| ethylene production by ectomycorrhizal fungi, fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pini, and by aseptically synthesized ectomycorrhizae and fusarium-infected douglas-fir roots. | the ectomycorrhizal fungi cenococcum geophilum, hebeloma crustuliniforme, and laccaria laccata produced ethylene in vitro in modified melin-norkrans liquid medium only if amended with 2.5-10mm methionine; pisolithus tinctorius failed to produce ethylene unless the cultures were renewed with fresh methionine-amended medium before ethylene assay. an additional 19 ectomycorrhizal fungi, plus five isolates of fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pini, all produced ethylene in renewed and (or) nonrenewed media. ... | 1980 | 7214223 |
| messenger rna intron in the nuclear 18s ribosomal rna gene of deuteromycetes. | introns within messenger rna genes have characteristic border sequences and a conserved region near the 3' end of the intron. all are involved in splicing to produce the mature mrna. introns in ribosomal rna genes have less well-defined borders and contain no internal conservation. we report here mrna-type introns located near the 3' end of the 18s rrna genes of the deuteromycetes phialophora americana and cenococcum geophilum. inserted sequences of various sizes have also been located at the sa ... | 1993 | 8467532 |
| group-i intron family in the nuclear ribosomal rna small subunit genes of cenococcum geophilum isolates. | a family of optional group-i introns was found near the 3' end of the nuclear small subunit rrna genes in 61 out of 70 isolates of the deuteromycete mycorrhizal fungus cenococcum geophilum. dna sequence polymorphisms among the introns (termed cgssu introns) from ten of the isolates were studied. the sequences, ranging in size from 488 to 514 nucleotides, were from 93.2% to 99.6% similar to each other. mutations were less common in predicted base-paired regions (33% of all mutations) than in free ... | 1996 | 8598059 |
| phylogenetic origins of the asexual mycorrhizal symbiont cenococcum geophilum fr. and other mycorrhizal fungi among the ascomycetes. | the phylogenetic relationship of the asexual mycorrhizal fungus cenococcum geophilam fr. among sexual ascomycetes was examined by phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequence data from the nuclear small subunit (18s) ribosomal rna genie region. a specific focus of this study was to test the hypothesis that the genus elaphomyces is the closest sexual relative of c. geophilum. thus nucleotide sequence data of five c. geophilum isolates, three elaphomyces species, and 44 additional genera of ascomy ... | 1996 | 8899729 |
| comparison of ribosomal dna its regions among geographic isolates of cenococcum geophilum. | cenococcum geophilum is an ecologically important mycorrhizal fungus with a global distribution and a wide host range. it has been difficult to study since it forms only sterile mycelia and, occasionally, sclerotial bodies. because of its lack of morphological variability, its taxonomy and phylogenetic origins have until recently remained unclear. to better understand the genetic variation and environmental adaptability of c. geophilum, a molecular phylogeny was constructed based on the nuclear ... | 1999 | 10369960 |
| solubilisation and colonisation of wood ash by ectomycorrhizal fungi isolated from a wood ash fertilised spruce forest. | in sweden application of granulated wood ash has been suggested as a method to supplement nutrient loss resulting from harvesting of forest residues for bioenergy production. mycelia of two ectomycorrhizal fungi piloderma sp. 1 and ha-96-3, were commonly found to colonise ash granules in a wood ash fertilised spruce forest. thirty-eight fungal isolates were selected from 10 taxa to investigate the possible role of different ectomycorrhizal fungi in nutrient mobilisation from ash. the taxa were c ... | 2001 | 11295454 |
| microcosm-based analyses of scots pine seedling growth, ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure and bacterial carbon utilization profiles in boreal forest humus and underlying illuvial mineral horizons. | we report on the identity of indigenous mycorrhiza forming fungi and rhizosphere/mycorrhizosphere bacterial community carbon source utilization profiles of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) seedlings grown in boreal forest humus (o) or illuvial (b) mineral horizon containing microcosm growth systems. based on rdna (its)-rflp analyses, a total of 10 fungal rflp taxa were identified from pre-morphotyped mycorrhizas on 7-month-old seedling roots. hierarchical cluster analysis, including correspondin ... | 2001 | 11377775 |
| ferricrocin--an ectomycorrhizal siderophore of cenococcum geophilum. | the ectomycorrhizal fungus cenococcum geophilum was grown in low-iron medium and the excreted siderophores were extracted, purified and analyzed by hplc. the principal hydroxamate siderophore produced, was identified as ferricrocin as confirmed by analytical hplc, fab-mass spectrometry and 1h- and 13c-nmr spectra. although the occurrence of ferricrocin has been shown earlier to occur in the ericoid mycorrhizal fungi, this is the first report of ferricrocin in a true ectomycorrhizal fungus which ... | 2002 | 11860025 |
| mycorrhizal growth in pure cultures in the presence of pesticides. | the effects of pesticides on 64 ectomycorrhizal fungi of boreal forest trees were studied in vitro. the pesticides (fungicides: benomyl, chlorothalonil, copper oxychloride, maneb and propiconazole; herbicides: chlorthiamid, glyphosate, hexazinone, linuron and terbuthylazine; insecticide: cypermethrin) were selected as those commonly used in nordic forest nurseries and afforestation sites. in general, the fungicides proved to be more toxic to ectomycorrhizal fungi than the herbicides and cypermet ... | 2002 | 12002401 |
