| molecular and functional characterization of a fish inducible-type nitric oxide synthase. | using an oligonucleotide primer based on a partial goldfish inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) sequence, a complete carp inos cdna was isolated from an activated carp phagocyte cdna library. nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence analysis indicate that carp inos encodes a 1,127-amino acid protein with 57% sequence identity to human inos. like mammalian noss, carp inos protein contains putative binding sites for heme, tetrahydrobiopterin, calmodulin, flavine mononucleotide, flavine aden ... | 2000 | 10803847 |
| suramin blocks nucleotide triphosphate binding to ribosomal protein l3 from trypanoplasma borreli. | ribosomal protein l3 (l3) has been demonstrated to participate in formation of the peptidyltransferase center and is essential for its catalytic activity. in the present study we show that l3 is able to bind nucleotide triphosphates with high and specific affinity in vitro. l3 was serendipitously identified by screening of a genomic phage library from a primitive kinetoplastid flagellate trypanoplasma borreli with the atpase domain of the topoisomerase ii gene as a probe. the cloned gene was ove ... | 2000 | 10712604 |
| phylogenetic position of the kinetoplastids, cryptobia bullocki, cryptobia catostomi, and cryptobia salmositica and monophyly of the genus trypanosoma inferred from small subunit ribosomal rna sequences. | phylogenetic relationships within the kinetoplastid flagellates were inferred from comparisons of small-subunit ribosomal rna gene sequences. these included three new gene sequences from cryptobia bullocki, (2091 bp), cryptobia catostomi (2090 bp), and cryptobia salmositica (2091 bp). trees produced using maximum parsimony and distance-matrix methods (least squares and neighbor-joining) demonstrated with strong bootstrap support, that the kinetoplastids are a monophyletic group divided into two ... | 1999 | 10215025 |
| rna editing in the free-living bodonid bodo saltans. | in parasitic kinetoplastid protozoa, mitochondrial (mt) mrnas are post-transcriptionally edited by insertion and deletion of uridylate residues, the information being provided by guide (g) rnas. in order to further explore the role and evolutionary history of this process, we searched for editing in mt rnas of the free-living bodonid bodo saltans. we found extensive editing in the transcript for nadh dehydrogenase (nd) subunit 5, which is unedited in trypanosomatids. in contrast, b.saltans cytoc ... | 1998 | 9469817 |
| a study of sequential histopathology of trypanoplasma borreli (protozoa: kinetoplastida) in susceptible common carp cyprinus carpio. | the tissue response of common carp cyprinus carpio to the kinetoplastid blood parasite trypanoplasma borreli laveran & mesnil, 1901 was investigated during a laboratory infection of a highly susceptible carp line. with the development of the parasitaemia an increased proliferation of the lymphoid renal interstitial tissue was induced, which resulted in a progressive depression and deterioration of renal tubules. in heavily infected carp at days 20 to 28 post inoculation (pi), a tubulonephrosis, ... | 2000 | 10768290 |
| an m(r) 145,000 low-density lipoprotein (ldl)-binding protein is conserved throughout the kinetoplastida order. | in view of the importance of the low-density lipoprotein (ldl)-receptor in trypanosoma brucei, we have examined whether other bloodstream trypanosomes of medical and veterinary importance (t.b. rhodesiense, t. equiperdum, t. vivax, t. congolense), but also related parasites developing in mammalian (leishmania donovani) and non-mammalian hosts (crithidia luciliae and phytomonas sp. isolated from euphorbia), would possess an ldl-receptor of their own. (1) all these parasites specifically accumulat ... | 1996 | 8919994 |
| molecular analysis of phosphoglycerate kinase in trypanoplasma borreli and the evolution of this enzyme in kinetoplastida. | in the protozoan kinetoplastid organism trypanoplasma borreli, phosphoglycerate kinase (pgk) activity was found in two different cell compartments: 80% in the cytosol and 20% in peroxisome-like organelles called glycosomes. however, only one functional pgk gene could be detected, in addition to a pseudo-pgk gene. no short-range linkage could be established between these two genes, although they are presumably present on the same chromosome. the intact gene codes for a polypeptide of 411 amino ac ... | 1998 | 9795157 |
| comparison and evolutionary analysis of the glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from different kinetoplastida. | in this work, we present the sequences and a comparison of the glycosomal gapdhs from a number of kinetoplastida. the complete gene sequences have been determined for some species (crithidia fasciculata, herpetomonas samuelpessoai, leptomonas seymouri, and phytomonas sp), whereas for other species (trypanosoma brucei gambiense, trypanosoma congolense, trypanosoma vivax, and leishmania major), only partial sequences have been obtained by pcr amplification. the structure of all available glycosoma ... | 1998 | 9847415 |
