| type i interferon induced in mice by infection with trypanosoma equiperdum. | type ii interferon is known to be produced in mice infected with trypanosoma cruzi. therefore, interferon production was investigated in mice infected with trypanosoma equiperdum. interferon was found in the sera of mice infected with t. equiperdum from day 1 after infection until death on day 5. the maximal level of interferon appeared before parasitemia was detected, a finding showing that the endogenous interferon probably had no significant influence on the course of infection. unexpectedly, ... | 1979 | 35574 |
| [affinity of concanavalin a for "trypanosoma equiperdum": purification of the antigenic type specific glycoprotein fraction (author's transl)]. | binding of concanavalin a by different clones of trypanosoma equiperdum was checked by its ability to agglutinate living trypanosomes. the clones differ by their agglutinability, showing differences in the distribution of the binding sites. however, the property of concanavalin a to form precipitates with the crude antigen preparations of all the clones studied, allowed to isolate by affinity chromatography the glycoprotein fraction responsible for the antigenic variation and to enter upon its p ... | 1976 | 62551 |
| [trypanosoma equiperdum: antigenic variations in experimental trypanosomiasis of rabbits]. | | 1977 | 67961 |
| [experimental trypanosomiasis in rabbits infected by trypanosoma equiperdum: some aspects of immune response and coagulation disorders (author's transl)]. | some aspects of immune response and coagulation disorders are investigated on rabbits infected by two strains of trypanosoma (trypanozoon) equiperdum giving diseases with different clinical expression. the study of antibodies to trypanosomes emphasizes the high immunogenicity of specific antigenic type glycoprotein, antigenicity of which seems to inhibit common antigens expression. significant increase of anti-fibrinogen antibodies is discussed in relation with the presence of autoantibodies fre ... | 1977 | 72517 |
| [importance of immunological mechanism in the curing of experimental trypanosomiasis by physical stimulation]. | the cure of trypanosoma equiperdum infected mice obtained after treatment with an association of electromagnetic waves and a magnetic field is probably linked with the immune state of the host. a severe depression of the immune system suppresses the ability of the animals to eliminate the parasites after physical stimulation. | 1978 | 97013 |
| immunosuppression in deer mice with experimentally induced trypanosomiasis. | light and electron microscopic examinations of deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) chronically infected with trypanosoma equiperdum revealed hyperplasia of germinal center lymphocytes (germanocytes) in the lymph follicles of spleen and lymph nodes and infiltration of the splenic red pulp cords and nodal medullary cords with plasma cells. proliferation and infiltration of plasma cells caused disruption of the b- and t-lymphocyte areas in these organs. stimulation of splenic lymphocytes in vitro by ... | 1977 | 327872 |
| kinetoplast dna from normal and dyskinetoplastic strains of trypanosoma equiperdum. | isolated kinetoplast dna (kdna) from a normal kinetoplastic strain of trypanosoma equiperdum exists as a high molecular weight, covalently closed network composed of catenated minicircles and maxicircles. analytical cesium chloride ultracentrifugation shows the kdna (rho = 1.692 g/cm3) to be retained in normal amounts and of normal base composition in two dyskinetoplastic strains of t. equiperdum. kinetoplast dna isolated from these mutant cells by cscl-dapi (4,6diamino-2-phenylindole) equilibri ... | 1979 | 420845 |
| dyskinetoplasty in two species of trypanosomatids. | dyskinetoplastic cells from both crithidia fasciculata and trypanosoma equiperdum lack detectable kinetoplast dna (kdna) by conventional staining techniques. two dyskinetoplastic strains of t. equiperdum, either acriflavine-induced or spontaneously occurring, show normal amounts of kdna (p = 1.692 g/cm3) in analytical caesium chloride, ultracentrifugation. electron and fluorescence microscopy of the dyskinetoplastic strains of t. equiperdum suggest that the kdna network is fragmented and dispers ... | 1979 | 422672 |
| characterization of the molecular components in kinetoplast-mitochondrial dna of trypanosoma equiperdum. comparative study of the dyskinetoplastic and wild strains. | the structure of the kinetoplast dna of trypanosoma equiperdum has been studied and compared to the structure of the circular mitochondrial dna extracted from a dyskinetoplastic strain of t. equiperdum. in t. equiperdum wild type, the kinetoplast dna constitutes approximately 6% of the total cellular dna and is composed of approximately 3,000 supercoiled minicircles of 6.4 x 10(5) daltons and approximately 50 circular supercoiled molecules of 15.4 x 10(6) daltons topologically interlocked; the b ... | 1979 | 479299 |
| effect of low molecular weight interferon inducers on trypanosoma equiperdum infection of mice. | | 1979 | 496467 |
| restriction cleavage map of kinetoplast dna minicircles from trypanosoma equiperdum. | | 1979 | 508309 |
