasites exhibit strict host specificity in their natural environment. plasmodium reichenowi, plasmodium billcollinsi, plasmodium billbrayi and ... | 2016 | 27486075 |
| malarial parasite diversity in chimpanzees: the value of comparative approaches to ascertain the evolution of plasmodium falciparum antigens. | plasmodium falciparum shares its most recent common ancestor with parasites found in african apes; these species constitute the so-called laverania clade. in this investigation, the evolutionary history of plasmodium lineages found in chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) was explored. | 2013 | 24044371 |
| evolution of fseg/cseg dimorphism in region iii of the plasmodium falciparum eba-175 gene. | the 175-kda erythrocyte binding antigen (eba-175) of the malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum is important for its invasion into human erythrocytes. the primary structure of eba-175 is divided into seven regions, namely i to vii. region iii contains highly divergent dimorphic segments, termed fseg and cseg. the allele frequencies of segmental dimorphism within a p. falciparum population have been extensively examined; however, the molecular evolution of segmental dimorphism is not well underst ... | 2017 | 28137625 |
| pathogenicity determinants of the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum have ancient origins. | plasmodium falciparum, the most deadly of the human malaria parasites, is a member of the laverania subgenus that also infects african great apes. the virulence of p. falciparum is related to cytoadhesion of infected erythrocytes in microvasculature, but the origin of dangerous parasite adhesion traits is poorly understood. to investigate the evolutionary history of the p. falciparum cytoadhesion pathogenicity determinant, we studied adhesion domains from the chimpanzee malaria parasite p. reich ... | 2017 | 28101534 |
| baculovirus-expressed plasmodium reichenowi eba-140 merozoite ligand is host specific. | plasmodium reichenowi, an ape malaria parasite is morphologically identical and genetically similar to plasmodium falciparum, infects chimpanzees but not humans. genomic studies revealed that all primate malaria parasites belong to laverania subgenus. laverania parasites exhibit strict host specificity, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these host restrictions remain unexplained. plasmodium merozoites express multiple binding ligands that recognize specific receptors on erythrocytes, inclu ... | 2016 | 27443851 |
| multigenomic delineation of plasmodium species of the laverania subgenus infecting wild-living chimpanzees and gorillas. | plasmodium falciparum, the major cause of malaria morbidity and mortality worldwide, is only distantly related to other human malaria parasites and has thus been placed in a separate subgenus, termed laverania parasites morphologically similar to p. falciparum have been identified in african apes, but only one other laverania species, plasmodium reichenowi from chimpanzees, has been formally described. although recent studies have pointed to the existence of additional laverania species, their p ... | 2016 | 27289102 |
| genetic evidence for contribution of human dispersal to the genetic diversity of eba-175 in plasmodium falciparum. | the 175-kda erythrocyte binding antigen (eba-175) of plasmodium falciparum plays a crucial role in merozoite invasion into human erythrocytes. eba-175 is believed to have been under diversifying selection; however, there have been no studies investigating the effect of dispersal of humans out of africa on the genetic variation of eba-175 in p. falciparum. | 2015 | 26231699 |
| diversity of malaria parasites in great apes in gabon. | until 2009, the laverania subgenus counted only two representatives: plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium reichenowi. the recent development of non-invasive methods allowed re-exploration of plasmodial diversity in african apes. although a large number of great ape populations have now been studied regarding plasmodium infections in africa, there are still vast areas of their distribution that remained unexplored. gabon constitutes an important part of the range of western central african great ... | 2015 | 25889049 |
| hypervariable antigen genes in malaria have ancient roots. | the var genes of the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum are highly polymorphic loci coding for the erythrocyte membrane proteins 1 (pfemp1), which are responsible for the cytoaherence of p. falciparum infected red blood cells to the human vasculature. cytoadhesion, coupled with differential expression of var genes, contributes to virulence and allows the parasite to establish chronic infections by evading detection from the host's immune system. although studying genetic diversity is a ... | 2013 | 23725540 |
| malaria-like symptoms associated with a natural plasmodium reichenowi infection in a chimpanzee. | although plasmodium infections have never been clearly associated with symptoms in non-human primates, the question of the pathogenicity of plasmodium parasites in non-human primates still remains unanswered. a young chimpanzee, followed before and after release to a sanctuary, in a semi-free ranging enclosure located in an equatorial forest, showed fever and strong anaemia associated with a high plasmodium reichenowi infection, shortly after release. the animal recovered from anaemia after seve ... | 2015 | 26032157 |