| antifungal properties of alpha,omega-alkanedicarboxylic acids and their dimethyl esters. | thirteen alpha, omega-alkanedicarboxylic acids (c2-c12, c14, and c16) and their dimethyl esters were tested against aspergillus niger, trichoderma viride, and myrothecium verrucaria in sabourauc dextrose agar at ph 4.0 and 5.6. toxicity to canadida albicans, trichophyton mentagrophytes, and mucor mucedo was determined in the same medium at ph 5.6 and 7.0 in the absence and presence of 10% beef serum. the dicarboxylic acids possessed very poor to no antifungal activity against all six fungi. the ... | 1976 | 9194 |
| antifungal properties of 2-alkynoic acids and their methyl esters. | thirteen 2-alkynoic acids and their methyl esters (c3--c12, c14, c16, and c18) were tested against aspergillus niger, trichoderma viride, and myrothecium verrucaria in sabouraud dextrose agar at ph 4.0 and 5.6. toxicity to candida albicans, trichophyton mentagrophytes, and mucro mucedo was determined in the same medium at ph 5.6 and 7.0 in the absence and presence of 10% beef serum. the fungitoxicity of the acids was influenced by chain length, ph of the medium, and absence or presence of adsorb ... | 1978 | 26458 |
| bioconversion of wheat straw and wheat straw components into single-cell protein. | several fungi (aspergillus niger, a. terreus, cochliobolus specifer, myrothecium verrucaria, rhizoctonia solani, spicaria fusispora, penicillium sp., and gliocladium sp.) were isolated from decomposing wheat straw and tested for their ability to utilize whole straw and its components, holocellulose (hemicellulose and cellulose) and cellulose, for the production of single-cell protein (scp). it was found that c. specifer was the most efficient fungus for protein synthesis with the three substrate ... | 1979 | 38899 |
| amino acid analogs iv:4-fluoroisoleucine. | 4-fluoroisoleucine was produced by ammonolysis of 2-bromo-4-fluoro-3-methylpentanoic acid, which resulted from the bromofluorination of 4-methyl-2-pentenoic acid. it did not inhibit plasmodium berghei in mice at 640 mg/kg and was not toxic to the animals. the fluoroamino acid inhibited aspergillus niger, trichoderma viride, myrothecium verrucaria, trichophyton mentagrophytes, and mucor mucedo in czapek solution agar at a concentration between 10(4) and 10(3) microgram/ml. growth of escherichia ... | 1978 | 347050 |
| evaluation of myrothecium verrucaria as a nutrient source for ruminants. | the soil saprophytic fungus myrothecium verrucaria was cultivated from glucose, starch, or xylan as the carbon source, and the biomass was compared with three selected feedstuffs. fungal biomass was analyzed for nitrogen, protein, lipid, water soluble fraction, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and residual ash, and the in vitro dry matter disappearance was determined. the chemical composition of m. verrucaria varied with substrate. in nitrogen content, the fungal biomass was more similar to alf ... | 1979 | 574520 |
| amino acid analogs. iii: new syntheses of monomethyl- and monophenylglutamic acids. | glutamic acid analogs containing 3- and 4-methyl and 2-, 3-, and 4-phenyl substituents were prepared. the 3- and 4-methyl- and 3- and 4-phenylglutamic acids did not inhibit plasmodium berghei and were nontoxic to the host (mice) at 640 mg/kg. the five analogs in addition to 2-methlglutamic acid were inactive against lactobacillus casei at 1000 mug/ml in a defined medium: against escherichia coli, only 2-methylglutamic acid caused 27% inhibition at 10,000 mug/ml. all six analogs failed to inhibit ... | 1975 | 811786 |
| fungal degradation of anaerobically digested sewage sludge. | fifty isolates of fungi were screened for their ability to grow on and degrade sludge. cunninghamella elegans was selected for further study of degradation as affected by moisture, nutrients, time and temperature. maximal sludge degradation (total dry weight basis) was 5.8% by rhizopus oligosporus, 5.4% by c. elegans and 5.3% by myrothecium verrucaria, representing approximately 11% degradation of the organic matter present. added nutrients had little or no effect on sludge degradation. maximal ... | 1976 | 967227 |
| evaluation of filamentous fungi isolated from petals of bean and rapeseed for suppression of white mold. | the influence of filamentous fungi isolated from petals of bean and rapeseed on white mold caused by sclerotinia sclerotiorum was evaluated. in laboratory trials, macerates of agar plugs containing hyphal fragments of the pathogen in combination with individual fungi were applied onto celery petioles, and subsequent lesion diameters were recorded. the efficacy of 10 fungi exhibiting a spectrum of lesion suppression on celery was correlated with the efficacy of the same fungi in growth-room (r = ... | 1992 | 1521186 |
| effect of ph and organic matter on the toxicity of heavy metals to growth of some fungi. | increasing the ph from 5 to 9 decreased the toxicity of mercuric chloride, zinc sulfate, lead nitrate, copper sulfate and nickel chloride toward the growth of aspergillus flavus, penicillium chrysogenum, cunninghamella echinulata, myrothecium verrucaria and phoma humicola. on the other hand, the toxicity of cadmium chloride was increased by the increasing ph. also increasing the concentration of organic matter (peptone and yeast extract) from 0.5 to 1.5% induced a significant reduction in the to ... | 1991 | 1822838 |
| evidence of steric factors in the fungitoxic mechanisms of 8-quinolinol and its 5- and 7-halogenated analogues. | antifungal studies were made of mixtures of minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) of 8-quinolinol and its 5- and 7-halo analogues against six fungi: aspergillus niger, a. oryzae, trichoderma viride, myrothecium verrucaria, mucor cirinelloides, and trichophyton mentagrophytes. mixtures of 8-quinolinol with 5- or 7-fluoro-8-quinolinol and of 5- and 7-fluoro-8-quinolinol showed additive activity, and their respective toxicities were reversed by l-cysteine. these results suggested a common mechan ... | 1991 | 1941544 |
| isolation and properties of a nitrile hydratase from the soil fungus myrothecium verrucaria that is highly specific for the fertilizer cyanamide and cloning of its gene. | a protein was purified from crude extracts of the soil fungus myrothecium verrucaria by gel filtration and hydrophobic chromatography to homogeneity; this protein catalyzed the stoichiometric hydration of the fertilizer cyanamide to urea with high substrate specificity. this cyanamide hydratase (urea hydro-lyase; ec 4.2.1.69) contained zinc and consisted of six identical subunits with mr = 27,700. it was partially sequenced. the protein was detectable only when the fungus was grown on cyanamide ... | 1991 | 2034671 |
| a new tactic for the treatment of jaundice: an injectable polymer-conjugated bilirubin oxidase. | bilirubin oxidase (box) derived from myrothecium verrucaria was modified with polyethylene glycol (peg). when the conjugated peg-box was given intravenously to rats, its plasma half-life was 20 times longer than that of native box. in our preliminary investigations with experimentally jaundiced rats, the plasma bilirubin level dropped to normal after only one injection, and the low bilirubin level could be maintained for 12-48 hr; native box had a transitory suppressive effect that lasted only a ... | 1988 | 2455905 |
| synergistic antifungal action of 8-quinolinol and its bischelate with copper(ii) and with mixed ligand chelates composed of copper(ii), 8-quinolinol, and aromatic hydroxy acids. | antifungal studies were made of mixtures of minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) of 8-quinolinol and its bischelates with copper(ii), zinc(ii), and manganese(ii) and with mixed ligand chelates composed of 8-quinolinol, copper(ii) and a second ligand including salicylic acid, 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid, and 4-bromo-3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid. mixtures of the mics of the bischelates of 8-quinolinol with copper(ii) and zinc(ii) and copper(ii) and manganese(ii), as well ... | 1989 | 2516124 |