| effects of continuous optimal fertilization on belowground ectomycorrhizal community structure in a norway spruce forest. | studies of effects of fertilizer treatment on ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure have predominantly been based on large, single additions of nitrogen. studies involving chronic additions of nutrients in combination with irrigation are much less common. we used morphotyping to study effects of balanced additions of a nutrient solution on ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure in a 36-year-old stand of picea abies (l.) karst. despite high variability among individual samples, principal ... | 2000 | 12651424 |
| characterization and spatial distribution of ectomycorrhizas colonizing aspen clones released in an experimental field. | ectomycorrhizas (em) from aspen clones released on an experimental field were characterized by morphotyping, restriction analysis and internal transcribed spacer (its) sequencing. in addition, their community structure and spatial distribution was analyzed. among the 23 observed morphotypes, six mycobionts dominated, forming roughly 90% of all ectomycorrhizas: cenococcum geophilum, laccaria sp., phialocephala fortinii, two different thelephoraceae, and one member of the pezizales. the three most ... | 2004 | 14534850 |
| species-specific measurements of ectomycorrhizal turnover under n-fertilization: combining isotopic and genetic approaches. | ectomycorrhizal fungi play a significant role in the transfer of nutrients between plant and soil pools. here we combine natural abundance (14)c measurements with restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) to study the effects of nitrogen fertilization on the residence time of carbon within ectomycorrhizal species. we show that the carbon in ectomycorrhizal fungi turns over every 4-5 years, indicating that these fungi are relatively long-lived. moreover, ectomycorrhizal fungi responded in a ... | 2004 | 14666417 |
| ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure across a bog-forest ecotone in southeastern alaska. | we examined the ectomycorrhizal (ecm) fungal community across a bog-forest ecotone in southeastern alaska. the bog and edge were both characterized by poorly drained histosols and a continuous layer of sphagnum species, ericaceous shrubs, carex species, and shore pine [pinus contorta dougl. ex loud. var. contorta]. the forest had better-drained inceptisols and spodosols, a tree community comprised of western hemlock [tsuga heterophylla (raf.) sarg.], yellow cedar (thuja plicata donn ex d. don.), ... | 2004 | 14999551 |
| effects of soil-applied lead on seedling growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization of loblolly pine. | six-month-old loblolly pine (pinus taeda) were grown for 15 weeks in two native soils amended with 0, 30, 60, 120, 240 or 480 mg kg(-1) pb as pbcl2. ectomycorrhizae were quantified, by morphotype, as the total number of tips per centimeter, and as the number of tips for each morphotype and for cenococcum geophilum. total numbers of non-ectomycorrhizal short roots and necrotic tips were recorded. total height and biomass exhibited a non-linear response to soil-applied lead. growth generally was g ... | 1991 | 15092097 |
| effects of simulated rain acidity on ectomycorrhizae of red spruce seedlings potted in natural soil. | formation of ectomycorrhizae of red spruce (picea rubens) grown in natural soil was measured after seedlings were exposed to 25 or 50 applications of simulated rain of ph 5.5, 3.5 or 2.5. ectomycorrhizae were quantified as the total number of ectomycorrhizal tips per centimeter, and as the number of ectomycorrhizal tips for each morphotype and for cenococcum geophilum. rain solutions were applied to the soil alone, to foliage and stem alone, or to entire potted seedlings. final soil ph was linea ... | 1989 | 15092399 |
| genetic structure of cenococcum geophilum populations in primary successional volcanic deserts on mount fuji as revealed by microsatellite markers. | polymorphic simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers were used to investigate the genetic structure in a cenococcum geophilum population associated with salix reinii in an early successional volcanic desert at gotenba, on the south-eastern slope of mount fuji in japan, and in three other populations associated with the same host at more developed sites on the mountain, one at fujinomiya and two at subashiri. the genotype richness of c. geophilum tended to be higher in more developed vegetation patch ... | 2005 | 15720640 |
| evidence of species interactions within an ectomycorrhizal fungal community. | ectomycorrhizal fungal communities can be structured by abiotic and biotic factors. here, we present evidence for community structuring by species interactions. we sampled ectomycorrhizas and forest floor seven times during a 13-month period. the presence of various ectomycorrhizal fungal species was determined for each sample, and species co-occurrence analyses were performed. for both ectomycorrhizas and forest floor samples there was significantly less co-occurrence among species within the c ... | 2005 | 15720642 |
| variability of cenococcum colonization and its ecophysiological significance for young conifers at alpine-treeline. | * plants establishing in environments that are marginal for growth could be particularly sensitive to mycorrhizal associations. we investigated ectomycorrhizal colonization and its significance for young conifers growing at, or above, their normal limits for growth, in the alpine-treeline ecotone. * colonization of seedlings (<1 yr old) and juveniles (2- to 10-yr-old) of picea engelmannii and abies lasiocarpa by cenococcum geophilum was determined in a field study, and effects of cenococcum on p ... | 2005 | 15720698 |