| [trypanosoma equiperdum: multiplication in diffusion chambers implanted in the mouse]. | | 1977 | 578135 |
| isolation and characterization of circular dna molecules heterogeneous in size from a dyskinetoplastic strain of trypanosoma equiperdum. | | 1977 | 603644 |
| [isolation of trypanosoma equiperdum from horses]. | | 1978 | 726228 |
| trypanosoma equiperdum: active immunization of rabbits with actinomycin d-inactivated parasites. | | 1978 | 729703 |
| [absence of transplacental passage in congenital trypanosomiasis in mice with trypanosoma equiperdum. comparison with results obtained in congenital malaria (p.b. berghei) in the same animal]. | | 1976 | 797328 |
| endotoxin-induced non-specific resistance in rats examined by trypanosoma equiperdum challenge. | in rats weighing 100 g, intravenously administered trypanosoma equiperdum organisms started logarithmic growth immediately, whereas in rats weighing 150-300 g growth started after a lag phase of 0.7-3.1 hr. the lag phase lasted for 15-17 hr when the rats were pretreated serially with endotoxins and this time course was not modified by changes either in the host's body weight or in the germ count of the inocula. maximum resistance to infection was achieved with gradual doses of the endotoxin give ... | 1976 | 798472 |
| [multiplication of trypanosoma equiperdum in a diffusion chamber implanted in the mouse]. | the multiplication of the trypanosomes in a "diffusion chamber" is great during the first 4 or 5 days following implantation. the reduction in numbers of parasites on the following days depends largely on the humoral antibodies resulting from the immune response. | 1975 | 810259 |
| meningoencephalitis in trypanosoma equiperdum infection of deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus). | | 1977 | 838897 |
| lectin binding by trypanosoma equiperdum. | agglutination studies with 6 plant lectins indicated that the unaltered surface coat of trypanosoma equiperdum isolated from rat blood lacks the carbohydrate molecules preferentially bound by these proteins. however, trypsin, pronase, chymopapain, or papain treatments exposed the binding sites for concanavalin a and the phytohemagglutinins m and p and trypsinized cells were attached to concanavalin a immobilized on agarose beads. lipolytic, amylytic, and other proteolytic enzymes or other agents ... | 1977 | 845743 |
| carbohydrate effects of amino acid transport by trypanosoma equiperdum. | uptake of 14c-labeled alanine, glutamate, lysine, methionine, proline, and phenylalanine by trypanosoma equiperdum during 2-minute incubations occurred by diffusion and membrane-mediated processes. amino acid metabolism was not detected by paper chromatography of trypanosome extracts. most of 18 carbohydrates tested for ability to alter amino acid transport neither changed nor significantly inhibited transport. glucose, however, stimulated glutamate, lysine and proline transport; fructose stimul ... | 1977 | 881658 |
| cytofluorograf detection of plasmodium yoelii, trypanosoma gambiense, and trypanosoma equiperdum by laser excited fluorescence of stained rodent blood. | samples of rat blood infected with plasmodium yoelii (3% parasitized erythrocytes), trypanosoma gambiense, or trypanosoma equiperdum (greater than 50 trypanosomes per microscope field at 400 x) were fixed with 0.5% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffered saline, then stained with acridine orange (ao) at 10(-4), 10(-5), or 10(-6) m for 0 to 15 min at 5 c or 25 c and/or ethidium bromide (eb) at 0.05 mg/ml for 20 min at 25 c. stained cells were analyzed with a laser cytofluorograf (bio/physics systems ... | 1977 | 886402 |
| autoimmunity and absence of rheumatoid factors in experimental trypanosoma (trypanozoon) equiperdum infections in the rabbit. | the serum levels of igm and igg have been shown to increase approximately 7 to 10 times during the development of trupanosoma equiperdum infection in the rabbit. after separation of the 7 s and 19 s fractions by density gradient centrifugation, both fractions were found by complement fixation tests to contain anti-trypanosome antibodies. the 19 s fraction also contained autoantibodies reacting with tissue antigens of rabbit liver, kidney and heart. results of passive haemagglutination and latex ... | 1977 | 900894 |
| chemical and immunological characterization of specific glycoproteins from trypanosoma equiperdum variants. | | 1977 | 913583 |
| the prevalence of dourine in southern africa. | the geographical distribution of positive dourine cases found on serological testing at onderstepoort during the period 1954 to 1975 is recorded, showing major foci of infection occurring in the northern cape province, northern orange free state, western and north-western transvaal. positive cases are also recorded from south west africa, botswana, lesotho, swaziland and rhodesia. | 1976 | 940101 |
| dourine in swaziland. | | 1976 | 994141 |