| analytical studies on beta-lactam antibiotics. ii. displacement effect of beta-lactam antibiotics on bilirubin bound to human serum albumin. | we established a method for determining the kd value as a measure of the bilirubin-displacing effect for drugs by using bilirubin oxidase, which is produced by myrothecium verrucaria mt-1. this method makes it possible to conduct measurements of many beta-lactam antibiotics, including those which could not be determined by brodersen's method. the kd values of latamoxef reported by many investigators based on brodersen's method were higher than the true value owing to interaction of the drug with ... | 1988 | 3208550 |
| a new bilirubin-degrading enzyme from orange peels. | a novel enzyme activity that catalyzes the degradation of unconjugated bilirubin (bu) has been demonstrated in extracts of the peels of edible oranges. unlike the few known bilirubin-oxidizing enzymes, the orange enzyme does not produce biliverdin as a product, does not seem to require oxygen, and has a unique absorption spectrum of its products. even at the crude stage, the enzyme has a specific activity that is 10 and 20 times higher, respectively, than those reported for the crude or partiall ... | 1988 | 3242568 |
| evidence that the mechanisms of fungitoxicity of 8-quinolinol and its bischelate with copper(ii) are different. | the copper(ii) contents of the growth media, sabouraud dextrose and czapek-dox broths, and of the spore inocula of aspergillus niger (atcc 1004), aspergillus oryzae (atcc 1011), trichoderma viride (atcc 8678), and myrothecium verrucaria (atcc 9095) were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in a graphite furnace. the test systems composed of sabouraud dextrose broth and spore inocula of the four fungi contained only a little over 3% of the copper(ii) required to form a minimal inhibi ... | 1985 | 3935305 |
| antifungal properties of 3-n-alkyn-1-ols and synergism with 2-n-alkyn-1-ols and ketoconazole. | twelve 3-n-alkyn-1-ols (c4-c12, c14, c16, and c18) were tested against aspergillus oryzae, aspergillus niger, trichoderma viride, and myrothecium verrucaria in sabouraud dextrose agar at ph 5.6 and 7.0. toxicity to candida albicans, candida tropicalis, trichophyton mentagrophytes, and mucor mucedo was determined in the same medium at ph 5.6 and 7.0 in the absence and presence of 10% beef serum. fungitoxicity was strongly influenced by chain length, slightly by ph of the medium, and significantly ... | 1985 | 4020633 |
| macrocyclic trichothecenes: cause of livestock poisoning by the brazilian plant baccharis coridifolia. | nine macrocyclic trichothecenes, thought to cause toxic effects in herbivors, were isolated from the brazilian shrub baccharis coridifolia. the structures of two new components, named miophytocene a and b, are described. structure analysis was mainly accomplished by application of two-dimensional fourier transform nmr techniques. the trichothecenes are most likely produced by the soil fungus myrothecium verrucaria, which was isolated from soil samples around b. coridifolia. it is concluded that ... | 1985 | 4089869 |
| antifungal activity of 5-, 7-, and 5,7-substituted 2-methyl-8-quinolinols. | 2-methyl-8-quinolinol and sixteen 5-, 7-, and 5,7-substituted derivatives with fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, nitro, and amino substituents were tested for in vitro antifungal activity against five fungi, aspergillus niger, a. oryzae, trichoderma viride, myrothecium verrucaria, and trichophyton mentagrophytes. the 5,7-dichloro and 5,7-dibromo derivatives were the most fungitoxic of the compounds tested. with the exception of these two compounds and 5-iodo-2-methyl-8-quinolinol, the 2-methyl analog ... | 1972 | 4670476 |
| antifungal properties of 2-alkenoic acids and 2-bromo alkanoic acids. | the antifungal activity of homologous series of 2-alkenoic and 2-bromo alkanoic acids was determined against aspergillus niger, trichoderma viride, myrothecium verrucaria, and trichophyton mentagrophytes and compared with data on analogous alkanoic and 2-fluoro alkanoic acids. the fungitoxicity of all of the series of compounds was determined by chain length, ph of the medium, and presence or absence of adsorbents such as serum albumin. the order of toxicity on a molecular basis, by using a scal ... | 1973 | 4791305 |
| antifungal activity of substituted nitrobenzenes and anilines. | series of 1,3-dihalogeno-5-nitrobenzenes, 3- and 3,5-halogenoanilines, and 2,6-dihalogeno-4-nitroanilines were tested for fungitoxicity against aspergillus niger, a. oryzae, trichoderma viride, myrothecium verrucaria, and trichophyton mentagrophytes in shaken culture by using sabouraud dextrose broth enriched with yeast extract as the test medium. 1,3-dichloro-5-nitrobenzene, 1,3-dibromo-5-nitrobenzene, 3-iodoaniline, 3,5-dichloroaniline, and 3,5-dibromoaniline were found to possess sufficient a ... | 1971 | 5165839 |
| solubilization of native and derived forms of cellulose by cell-free microbial enzymes. | 1. cell-free enzymes from myrothecium verrucaria and trichoderma koningii hydrolyse native undegraded cellulose, as found in cotton fibres, in a random manner to short insoluble fibres and to minor amounts of soluble products. 2. enzyme preparations from m. verrucaria fail to attack the short fibres whereas preparations from t. koningii solubilize them completely to sugars at an optimum ph4.2-4.6. 3. the mode of hydrolysis of cotton cellulose by preparations from t. koningii involves from the ea ... | 1966 | 5968532 |
| antifungal properties of 2-n-alkyn-1-ols. | fourteen 2-n-alkynols (c3-c14, c16, and c18) were tested against aspergillus oryzae, aspergillus niger, trichoderma viride, and myrothecium verrucaria in sabouraud dextrose agar at ph 5.6 and 7.0. toxicity to candida albicans, candida tropicalis, trichophyton mentagrophytes, and mucor mucedo was determined in the same medium at ph 5.6 and 7.0 in the absence and presence of 10% beef serum. fungitoxicity was strongly influenced by chain length, slightly by the ph of the medium, and significantly b ... | 1984 | 6098642 |
| intoxication of cattle on kikuyu grass following army worm (spodoptera exempta) invasion. | clinical features and pathological and mycological findings in a field outbreak of intoxication in dairy cattle grazing kikuyu grass are reported. the outbreak followed invasion of the grass by the army worm (spodoptera exempta). clinical signs included drooling of saliva, depression, apparent inco-ordination, sunken eyes, ruminal distension and atony, recumbency, moderate diarrhoea and "sham drinking". seventy-seven cows (64%) were clinically affected over a period of 12 days. of these, 37 died ... | 1983 | 6646656 |
| ribosomal resistance to the 12,13-epoxytrichothecene antibiotics in the producing organism myrothecium verrucaria. | an extract of myrothecium verrucaria, a fungus which produces a range of 12,13-epoxytrichothecene toxins, was found to be resistant to t-2 toxin, one of its products. the epoxytrichothecenes are inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis and normally bind to the 60s ribosomal subunit so as to inhibit peptidyltransferase activity. ribosomes from m. verrucaria contain 60s subunits which are not subject to inhibition by t-2 toxin and are also resistant to certain other drugs such as anisomycin and ... | 1980 | 7008785 |
