| virulence of trypanosoma simiae in pigs infected by glossina brevipalpis, g. pallidipes or g. morsitans centralis. | | 1992 | 1304711 |
| axenic in vitro cultivation of trypanosoma simiae bloodstream trypomastigotes. | | 1992 | 1359763 |
| sensitive detection of trypanosomes in tsetse flies by dna amplification. | african trypanosome species were identified using the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) by targeting repetitive dna for amplification. using oligonucleotide primers designed to anneal specifically to the satellite dna monomer of each species/subgroup, we were able to accurately identify trypanosoma simiae, three subgroups of t. congolense, t. brucei and t. vivax. the assay was sensitive and specific, detecting one trypanosome unequivocally and showing no reaction with non-target trypanosome dna or ... | 1992 | 1459784 |
| trypanosome infections in warthogs (phacochoerus aethiopicus) in the gambia. | the prevalence of trypanosome infections in warthogs (phacochoerus aethiopicus) in the gambia was found to be 11% of a sample of 62 animals. all isolates were identified as trypanosoma simiae. serological evidence indicated a higher level of exposure to t. simiae, but results were inconclusive for the presence of trypanosoma congolense. the course of t. simiae infection in warthog piglets showed a rapidly rising parasitaemia, with a concomitant fall in packed cell volume, and resulted in a prolo ... | 1992 | 1502780 |
| elusive trypanosomes. | professor kershaw's encouragement of the development of anion-exchange separation of african trypanosomes from blood led to two decades of activity when, for the first time, considerable progress was made in the intrinsic characterization of these parasites. such characterization depended on establishing high infections in laboratory rodents. however, the collection of samples from the field was restricted by the failure of certain trypanosomes either to infect, or to multiply adequately in, rod ... | 1991 | 1888216 |
| specific probes for trypanosoma (trypanozoon) evansi based on kinetoplast dna minicircles. | trypanosoma evansi is difficult to distinguish from other members of subgenus trypanozoon, save for its inability to develop cyclically in the tsetse fly and its characteristic kinetoplast dna (kdna). we have used cloned kdna minicircle fragments as specific probes to distinguish t. evansi from other trypanosomes of subgenus trypanozoon. two probes were required, each specific for one of the subgroups of t. evansi previously described. probe a reacted only with the major isoenzyme group of t. ev ... | 1990 | 2163493 |
| recombinant dna probes reveal simultaneous infection of tsetse flies with different trypanosome species. | the utility of recombinant dna probes in the detection of natural trypanosome infection of tsetse flies has been assessed in lambwe valley, near the shores of lake victoria, kenya. the tsetse flies were surveyed during two different seasons in 1988. three different probes used each contained highly repetitive dna sequences specific for a species or subspecies of trypanosomes of the nanomonas subgenus. a fourth probe contained repetitive sequences common to trypanosome species of the trypanozoon ... | 1990 | 2362604 |
| isolation and cultivation in vitro to the infective, metacyclic stage of trypanosoma (nannomonas) simiae from glossina morsitans submorsitans. | two separate trypanosome isolations were made from a single nannomonas-infected glossina morsitans submorsitans from the gambia. inoculation of a piglet with the infected hypopharynx produced an infection with trypanosoma simiae. dna was isolated from the bloodstream forms to prepare a probe specific for this species. trypanosomes isolated from the fly midgut were frozen in liquid nitrogen and then cultivated in vitro. amplification of this population and elimination of a yeast contaminant were ... | 1989 | 2566272 |
| in vitro development of metacyclic trypanosoma simiae derived from bloodstream trypomastigotes. | a stock of trypanosoma simiae was transformed into procyclic forms at 26 c in a semi-defined maintenance medium. after transformation, the trypanosomes were maintained in a modified eagle's mem medium. on day 35 of cultivation, epimastigotes attached to the bottom of the culture flask. from day 44 onwards, metacyclic-like trypanosomes were observed. subcutaneous injections into pigs of trypanosome suspensions obtained from cultures on day 10 were not infective, whereas culture-derived metacyclic ... | 1989 | 2575863 |
| a repetitive deoxyribonucleic acid sequence distinguishes trypanosoma simiae from t. congolense. | the dominant repetitive deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) sequence in the genome of a clone of trypanosoma (nannomonas) simiae has been identified and cloned as a recombinant plasmid. the recombinant plasmid was used in hybridization analyses of dna samples obtained from various trypanosome species and subspecies. the results indicated that the t. simiae repetitive dna sequence hybridized with dna derived only from t. simiae; it did not hybridize with dna derived from clones or stocks of t. congolense ... | 1987 | 2827093 |