| observations on the transmission, immunology, clinical signs and chemotherapy of dourine (trypanosoma equiperdum infection) in horses, with special reference to cerebro-spinal fluid. | this paper is a record of observations on the transmission and clinical signs of dourine in naturally infected cases of known duration, and of temporal and quantitative aspects of the immune response in blood and cerebro-spinal fluid. included in the record are observations on the presence of trypanosoma equiperdum parasites in these body fluids and methods for their detection. there is evidence that the occurrence of nervous symptoms and lesions in infected horses is associated with the presenc ... | 1976 | 1018890 |
| experimental intraspinal trypanosoma equiperdum infection in a horse. | to establish the ability of trypanosoma equiperdum to cross the blood-brain-barrier in the horse, a susceptible stallion was infected via the cerebrospinal fluid of the subarachnoid space by lumbosacral puncture. cerebrospinal fluid with low detectable levels of trypanosomes removed from a dourine-infected mare by lumbosacral puncture was used for infecting the animal. the parasite was detected in blood smears of the recipient 13 days after infection and the subsequent parasitaemia and clinical ... | 1976 | 1023092 |
| the effect of urethane (ethylcarbamate) on the reproduction of trypanosoma equiperdum. | | 1976 | 1031250 |
| pathogenesis of trypanosoma equiperdum in rabbits. | seventeen rabbits experimentally infected with trypanosoma equiperdum were examined for lesions at different times during a 5-month period. a chancroid developed at the inoculation site in the skin, and later, similar lesions appeared in skin of the ears, eyelids, and nose. the inflammatory reaction was primarily granulomatous, and viable trypanosomes were present in all skin lesions. the rabbits had reticuloendothelial hyperplasia of spleen and lymph nodes. in 3 rabbits, there was amyloid depos ... | 1975 | 1092229 |
| [treatment and prevention of dourine in horses]. | | 1975 | 1216541 |
| enodotoxin-induced non-specific resistance to trypanosoma equiperdum in neonatally thymectomized or splenectomized wistar rats. | | 1975 | 1228266 |
| demonstration of kinetoplast dna in dyskinetoplastic strains of trypanosoma equiperdum. | 4,6 diamidino-2-phenylindole (dapi) forma a highly fluorescent complex with dna which allows detection of mitochondrial dna (k-dna) in normal and dyskinetoplastic strains of trypanosoma equiperdum. the k-dna dapi complexes in the dyskinetoplastic cells, cells lacking detactable k-dna by other cytochemical methods, are not restricted to a single region of the organism as in the normal strain, but are seen as a row of particles. these observations support the hypothesis that the k-dna is retained ... | 1976 | 1251198 |
| kinetoplast dna and molecular karyotypes of trypanosoma evansi and trypanosoma equiperdum from china. | we compared 12 stocks of trypanosoma evansi and 1 recently isolated stock of trypanosoma equiperdum from different regions of china by analysis of kinetoplast dna (kdna), nuclear dna and molecular karyotypes. the t. equiperdum stock was remarkably similar to the t. evansi stocks, except for the possession of kdna maxi-circles, suggesting a very close evolutionary relationship between t. evansi and t. equiperdum. the maxi-circles of the chinese t. equiperdum stock were approximately 14.3 kb in si ... | 1992 | 1311051 |
| involvement of the th1 subset of cd4+ t cells in acquired immunity to mouse infection with trypanosoma equiperdum. | heat- or merthiolate-inactivated trypanosoma equiperdum was administered to recipient mice that were subsequently challenged with viable inocula of the same stabilate. only mice inoculated with merthiolate-killed parasites were completely protected from a challenge inoculum of 10(3) trypanosomes, an effect that was abolished by prior immunosuppression of mice. immune sera from protected animals contained high levels of interferon (ifn)-gamma and specific igg2a antibodies. spleen cells from these ... | 1992 | 1355013 |
| drug-induced modulation of il-2 production in experimental murine trypanosomiasis. | in this study we evaluated the effects of n-acetyl-cysteine and indomethacin in restoring il-2 producing ability in vitro of splenocytes from mice infected with trypanosoma equiperdum. spleen cells from these mice were found to produce significantly lower levels of interleukin-2 (il-2) in response to mitogen stimulation than spleen cells from uninfected control mice. this was accompanied by considerable suppression of il-2-receptor expression, which was not attributable to the elimination of a p ... | 1992 | 1452401 |
| the isoenzyme characteristics of trypanosoma evansi and trypanosoma equiperdum isolated from domestic stocks in china. | twelve stocks of trypanosoma evansi and one of trypanosoma equiperdum isolated from domestic animals in china were examined for 16 enzymes using cellulose acetate and thin-layer starch gel electrophoresis. differences were seen between stocks in only two of the enzymes, mdh and alat. three of the t. evansi stocks, isolated from buffalo, and the t. equiperdum stock had the unusual pattern mdh-3, while all the other chinese stocks had the common mdh-1. two other stocks of t. evansi and again the t ... | 1992 | 1463353 |