| photosensitivity in south africa. ii. the experimental production of the ovine hepatogenous photosensitivity disease geeldikkop (tribulosis ovis) by the simultaneous ingestion of tribulus terrestris plants and cultures of pithomyces chartarum containing the mycotoxin sporidesmin. | the mycoflora of toxic pastures were surveyed during a number of outbreaks of ovine hepatogenous photosensitivity in south africa. pure cultures of several isolates were dosed to sheep, but only those of pithomyces chartarum and myrothecium verrucaria proved to be toxic. photosensitization was induced in sheep by dosing them with cultures of a p. chartarum isolate (ga10) obtained from tribulus terrestris plants collected during an outbreak of geeldikkop in the karoo. thus for the first time a me ... | 1980 | 7194997 |
| coprophilous fungi of the horse. | a total of 1267 microfungi, including 35 myxomycetes, were recorded from the fecal samples of the 60 horses; of these 395 were found on 20 saddle-horse feces, 363 on 20 race-horses and 509 on 20 working horses. eighty two species representing 53 genera were recorded; of these 7 were zygomycetes, 18 ascomycetes, 1 basidiomycetes and 25 fungi imperfecti: 2 myxomycetes. common coprophilous fungi are in decreasing order pilobolus kleinii, saccobolus depauperatus, mucor hiemalis, lasiobolus ciliatus, ... | 1981 | 7242651 |
| conformation of bilirubin oxidase in native and denatured states. | the conformation of bilirubin oxidase (ec 1.3.3.5) from myrothecium verrucaria was studied by circular dichroism (cd). the far-uv cd spectrum showed a single minimum at 215 nm and a maximum near 198 nm, suggesting the dominance of beta-sheets. there was another negative band at 187 nm that is absent from the spectra of model alpha-helix or beta-sheet. cd analysis by the method of chang et al. agreed well with the estimates based on the chou and fasman sequence-predictive method, but the provench ... | 1994 | 7945793 |
| molecular cloning of the gene for bilirubin oxidase from myrothecium verrucaria and its expression in yeast. | myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase (ec 1.3.3.5) is an enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of bilirubin to biliverdin and other substrates. we have purified bilirubin oxidase from the medium of m. verrucaria and determined its partial amino acid sequence and isolated cdna fragment amplified by polymerase chain reaction using oligonucleotide primers designed on the basis of the partial amino acid sequence. the gene for bilirubin oxidase has been cloned from a genomic library using the cdna fragm ... | 1993 | 8360171 |
| a study of a series of recombinant fungal laccases and bilirubin oxidase that exhibit significant differences in redox potential, substrate specificity, and stability. | a series of fungal laccases (polyporus pinsitus, rhizoctonia solani, myceliophthora thermophila, scytalidium thermophilum) and one bilirubin oxidase (myrothecium verrucaria) have been studied to determine their redox potential, specificity, and stability. polyporus and rhizoctonia laccases possess potentials near 0.7-0.8 v (vs. nhe), while other oxidases have potentials near 0.5 v. it is observed that higher redox potential correlates with higher activity. by epr, no significant change in the ge ... | 1996 | 8597577 |
| [the antibiotic properties of the phytotoxic metabolites of botrytis cinerea pers]. | antibiotic properties of substances of a phytotoxic complex from botrytis cinerea have been studied for a number of phytopathogenic bacteria, phytopathogenic and toxigenic fungi as well as saprophytic yeast strains. high fungistatic activity of preparations of phytotoxic metabolites (ptm) has been stated for dendrodochium toxicum, myrothecium verrucaria, m. roridum, aspergillus fumigatus, penicillium urticae, agents of heavy human and cattle mycotoxicoses. the studied representatives of phytopat ... | 1995 | 8714399 |
| trichoverroid stereoisomers. | trichoverroids, which lie along the biosynthetic path between the simple and the macrocyclic trichothecenes, have been characterized previously as sets of diastereomers that have the s-configuration at c-6' and are epimeric at c-7'. an isolate of myrothecium verrucaria (atcc 20540), which is the only species of myrothecium reported to produce the macrocyclic trichothecene isororidin e (3a), produces trichoverrols (1) and trichoverrins (2) that are epimeric at c-7' but that have r-configurations ... | 1996 | 8882427 |
| myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase and its mutants for potential copper ligands. | bilirubin oxidase (ec:1.3.3.5) purified from a culture medium of myrothecium verrucaria mt-1 (authentic enzyme) catalyzes the oxidation of bilirubin to biliverdin in vitro and recombinant enzyme (wild type) was obtained by using an overexpression system of the bilirubin oxidase gene with aspergillus oryzae harboring an expression vector. the absorption and esr spectra showed that both bilirubin oxidases are multicopper oxidases containing type 1, type 2, and type 3 coppers similar to laccase, as ... | 1999 | 10074356 |
| antimalarial activity of macrocyclic trichothecenes isolated from the fungus myrothecium verrucaria. | bioassay-guided fractionation of an extract from the fungus myrothecium verrucaria bcc 112 resulted in the first isolation of roridin e acetate (5) from nature together with four common macrocyclic trichothecene isomers (1-4). trichothecenes 1-5, while known as mycotoxins, were evaluated for their high antimalarial activity. | 1999 | 10075777 |
| site-directed mutagenesis of a possible type 1 copper ligand of bilirubin oxidase; a met467gln mutant shows stellacyanin-like properties. | in our previous paper, we reported a mutant of recombinant myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase, in which the met467 residue was replaced by gly [shimizu, a. et al. (1999) biochemistry 38, 3034-3042]. this mutant displayed a remarkable reduction in enzymatic activity and an evident decrease in the intensity of the absorption band around 600 nm (type 1 charge transfer transition). in this study, we report the preparation of three met467 mutants (met467gln, met467his, and met467arg) and charac ... | 1999 | 10101277 |
| stereochemistry of the roridins. diastereomers of roridin e. | a careful investigation of cultures of myrothecium verrucaria has shown that this fungus produces all four roridin e isomers (3a-d), diastereomeric at the c-6' and c-13' centers. the stereochemistries at these centers were established by a combination of x-ray crystallographic analysis, nmr spectroscopy, and chemical transformations. nmr data from these and other macrocyclic trichothecenes allows for the assignment of configurations at the c-6' and c-13' centers for most of these compounds, the ... | 1999 | 10514314 |
| comparative degradation of oomycete, ascomycete, and basidiomycete cell walls by mycoparasitic and biocontrol fungi. | fourteen fungi (primarily representing mycoparasitic and biocontrol fungi) were tested for their ability to grow on and degrade cell walls (cws) of an oomycete (pythium ultimum), ascomycete (fusarium equisetii), and basidiomycete (rhizoctonia solani), and their hydrolytic enzymes were characterized. protein was detected in the cultural medium of eleven of the test isolates, and these fungi significantly degraded cws over the 14-day duration of the experiment. in general, a greater level of cw de ... | 2002 | 11888164 |
| an oxygen cathode operating in a physiological solution. | we report the electroreduction of o(2) to water under physiological conditions (ph 7.4, 0.15 m nacl, 37.5 degrees c) at a current density of 5 ma cm(-2) and at a potential only 0.18 v reducing versus that of the reversible o(2)/h(2)o electrode at ph 7.4. the immobilized electrocatalyst enabling the reduction is the electrostatic adduct of bilirubin oxidase from myrothecium verrucaria, a polyanion at ph >4.1, and the polycationic redox copolymer of polyacrylamide and poly (n-vinylimidazole) compl ... | 2002 | 12033879 |