| genetic variation in susceptibility to trypanoplasma borreli infection in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.). | gynogenetic reproduction of homozygous females, or crossbreeding two homozygous animals, results in fish lines without genetic variation. hybrid crosses are expected to express a more stable development than homozygous lines, the latter may have an important value for gaining insight into genetic components of host resistance to parasite infection. we examined the antibody response of carp (cyprinus carpio l.) to infection with trypanoplasma borreli. outbred carp responded with a production of s ... | 1995 | 8533293 |
| characterization of isogenic carp (cyprinus carpio l.) lines with a genetically determined high or low antibody production. | antibody production to dinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet haemocyanin (dnp-klh) served as the immune parameter to divergently select carp (cyprinus carpio l.) to produce high- and low-responder f1 hybrid lines. antibody production to trinitrophenyl-lipopolysaccharide (tnp-lps) and to dnp-klh were similar in magnitude. by contrast, some high-responder lines were low responders to dnp-human serum albumin, and vice versa. low-responder carp were relatively susceptible to infection with the parasite trypa ... | 1996 | 8930071 |
| organization of mini-exon and 5s rrna genes in the kinetoplastid trypanoplasma borreli. | mini-exon gene repeats from trypanoplasma borreli, which belongs to the cryptobiidae family of the bodonina suborder of the kinetoplastida, were isolated by pcr amplification and cloning. the presence of kinetoplastid-like mini-exon genes in t. borreli is consistent with the taxonomic status of this organism as a kinetoplastid protozoan. two families of repeats were found: 597 nt (t1) and 794 nt (t2), each of which encodes an approximately 95-nt medrna transcript. the t1 repeats also contain a c ... | 1993 | 8259125 |
| guide rnas and guide rna genes in the cryptobiid kinetoplastid protozoan, trypanoplasma borreli. | trypanoplasma borreli belongs to the bodonid/cryptobiid group of kinetoplastid protozoa, which represents a sister group to the trypanosomatids. rna transcripts from several mitochondrial genes in this organism undergo the trypanosomatid type of uridine addition/deletion rna editing. a guide rna (grna) cdna library was constructed and five grnas were identified, one for editing the ribosomal protein s12 mrna, three for editing the cytochrome oxidase subunit i mrna, and one for editing the cytoch ... | 1996 | 8903345 |
| investigations into the ubiquitous nature of high or low immune responsiveness after divergent selection for antibody production in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.). | this paper reports on the selection of individual carp with a high or low antibody response, in combination with reproduction by gynogenesis, in order to develop well-characterised inbred carp lines consisting of practically unlimited numbers of carp with the same genotype. two homozygous progenies, previously characterised as having a high or low immune response to dinitrophenyl keyhole limpet haemocyanin (dnp-klh), were immunised with either a t-dependent (dnp-human serum albumin (dnp-hsa)) or ... | 1995 | 8578693 |
| effects of inoculum route and dose on the immune response of common carp, cyprinus carpio to the blood parasite, trypanoplasma borreli. | carp were inoculated intramuscularly (im) or intraperitoneally (ip) with different doses of live trypanoplasma borreli. prepatent period was shortened by using the im route and by increasing the dose. haematocrit was reduced following im inoculation with 9.5 x 10(5) parasites. most fish recovered between 8 and 13 weeks post-inoculation (wpi). neither parasitaemia nor anaemia was detected in any recovered fish following homologous challenge. an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to q ... | 1993 | 8333145 |
| rna editing and mitochondrial genomic organization in the cryptobiid kinetoplastid protozoan trypanoplasma borreli. | the bodonids and cryptobiids represent an early diverged sister group to the trypanosomatids among the kinetoplastid protozoa. the trypanosome type of uridine insertion-deletion rna editing was found to occur in the cryptobiid fish parasite trypanoplasma borreli. a pan-edited ribosomal protein, s12, and a novel 3'- and 5'-edited cytochrome b, in addition to an unedited cytochrome oxidase iii gene and an apparently unedited 12s rrna gene, were found in a 6-kb fragment of the 80- to 90-kb mitochon ... | 1994 | 7969154 |
| novel pattern of editing regions in mitochondrial transcripts of the cryptobiid trypanoplasma borreli. | in mitochondria of kinetoplastida belonging to the suborder trypanosomatina, the nucleotide sequence of transcripts is post-transcriptionally edited via insertion and deletion of uridylate residues. in order to shed more light on the evolutionary history of this process we have searched for editing in mitochondrial rnas of trypanoplasma borreli, an organism belonging to the suborder bodonina. we have cloned and sequenced a 5.3 kb fragment derived from a 37 kb mitochondrial dna molecule which doe ... | 1994 | 7525275 |