| hyperdiversity of ectomycorrhizal fungus assemblages on oak seedlings in mixed forests in the southern appalachian mountains. | diversity of ectotrophic mycobionts on outplanted seedlings of two oak species (quercus rubra and quercus prinus) was estimated at two sites in mature mixed forests in the southern appalachian mountains by sequencing nuclear 5.8s rrna genes and the flanking internal transcribed spacer regions i and ii (its). the seedlings captured a high diversity of mycorrhizal its-types and late-stage fungi were well represented. total richness was 75 types, with 42 types having a frequency of only one. the fi ... | 2005 | 15723674 |
| ectomycorrhizas associated with a relict population of dryas octopetala in the burren, western ireland ii. composition, structure and temporal variation in the ectomycorrhizal community. | the composition, structure and temporal variation of ectomycorrhizal (em) communities associated with mountain avens (dryas octopetala) in grass heaths of the burren, western ireland were assessed by using soil core sampling in two permanent plots and 30 other sites (196 cores in total). of the 34 different em types observed, 11 were common and constituted over 80% of the em biomass. four em types, craterellus lutescens, tomentella sp., dryadirhiza fulgens and cenococcum geophilum were the most ... | 2005 | 15726434 |
| ectomycorrhizas associated with a relict population of dryas octopetala in the burren, western ireland. i. distribution of ectomycorrhizas in relation to vegetation and soil characteristics. | the distribution of ectomycorrhizas on dryas octopetala l in grass heaths of the 450 km2 karst region known as the burren in western ireland was examined in relation to soil factors and vegetation type. ectomycorrhizas were identified or characterised from 56 soil cores from 30 sites, and the occurrence of each ectomycorrhizal (em) type was quantified by estimating the total length of mycorrhizal tips of each type. soil organic matter, total nitrogen, extractable phosphorus, ph and depth were th ... | 2005 | 15726435 |
| phylogenetic divergence in a local population of the ectomycorrhizal fungus cenococcum geophilum. | cenococcum geophilum is a widely distributed mycorrhizal species associated with diverse gymnosperm and angiosperm hosts. in previous studies, a significant amount of genetic and genotypic diversity has been detected in this species, despite the fact that c. geophilum is not thought to reproduce by meiotic or mitotic spores. we conducted a phylogenetic analysis of 103 c. geophilum isolates from a california oak woodland and seven non-california isolates using a glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydro ... | 2005 | 15760369 |
| diversity and specificity of ectomycorrhizal fungi retrieved from an old-growth mediterranean forest dominated by quercus ilex. | we analysed the ectomycorrhizal (ecm) fungal diversity in a mediterranean old-growth quercus ilex forest stand from corsica (france), where arbutus unedo was the only other ecm host. on a 6400 m2 stand, we investigated whether oak age and host species shaped below-ground ecm diversity. ectomycorrhizas were collected under q. ilex individuals of various ages (1 yr seedlings; 3-10 yr saplings; old trees) and a. unedo. they were typed by its-rflp analysis and identified by match to rflp patterns of ... | 2005 | 15869659 |
| post-fire, seasonal and annual dynamics of the ectomycorrhizal community in a quercus ilex l. forest over a 3-year period. | two study plots, burned and control, were established in autumn 1998 in a quercus ilex forest located in northern spain, part of which had been affected by a low intensity fire in 1994. soil samples for ectomycorrhizae (ecm) were taken over a 3-year period in each study plot in spring, summer, autumn and winter. ecm morphotypes were identified and the relative abundance of each morphotype in each soil sample calculated, along with species richness, shannon diversity index and percentage of mycor ... | 2005 | 15889285 |
| shoot water status and aba responses of transgenic hybrid larch larix kaempferi x l. decidua to ectomycorrhizal fungi and osmotic stress. | it has been postulated that osmotic effects on plant tissue are mediated by abscisic acid (aba). hybrid larch (larix kaempferi (lambert) carr. x l. decidua mill.) plantlets, transformed with the aba-inducible wheat em promoter associated with the gus reporter gene, were axenically inoculated with two ectomycorrhizal fungi: cenococcum geophilum fr., considered tolerant to water stress, and laccaria bicolor (marie) orton, considered less tolerant to drought. the mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal tra ... | 2005 | 15996953 |
| oribatid mite (acari, oribatida) feeding on ectomycorrhizal fungi. | the coexistence of a large number of soil animals without extensive niche differentiation is one of the great riddles in soil biology. the main aim of this study was to explore the importance of partitioning of food resources for the high diversity of micro-arthropods in soil. in addition, we investigated if ectomycorrhizal fungi are preferentially consumed compared to saprotrophic fungi. until today, ectomycorrhizal fungi have never been tested as potential food resource for oribatid mites. we ... | 2005 | 16133254 |
| in situ and in vitro colonization of cathaya argyrophylla (pinaceae) by ectomycorrhizal fungi. | cathaya argyrophylla, a critically endangered conifer, is found to grow at four isolated areas located in subtropical mountains of china. to examine the involvement and usefulness of mycorrhizas for sustaining the population of this tree, we compared the root system, morphology, and structure of mycorrhizal roots of c. argyrophylla, which were collected from a natural stand and an artificial stand, each grown at a different location. more mycorrhizal roots were found for trees from an artificial ... | 2006 | 16292663 |