| authentic and recombinant bilirubin oxidases are in different resting forms. | myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase expressed in aspergillus oryzae is in a resting form different from that of the authentic bilirubin oxidase, but reaches the resting form of the authentic enzyme after one cycle of reduction and reoxidation with dioxygen as shown by the absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance spectra. | 2003 | 12834300 |
| type iii cu mutants of myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase. | type iii cu ligand, his456 and his458, of myrothecium verrucaria (mt-1) bilirubin oxidases (bo) [ec 1.3.3.5] were doubly mutated as to lys, asp, and val. in spite of perturbation of the type iii cu centers, these mutants were pale blue or colourless when isolated. however, they became intense blue on reaction with reducing agents such as dithionite, ascorbate, hexacyanoferrate(ii), and octacyanotangstate(iv) under air, or with an oxidizing agent such as hexacyanoferrate(iii), indicating that the ... | 2003 | 12869533 |
| analysis of respiration during germination and enlargement of spores of bacillus megaterium and of the fungus myrothecium verrucaria. | 1. there are certainly two, and probably three, stages in the development of b. megaterium from the spore to inception of cell division. the rapid increase in rate of respiration during the initial 10 minutes on glucose-peptone-yeast extract medium coincides with decrease in optical density and with increase in stainability. from about 10 to 100 minutes, the rate increases linearly, coinciding with swelling of the spores and ending at approximately the time of rupture of the spore case. from abo ... | 1956 | 13286449 |
| some properties of cellulase of myrothecium verrucaria and some other fungi. ii. | | 1957 | 13501202 |
| structures and cytotoxic properties of trichoverroids and their macrolide analogues produced by saltwater culture of myrothecium verrucaria. | saltwater culture of myrothecium verrucaria, separated from a spongia sp. collected in hawaii, was a source of three new trichothecenes, 3-hydroxyroridin e (1a), 13'-acetyltrichoverrin b (2), and miophytocen c (3) and nine known related compounds (1b, 4, 5, 6, 7a, 7b, 8, 9a, and 9b). the stereostructures of the new compounds were established on the basis of 1d and 2d nmr spectral analyses and a chemical transformation. at the same time, the stereostructures of known compounds, 1b, 4, and 5 repor ... | 2003 | 13678412 |
| a novel electrochemical approach to the characterization of oxidoreductase reactions. | electrochemical methods based on enzyme-electrochemical reactions have been developed for studying oxidoreductase reactions. the methods measure a current resulting from an oxidoreductase reaction with an electrode serving as a final electron acceptor (or donor) in the reaction. a theoretical equation for the enzyme-electrochemical reaction, called bioelectrocatalysis, is derived, which enables kinetic analysis of the reaction. in combination with spectrophotometry, the electrochemical method pr ... | 2004 | 15293339 |
| synergistic mixtures of fungitoxic monochloro and dichloro-8-quinolinols against five fungi. | fourteen mono- and dichloro-8-quinolinols were tested against five fungi (aspergillus niger, a. oryzae, myrothecium verrucaria, trichoderma viride, and mucor circinelloides) and compared with the fungitoxicity of 8-quinolinol in yeast nitrogen base containing 1% d-glucose and 0.088% l-asparagine. all of the compounds were more fungitoxic than 8-quinolinol except for the surprising activity of 8-quinolinol against a. oryzae. mixtures of the mics of monochloro- and dichloro-8-quinolinols in which ... | 2004 | 15487331 |
| metabolites inhibiting germination of orobanche ramosa seeds produced by myrothecium verrucaria and fusarium compactum. | myrothecium verrucaria and fusarium compactum were isolated from diseased orobanche ramosa plants collected in southern italy to find potential biocontrol agents of this parasitic weed. both fungi grown in liquid culture produced metabolites that inhibited the germination of o. ramosa seeds at 1-10 mum. eight metabolites were isolated from m. verrucaria culture extracts. the main metabolite was identified as verrucarin e, a disubstituted pyrrole not belonging to the trichothecene group. seven co ... | 2005 | 15740046 |
| high-level expression of myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase in pichia pastoris, and its facile purification and characterization. | bilirubin oxidase (bo) from myrothecium verrucaria (authentic bo) catalyzing the oxidation of bilirubin to biliverdine was overexpressed in the methylotrophic yeast, pichia pastoris. the cdna encoding bo was cloned into the p. pastoris expression vector ppic9k under the control of the alcohol oxidase 1 promoter and its protein product was secreted using the saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-mating factor signal sequence. the productivity of recombinant bo (rbo) in p. pastoris was approximately 5000 ... | 2005 | 15802224 |
| degradation of keratinous materials by the plant pathogenic fungus myrothecium verrucaria. | in this paper it is described for the first time the capability of myrothecium verrucaria to grow in submerged and solid state cultures using poultry feathers as the only substrate. the fungus produced a protease with an unusual keratinolytic activity among plant pathogenic fungi. its crude protease hydrolyzed keratinous substrates at ph 9.0 and 40 degrees c in the following order: poultry feather keratin > sheep wool keratin > human nail keratin > human hair keratin. protease activity was highl ... | 2007 | 17356791 |
| an immobilized enzyme reactor for the detoxification of bilirubin. | an immobilized enzyme reactor has been developed for the degradation of bilirubin as a potential treatment for neonatal jaundice. it utilizes the enzyme bilirubin oxidase from myrothecium verrucaria, which in the presence of molecular oxygen converts bilirubin to biliverdin and other products that are much less toxic than bilirubin. bilirubin oxidase was covalently attached to agarose beads using cyano transfer activation. forty percent of the specific activity of bilirubin oxidase was retained ... | 1986 | 18553870 |
| [fungal biotransformation of ginsenoside rg3]. | ginsenosides are important bioactive compounds in ginseng. sugar chains of ginsenosides are closely related to the bioactivity. rare ginsenosides can be achieved by modifying sugar chains through biotransformation. samples of ginseng root soils, collected from changbai mountain, were used to screen active microorganism which can transform total ginsenosides and single ginsenoside, so as to obtain anti-tumor components. | 2008 | 19062641 |
| purification and characterization of an efficient poultry feather degrading-protease from myrothecium verrucaria. | the purpose of this work was to characterize an alkaline protease from the filamentous fungus myrothecium verrucaria and to explore its capability to degrade native poultry feathers. the enzyme was purified to homogeneity using a single chromatographic step. recovery was high, 62%, with a specific activity of 12,851.8 u/mg protein. the enzyme is a small monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 22 +/- 1.5 kda. it presented ph optimum of 8.3 and was stable over a broad ph range (5.0-12.0). the t ... | 2009 | 19381452 |
| interactions between various microbes and ginseng botanicals. | three kinds of interactions occur between ginseng botanicals and microorganisms: a) spoilage of the botanical by various fungi (e.g., aspergillus, penicillium, alternaria, and eurotium species) and bacteria; b) transformation of ginsenosides into more bioactive forms by bacteria such as intrasporangium sp. gs603, microbacterium sp. gs514, caulobacter leidyia, bifidobacterium sp. int57, bifidobacterium sp. sj32, fusobacterium sp. and bacteroides sp., and moulds (e.g., aspergillus niger, fusarium ... | 2011 | 21254831 |