| a preliminary comparison of trypanosoma simiae and t. congolense by isoenzyme electrophoresis. | trypanosoma simiae, although similar to t. congolense in morphology and mode of development in the tsetse vector, is regarded as a separate species mainly because it is highly pathogenic to the domestic pig and fails to infect rodents. to establish whether the two species are distinct biochemically, we compared by isoenzyme electrophoresis 2 isolates of t. simiae with 7 stocks of t. congolense, together with one of t. brucei. all isoenzyme patterns of the 6 enzymes examined differed in t. simiae ... | 1986 | 2872783 |
| adaptation of the pig parasite trypanosoma simiae to the laboratory rat. | | 1988 | 3252762 |
| a contribution to the pathology of trypanosoma simiae infection in pigs. | | 1972 | 4667980 |
| trypanosoma simiae at the kenya coast. a correlation between virulence and the transmitting species of glossina. | | 1974 | 4843104 |
| the lack of infectivity to cattle of a strain of trypanosoma simiae transmitted by glossina morsitans and g. tachinoides. | | 1971 | 5096373 |
| the course of fatal trypanosoma simiae infection in domestic sheep. | | 1984 | 6143489 |
| comparative study of the susceptibility to infection with trypanosoma simiae of glossina morsitans and g. tachinoides. | the susceptibility to infection with trypanosoma simiae of glossina morsitans and g. tachinoides was compared. a total of 592 g. tachinoides and 348 g. morsitans were used in trying to transmit t. simiae to pigs. g. morsitans were very good at transmitting t. simiae infection to pigs while g. tachinoides were very poor. the epidemiological importance of the results is discussed. | 1984 | 6147984 |
| a comparison of susceptibility to stocks of trypanosoma simiae of glossina pallidipes originating from allopatric populations in kenya. | a colony of glossina pallidipes which originated from nguruman, rift valley province, kenya, was significantly more susceptible than a colony of the same species which originated from shimba hills, coast province, kenya, to infection with a stock of trypanosoma simiae cp 11 isolated from wild g. austeni in coast province, kenya, irrespective of whether pigs or goats were used as infecting hosts. male g.pallidipes from both the colonies were more susceptible than females to this t.simiae stock. s ... | 1995 | 7548937 |
| trypanosoma simiae: in vitro studies on drug susceptibility. | two trypanosoma simiae stocks were initiated in culture with tsetse-derived metacyclics. they were propagated axenically as trypomastigote forms at 35 degrees c in 4% co2 in air. populations of trypanosomes were incubated with various concentrations of antitrypanosomal compounds. growth was monitored after 24 h of incubation and the growth inhibition was calculated. diminazene aceturate, quinapyramine sulphate, dl-alpha-difluoromethylornithine, and ro 15-0216 showed activity against the stocks. ... | 1993 | 7902667 |
| identification and characterization of an acidic major surface glycoprotein from procyclic stage trypanosoma congolense. | monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were derived against the procyclic culture form of trypanosoma congolense and 14 were selected which bound to the surface of living procyclics in immunofluorescence assays. these antibodies bound to procyclics and epimastigotes of t. congolense (both savannah-type and kilifi-type) and procyclics of trypanosoma simiae, but not to procyclics of other species of trypanosomes, to bloodstream forms of several species of trypanosomes or to leishmania, and were thus life cy ... | 1993 | 7903427 |
| dna content and molecular karyotype of trypanosomes of the subgenus nannomonas. | the relative dna contents of representative stocks of 5 groups within the trypanosome subgenus nannomonas (trypanosoma simiae, godfreyi, t. congolense savannah, forest and kilifi) were measured by flow cytometry. the range of dna contents formed a continuum. nevertheless small differences were observed between the groups, with t. simiae/t. congolense savannah and t. congolense kilifi/forest at the lower and higher ends of the range respectively. analysis of karyotype by pulsed field gel electrop ... | 1994 | 7942351 |
| comparative study on the susceptibility of different laboratory strains of glossina species to trypanosoma simiae. | teneral tsetse of four glossina species from laboratory-reared colonies were fed on four large white pigs infected with three different stocks of trypanosoma simiae isolated in coast province, kenya. thereafter the tsetse were maintained on goats and dissected on day 28 to determine the trypanosome infection rates. glossina brevipalpis was as susceptible as g.pallidipes whilst g.palpalis gambiensis was not susceptible to t.simiae cp 11 a stock causing acute infection, which was isolated from a w ... | 1994 | 7949313 |