| the effects of heat treatments on ectomycorrhizal resistant propagules and their ability to colonize bioassay seedlings. | the effect of disturbance on the resistant propagule community (rpc) of ectomycorrhizal fungi has been given relatively little attention. in this study we investigate the effects of heat, one important factor of fire disturbances, on the ability of ectomycorrhizal rpc fungi to colonize pinus jeffreyi seedlings in greenhouse bioassays. prior to planting the seed, soils were collected from an old growth mixed-conifer forest in the southern sierra nevada, california, usa and then subjected to four ... | 2006 | 16387485 |
| vertical distribution of an ectomycorrhizal community in upper soil horizons of a young norway spruce (picea abies [l.] karst.) stand of the bavarian limestone alps. | the vertical niche differentiation of genera of ectomycorrhiza (ecm) was assessed in a 17-year-old norway spruce (picea abies [l.] karst.) plantation on a mountainous dolomitic site (1,050 m above sea level) of the bavarian limestone alps. we determined ecm anatomotypes, recorded the abundance of corresponding ecm root tips and classified them into groups of ecm exploration types, which refer to the organisation and the extent of their extramatrical mycelia. the abundance of ecm was highest in t ... | 2006 | 16518613 |
| relationships between stand composition and ectomycorrhizal community structure in boreal mixed-wood forests. | we investigated the community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi under varying overstory tree compositions in the southern mixed-wood boreal forest of quebec. sampling took place at two locations of differing postfire ages and nine 100-m2 plots were sampled per location. the dominant overstory tree species in the plots were trembling aspen (populus tremuloides michx.), white birch (betula papyrifera marsh.) or white spruce [picea glauca (moench) voss], and balsam fir [abies balsamea (l.) mill.]. ... | 2006 | 16699911 |
| genetic diversity of naturally established ectomycorrhizal fungi on norway spruce seedlings under nursery conditions. | we have assessed ectomycorrhizal fungi colonizing norway spruce (picea abies l.) seedlings in nine forest nurseries using restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) and sequencing analyses of the internal transcribed spacers (its1-5.8s-its2) amplicons. restriction analysis of the amplified dna fragments with hinfi, mboi, and taqi enzymes allowed the definition of 17 rflp genotypes; five of them could be unambiguously assigned to thelephora terrestris, hebeloma longicaudum, h. crustuliniform ... | 2006 | 16826321 |
| does ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure vary along a japanese black pine (pinus thunbergii) to black locust (robinia pseudoacacia) gradient? | in this study we examined the role of the nitrogen-fixing tree, robinia pseudoacacia (black locust), in ectomycorrhizal (ecm) formation and ecm community of pinus thunbergii (japanese black pine) seedlings. two 200 m(2) experimental plots were established at the border between a japanese black pine- and a black locust-dominated area in a coastal forest. the ecm fungal community of pine seedlings was examined by pcr-rflp and sequence analysis. we analyzed the relationship between ecm formation, e ... | 2007 | 17204079 |
| ectomycorrhiza communities of red oak (quercus rubra l.) of different age in the lusatian lignite mining district, east germany. | ectomycorrhizal (ecm) communities were assessed on a 720 m(2) plot along a chronosequence of red oak (quercus rubra) stands on a forest reclamation site with disturbed soil in the lignite mining area of lower lusatia (brandenburg, germany). adjacent to the mining area, a red oak reference stand with undisturbed soil was investigated reflecting mycorrhiza diversity of the intact landscape. aboveground, sporocarp surveys were carried out during the fruiting season in a 2-week interval in the years ... | 2007 | 17235552 |
| afforestation of abandoned farmland with conifer seedlings inoculated with three ectomycorrhizal fungi - impact on plant performance and ectomycorrhizal community. | the aim of a 3-year study was to investigate whether inoculation of pinus sylvestris l. and picea abies (l.) karst. seedlings with mycorrhizas of cenococcum geophilum fr., piceirhiza bicolorata, and hebeloma crustuliniforme (bull.) quel. has any impact on: 1) survival and growth of outplanted seedlings on abandoned agricultural land, and 2) subsequent mycorrhizal community development. for inoculation, the root system of each plant was wrapped in a filter paper containing mycelium, overlaid with ... | 2007 | 17277941 |
| types of ectomycorrhiza of mature beech and spruce at ozone-fumigated and control forest plots. | in the kranzberg forest near freising (germany) a novel "free-air canopy o3 exposure" system has been employed for analysing o3-induced responses from sub-cellular to ecosystem levels that are relevant for carbon balance and co2 demand of 60-year-old beech trees. the below-ground ectomycorrhizal community was studied in two-fold ambient o3 concentrations (five cores per sampling) and in a control plot with an ambient o3 concentration (four cores per sampling). five samplings were taken throughou ... | 2007 | 17285259 |
| differential ability of ectomycorrhizas to survive drying. | to test the hypothesis that, depending on the fungal symbiont, ectomycorrhizas are differentially affected by severe drought stress, we developed a simple method to quantify the loss of vitality of excised ectomycorrhizal tips subjected to drying under controlled conditions. the method uses 96-well microtitration plates with one single ectomycorrhizal tip per well, and is based on measuring the loss of volume and the loss of electrolytes before and after the imposed stress. this approach very si ... | 2007 | 17308933 |