| verrucamides a-d, antibacterial cyclopeptides from myrothecium verrucaria. | four new cyclic tetradecapeptides, verrucamides a-d (1-4), have been isolated from the solid-substrate fermentation culture of the ascomycete fungus myrothecium verrucaria. the structures of these compounds, each featuring six n-methylated amino acid residues, were elucidated primarily by nmr and ms methods. the absolute configurations of 1-4 were assigned by application of marfey's method on their acid hydrolysates. compounds 1-4 showed antimicrobial activity against the gram-positive bacterium ... | 2011 | 21539317 |
| bilirubin oxidase from myrothecium verrucaria: x-ray determination of the complete crystal structure and a rational surface modification for enhanced electrocatalytic o(2) reduction. | the blue multi-copper oxidase bilirubin oxidase (box) from the ascomycete plant pathogen myrothecium verrucaria (mv) efficiently catalyses the oxidation of bilirubin to biliverdin, with the concomitant reduction of o(2) to water, a reaction of considerable interest for low-temperature bio-fuel cell applications. we have solved the complete x-ray determined structure of mv box at 2.4 å resolution, using molecular replacement with the spore coat protein a (cota) enzyme from bacillus subtilis (pdb ... | 2011 | 21544308 |
| composition and antifungal activities of the leaf essential oil of neolitsea parvigemma from taiwan. | the hydrodistillated leaf essential oil of neolitsea parvigemma was analyzed to determine its composition and yield. sixty-two compounds were identified, the main components being beta-caryophyllene (14.2%), beta-eudesmol (12.9%), alpha-cadinol (10.2%) and tau-cadinol (8.8%). oxygenated sesquiterpenes (48.9%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (48.8%) were the predominant groups of compounds. the antifungal indexes of the leaf oil against the 7 fungi, aspergillus clavatus, a. niger, chaetomium globo ... | 2011 | 21941915 |
| a comparison of redox polymer and enzyme co-immobilization on carbon electrodes to provide membrane-less glucose/o2 enzymatic fuel cells with improved power output and stability. | glassy carbon and graphite electrodes modified with films of enzyme and osmium redox polymer, cross linked with poly (ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether, were used for elaboration of a glucose/o(2) enzymatic fuel cell. the redox polymers [os(4,4'-dimethoxy-2,2'-bipyridine)(2)(polyvinylimidazole)(10)cl](+) and [os(4,4'-dichloro-2,2'-bipyridine)(2)(polyvinylimidazole)(10)cl](+) were selected to facilitate transfer of electrons from the glucose oxidase (gox) active site to the t1 cu site of multicop ... | 2011 | 22005596 |
| Mediatorless sugar/oxygen enzymatic fuel cells based on gold nanoparticle-modified electrodes. | We report on the fabrication and characterisation of a gold-nanoparticle (AuNP)-based mediatorless sugar/oxygen biofuel cell (BFC) operating in neutral sugar-containing buffers and human physiological fluids, such as blood and plasma. First, Corynascus thermophilus cellobiose dehydrogenase (CtCDH) and Myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase (MvBOx), used as anodic and cathodic bioelements, respectively, were immobilised on gold electrodes modified with 20nm AuNPs. Detailed characterisation and ... | 2012 | 22104648 |
| optimization and kinetics evaluation of biodegradation of synthetic azo reactive dye by fungal consortium. | wastewater containing direct dyes discharged from various industries, in particular, textile industry, often cause many environmental problems. among the various effluent treatment methods, biological methods found to be cost effective and do not end up in secondary pollutants. in this study, an attempt has been made to study the decolorization of cibacron yellow s-3r, an azo reactive dye by using fungal cultures such as coriolus versicolor, phanerochaete chrysosporium, pleurotus ostreatus, and ... | 2011 | 23505830 |
| mediated electron transfer of cellobiose dehydrogenase and glucose oxidase at osmium polymer-modified nanoporous gold electrodes. | nanoporous and planar gold electrodes were utilised as supports for the redox enzymes aspergillus niger glucose oxidase (gox) and corynascus thermophilus cellobiose dehydrogenase (ctcdh). electrodes modified with hydrogels containing enzyme, os-redox polymers and the cross-linking agent poly(ethylene glycol)diglycidyl ether were used as biosensors for the determination of glucose and lactose. limits of detection of 6.0 (±0.4), 16.0 (±0.1) and 2.0 (±0.1) μm were obtained for ctcdh-modified lactos ... | 2013 | 23274559 |
| endophytic fungi from medicinal plant bauhinia forficata: diversity and biotechnological potential. | bauhinia forficata is native to south america and used with relative success in the folk medicine in brazil. the diversity, antibacterial activity, and extracellular hydrolytic enzymes of endophytic fungi associated with this plant were studied. plant samples, which included leaves, sepals, stems, and seeds, were used. ninety-five endophytic fungal were isolated (18 from leaves, 22 from sepals, 46 from stems, and nine from seeds), comprising 28 species. the most frequently isolated species were ... | 2015 | 26221088 |
| how the intricate interactions between carbon nanotubes and two bilirubin oxidases control direct and mediated o2 reduction. | due to the lack of a valid approach in the design of electrochemical interfaces modified with enzymes for efficient catalysis, many oxidoreductases are still not addressed by electrochemistry. we report in this work an in-depth study of the interactions between two different bilirubin oxidases, (from the fungus myrothecium verrucaria and from the bacterium bacillus pumilus), catalysts of oxygen reduction, and carbon nanotubes bearing various surface charges (pristine, carboxylic-, and pyrene-met ... | 2016 | 27533778 |
| bilirubin oxidase from bacillus pumilus: a promising enzyme for the elaboration of efficient cathodes in biofuel cells. | a cota multicopper oxidase (mco) from bacillus pumilus, previously identified as a laccase, has been studied and characterized as a new bacterial bilirubin oxidase (bod). the 59 kda protein containing four coppers, was successfully over-expressed in escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity in one step. this 509 amino-acid enzyme, having 67% and 26% sequence identity with cota from bacillus subtilis and bod from myrothecium verrucaria, respectively, shows higher turnover activity towards bili ... | 2012 | 22410485 |
| optimization of a membraneless glucose/oxygen enzymatic fuel cell based on a bioanode with high coulombic efficiency and current density. | after initial testing and optimization of anode biocatalysts, a membraneless glucose/oxygen enzymatic biofuel cell possessing high coulombic efficiency and power output was fabricated and characterized. two sugar oxidizing enzymes, namely, pyranose dehydrogenase from agaricus meleagris (ampdh) and flavodehydrogenase domains of various cellobiose dehydrogenases (dh(cdh)) were tested during the pre-screening. the enzymes were mixed, "wired" and entrapped in a low-potential os-complex-modified redo ... | 2013 | 23568439 |
| membraneless glucose/oxygen enzymatic fuel cells using redox hydrogel films containing carbon nanotubes. | co-immobilisation of three separate multiple blue copper oxygenases, a myceliophthora thermophila laccase, a streptomyces coelicolor laccase and a myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase, with an [os(2,2'-bipyridine)2 (polyvinylimidazole)10cl](+/2+) redox polymer in the presence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (mwcnts) on graphite electrodes results in enzyme electrodes that produce current densities above 0.5 ma cm(-2) for oxygen reduction at an applied potential of 0 v versus ag/agcl. fully ... | 2013 | 23788272 |