| cloning and sequence analysis of the gene encoding pyruvate kinase in trypanoplasma borelli. | the gene coding for pyruvate kinase in trypanoplasma borelli has been cloned and characterized. a single gene copy was found with an open reading frame for a polypeptide of 496 amino acids and a molecular mass of 54337. the deduced amino acid sequence has a calculated net charge of -3. comparison of the sequence with those of pyruvate kinases from members of the family trypanosomatidae revealed amino acid identities of 58.4-61.5%, and, to some extent, conservation of residues supposed to be invo ... | 1994 | 8003008 |
| trans-sialidase and sialidase activities discriminate between morphologically indistinguishable trypanosomatids. | the expression of trans-sialidase and sialidase activities in the kinetoplastid protozoa was explored as a potential marker to discriminate between the morphologically indistinguishable flagellates isolated from human, insects and vertebrate reservoir hosts. by virtue of the differences observed in the ratios of these enzyme activities, a collection of 52 species and strains comprising the major taxa of these parasites could be separated into four expression types. type-i parasites express compa ... | 1994 | 7925453 |
| the parasitemia of cloned trypanoplasma borreli laveran and mesnil, 1901, in laboratory-infected common carp (cyprinus carpio l.). | the course of parasitemia of cloned trypanoplasma borreli in laboratory-infected common carp was investigated. in 25-42-g carp kept at 20 c, the prepatent period was 8 days; after a phase of exponential growth, the parasitemia peaked at day 39 postinjection (pi) at a level of about 10(3) t. borreli/microliters blood. this maximum was followed by a chronic phase of about 6 wk with large numbers of t. borreli. at 20 wk pi, t. borreli was absent in infected carp. in 2.2-g carp kept at 20 c, the pre ... | 1989 | 2795371 |
| [fine structure of the nucleus of the parasitic flagellate trypanoplasma borreli (kinetoplastida) in the interphase and mitosis]. | | 1987 | 3105989 |
| molecular analysis of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in trypanoplasma borelli: an evolutionary scenario of subcellular compartmentation in kinetoplastida. | in trypanoplasma borelli, a representative of the bodonina within the kinetoplastida, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) activity was detected in both the cytosol and glycosomes. this situation is similar to that previously found in trypanosomatidae, belonging to a different kinetoplastida suborder. in trypanosomatidae different isoenzymes, only distantly related, are responsible for the activity in the two cell compartments. in contrast, immunoblot analysis indicated that the gapd ... | 1995 | 7769620 |
| demonstration of glycosomes (microbodies) in the bodonid flagellate trypanoplasma borelli (protozoa, kinetoplastida). | homogenates of trypanoplasma borelli were subjected to subcellular fractionation by sequential differential and isopycnic centrifugation in sucrose. glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and the glycolytic enzymes, glucosephosphate isomerase and triosephosphate isomerase, as well as the peroxisomal marker enzyme catalase were mainly, or in part, associated with sedimentable particles that had a buoyant density in sucrose of 1.22 g cm-3. moreover, triosephosphate isomerase exhibited latency, both in ... | 1988 | 3173430 |
| in vitro cultivation of trypanoplasma borreli (protozoa: kinetoplastida), a parasite from the blood of common carp cyprinus carpio. | an in vitro culture system was developed for trypanoplasma borreli, a pathogenic flagellate from the blood of european cyprinids. trypanoplasms multiplied rapidly in a mixture of hanks' balanced salt solution (hbss, 45%), l15 (22.5%), earle's minimum essential medium (mem, 22.5%) and 10% distilled water, which was supplemented with 5 to 10% heat-inactivated pooled carp serum. in medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum, multiplication of t. borreli seemed to be inhibited. cultures initiated w ... | 2000 | 10950181 |
| flow cytometric analysis of proliferative responses of carp cyprinus carpio peripheral blood leukocytes to mitogens and to the hemoflagellate trypanoplasma borreli. | the activation of carp peripheral blood leukocytes (pbl) was analysed radiometrically and by means of flow cytometry (fcm) in order to compare the results obtained with both methods. the qualitative and quantitative fcm analyses of cellular morphology and viability resulted in a further characterisation of proliferative responses of carp pbl to trypanoplasma borreli in vivo and in vitro. the lymphocyte population of pbl from t. borreli-infected carp exhibited a marked shift in forward scattered ... | 2000 | 10950182 |