| casiroz: root parameters and types of ectomycorrhiza of young beech plants exposed to different ozone and light regimes. | tropospheric ozone (o(3)) triggers physiological changes in leaves that affect carbon source strength leading to decreased carbon allocation below-ground, thus affecting roots and root symbionts. the effects of o(3) depend on the maturity-related physiological state of the plant, therefore adult and young forest trees might react differently. to test the applicability of young beech plants for studying the effects of o(3) on forest trees and forest stands, beech seedlings were planted in contain ... | 2007 | 17357022 |
| ectomycorrhizal colonization of naturally regenerating pinus sylvestris l. seedlings growing in different micro-habitats in boreal forest. | we investigated the species richness and composition of ectomycorrhizal (em) fungi colonizing pinus sylvestris l. seedlings naturally regenerating in boreal forest, in three different microhabitats: on forest ground, on decaying stumps, and within moss layer on erratic boulders. we tested the hypothesis that habitat differences would affect the composition of the em community of regenerating pine seedlings. in total, 16 em species were detected, from which none occurred on seedlings growing in a ... | 2007 | 17503091 |
| growth and mycorrhizal community structure of pinus sylvestris seedlings following the addition of forest litter. | we report the effects of pine and oak litter on species composition and diversity of mycorrhizal fungi colonizing 2-year-old pinus sylvestris l. seedlings grown in a bare-root nursery in lithuania. a layer of pine or oak litter was placed on the surface of the nursery bed soil to mimic natural litter cover. oak litter amendment appeared to be most favorable for seedling survival, with a 73% survival rate, in contrast to the untreated mineral bed soil (44%). the concentrations of total n, p, k, c ... | 2007 | 17575001 |
| short communication phosphate supply and arsenate toxicity in ectomycorrhizal fungi. | three species of ectomycorrhizal fungi (hebeloma crustuliniforme, suillus variegatus and cenococcum geophilum) were grown in axenic culture amended with range of aso4(3-) concentration under three different po4(3-) regimes. the fungi exhibited different growth responses to aso4(3-) that varied with po4(3-) concentration. suillus variegatus showed the greatest sensitivity to aso4(3-), with growth almost completely inhibited in the presence of aso4(3-) under the lower two po4(3-) treatments. under ... | 2007 | 17647203 |
| genetic diversity and differential in vitro responses to ni in cenococcum geophilum isolates from serpentine soils in portugal. | amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) analysis was used to investigate the genetic diversity in isolates of the ectomycorrhizal fungus cenococcum geophilum from serpentine and non-serpentine soils in portugal. a high degree of genetic diversity was found among c. geophilum isolates; aflp fingerprints showed that all the isolates were genetically distinct. we also assessed the in vitro ni sensitivity in three serpentine isolates and one non-serpentine isolate. only the non-serpentine isol ... | 2007 | 17710447 |
| using the putative asexual fungus cenococcum geophilum as a model to test how species concepts influence recombination analyses using sequence data from multiple loci. | recent studies have found that three divergent lineages of the ectomycorrhizal fungus cenococcum geophilum may co-occur within a single soil sample. to test how inference of population structure is affected by species concept, potential recombination in this putative asexual fungus was analyzed by sequencing 10 loci from 44 isolates from within one main lineage that is potentially sub-divisible into two phylogenetic species (a and b). phylogenetic incongruence between these loci and recombinatio ... | 2007 | 17768627 |
| intracellular colonization of rhododendron and vaccinium roots by cenococcum geophilum, geomyces pannorum and meliniomyces variabilis. | four in vitro experiments were set up to verify the colonization potential of ectomycorrhizal (ecm) cenococcum geophilum fr. (strain cge-4), saprotrophic geomyces pannorum (link) sigler & carmichael (gpa-1) and a frequent root-associated, potentially ericoid mycorrhiza (erm)-forming meliniomyces variabilis hambleton & sigler (mva-1) in roots of rhododendron and vaccinium. a typical erm fungus, rhizoscyphus ericae (read) zhuang & korf (rer-1), was included for comparison. all fungal strains intra ... | 2007 | 18062190 |
| seasonal dynamics of ectomycorrhizal fungus assemblages on oak seedlings in the southeastern appalachian mountains. | the potential for seasonal dynamics in ectomycorrhizal (em) fungal assemblages has important implications for the ecology of both the host trees and the fungal associates. we compared em fungus distributions on root systems of out-planted oak seedlings at two sites in mixed southeastern appalachian mountain forests at the coweeta hydrologic laboratory in north carolina, from samples taken in mid-july and early september. species level em fungus type specificity, and identification in some cases, ... | 2008 | 18247062 |
| mycorrhizal colonisation of mountain birch (betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) along three environmental gradients: does life in harsh environments alter plant-fungal relationships? | environmental stress affects ectomycorrhizal communities (ecm), but it is not known how general the detected ecm responses are. we investigated ecm fungi on roots of mountain birch, betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii (orlova) hämet-ahti, along three environmental gradients, two natural (altitude, seashore) and one human-induced (pollution), within the kola peninsula, nw russia. chlorophyll fluorescence of birch leaves indicated no environmental stress even in the conditions that were presumed ... | 2009 | 18327653 |