| verrucarin a and roridin e produced on spinach by myrothecium verrucaria under different temperatures and co2 levels. | the behavior of myrothecium verrucaria, artificially inoculated on spinach, was studied under seven different temperature conditions (from 5 to 35 °c) and under eight different combinations of temperature and co2 concentration (14-30 °c and 775-870 or 1550-1650 mg/m(3)). the isolate used for this study was growing well on spinach, and the mycotoxins verrucarin a and roridin e were produced under all tested temperature and co2 conditions. the maximum levels of verrucarin a (18.59 ng/g) and roridi ... | 2017 | 28281009 |
| a new quinolinone from freshwater lake-derived fungus myrothecium verrucaria. | one new quinolinone, 7-hydroxy-3-methoxyviridicatin (1), along with eight known compounds (2-9) was isolated from the fungus myrothecium verrucaria, which was collected from lake water of chenghai, yunnan province, china. their structures were elucidated by detailed analysis of spectroscopic data and comparison with related known compounds. compounds 1 and 2 exhibited weak antibacterial activity. to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on quinolinones (1-4) as the secondary metabo ... | 2017 | 27498615 |
| diazonium functionalisation of carbon nanotubes for specific orientation of multicopper oxidases: controlling electron entry points and oxygen diffusion to the enzyme. | we report the controlled orientation of bilirubin oxidases (bod) from myrothecium verrucaria on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (mwcnts) functionalised by electrografting of 6-carboxynaphthalenediazonium and 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenediazonium salts. on negatively charged naphthoate-modified mwcnts, a high-potential (0.44 v vs. sce) oxygen reduction electrocatalysis is observed, occurring via the t1 copper centre. on positively charged ammonium-modified mwcnts, a low-potential (0.15 v) oxygen reductio ... | 2016 | 27328033 |
| a sensitivity metric and software to guide the analysis of soft films measured by a quartz crystal microbalance. | this article introduces a set of mathematical and computational tools for use with a quartz crystal microbalance (qcm) to aid in experimental planning and data interpretation. the optimisation tools are based on a metric we term the total parameter matrix sensitivity (tpm-sensitivity). tpm-sensitivity is defined mathematically as the jacobian determinant of a qcm's responses (e.g., frequency change or dissipation/bandwidth change for a given harmonic) with respect to changes in the physical prop ... | 2016 | 27079276 |
| optimizing the mass-specific activity of bilirubin oxidase adlayers through combined electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and dual polarization interferometry analyses. | two surface analysis techniques, dual polarization interferometry (dpi) and analysis by an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation capability (e-qcm-d), were paired to find the deposition conditions that give the highest and most stable electrocatalytic activity per adsorbed mass of enzyme. layers were formed by adsorption from buffered solutions of bilirubin oxidase from myrothecium verrucaria at ph 6.0 to planar surfaces, under high enzyme loading (≥1 mg ml(-1)) for contac ... | 2015 | 26506112 |
| fully oriented bilirubin oxidase on porphyrin-functionalized carbon nanotube electrodes for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction. | the efficient immobilization and orientation of bilirubin oxidase from myrothecium verrucaria on multi-walled carbon nanotube electrodes by using π-stacked porphyrins as a direct electron-transfer promoter is reported. by comparing the use of different types of porphyrin, the rational effect of the porphyrin structure on both the immobilization and orientation of the enzyme is demonstrated. the best performances were obtained for protoporphyrin ix, which is the natural precursor of bilirubin. th ... | 2015 | 26449635 |
| scalable, high performance, enzymatic cathodes based on nanoimprint lithography. | here we detail high performance, enzymatic electrodes for oxygen bio-electroreduction, which can be easily and reproducibly fabricated with industry-scale throughput. planar and nanostructured electrodes were built on biocompatible, flexible polymer sheets, while nanoimprint lithography was used for electrode nanostructuring. to the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first reports concerning the usage of nanoimprint lithography for amperometric bioelectronic devices. the enzyme (myrotheci ... | 2015 | 26199841 |
| bilirubin oxidase from myrothecium verrucaria physically absorbed on graphite electrodes. insights into the alternative resting form and the sources of activity loss. | the oxygen reduction reaction is one of the most important chemical processes in energy converting systems and living organisms. mediator-less, direct electro-catalytic reduction of oxygen to water was achieved on spectrographite electrodes modified by physical adsorption of bilirubin oxidases from myrothecium verrucaria. the existence of an alternative resting form of the enzyme is validated. the effect on the catalytic cycle of temperature, ph and the presence of halogens in the buffer was inv ... | 2015 | 26196288 |
| hydrogen bioelectrooxidation on gold nanoparticle-based electrodes modified by aquifex aeolicus hydrogenase: application to hydrogen/oxygen enzymatic biofuel cells. | for the first time, gold nanoparticle-based electrodes have been used as platforms for efficient immobilization of the [nife] hydrogenase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium aquifex aeolicus. aunps were characterized by electronic microscopy, dynamic light scattering and uv-vis spectroscopy. two sizes around 20.0±5.3 nm and 37.2±4.3 nm nm were synthesized. after thiol-based functionalization, the aunps were proved to allow direct h2 oxidation over a large range of temperatures. a high current d ... | 2015 | 25960259 |
| miniature direct electron transfer based sulphite/oxygen enzymatic fuel cells. | a direct electron transfer (det) based sulphite/oxygen biofuel cell is reported that utilises human sulphite oxidase (hsox) and myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase (mvbox) and nanostructured gold electrodes. for bioanode construction, the nanostructured gold microelectrodes were further modified with 3,3'-dithiodipropionic acid di(n-hydroxysuccinimide ester) to which polyethylene imine was covalently attached. hsox was adsorbed onto this chemically modified nanostructured electrode with hig ... | 2015 | 25460879 |
| verrucarin a alters cell-cycle regulatory proteins and induces apoptosis through reactive oxygen species-dependent p38mapk activation in the human breast cancer cell line mcf-7. | verrucarin a (va), an active constituent of pathogenic fungus myrothecium verrucaria, which has the ability to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells. however, the mechanism by which va exerts its inhibitory potential remains elusive. here, we demonstrated that va inhibited the growth of mcf-7 breast cancer cells, increased the levels of reactive oxygen species (ros), and subsequently induced mitochondrial membrane potential (δψm) loss, leading to the increase of bax/bcl-2 ratio, cytochrome c ... | 2014 | 25027398 |