| growth, morphology and division of flagellates of the genus trypanoplasma (protozoa, kinetoplastida) in vitro. | nine strains of trypanoplasms were grown in axenic culture. cultures of trypanoplasma borreli laveran and mesnil, 1901 from fish hosts blicca bjoerkna, cyprinus carpio, scardinius erythrophthalmus and tinca tinca and of t. guerneyorum minchin, 1909 from esox lucius and trypanoplasma spp. from the leech piscicola geometra were maintained in biphasic blood-agar medium snb-9 supplemented with vitamins and antibiotics. in culture, the flagellates transformed into smaller, elongated stages with a lit ... | 1990 | 2217113 |
| phylogeny of the bodonid flagellates (kinetoplastida) based on small-subunit rrna gene sequences. | the phylogeny of kinetoplastid flagellates was investigated by determining the sequences of the small-subunit (18s) rrna from bodo designis, bodo saltans k, bodo saltans p, bodo sorokini, bodo sp. (cf. uncinatus), cruzella marina, cryptobia helicis, dimastigella mimosa and parabodo nitrophilus and analysing these data together with several previously obtained sequences. the root of the kinetoplastid tree was tentatively determined to be attached to the branch of b. designis and/or cruzella marin ... | 2000 | 11034508 |
| development of trypanoplasma borreli (mastigophora: kinetoplastida) in the leech vector piscicola geometra and its infectivity for the common carp, cyprinus carpio. | the development of trypanoplasma borreli in the crop of the leech vector piscicola geometra was characterized by significant changes in morphology. immediately after ingestion by the leech, stumpy-shaped t. borreli predominated and numerous dividing specimens were found. this led to long and slender trypanoplasms near the end of the infection. the infection was terminated with complete digestion of the blood stored in the crop of the leech. the longest period of infection observed was 11 days. t ... | 1989 | 2760765 |
| cytopathological observations on renal tubule epithelium cells in common carp cyprinus carpio under trypanoplasma borreli (protozoa: kinetoplastida) infection. | cytological alterations in renal tubule epithelium cells of carp cyprinus carpio infected with the blood flagellate trypanoplasma borreli laveran & mesnil, 1901 were investigated during the course of a laboratory infection of a highly susceptible carp line. with the development of the parasitaemia, a hyperplasia of the interstitial renal tissue was induced, which resulted in a tubulus necrosis. cytological changes were already seen in tubulus epithelium cells on day 7 post injection (pi) of the ... | 2000 | 10843558 |
| phylogeny of the kinetoplastida: taxonomic problems and insights into the evolution of parasitism. | to further investigate phylogeny of kinetoplastid protozoa, the sequences of small subunit (18s) ribosomal rna of nine bodonid isolates and ten isolates of insect trypanosomatids have been determined. the root of the kinetoplastid tree was attached to the branch of bodo designis and/or cruzella marina. the suborder trypanosomatina appeared as a monophyletic group, while the suborder bodonina was paraphyletic. among bodonid lineages, parasitic organisms were intermingled with free-living ones, im ... | 2001 | 11313652 |
| immune modulation by fish kinetoplastid parasites: a role for nitric oxide. | trypanoplasma borreli and trypanosoma carassii are kinetoplastid parasites infecting cyprinid fish. we investigated the role of nitric oxide (no) in immune modulation during t. borreli and t. carassii infection of carp. phagocytic cells from different organs produced no and serum nitrate levels increased, demonstrating that t. borreli activates no production in vivo. in contrast, t. carassii did not induce no production in vivo and inhibited lps-induced no production in vitro. production of no w ... | 2002 | 11817378 |
| molecular and functional characterization of carp tnf: a link between tnf polymorphism and trypanotolerance? | two carp tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnfalpha) genes have been cloned and sequenced. both tnf1 and tnf2 sequences have several polymorphisms in the 3' utr and tnf2 has a polymorphism in the coding sequence. lipopolysaccharide and the protozoan blood flagellate trypanoplasma borreli induced expression of tnfalpha in carp head kidney phagocytes when added in vitro. differential expression was observed, with tnf2 being higher expressed than tnf1. we used the tnfalpha-specific inhibitor pentoxifyll ... | 2003 | 12477499 |
| mitochondrial minicircles in the free-living bodonid bodo saltans contain two grna gene cassettes and are not found in large networks. | in trypanosomatids, the majority of the guide (g) rnas that provide the information for u-insertion/deletion rna editing are encoded by minicircles that are catenated into large networks. in contrast, in the distantly related cryptobiid trypanoplasma borreli, grna genes appear to reside in large 180-kb noncatenated dna circles. to shed light on the evolutionary history and function of the minicircle network, we have analyzed minicircle organization in the free-living bodonid bodo saltans, which ... | 2000 | 10668805 |