| significant diversity and potential problems associated with inferring population structure within the cenococcum geophilum species complex. | cenococcum geophilum is perhaps the most widely distributed and most recognized ectomycorrhizal fungus with a host range of more than 200 tree species from 40 genera of both angiosperms and gymnosperms. we conducted a phylogenetic analysis on a large collection of isolates (n=74) from north america and europe based on glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd). a subset of isolates (n=22) also was analyzed with the more conservative lsu-rdna locus. significant nucleotide diversity was detect ... | 2007 | 18333505 |
| mycobionts of salix herbacea on a glacier forefront in the austrian alps. | dwarf willows (e.g. salix herbacea) are among the earliest ectomycorrhizal (em) plants colonising primary successional sites such as glacier forefronts in the tyrolean alps. em of s. herbacea were sampled at the rotmoos glacier forefront (otz valley, austria) three times a year during the growing season and once a year during winter when plants were covered with snow in 2005 and 2006. em were investigated using morphological methods and by sequencing the rdna its region. the degree of em mycorrh ... | 2008 | 18365257 |
| temporal changes in the ectomycorrhizal community in two soil horizons of a temperate oak forest. | the species structure of an ectomycorrhizal (ecm) community was assessed monthly for 15 months in the two horizons (a1 and a2) of an oak temperate forest in northeastern france. ectomycorrhizal species were identified each month by internal transcribed spacer sequencing. seventy-five fungal symbionts were identified. the community was dominated by tomentellaceae, russulaceae, cortinariaceae, and boletales. four species are abundant in the study site: lactarius quietus, tomentella sublilacina, ce ... | 2008 | 18658284 |
| ectomycorrhiza of kobresia myosuroides at a primary successional glacier forefront. | the bog sedge kobresia myosuroides is among the first ectomycorrhizal (em) plants forming dense pads on receding glacier forefronts of the austrian alps. this is the only cyperaceae species known to form em. to date, little is known about fungal species involved in these em associations. therefore, the main aim of this study was to detect em fungal communities of k. myosuroides (1) by describing mycorrhizal morphotypes (mt) and (2) by identifying the mycobionts by rdna internal transcribed space ... | 2008 | 18679725 |
| ectomycorrhizal communities associated with populus tremula growing on a heavy metal contaminated site. | european aspen is one of the most widely distributed trees in central europe and is a typical early colonizer of poor and disturbed soils. however, little is known about ectomycorrhizal (ecm) fungi in these ecosystems. we examined the ecm community of european aspen growing on a heavily contaminated site in southern austria by analysing ecm roots, sorting them into morphotypes, subjecting them to dna extraction, pcr, and dna sequencing. ecm root symbionts were sampled two times in 2004. during t ... | 2008 | 18692376 |
| evidence of adaptive tolerance to nickel in isolates of cenococcum geophilum from serpentine soils. | selection for metal-tolerant ecotypes of ectomycorrhizal (ecm) fungi has been reported in instances of metal contamination of soils as a result of human activities. however, no study has yet provided evidence that natural metalliferous soils, such as serpentine soils, can drive the evolution of metal tolerance in ecm fungi. we examined in vitro ni tolerance in isolates of cenococcum geophilum from serpentine and non-serpentine soils to assess whether isolates from serpentine soils exhibited patt ... | 2009 | 19002506 |
| identical genotypes of an ericoid mycorrhiza-forming fungus occur in roots of epacris pulchella (ericaceae) and leptospermum polygalifolium (myrtaceae) in an australian sclerophyll forest. | assemblages of fungi associated with roots of cooccurring epacris pulchella (ericaceae) and leptospermum polygalifolium (myrtaceae) seedlings at a sclerophyll forest site in new south wales, australia, were investigated by direct dna extraction and analysis of rrna gene internal transcribed spacer (its) products by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (t-rflp) analyses. while ordination of the dgge data suggested that the assemblage ... | 2009 | 19220859 |
| ectomycorrhizal community structure in a healthy and a phytophthora-infected chestnut (castanea sativa mill.) stand in central italy. | ink disease caused by phytophthora cambivora is a major disease of sweet chestnut (castanea sativa). in two c. sativa stands in central italy, one (montesanti) that is infected with p. cambivora and the trees showing symptoms of ink disease and another healthy stand (puzzella), the ectomycorrhizal (ecm) community structure was investigated. on the roots of the surviving trees of the diseased stand, 29 different ecm species were determined compared to 23 in the healthy stand. eleven ecm species w ... | 2009 | 19517140 |
| ectomycorrhizal fungal communities associated with pinus thunbergii in the eastern coastal pine forests of korea. | we investigated the ectomycorrhizal (ecm) fungal colonization status of pinus thunbergii mature trees and regenerating seedlings varying in age in coastal pine forests on the east coast of korea. we established one 20 x 20-m plot at each of two study sites at p. thunbergii coastal forests in samcheok. fifty soil blocks (5 x 5 x 15 cm) were sampled at regular intervals, and ten p. thunbergii seedlings of age 0, 1-3, 3-5, and 5-10 years were sampled in each study plot. in total of 27 ecm fungal ta ... | 2009 | 19557441 |