| impact of surface modification with gold nanoparticles on the bioelectrocatalytic parameters of immobilized bilirubin oxidase. | we unveil experimental evidence that put into question the widely held notion concerning the impact of nanoparticles on the bioelectrocatalytic parameters of enzymatic electrodes. comparative studies of the bioelectrocatalytic properties of fungal bilirubin oxidase from myrothecium verrucaria adsorbed on gold electrodes, modified with gold nanoparticles of different diameters, clearly indicate that neither the direct electron transfer rate (standard heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants ... | 2014 | 24772333 |
| interfacial behavior and activity of laccase and bilirubin oxidase on bare gold surfaces. | two blue multicopper oxidases (mcos) (viz. trametes hirsuta laccase (thlc) and myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase (mvbox)) were immobilized on bare polycrystalline gold (au) surfaces by direct adsorption from both dilute and concentrated enzyme solutions. the adsorption was studied in situ by means of null ellipsometry. moreover, both enzyme-modified and bare au electrodes were investigated in detail by atomic force microscopy (afm) as well as electrochemically. when adsorbed from dilute s ... | 2014 | 24564218 |
| performance of enzymatic fuel cell in cell culture. | here we present the very first study of an enzymatic fuel cell (efc) in a cell culture. an efc with corynascus thermophilus cellobiose dehydrogenase (cdh) based bioanode and myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase (box) based biocathode was constructed at the bottom of a medusa cell culture plate. the constructed efc had a power density of up to 25 μw cm(-2) at 0.5 v potential in simple buffer solution and in cell culturing medium. l929 murine fibroblast cells were seeded on top of the efc and ... | 2014 | 24374299 |
| bilirubin oxidases in bioelectrochemistry: features and recent findings. | bilirubin oxidases, a sub class of the multicopper oxidases family, were discovered in 1981 by tanaka and murao (murao and tanaka, 1981) and first used for the detection of bilirubin. since 2001 and the pioneering work of tsujimura, these bods have attracted a lot of attention for the reduction of o2. unlike laccases, these bods are stable in physiological conditions (20mm phosphate buffer, ph 7.4, 0.14 m nacl, 37 °c) and more than 120 papers have been published in the last 7 years. here, we wil ... | 2013 | 23911663 |
| miniature biofuel cell as a potential power source for glucose-sensing contact lenses. | a microscale membrane-less biofuel cell, capable of generating electrical energy from human lachrymal liquid, was developed by utilizing the ascorbate and oxygen naturally present in tears as fuel and oxidant. the biodevice is based on three-dimensional nanostructured gold electrodes covered with abiotic (conductive organic complex) and biological (redox enzyme) materials functioning as efficient anodic and cathodic catalysts, respectively. three-dimensional nanostructured electrodes were fabric ... | 2013 | 23735164 |
| verrucarin a, a protein synthesis inhibitor, induces growth inhibition and apoptosis in breast cancer cell lines mda-mb-231 and t47d. | verrucarin a (va), a protein synthesis inhibitor, derived from the pathogen fungus myrothecium verrucaria, inhibits growth of leukemia cell lines and activates caspases and apoptosis and inflammatory signaling in macrophages. we have investigated va-induced growth inhibition in breast cancer cells mda-mb-231 and t47d and, particularly, the mechanism of va-induced apoptosis. va treatment brought about apoptotic cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner which was associated with chromatin co ... | 2013 | 23690045 |
| starchy biomass-powered enzymatic biofuel cell based on amylases and glucose oxidase multi-immobilized bioanode. | the present study reports the design of a novel bioanode to directly utilize starch as a fuel in an enzymatic biofuel cell. the enzymatic fuel cell is based on three enzymes (alpha-amylase, glucoamylase and glucose oxidase). the carbon paste electrode containing these three enzymes and tetrathiafulvalene can both saccharize and oxidize starchy biomass. in cyclic voltammetry, catalytic currents were successfully observed with both glucose and starchy white rice used as a substrate. finally, a mem ... | 2013 | 23624306 |
| purification and characterization of a new laccase from the filamentous fungus podospora anserina. | a new laccase from the filamentous fungus podospora anserina has been isolated and identified. the 73 kda protein containing 4 coppers, truncated from its first 31 amino acids, was successfully overexpressed in pichia pastoris and purified in one step with a yield of 48% and a specific activity of 644umg(-1). the kinetic parameters, k(cat) and k(m), determined at 37 °c and optimal ph are 1372 s(-1) and 307 μm for abts and, 1.29 s(-1) and 10.9 μm, for syringaldazine (sgz). unlike other laccases, ... | 2013 | 23220637 |
| lack of a functional vhl gene product sensitizes renal cell carcinoma cells to the apoptotic effects of the protein synthesis inhibitor verrucarin a. | verrucarin a (va) is a small molecule derived from the fungal plant pathogen myrothecium verrucaria and was identified as a selective inhibitor of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccrcc) cell proliferation in a high-throughput screen of a library of naturally occurring small molecules. ccrcc arises as a result of loss-of-function mutations in the von hippel-lindau (vhl) gene. here we show that va inhibits protein translation initiation culminating in apoptosis through the extrinsic signaling pat ... | 2012 | 22952429 |
| purification, characterization and decolorization of bilirubin oxidase from myrothecium verrucaria 3.2190. | myrothecium verrucaria 3.2190 is a nonligninolytic fungus that produces bilirubin oxidase. both m. verrucaria and the extracellular bilirubin oxidase were tested for their ability to decolorize indigo carmine. the biosorption and biodegradation of the dye were detected during the process of decolorization; more than 98% decolorization efficiency was achieved after 7 days at 26°c. additionally, the crude bilirubin oxidase can efficiently decolorize indigo carmine at 30°c~50°c, ph 5.5~9.5 with dye ... | 2012 | 22862914 |
| bioherbicidal activity from washed spores of myrothecium verrucaria. | the fungal plant pathogen, myrothecium verrucaria, is highly virulent to several important weed species and has potential utility as a bioherbicide. however the production of macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins by this fungus presents significant safety concerns. it was discovered that trichothecenes are removed from m. verrucaria spores by repeated washes with water. these washed spores retained bioherbicidal efficacy against kudzu when tested in field trials and on sicklepod when tested under ... | 2012 | 22806015 |
| characterisation of a novel white laccase from the deuteromycete fungus myrothecium verrucaria nf-05 and its decolourisation of dyes. | a novel 'white' laccase was purified from the deuteromycete fungus, myrothecium verrucaria nf-05, which was a high laccase-producing strain (40.2 u·ml(-1) on the thirteenth day during fermentation). sds-page and native-page revealed a single band with laccase activity corresponding to a molecular weight of approximately 66 kda. the enzyme had three copper and one iron atoms per protein molecule determined by icp-aes. furthermore, both uv/visible and epr spectroscopy remained silence, indicating ... | 2012 | 22715414 |
| biofuel cell as a power source for electronic contact lenses. | here we present unequivocal experimental proof that microscale cofactor- and membrane-less, direct electron transfer based enzymatic fuel cells do produce significant amounts of electrical energy in human lachrymal liquid (tears). 100 μm diameter gold wires, covered with 17 nm gold nanoparticles, were used to fashion three-dimensional nanostructured microelectrodes, which were biomodified with corynascus thermophilus cellobiose dehydrogenase and myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase as anodic ... | 2012 | 22621980 |