| [autoimmune phenomena during trypanosoma equiperdum inoculation of the laboratory mouse]. | in the course of the trypanosoma equiperdum-infection of mice an increase of igm antibodies against the autoantigens dsdna, keratin and collagen as well as against a protozoan foreign antigen consisting of sarcocystis gigantea-extract could be observed with a maximum level between 4th and 8th day p. i. the igg-antibodies did not significantly change during the investigation time. a splenomegaly appeared after the infection. the weight of spleen was four times higher than normal. it was suggested ... | 1992 | 1497580 |
| a family of genes related to a new expression site-associated gene in trypanosoma equiperdum. | two genes, belonging to a new expression site-associated gene family of six to eight members in trypanosoma equiperdum and trypanosoma brucei, have been cloned from a t. equiperdum variant. one of them, called esag-9c, is contained in the 1.78-c expression site and is found just upstream of the 5' barren region. the other one, called esag-9u, is unique in the family, is not telomere linked, and apparently is not expression site related. a 2-kb poly(a)+ mrna is detected with probes for this esag- ... | 1991 | 1672441 |
| in vivo and in vitro sensitivity of trypanosoma evansi and t. equiperdum to diminazene, suramin, melcy, quinapyramine and isometamidium. | the sensitivity of three trypanosoma equiperdum clones and thirteen trypanosoma evansi clones originating from the people's republic of china, the philippines, ethiopia and elsewhere to a series of drugs was determined in vivo and in vitro. the drugs tested were diminazene aceturate (berenil), suramin (naganol), melcy (cymelarsan), quinapyramine sulfate (trypacide) and isometamidium chloride (samorin). the activity of each drug was expressed as: 1) in vitro: the minimal effective concentration w ... | 1991 | 1685865 |
| characterization of a cdna encoding a cysteine-rich cell surface protein located in the flagellar pocket of the protozoan trypanosoma brucei. | we have characterized a cdna encoding a cysteine-rich, acidic integral membrane protein (cram) of the parasitic protozoa trypanosoma brucei and trypanosoma equiperdum. unlike other membrane proteins of t. brucei, which are distributed throughout the cell surface, cram is concentrated in the flagellar pocket, an invagination of the cell surface of the trypanosome where endocytosis has been documented. accordingly, cram also locates to vesicles located underneath the pocket, providing evidence of ... | 1990 | 1697030 |
| exposed epitopes on a trypanosoma equiperdum variant surface glycoprotein altered by point mutations. | african trypanosomes are covered by a dense protein layer that is immunologically distinct on different trypanosome isolates and is termed the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg). the different vsgs are expressed in a general order, where some vsgs appear preferentially early in infection and others only later. the exposed epitopes on a late antigen, vsg 78, of t.equiperdum were studied by the technique of monoclonal antibody (mab) escape selection. mabs that neutralize trypanosomes bearing vsg 7 ... | 1991 | 1710978 |
| antigenic variation in trypanosoma equiperdum. | trypanosoma equiperdum is an african trypanosome that causes dourine in horses. like the other african trypanosomes, t. equiperdum escapes elimination by the immune system of its host by using an elaborate system of antigenic variant. the trypanosomes are covered by a coat consisting of a single protein called the variable surface glycoprotein (vsg) that acts as the major trypanosome immunogen. as the host responds to one vsg, trypanosomes covered with another vsg become dominant. there is a loo ... | 1991 | 1720562 |
| trypanosoma equiperdum minicircles encode three distinct primary transcripts which exhibit guide rna characteristics. | the mitochondrial dna of trypanosomes is composed of maxicircle and minicircle dnas catenated into a network, called the kinetoplast. maxicircles encode proteins and rnas necessary for mitochondrial assembly. minicircles encode small transcripts which are believed to serve as guide rnas in the process of rna editing of maxicircle transcripts. trypanosoma equiperdum minicircles contain three transcription units which produce three distinct transcripts. the genes for these transcripts are flanked ... | 1991 | 1825348 |
| comparative evaluation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the serodiagnosis of dourine. | the detection of antibodies against trypanosoma equiperdum in 689 equid sera was compared by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), the complement fixation test (cft) and an indirect immunofluorescent test (iif). cft was the least sensitive technique, susceptible to anti-complementary factors and the most technically demanding. iif was more sensitive, but was only suitable for testing limited numbers of samples. in this study, elisa was the most sensitive test, the least labour intensive and ... | 1991 | 1957484 |