| land use practices and ectomycorrhizal fungal communities from oak woodlands dominated by quercus suber l. considering drought scenarios. | oak woodlands in the mediterranean basin have been traditionally converted into agro-silvo-pastoral systems and exemplified sustainable land use in europe. in portugal, in line with the trend of other european countries, profound changes in management options during the twentieth century have led to landscape simplification. landscapes are dynamic and the knowledge of future management planning combining biological conservation and soil productivity is needed, especially under the actual scenari ... | 2010 | 19575241 |
| ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of oak savanna are distinct from forest communities. | oak savanna is one of the most endangered ecosystems of north america, with less than 0.02% of its original area remaining. here we test whether oak savanna supports a unique community of ectomycorrhizal fungi, a higher diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi or a greater proportional abundance of ascomycete fungi compared with adjacent areas where the absence of fire has resulted in oak savanna conversion to oak forest. the overall fungal community was highly diverse and dominated by cenococcum geop ... | 2009 | 19623927 |
| ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with two species of kobresia in an alpine meadow in the eastern himalaya. | the diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi (emf) on kobresia filicina and kobresia capillifolia in an alpine meadow in china's southwestern mountains, one of the word's hotspots of biodiversity, was estimated based on internal transcribed spacer rdna sequence analysis of root tips. seventy emf operational taxonomical units (otus) were found in the two plant species. dauciform roots with emf were detected in species of kobresia for the first time. otu richness of emf was high in tomentella/thelophora ... | 2010 | 20012655 |
| girdling affects ectomycorrhizal fungal (emf) diversity and reveals functional differences in emf community composition in a beech forest. | the relationships between plant carbon resources, soil carbon and nitrogen content, and ectomycorrhizal fungal (emf) diversity in a monospecific, old-growth beech (fagus sylvatica) forest were investigated by manipulating carbon flux by girdling. we hypothesized that disruption of the carbon supply would not affect diversity and emf species numbers if em fungi can be supplied by plant internal carbohydrate resources or would result in selective disappearance of emf taxa because of differences in ... | 2010 | 20097809 |
| ectomycorrhizal community structure of different genotypes of scots pine under forest nursery conditions. | in this paper, we report the effect of scots pine genotypes on ectomycorrhizal (ecm) community and growth, survival, and foliar nutrient composition of 2-year-old seedlings grown in forest bare-root nursery conditions in lithuania. the scots pine seeds originated from five stands from latvia (p1), lithuania (p2 and p3), belarus (p4), and poland (p5). based on molecular identification, seven ecm fungal taxa were identified: suillus luteus and suillus variegatus (within the suilloid type), wilcoxi ... | 2010 | 20155377 |
| effects of stump and slash removal on growth and mycorrhization of picea abies seedlings outplanted on a forest clear-cut. | the objectives of this study were to investigate impact of stump and slash removal on growth and mycorrhization of picea abies seedlings outplanted on a forest clear-cut. four non-replicated site preparation treatments included: (1) mounding (m), (2) removal of stumps (k), (3) mounding and removal of logging slash (hm) and (4) removal of logging slash and stumps (hk). results showed that height increment of the seedlings was highest in k and lowest in m after the third growing season, and simila ... | 2010 | 20174952 |
| weak habitat specificity in ectomycorrhizal communities associated with salix herbacea and salix polaris in alpine tundra. | this study explores mid-alpine ectomycorrhizal communities on salix herbacea and salix polaris in plant communities differing in nutrient status and snow conditions. plant species were identified by tracking roots back to above ground structures while fungal species were identified using molecular methods. the fungi were identified to 34 molecular operational taxonomic units (motus)/species but species accumulation curves indicated that the communities were only partially sampled. the estimated ... | 2011 | 20680357 |
| ectomycorrhizal fungal communities on seedlings and conspecific trees of pinus mugo grown on the coastal dunes of the curonian spit in lithuania. | ectomycorrhizal (ecm) communities of mature trees and regenerating seedlings of a non-native tree species pinus mugo grown in a harsh environment of the coastal region of the curonian spit national park in lithuania were assessed. we established three study sites (s1, s2, and s3) that were separated from each other by 15 km. the ecm species richness was rather low in particular for mature, 100-year-old trees: 12 ectomycorrhizal taxa were identified by molecular analysis from 11 distinguished mor ... | 2010 | 20938693 |
| susceptibility of ectomycorrhizal fungi to soil heating. | ectomycorrhizal (ecm) fungi are an important biotic factor for successful tree recruitment because they enhance plant growth and alleviate drought stress of their hosts. thus, ecm propagules are expected to be a key factor for forest regeneration after major disturbance events such as stand-replacing forest fires. yet the susceptibility of soil-borne ecm fungi to heat is unclear. in this study, we investigated the heat tolerance of ecm fungi of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l., pinaceae). soil sa ... | 2010 | 20943157 |