| the haemoflagellate trypanoplasma borreli induces the production of nitric oxide, which is associated with modulation of carp (cyprinus carpio l.) leucocyte functions. | in an attempt to characterise the role of nitric oxide (no) in immune responses of carp, carp leucocytes obtained during an acute t. borreli infection were examined, for their capacity to generate no. in a second set of experiments the impact no on viability of the parasite and on the modulation of functional carp leucocyte responses were tested in vitro. both in carp head-kidneys and in the peripheral blood, the fractions of lymphoblasts among separated leucocytes were increased. however, the r ... | 2003 | 12681277 |
| leishmania donovani phosphofructokinase. gene characterization, biochemical properties and structure-modeling studies. | the characterization of the gene encoding leishmania donovani phosphofructokinase (pfk) and the biochemical properties of the expressed enzyme are reported. l. donovani has a single pfk gene copy per haploid genome that encodes a polypeptide with a deduced molecular mass of 53 988 and a pi of 9.26. the predicted amino acid sequence contains a c-terminal tripeptide that conforms to an established signal for glycosome targeting. l. donovani pfk showed most sequence similarity to inorganic pyrophos ... | 2002 | 12180974 |
| daily handling stress reduces resistance of carp to trypanoplasma borreli: in vitro modulatory effects of cortisol on leukocyte function and apoptosis. | carp subjected to daily handling stress were much more susceptible to trypanoplasma borreli infection than control fish. in a search for the cellular mechanisms involved, it was observed that cortisol suppressed t. borreli-induced expression of interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, serum amyloid a and inducible nitric oxide synthase. an nf-kappab-inhibitor could replicate cortisol-induced apoptosis of activated peripheral blood leukocytes. in contrast, although this nf-kappab-inhibitor ... | 2003 | 12590974 |
| effects of a parasite-induced nephritis on osmoregulation in the common carp cyprinus carpio. | carp cyprinus carpio infected with the haemoflagellate trypanoplasma borreli undergo progressive nephritis associated with a destruction of approx. 40% of the nephric tubules. in an attempt to analyse the effect of the nephritis on the osmoregulation of affected carp, the clinical chemical properties of plasma and urine samples were analysed. parasitised carp excreted greater amounts of electrolytes in their urine than uninfected carp which excreted highly diluted urine with an osmolality of abo ... | 2002 | 12180703 |
| differential expression and haplotypic variation of two interleukin-1beta genes in the common carp (cyprinus carpio l.). | interleukin-1beta (il-1beta) is a central component in innate immunity and the inflammatory response of mammals. only recently, the first non-mammalian il-1beta sequences were published. in this study, we describe a second il-1beta sequence (il-1beta2) in carp with 74% amino acid identity to the carp il-1beta1 sequence. the existence of two il-1beta copies in the carp genome probably originates from the tetraploid nature of the species. in contrast to the first carp il-1beta sequence, il-1beta2 ... | 2003 | 12946102 |
| the immune response of carp to trypanoplasma borreli: kinetics of immune gene expression and polyclonal lymphocyte activation. | although trypanoplasma borreli induces the production of non-specific antibodies, survival of infection is associated with the production of t. borreli specific antibodies, able to lyse this parasite in the presence of complement. during the lag phase of this acquired immune response, innate immune mechanisms must limit multiplication of t. borreli. a heat-labile fraction of t. borreli together with cpg motifs in the dna of this parasite are responsible for the induction of nitric oxide (no) and ... | 2003 | 12880636 |
| corticotropin-releasing hormone-receptor 1 (crh-r1) and crh-binding protein (crh-bp) are expressed in the gills and skin of common carp cyprinus carpio l. and respond to acute stress and infection. | we established that corticotropin-releasing hormone (crh), crh-binding protein (crh-bp) and crh-receptor 1 (crh-r1) are expressed in the gills and skin of common carp cyprinus carpio, an early vertebrate. immunoreactive crh was detected in macrophage-like cells in gills and skin, in fibroblasts in the skin and in endothelial cells in the gills. the involvement of the crh system in gills and skin was investigated in response to infection and in an acute restraint stress paradigm. carp were infect ... | 2006 | 16424101 |