| trypanosoma simiae in the white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) and the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius). | trypanosoma simiae was identified as the cause of a disease outbreak in dromedary camels (camelus dromedarius) introduced to tsavo east national park, confirming the susceptibility of camels to this pathogen. t. simiae was also isolated from a new host, the white rhinoceros (ceratotherium simum) through xenodiagnosis with a susceptible tsetse species (glossina morsitans centralis). a white rhinoceros showed some evidence of anaemia and lymphopaenia when harbouring t. simiae, but did not suffer a ... | 1994 | 7975114 |
| isolation of trypanosoma spp. from wild tsetse flies through procyclic expansion in glossina morsitans centralis. | procyclic trypanosomes from wild tsetse flies were membrane-fed to glossina morsitans centralis in order to develop an optimal technique for propagating field isolates. a 70% success rate was achieved in isolating trypanosoma simiae and a variety of genotypes of t. congolense originating from g. pallidipes, g. brevipalpis and g. swynnertoni. parasites matured into forms infective for mammals, and could be maintained by passage of gut forms to new groups of flies. in experiments with laboratory s ... | 1994 | 8203293 |
| absence of the glutamic acid/alanine-rich protein (garp) genes in the nannomonas species trypanosoma simiae and t. godfreyi. | | 1995 | 8719162 |
| production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody specific for trypanosoma simiae. | monoclonal antibodies (moab) were produced against invariant antigens of vector forms of trypanosoma simiae. x63/ag8.653, nsi/1ag401 and sp20ag14 myeloma cells were fused with splenic lymphocytes from balb/c mice that had been immunized with various preparations of t. simiae procyclics. a t. simiae-specific moab [kns7/14.x (igg1)] was detected in the hybridoma culture supernatants, which were screened for antibody activity by micro-plate and dot elisa. immunofluorescence studies showed that kns7 ... | 1995 | 8745936 |
| trypanosome characterization by polymerase chain reaction in glossina palpalis gambiensis and g.tachinoides from burkina faso. | following the discovery of four cases of african human trypanosomiasis, an entomological survey was conducted along the mouhoun river in southwest burkina faso to collect glossina palpalis gambiensis and g.tachinoides. among 226 flies dissected, 4.87% (eleven individuals) were infected in midgut or proboscis, but never in the salivary glands. polymerase chain reaction analysis was undertaken, and was able to characterize all the proboscis infections, and half of the midgut infections. only trypa ... | 1996 | 8994137 |
| detection and identification of trypanosoma of african livestock through a single pcr based on internal transcribed spacer 1 of rdna. | primers hybridising with the rdna cistron have previously been evaluated for pcr diagnosis specific for kinetoplastids, and shown to detect and differentiate the trypanosoma brucei complex and trypanosoma cruzi. kin1 and kin2 primers, amplifying internal transcribed spacer 1, were subsequently evaluated for the diagnosis of african livestock trypanosomosis. based on the size of the pcr products obtained, kin primers allowed detection and identification of three trypanosoma congolense types (sava ... | 2001 | 11334950 |
| surface molecules of procyclic forms of trypanosoma simiae and trypanosoma congolense, members of the subgenus nannomonas, share immunodominant carbohydrate epitopes. | | 2001 | 11704280 |
| trypanosoma simiae and trypanosoma congolense: surface glycoconjugates of procyclic forms-the same coats on different hangers? | organic solvent extraction, reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with surface binding monoclonal antibodies were used to isolate membrane molecules of procyclic culture forms of trypanosoma simiae and trypanosoma congolense. gel electrophoresis of the purified molecules revealed two predominant molecular species from each parasite that were broadly similar yet showed different apparent molecular masses and staining characteristics. the molecu ... | 2002 | 12128053 |
| the maintenance of a strain of trypanosoma simiae in rabbits: the effect of splenectomy on the course of infection. | | 1953 | 13105264 |
| [experimental study of strains of trypanosoma simiae, bruce 1912, transmitted by glossina brevipalpis of mosso, urundi]. | | 1954 | 13218489 |
| suramin complexes. iii. preliminary experiments on trypanosoma simiae infections in pigs. | | 1958 | 13521707 |