| evidence for kinetoplast and nuclear dna homogeneity in trypanosoma evansi isolates. | the kinetoplast dna minicircles from 13 stocks of trypanosomes designated as trypanosoma evansi were digested with various restriction enzymes. we also examined the distribution of restriction site polymorphisms in the nuclear dna of 9 of these stocks, using 7 different variable surface glycoprotein (vsg) and non-vsg probes. restricted kinetoplast dna (kdna) fragments of some of these strains were cloned into m13 or puc 18 vectors and sequenced. the restriction and sequence mapping showed that m ... | 1990 | 1982554 |
| the trypanosome vsg expression site encodes adenylate cyclase and a leucine-rich putative regulatory gene. | african trypanosomes are protozoan parasites that evade the host immune system by varying their dense antigenic coat. the variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) is expressed exclusively from telomere-linked expression sites that contain in addition to the vsg gene, a number of open reading frames termed expression site associated genes (esags). here we demonstrate by complementation of a yeast mutant deleted for adenylate cyclase (cyr-1), that an esag from trypanosoma equiperdum encodes an adenylate ... | 1991 | 2065652 |
| selective cleavage of kinetoplast dna minicircles promoted by antitrypanosomal drugs. | pentamidine, diminazene aceturate (berenil), isometamidium chloride (samorin), and ethidium bromide, which are important antitrypanosomal drugs, promote linearization of trypanosoma equiperdum minicircle dna (the principal component of kinetoplast dna, the mitochondrial dna in these parasites). this effect occurs at therapeutically relevant concentrations. the linearized minicircles are protease sensitive and are not digested by lambda exonuclease (a 5' to 3' exonuclease), indicating that the br ... | 1990 | 2153980 |
| identification of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipases c in mouse brain membranes. | using the membrane form of variant surface glycoprotein from trypanosoma equiperdum labelled with [3h]myristate as a substrate, we identified two glycosylphosphatidylinositol phospholipase c enzymic activities in mouse brain. these activities were associated with particulate membrane fractions. they were characterized by their ph activity maxima and sensitivity to activators and ion chelators. one of the activities was maximal at acidic ph, stimulated by butanol, sensitive to cation chelator and ... | 1990 | 2167064 |
| trypanosome variable surface glycoproteins: composite genes and order of expression. | combinatorial processes increase the diversity of variable surface glycoproteins (vsgs) expressed by trypanosoma equiperdum. we show here that a single telomeric pseudogene provides the 3' portion of three distinct t. equiperdum vsg genes by recombination with different 5' donor pseudogenes. regions of sequence homology among the pseudogenes determine the sites of recombination in the formation of the expressed copies. this suggests that the recombination between any given basic copy (bc) and th ... | 1990 | 2227415 |
| ribonucleotides associated with a gap in newly replicated kinetoplast dna minicircles from trypanosoma equiperdum. | in trypanosoma equiperdum, some newly replicated kinetoplast dna minicircles contain a single gap at a unique location in their newly synthesized strand (ntambi, j. m., and englund, p. t. (1985) j. biol. chem. 260, 5574-5579). we now report that ribonucleotides are associated with this gap, with one or two covalently attached to the 5' terminus of the newly synthesized strand. there appear to be two possible rna/dna junctions at adjacent positions in the sequence. the ribonucleotides may be remn ... | 1986 | 2427514 |
| cloning and characterization of a variant surface glycoprotein expression site from trypanosoma equiperdum. | variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) genes of african trypanosomes are expressed when they are inserted into one of several telomere-linked expression sites. we cloned and characterized an 11-kilobase (kb) dna fragment located upstream of an expressed vsg gene. a dna sequence of 1.8 kb that is located immediately upstream of the inserted vsg gene contains sequences homologous to the 76-base-pair repeats described as being upstream of vsg genes in trypanosoma brucei (d. a. campbell, m. p. van bree, ... | 1986 | 2431296 |
| replication of kinetoplast dna in trypanosoma equiperdum. minicircle h strand fragments which map at specific locations. | the mitochondrial dna of trypanosomes, kinetoplast dna, is a network containing thousands of topologically interlocked minicircles. minicircles are replicated as free molecules after being detached from the network. the minicircle l strand appears to be synthesized continuously and the h strand discontinuously. this paper describes properties of trypanosoma equiperdum minicircle h strand fragments which could be okazaki fragments. these fragments constitute a family of molecules of discrete size ... | 1989 | 2536025 |
| drug-promoted cleavage of kinetoplast dna minicircles. evidence for type ii topoisomerase activity in trypanosome mitochondria. | minicircle dna, the major component of the mitochondrial dna of trypanosomes (kinetoplast dna), is linearized when living trypanosoma equiperdum cells are treated with inhibitors of mammalian type ii topoisomerases and then lysed with sodium dodecyl sulfate. a variety of intercalating and nonintercalating compounds (the epipodophyllotoxins, 4'-(9-acridinylamino)-methanesulfon-m-anisidine, 2-methyl-9-hydroxyellipticine, and acriflavine) are active, but novobiocin and specific gyrase inhibitors (t ... | 1989 | 2537308 |