| minor effect of depletion of resident macrophages from peritoneal cavity on resistance of common carp cyprinus carpio to blood flagellates. | carp cyprinus carpio macrophages were depleted by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of clodronate-liposomes for the in vivo study of the effect of macrophage depletion on the resistance of carp to infection with blood flagellate parasites. clodronate released inside the cell induces apoptosis of (murine) macrophages. following i.p. injection of carp with liposomes alone, but not with trypanoplasma borreli, neutrophilic granulocytes rapidly migrated from the head kidney to the peritoneal cavity. t ... | 2003 | 14735923 |
| some immune parameters in carp cyprinus carpio susceptible and resistant to the haemoflagellate trypanoplasma borreli. | the present study addresses aspects of the (specific) immune response of carp to the haemoflagellate trypanoplasma borreli. sera of resistant carp contained antibodies, which agglutinated the flagellates in vitro. when flagellates were incubated in fish sera from resistant carp, binding of antibodies to flagellates could be demonstrated by flow cytometry, and t. borreli were effectively killed. heat-treatment of the sera prevented killing, indicating that complement activation is important for t ... | 2004 | 15352523 |
| telomeric localization of the modified dna base j in the genome of the protozoan parasite leishmania. | base j or beta-d-glucosylhydroxymethyluracil is a dna modification replacing a fraction of thymine in the nuclear dna of kinetoplastid parasites and of euglena. j is located in the telomeric sequences of trypanosoma brucei and in other simple repeat dna sequences. in addition, j was found in the inactive variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) expression sites, but not in the active expression site of t. brucei, suggesting that j could play a role in transcription silencing in t. brucei. we have now ... | 2007 | 17329373 |
| head kidney-derived macrophages of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) show plasticity and functional polarization upon differential stimulation. | cells from the myeloid lineage are pluripotent. to investigate the potential of myeloid cell polarization in a primitive vertebrate species, we phenotypically and functionally characterized myeloid cells of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) during culture. flow cytometric analysis, ab labeling of cell surface markers, and light microscopy showed the presence of a major population of heterogeneous macrophages after culture. these head kidney-derived macrophages can be considered the fish equivalen ... | 2006 | 16785499 |
| differential macrophage polarisation during parasitic infections in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.). | in many parasitic infections both classically activated macrophages (camf) and alternatively activated macrophages (aamf) play a pivotal role. to investigate if both types of macrophages also play an important role during parasitic infections in fish, we infected carp with either trypanoplasma borreli or trypanosoma carassii and determined the activation state of the head kidney leukocytes (hkl). nitrite production was used as read-out for camf and arginase activity as read-out for aamf. basal n ... | 2006 | 16684608 |
| mixed infection with trypanoplasma borreli and trypanosoma carassii induces protection: involvement of cross-reactive antibodies. | mixed infections with trypanoplasma borreli and trypanosoma carassii in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) are commonly found in nature. so far, in the laboratory, only mono-parasitic infections have been examined in more detail. we studied the influence of mixed rather than mono-parasitic infections on the protective immune response in this naturally occurring host-parasite combination. mixed infections were established in the laboratory by i.p. injection of fixed numbers of both parasite species ... | 2007 | 17257676 |
| differential transcription of multiple forms of alpha-2-macroglobulin in carp (cyprinus carpio) infected with parasites. | alpha-2-macroglobulin (a2m) is a non-specific protease inhibitor involved in host defense mechanisms, inhibiting both endogenous and exogenous proteases. it is unique among the plasma anti-proteases with respect to the diversity of proteases that it can inactivate. carp a2m consists of an alpha and beta chain of which the first includes the bioactive regions. previously, three a2m alpha chain sequences were reported for east-asian common carp. we studied a2m alpha chain variability in european c ... | 2008 | 17662386 |
| modulation of carp (cyprinus carpio) neutrophil functions during an infection with the haemoparasite trypanoplasma borreli. | trypanoplasma borreli is an extracellular blood parasite of common carp (cyprinus carpio) transmitted by fish-biting leeches. the infestation with this parasite in juvenile carp may range between 75% and 100%, especially in fish recovering from the first hibernation period. t. borreli is perfectly adapted to its prolonged survival in a cyprinid host. elevated numbers of activated neutrophils in peripheral blood and tissues are reported during t. borreli infection, but in context of the disease, ... | 2007 | 17350287 |