| impact of wildfire return interval on the ectomycorrhizal resistant propagules communities of a mediterranean open forest. | ectomycorrhizal (ecm) fungi, in particular their spores and other resistant propagules, play an important role in secondary succession processes that facilitate regeneration after disturbance events. in this study, the effects of high and low wildfire frequencies (respectively short and long fire return intervals) on the resistant propagules communities (rpcs) of a mediterranean open pine forest were compared. soil samples were collected in four mountain sites with different fire return interval ... | 2010 | 20943174 |
| a single european aspen (populus tremula) tree individual may potentially harbour dozens of cenococcum geophilum its genotypes and hundreds of species of ectomycorrhizal fungi. | ectomycorrhizal fungi (ecmf) form diverse communities and link different host plants into mycorrhizal networks, yet little is known about the magnitude of mycobiont diversity of a single tree individual. this study addresses species richness and spatial structure of ecmf in the root system of a single european aspen (populus tremula) individual in an old-growth boreal mixed forest ecosystem in estonia. combining morphological and molecular identification methods for both plant and fungi, 122 spe ... | 2010 | 21114502 |
| surface-bound phosphatase activity in living hyphae of ectomycorrhizal fungi of nothofagus obliqua. | we determined the location and the activity of surface-bound phosphomonoesterase (sbp) of five ectomycorrhizal (em) fungi of nothofagus oblique. em fungal mycelium of paxillus involutus, austropaxillus boletinoides, descolea antartica, cenococcum geophilum and pisolithus tinctorius was grown in media with varying concentrations of dissolved phosphorus. sbp activity was detected at different ph values (3-7) under each growth regimen. sbp activity was assessed using a colorimetric method based on ... | 2004 | 21148871 |
| recombination and genetic differentiation in the mycorrhizal fungus cenococcum geophilum fr. | population genetic analyses of the mycorrhizal fungus cenococcum geophilum were conducted to test for a clonal or recombining population structure. multilocus genotypes based on polymorphisms in 9 loci, identified in this study by pcr-sscp techniques, were obtained for two populations. genotypic variation occurred on a fine scale because unique genotypes were identified at most every transect point, and in some cases occurred even within one soil sample (equivalent to about a 500 ml volume). the ... | 2002 | 21156551 |
| ectomycorrhiza succession patterns in pinus sylvestris forests after stand-replacing fire in the central alps. | fires shape fundamental properties of many forest ecosystems and climate change will increase their relevance in regions where fires occur infrequently today. in ecosystems that are not adapted to fire, post-fire tree recruitment is often sparse, a fact that might be attributed to a transient lack of mycorrhizae. ectomycorrhizal (ecm) fungi play an important role for recruitment by enhancing nutrient and water uptake of their hosts. the questions arise whether and for how long the ecm community ... | 2011 | 21468664 |
| host associations between fungal root endophytes and boreal trees. | fungal root endophytes colonize root tissue concomitantly with mycorrhizal fungi, but their identities and host preferences are largely unknown. we cultured fungal endophytes from surface-sterilized cenococcum geophilum ectomycorrhizae of betula papyrifera, abies balsamea, and picea glauca from two boreal sites in eastern canada. isolates were initially grouped on the basis of cultural morphology and then identified by internal transcribed spacer ribosomal dna sequencing or by pcr restriction fr ... | 2011 | 21475991 |
| below-ground ectomycorrhizal community in natural tuber melanosporum truffle grounds and dynamics after canopy opening. | the ectomycorrhizal fungus tuber melanosporum fruits in association with quercus in natural forests of spain. some of these stands are managed to keep an open canopy and meet the habitat requirements of the fungus. however, there are few quantitative studies analysing in these forests the relationship between soil environment and t. melanosporum. eight forest stands which produce t. melanosporum have been monitored for 6 years in order to characterise the below-ground ectomycorrhizal community a ... | 2011 | 21932021 |
| ectomycorrhizal fungus communities of quercus liaotungensis koidz of different ages in a northern china temperate forest. | ectomycorrhizal (ecm) fungal communities of quercus liaotungensis of different ages (seedlings, young trees and mature trees) in the growing seasons (june and september) between 2007 and 2009 were studied in a temperate forest of northern china. a total of 66 ecm fungal taxa were identified based on ecm morphotyping, pcr-rflp, and dna sequence data. of these fungal taxa, 51 were basidiomycetes (77.3%) and 15 were ascomycetes (22.7%). cenococcum geophilum was the dominant species. thelephoraceae ... | 2011 | 22138969 |
| regeneration of ectomycorrhizal fungal isolates following deep freezer storage. | mycelial growth and survival ratio of ectomycorrhizal fungi were determined after storage at -70℃ for 1, 3, or 6 mon. seventeen of 23 ectomycorrhizal fungi did not survive after storage for more than 6 mon, whereas cenococcum geophilum, lepista nuda, and some species of rhizopogon and suillus did survive. | 2011 | 22783092 |
| enzyme activity of cenococcum geophilum isolates on enzyme-specific solid media. | enzyme activities of cenococcum geophilum isolates were examined on enzyme-specific solid media. deoxyribonuclease, phosphatase, and urease were detected in all isolates, whereas cellulase was not detected in any of the isolates. variations in enzyme activities of amylase, caseinolysis, gelatinase, lipase, and ribonuclease were observed among isolates. | 2011 | 22783090 |