| suramin complexes. viii. a further trial of the prophylactic activity of antrycide-suramin complex and antrycide chloride against trypanosoma simiae in pigs. | | 1961 | 13901285 |
| suramin complexes, ix. an experiment to test the therapeutic activity of antrycide-suramin complex against trypanosoma simiae in large white pigs. | | 1962 | 13983881 |
| a mensural study of division in trypanosoma simiae and trypanosoma congolense. | | 1962 | 13983885 |
| the use of specific and generic primers to identify trypanosome infections of wild tsetse flies in tanzania by pcr. | the accurate identification of trypanosome species and subspecies remains a challenging task in the epidemiology of human and animal trypanosomiasis in tropical africa. currently, there are specific pcr tests to identify about 10 different species, subspecies or subgroups of african tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes. these pcr tests have been used here to identify trypanosomes in four species of tsetse (glossina brevipalpis, g. pallidipes, g. swynnertoni, g. morsitans morsitans) from two areas of ... | 2003 | 14636688 |
| the trypanocidal effects of dimidium bromide (phenanthridinium 1553) on trypanosoma simiae in domestic pigs. | | 1948 | 18891584 |
| a tsetse and tabanid fly survey of african great apes habitats reveals the presence of a novel trypanosome lineage but the absence of trypanosoma brucei. | tsetse and tabanid flies transmit several trypanosoma species, some of which are human and livestock pathogens of major medical and socioeconomic impact in africa. recent advances in molecular techniques and phylogenetic analyses have revealed a growing diversity of previously unidentified tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes potentially pathogenic to livestock and/or other domestic animals as well as wildlife, including african great apes. to map the distribution, prevalence and co-occurrence of kno ... | 2015 | 26219672 |
| domestic pigs as potential reservoirs of human and animal trypanosomiasis in northern tanzania. | pig keeping is becoming increasingly common across sub-saharan africa. domestic pigs from the arusha region of northern tanzania were screened for trypanosomes using pcr-based methods to examine the role of pigs as a reservoir of human and animal trypanosomiasis. | 2013 | 24499540 |
| molecular detection of equine trypanosomes in the sudan. | equine trypanosomosis (et) is a protozoan disease affecting equines in many parts of the world. we examined 509 samples collected from geographically distinct regions in eastern, central and western sudan to estimate the endemicity of et using the generic its1-pcr diagnostic methods. results revealed that horses and donkeys were infected by trypanosoma brucei subgroup, trypanosoma vivax, trypanosoma simiae and trypanosoma congolense. the prevalence of trypanosoma spp. was higher in horses (12.7% ... | 2014 | 24439848 |
| comparative evaluation of the nested its pcr against the 18s pcr-rflp in a survey of bovine trypanosomiasis in kwale county, kenya. | we compared the nested internal transcribed spacer (its) pcr and the 18s pcr-rflp (restriction-fragment length polymorphism) pan-trypanosome assays in a cross-sectional survey of bovine trypanosomiasis in 358 cattle in kwale county, kenya. the prevalence of trypanosomiasis as determined by the nested its pcr was 19.6% (70/358) and by 18s pcr-rflp was 16.8% (60/358). of the pathogenic trypanosomes detected, the prevalence of trypanosoma congolense and trypanosoma vivax was greater than that of tr ... | 2016 | 27423733 |
| molecular identification of different trypanosome species and subspecies in tsetse flies of northern nigeria. | animal african trypanosomiasis (aat) is caused by several species of trypanosomes including trypanosoma congolense, t. vivax, t. godfreyi, t. simiae and t. brucei. two of the subspecies of t. brucei also cause human african trypanosomiasis. although some of them can be mechanically transmitted by biting flies; these trypanosomes are all transmitted by tsetse flies which are the cyclical vectors of trypanosoma congolense, t. godfreyi, t. simiae and t. brucei. we present here the first report asse ... | 2016 | 27216812 |
| congopain genes diverged to become specific to savannah, forest and kilifi subgroups of trypanosoma congolense, and are valuable for diagnosis, genotyping and phylogenetic inferences. | trypanosoma congolense is the most important agent of nagana, a wasting livestock trypanosomosis in sub-saharan africa. this species is a complex of three subgroups (savannah, forest and kilifi) that differ in virulence, pathogenicity, drug resistance, vectors, and geographical distribution. congopain, the major cathepsin l-like cysteine protease (cp2) of t. congolense, has been extensively investigated as a pathogenic factor and target for drugs and vaccines, but knowledge about this enzyme is ... | 2014 | 24480052 |