| synthesis and processing of kinetoplast dna minicircles in trypanosoma equiperdum. | kinetoplast dna, the mitochondrial dna in trypanosomes, is a giant network containing topologically interlocked minicircles. replication occurs on free minicircles that have been detached from the network. in this paper, we report studies on the synthesis and processing of the minicircle l and h strands. analysis of free minicircles from trypanosoma equiperdum by two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis indicated that elongating l strands are present on theta structures. hybridization studies ... | 1989 | 2552285 |
| specific discontinuities in leishmania tarentolae minicircles map within universally conserved sequence blocks. | specific discontinuities remaining in the daughter strands of newly synthesized minicircles from crithidia fasciculata and trypanosoma equiperdum have been shown to lie within conserved sequence blocks (csbs) present in minicircles from all species of trypanosomes. the presence of ribonucleotides at the 5' ends of the l-strand in both cases suggests that the conserved sequences may constitute a replication origin. however, specific discontinuities have only been mapped in organisms having unusua ... | 1989 | 2558318 |
| active late-appearing variable surface antigen genes in trypanosoma equiperdum are constructed entirely from pseudogenes. | the expression of genes coding for variable surface glycoproteins (vsgs) in trypanosoma equiperdum is linked to duplicative transpositions of silent, basic copy sequences into telomere-linked expression sites. examination of three independently derived late-appearing trypanosome clones expressing vsg-78 revealed that the expressed gene in all cases is composed of sequences derived from three or four individual silent genes. the 182 base pairs at the 3' end of the coding sequence are derived from ... | 1989 | 2574459 |
| identification of a trypanocidal factor against trypanosoma equiperdum in normal human serum. | normal human serum (hs) contains trypanolytic activity and agglutinins to trypanosoma equiperdum, while such activities are not found in sera from a range of animals susceptible to infection. hs given to t. equiperdum-infected mice caused a rapid decrease in the number of circulating trypanosomes and protection from lethal infection. trypanolytic activity of human serum was found to be associated, after deae chromatography and sephadex g-200 gel filtration, with the fraction containing 19s antib ... | 1989 | 2671877 |
| antigenic diversity by the recombination of pseudogenes. | during the course of an infection, the hemoflagellate trypanosoma equiperdum sequentially expresses an extensive repertoire of surface glycoproteins. there is evidence that combinations of silent genes are involved in the generation of this repertoire, but the combination rules are not known. to gain insight into these rules, we determined the fine structure of a composite gene. the gene coding for the variant surface glycoprotein 20 of t. equiperdum is a late gene generated by the partial dupli ... | 1989 | 2792762 |
| alternate trans splicing in trypanosoma equiperdum: implications for splice site selection. | we examined the structures of the 5' ends of mrnas encoding variant surface glycoprotein 78 (vsg-78) and vsg-1(78) in trypanosoma equiperdum. several mrna species were found for each gene, and all contained the 35-base miniexon (or spliced leader) sequence attached at different positions on their 5' ends. thus, the generation of multiple messages for each vsg occurred by attachment of the miniexon at one of several 3' splice acceptor sites. the frequency with which individual splice sites were u ... | 1988 | 2835672 |
| glycosyl-sn-1,2-dimyristylphosphatidylinositol is the membrane anchor for trypanosoma equiperdum and t. (nannomonas) congolense variant surface glycoproteins. | we have analysed the structures of the trypanosoma (nannomonas) congolense and t. equiperdum variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) membrane anchors. myristic acid uptake, phospholipase treatment, and nitrous acid deamination showed that, for each species, the anchor is glycosyl-sn-1,2-dimyristylphosphatidylinositol, as has been previously described for t. brucei. osmotic lysis of these trypanosomes resulted in the release of soluble vsg, lacking fatty acid. in both species and in t. evansi, an endo ... | 1987 | 2957588 |
| a gap at a unique location in newly replicated kinetoplast dna minicircles from trypanosoma equiperdum. | kinetoplast dna is a network containing thousands of interlocked minicircles. the minicircles replicate as free molecules after release from the network, and their progeny are then reattached (englund, p. t., (1979) j. biol. chem. 254, 4895-4900). in trypanosoma equiperdum, some of the newly replicated minicircles which have recatenated to the network contain a single gap. this gap is about 10 nucleotides in size and it is in the newly synthesized strand. based on several criteria (s1 nuclease d ... | 1985 | 2985601 |