| bilirubin oxidase from magnaporthe oryzae: an attractive new enzyme for biotechnological applications. | a novel bilirubin oxidase (bod), from the rice blast fungus magnaporthe oryzae, has been identified and isolated. the 64-kda protein containing four coppers was successfully overexpressed in pichia pastoris and purified to homogeneity in one step. protein yield is more than 100 mg for 2 l culture, twice that of myrothecium verrucaria. the k(cat)/k(m) ratio for conjugated bilirubin (1,513 mm⁻¹ s⁻¹) is higher than that obtained for the bod from m. verrucaria expressed in native fungus (980 mm⁻¹ s⁻ ... | 2012 | 22350257 |
| potent toxic macrocyclic trichothecenes from the marine-derived fungus myrothecium verrucaria hmp-f73. | activity-guided fractionation of a methanol extract from the culture broth of myrothecium verrucaria hmp-f73, a fungus associated with the sponge hymeniacidon perleve, afforded six macrocyclic trichothecenes, verrucarin j (1), 8-hydroxyverrucarin j (2), verrucarin a (3), 8-acetoxyroridin h (4), isororidin e (5), and roridin e (6), along with trichoverrin b (7). all seven metabolites displayed potent toxicity to the brine shrimp (artemia salina). in addition, compounds 2, 3, and 6 showed weak phy ... | 2011 | 22312738 |
| characterization of nanoporous gold electrodes for bioelectrochemical applications. | the high surface areas of nanostructured electrodes can provide for significantly enhanced surface loadings of electroactive materials. the fabrication and characterization of nanoporous gold (np-au) substrates as electrodes for bioelectrochemical applications is described. robust np-au electrodes were prepared by sputtering a gold-silver alloy onto a glass support and subsequent dealloying of the silver component. alloy layers were prepared with either a uniform or nonuniform distribution of si ... | 2012 | 22004670 |
| mechanistic studies of the 'blue' cu enzyme, bilirubin oxidase, as a highly efficient electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction. | the 'blue copper' enzyme bilirubin oxidase from myrothecium verrucaria shows significantly enhanced adsorption on a pyrolytic graphite 'edge' (pge) electrode that has been covalently modified with naphthyl-2-carboxylate functionalities by diazonium coupling. modified electrodes coated with bilirubin oxidase show electrocatalytic voltammograms for the direct, four-electron reduction of o(2) by bilirubin oxidase with up to four times the current density of an unmodified pge electrode. electrocatal ... | 2010 | 20852807 |
| x-ray analysis of bilirubin oxidase from myrothecium verrucaria at 2.3 a resolution using a twinned crystal. | bilirubin oxidase (bod), a multicopper oxidase found in myrothecium verrucaria, catalyzes the oxidation of bilirubin to biliverdin. oxygen is the electron acceptor and is reduced to water. bod is used for diagnostic analysis of bilirubin in serum and has attracted considerable attention as an enzymatic catalyst for the cathode of biofuel cells that work under neutral conditions. here, the crystal structure of bod is reported for the first time. blue bipyramid-shaped crystals of bod obtained in 2 ... | 2010 | 20606269 |
| influence of the carbon and nitrogen sources on keratinase production by myrothecium verrucaria in submerged and solid state cultures. | myrothecium verrucaria is a nondermatophytic filamentous fungus able to grow and to produce keratinase in submerged (93.0 +/- 19 u/ml) and solid state (98.8 +/- 7.9 u/ml) cultures in which poultry feather powder (pfp) is the only substrate. the purpose of the present work was to verify how different carbon and nitrogen sources can influence the production of keratinase by this fungus. addition of carbohydrates, such as glucose and sucrose, caused only slight improvements in keratinase production ... | 2009 | 19229574 |
| surface characterization and direct electrochemistry of redox copper centers of bilirubin oxidase from fungi myrothecium verrucaria. | the key characteristics of multicopper oxidases are redox potentials of type 1, type 2 and type 3 copper centers of enzymes. however, there is still a challenge to obtain a value of the redox "signature" of the enzymes. in this study, the electrochemical behavior of t1 and t2/t3 redox copper centers of bilirubin oxidase (bod) from the fungi myrothecium verrucaria was studied based on direct bioelectrocatalysis. two distinct redox peaks corresponding to reduction and oxidation of t1 and t2/t3 red ... | 2008 | 18571994 |
| compensatory binding of an asparagine residue to the coordination-unsaturated type i cu center in bilirubin oxidase mutants. | met467, the axial ligand to type i cu in a multicopper oxidase, myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase was substituted with a non-coordinating phe and leu to transform the spectral and magnetic properties and oxidase activities of the enzyme into those of fungal laccases, but the mutated type i cu center showed properties characteristic of phytocyanins, blue copper proteins with an axial coordination of gln, due to compensatory binding of the distal asn459 as evidenced by a double mutation. | 2008 | 18445482 |
| redox potentials of the blue copper sites of bilirubin oxidases. | the redox potentials of the multicopper redox enzyme bilirubin oxidase (bod) from two organisms were determined by mediated and direct spectroelectrochemistry. the potential of the t1 site of bod from the fungus myrothecium verrucaria was close to 670 mv, whereas that from trachyderma tsunodae was >650 mv vs. nhe. for the first time, direct electron transfer was observed between gold electrodes and bods. the redox potentials of the t2 sites of both bods were near 390 mv vs. nhe, consistent with ... | 2006 | 17020746 |
| expression of a fungal cyanamide hydratase in transgenic soybean detoxifies cyanamide in tissue culture and in planta to provide cyanamide resistance. | embryogenic tissue cultures of soybean were transformed by particle bombardment with a vector pchz-ii that carries the coding sequence for cyanamide hydratase (cah), an enzyme that converts toxic cyanamide to urea, from the soil fungus myrothecium verrucaria. the cah gene was driven by the constitutive arabidopsis thaliana actin-2 promoter and terminated with its cognate terminator. this vector also carries the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene (hpt) driven by the potato (solanum tuberosum) ubi ... | 2005 | 16173468 |
| point mutations at the type i cu ligands, cys457 and met467, and at the putative proton donor, asp105, in myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase and reactions with dioxygen. | the type i cu site in the cys457ser mutant of myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase was vacant, but the trinuclear center composed of a type ii cu and a pair of type iii cu's was fully occupied by three cu ions. cys457ser could react with dioxygen, affording reaction intermediate i with absorption maxima at 340, 470, and 675 nm. this intermediate corresponds to that obtained from laccase, whose type i cu is cupric and type ii and iii cu's are cuprous [zoppellaro, g., sakurai, t., and huang, h ... | 2005 | 15865445 |
| the reversible change in the redox state of type i cu in myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase depending on ph. | the redox state of type i cu in myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase (bo), a multicopper oxidase utilized in the clinical investigation of liver, is an equilibrium state of the oxidized and reduced forms, reflected in the reversible absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance (epr) spectral changes depending on ph. | 2004 | 15388981 |