| nitric oxide hinders antibody clearance from the surface of trypanoplasma borreli and increases susceptibility to complement-mediated lysis. | trypanoplasma borreli is an extracellular blood parasite of carp belonging to the same order (kinetoplastida) as african trypanosomes. these mammalian parasites have developed different strategies to evade the host immune system including antigenic variation, immunosuppression and clearance of surface-bound antibodies. the latter mechanism allows trypanosomes to use their swimming movement to cause surface-bound antibodies to 'sail' and accumulate at the posterior end of the parasite, to be inte ... | 2009 | 19735943 |
| the induction of nitric oxide response of carp macrophages by transferrin is influenced by the allelic diversity of the molecule. | the central role of transferrin (tf) as an iron transporting protein has been extended by observations that modified versions of tf also participate in the regulation of innate immunity. we report on the isolation of two carp tf proteins (alleles d and g) to purity using rivanol precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography, and describe the activation of head kidney-derived carp macrophages by cleaved tf. we demonstrate the superiority of the d-type over the g-type tf in inducing nitric oxide ( ... | 2009 | 18996204 |
| genetic resistance of carp (cyprinus carpio l.) to trypanoplasma borreli: influence of transferrin polymorphisms. | in serum most of the iron molecules are bound to transferrin (tf), which is a highly polymorphic protein in fish. tf is an essential growth factor for mammalian trypanosomes. we performed a series of experiments with trypanoplasma borreli to detect putative correlations between different tf genotypes of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) and susceptibility to this blood parasite. five genetically different, commercially exploited carp lines (israelian 'd', polish 'r2' and 'k', ukrainian 'ur', hung ... | 2009 | 18980781 |
| receptor-mediated and lectin-like activities of carp (cyprinus carpio) tnf-alpha. | functional characterization of tnf-alpha in species other than mammalian vertebrates is limited, and tnf-alpha has been studied in a limited number of fish species, primarily in vitro using recombinant proteins. studies on tnf-alpha from different fish species so far pointed to several inconsistencies, in particular with respect to some receptor-mediated activities of fish tnf-alpha, such as the ability to directly activate phagocytes. in the present study a comprehensive analysis of in vitro as ... | 2009 | 19786556 |
| a novel soluble immune-type receptor (sitr) in teleost fish: carp sitr is involved in the nitric oxide-mediated response to a protozoan parasite. | the innate immune system relies upon a wide range of germ-line encoded receptors including a large number of immunoglobulin superfamily (igsf) receptors. different ig-like immune receptor families have been reported in mammals, birds, amphibians and fish. most innate immune receptors of the igsf are type i transmembrane proteins containing one or more extracellular ig-like domains and their regulation of effector functions is mediated intracellularly by distinct stimulatory or inhibitory pathway ... | 2011 | 21305002 |
| classical crosses of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) show co-segregation of antibody response with major histocompatibility class ii b genes. | in cyprinids, two paralogous groups of major histocompatibility (mh) class ii b genes, dab1 and dab3, have been reported but have not been studied in detail. in our study on mh association with immune responsiveness in common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) we have taken a long-term approach using divergent selection for antibody production. we report the co-segregation of cyca-dab1-like and cyca-dab3-like genes with antibody response, in backcrosses to high- and low-responsive parental carp lines. we ... | 2009 | 18817879 |
| trypanosomiasis-induced th17-like immune responses in carp. | in mammalian vertebrates, the cytokine interleukin (il)-12 consists of a heterodimer between p35 and p40 subunits whereas interleukin-23 is formed by a heterodimer between p19 and p40 subunits. during an immune response, the balance between il-12 and il-23 can depend on the nature of the pathogen associated molecular pattern (pamp) recognized by, for example tlr2, leading to a preferential production of il-23. il-23 production promotes a th17-mediated immune response characterized by the product ... | 2010 | 20885956 |
| identification and functional characterization of nonmammalian toll-like receptor 20. | like other vertebrate toll-like receptors (tlrs), the tlrs of teleost fish can be subdivided into six major families, each of which recognize a general class of molecular patterns. however, there also are a number of tlrs with unknown function, the presence of which seems unique to the bony fish, among which is tlr20. we identified full-length complementary dna (cdna) sequences for tlr20 of zebrafish and common carp, two closely related fish species. zebrafish have six copies of tlr20, whereas c ... | 2014 | 24327191 |