| immunosuppression in experimental trypanosomiasis: effects of trypanosoma equiperdum on the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus). | the effects of trypanosoma equiperdum infections on the immunological and pathological responses of deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus) to influenza virus exposure were investigated. mice carrying a 5 week trypanosome infection along with an age- and sex-matched trypanosome-free control group were simultaneously exposed to influenza ao (wsn) virus. t. equiperdum infection significantly (p less than 0.01) converted a sub-lethal virus attack into a fatal pneumonic process in a small proportion of a ... | 1985 | 3002002 |
| stable expression of two variable surface glycoproteins by cloned trypanosoma equiperdum. | african trypanosomes are thought to evade the host immune system by periodically changing their variable surface glycoprotein (vsg). vsg genes are activated by a complex process involving the duplicative transposition of silent basic copy genes to one of several expression sites. these expression-linked copies (elcs) of the vsg genes are also subject to regulation within expression sites by as yet unknown mechanisms. it is generally assumed that trypanosomes can express only one vsg gene at a ti ... | 1986 | 3003586 |
| expression of whole and hybrid genes in trypanosoma equiperdum antigenic variation. | a rapid technique involving the s1 nuclease resistance of rna:dna duplexes has been used to screen four trypanosoma equiperdum variant surface glycoprotein (vsg) genes for evidence of hybrid gene structure in their transcribed regions. the results suggest that vsgs appearing early in a chronic infection each have a complete co-linear basic copy (bc) of their expressed gene while vsgs appearing later in infection are particularly associated with bc genes which are recombined before being expresse ... | 1986 | 3013613 |
| the use of incomplete genes for the construction of a trypanosoma equiperdum variant surface glycoprotein gene. | the expression of trypanosoma equiperdum variant surface protein (vsg) 78 is accomplished by the duplicative transposition of silent basic copy (bc) genes into a telomer-linked expression site to form an expression-linked copy (elc). in two independent isolates expressing vsg 78, the elc is a composite gene. the analysis of vsg 78 cdna clones from these two bo tat 78 isolates and the respective bc genes revealed that both elcs were constructed from the same three bc genes, a 3' bc which donated ... | 1986 | 3013614 |
| atp-independent type ii topoisomerase from trypanosomes. | we have characterized in trypanosoma cruzi a dna topoisomerase capable of decatenating complex trypanosomal kinetoplast dna networks in the absence of atp. the enzymatic activity requires mg2+ and k+. using a defined dna topoisomer we showed that the linking number changes by steps of 2, which characterizes the enzyme as a type ii topoisomerase. the enzyme can catenate supercoiled dna molecules, unknot dna, and cleave double-stranded dna. the enzyme has no atpase activity. the native enzyme has ... | 1986 | 3020537 |
| organized packaging of kinetoplast dna networks. | the kinetoplast dna (kdna) of trypanosoma equiperdum is organized as a complex structure of catenated circular dna molecules. the major component of the kdna network is the one kilobase minicircle that is present at about 10,000 copies per network. we have developed two assays to examine the structure of kdna networks compacted in vitro with spermidine. our results suggest that minicircles are arranged into a regular structure with an exposed domain which is dnaase i- and restriction-sensitive a ... | 1986 | 3022936 |
| on the role of repeated sequences 5' to variant surface glycoprotein genes in african trypanosomes. | in african trypanosomes, the dna region situated upstream from all active and some silent variant surface glycoprotein genes (vsg genes) has a repetitive structure. this region is composed of a variable number of tandem repeats of an a + t-rich sequence which lacks the recognition sites for most commonly used restriction endonucleases, and is thus called 'barren region'. the length of the barren regions varies in different trypanosome variants from 0.2 to many kb. we have characterized the barre ... | 1987 | 3036666 |
| nucleoside analysis of dna from trypanosoma brucei and trypanosoma equiperdum. | we have digested trypanosome dna with a combination of pancreatic dnase i, nuclease p1 and bovine alkaline phosphatase and fractionated the resulting nucleosides on a supelcosil lc-18-s column by high pressure liquid chromatography. we find less than 0.1% unusual nucleosides, both in trypanosoma brucei and in a trypanosoma equiperdum stock, in contrast to a previous report of an unusual nucleoside replacing dc at 1.3% of total nucleosides in t. equiperdum. our results agree with previous suggest ... | 1988 | 3185618 |