| immunity against selected piscine flagellates. | this discussion is on immune response to amyloodinium ocellatum, cryptobia salmositica, trypanoplasma borreli and trypanosoma carassii. piscidin and histone-like proteins enhance innate resistance to amyloodinium. fish that are naturally resistant to cryptobia and trypanoplasma can be bred. cryptobia resistance in charr is controlled by a dominant mendelian locus and protection is via the alternative pathway of complement activation. studies on cryptobia-tolerant charr may lead to production of ... | 2014 | 23872230 |
| nitrosative stress during infection-induced inflammation in fish: lessons from a host-parasite infection model. | the inflammatory response should be considered a protective immune reaction of the host aimed at the removal of pathogens, sometimes irrespective of negative side-effects. in this review we discuss the differential contribution of macrophages and neutrophilic granulocytes to nitrosative stress in vivo and discuss how the timing and concentration of nitric oxide (no·) are important factors determining the degree of nitrosative stress during parasite-induced inflammation. infections of common carp ... | 2010 | 21184662 |
| differential contribution of neutrophilic granulocytes and macrophages to nitrosative stress in a host-parasite animal model. | tyrosine nitration is a hallmark for nitrosative stress caused by the release of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by activated macrophages and neutrophilic granulocytes at sites of inflammation and infection. in the first part of the study, we used an informative host-parasite animal model to describe the differential contribution of macrophages and neutrophilic granulocytes to in vivo tissue nitration. to this purpose common carp (cyprinus carpio) were infected with the extracellular blood ... | 2008 | 18406465 |
| transcriptome sequence of the bloodstream form of trypanoplasma borreli, a hematozoic parasite of fish transmitted by leeches. | here, we report a transcriptome sequence of trypanoplasma borreli isolated from its natural host, the common carp, cyprinus carpio the transcriptome allows an analysis of abundant cell surface proteins and acts as a comparator for understanding the evolution and pathogenicity of other kinetoplastida, including several that infect humans. | 2017 | 28254980 |
| global kinetoplastea phylogeny inferred from a large-scale multigene alignment including parasitic species for better understanding transitions from a free-living to a parasitic lifestyle. | all members of the order trypanosomatida known to date are parasites that are most likely descendants of a free-living ancestor. trypanosomatids are an excellent model to assess the transition from a free-living to a parasitic lifestyle, because a large amount of experimental data has been accumulated for well-studied members that are harmful to humans and livestock (trypanosoma spp. and leishmania spp.). however, recent advances in our understanding of the diversity of trypanosomatids and their ... | 2017 | 28216511 |
| kinetoplastid phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary innovations associated with the origins of parasitism. | the evolution of parasitism is a recurrent event in the history of life and a core problem in evolutionary biology. trypanosomatids are important parasites and include the human pathogens trypanosoma brucei, trypanosoma cruzi, and leishmania spp., which in humans cause african trypanosomiasis, chagas disease, and leishmaniasis, respectively. genome comparison between trypanosomatids reveals that these parasites have evolved specialized cell-surface protein families, overlaid on a well-conserved ... | 2016 | 26725202 |
| immune-relevant thrombocytes of common carp undergo parasite-induced nitric oxide-mediated apoptosis. | common carp thrombocytes account for 30-40% of peripheral blood leukocytes and are abundant in the healthy animals' spleen, the thrombopoietic organ. we show that, ex vivo, thrombocytes from healthy carp express a large number of immune-relevant genes, among which several cytokines and toll-like receptors, clearly pointing at immune functions of carp thrombocytes. few studies have described the role of fish thrombocytes during infection. carp are natural host to two different but related protozo ... | 2015 | 25681740 |
| trypanoplasma borreli cysteine proteinase activities support a conservation of function with respect to digestion of host proteins in common carp. | trypanoplasma borreli is an extracellular parasite that is transmitted by a leech vector and is naturally found in the blood of cyprinid fish. high parasitemia and associated severe anemia together with splenomegaly are typical of infection of common carp, cyprinus carpio l. papain-like cysteine proteinases expressed by trypanosome parasites contribute to the pathogenicity of trypanosomes, and are considered an important target for the development of new trypanocidal drugs. t. borreli is a membe ... | 2008 | 18571233 |