| an investigation into alternative methods for the serodiagnosis of dourine. | the complement fixation test (cft), indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat), card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis (catt) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) were compared in their application to the serological diagnosis of trypanosoma equiperdum infection in 43 horses. the cft remains a reliable test for dourine, especially in countries where other members of the subgenus trypanozoon do not occur. the ifat is a good 'back-up' test, but, requiring skilled operators it has the ... | 1988 | 3292986 |
| dourine in south africa. | | 1988 | 3361566 |
| dourine in southern africa 1981-1984: serological findings from the veterinary research institute, onderstepoort. | the distribution of positive dourine cases found on the complement fixation test at the veterinary research institute, onderstepoort from 1981 to 1984, is recorded. within the republic of south africa, foci of infection occurred in the johannesburg, pretoria, potchefstroom, rustenburg, upington, lichtenburg, kroonstad, louis trichardt, middelburg (cape) and mossel bay state veterinary districts. in bophuthatswana, transkei, lesotho, south west africa and swaziland, positive cases were also recor ... | 1986 | 3806561 |
| the use of a single complement fixation test technique in bovine brucellosis, johne's disease, dourine, equine piroplasmosis and q fever serology. | the same techniques may be used in the complement fixation test (cft) for the serological diagnosis of bovine brucellosis, johne's disease (paratuberculosis), dourine, equine piroplasmosis and q fever (caused by coxiella burnetii). the reproducibility of results is excellent, falling for the most part within the twofold range and never exceeding the fourfold range. agreement with other laboratories is excellent (i.e. within twofold) in the case of brucellosis and equine piroplasmosis antibody ti ... | 1985 | 4088642 |
| [contribution to the experimental study of trypanosoma equiperdum]. | | 1966 | 4170611 |
| pathogenesis of trypanosoma equiperdum in deer mice (peromyscus maniculatus). | | 1974 | 4210290 |
| [study of trypanosoma equiperdum with the electron microscope after action of homologous antibodies labeled with ferritin]. | | 1969 | 4238899 |
| dihydrofolate reductase from trypanosoma equiperdum. i. isolation, partial purification, and properties. | | 1967 | 4382281 |
| [morphological changes in trypanosoma equiperdum due to crystallomycin]. | | 1972 | 4658004 |
| electron microscope investigations of the structure of some specimens of the trypanosomidae family in connection with their ability to occur in the dyskinetoplastic state. trypanosoma equiperdum. | | 1973 | 4727317 |
| specificity of carbohydrate transport in trypanosoma equiperdum. | | 1974 | 4826711 |
| specificity of amino acid transport in trypanosoma equiperdum. | | 1974 | 4838483 |
| growth curves of trypanosoma equiperdum in rats treated with endotoxin of serratia marcescens. | | 1970 | 4906547 |
| estimation of endotoxin-induced increase in resistance by means of trypanosoma equiperdum growth curves. | | 1970 | 4935610 |
| [fractionation and characterization of desoxyribonucleic acid (dna) of trypanosomes (trypanosoma equiperdum)]. | | 1966 | 4957451 |
| [macroglobulinemia in the horse during experimental infection due to trypanosoma equiperdum]. | | 1969 | 4983180 |
| [activity of nifurmazole (cb 10,615) on trypanosoma equiperdum, schizotrypanum cruzi and trypanosoma gambiense]. | | 1970 | 4987585 |
| [attempt at correlation between the evolution of a disease by trypanosoma equiperdum and the action of a pulsed and modulated electromagnetic wave]. | | 1971 | 4994970 |
| effect of serum from endotoxin-treated rats on isolated trypanosoma equiperdum. | | 1971 | 5113385 |
| [development of trypanosoma equiperdum inoculated into the mouse embryo]. | | 1971 | 5145004 |
| [flagellates, their structure, function and other properties. v. cytochemical studies of trypanosoma equiperdum and leishmania donovani]. | | 1971 | 5152994 |
| isolation of bodies containing the cyanide-insensitive glycerophosphate oxidase of trypanosoma equiperdum. | | 1969 | 5349631 |
| [study of several flagellata in connection with their structural function and other properties. i. electron microscopic study of the ultrastructure of trypanosoma equiperdum]. | | 1969 | 5398241 |
| utilization of a trypanosoma equiperdum test in studies on the radioprotective action of endotoxin. | | 1971 | 5569876 |
| dihydrofolate reductase from trypanosoma equiperdum. ii. inhibition by 2,4-diaminopyrimidines and related heterocycles. | | 1969 | 5793158 |
| purification and properties of purified hexokinase from the african trypanosomes and trypanosoma equiperdum. | | 1969 | 5806197 |
| genetic transfer in trypanosomes. ii. genetic transformation in trypanosoma equiperdum. | | 1965 | 5856849 |
| sensitivity of trypanosoma equiperdum to the action of tumor-inhibitory antibiotics in vitro. | | 1965 | 5880540 |
| activity of p-biguanido-acetophenone-guanylhydrazone in trypanosoma equiperdum infection. | | 1965 | 5898527 |
| some aspects of methionine metabolism by trypanosoma equiperdum, in vitro. | | 1966 | 6013269 |