| biosynthesis of trichothecene mycotoxins in fusarium culmorum cultures. | a high yielding production of the trichothecene mycotoxin 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-acdon) in cultures of fusarium culmorum is described. by supplying [14c]acetate, 14c-labelled 3-acdon suitable for further metabolic studies has been obtained. the pattern of labelling has been ascertained by using 13c-labelled acetate precursors, and is in line with established biosynthetic data. a second trichothecene produced in significant amounts by f. culmorum has been identified as 3 alpha, 15-diacetoxy-7 ... | 1985 | 4050026 |
| studies on membranes isolated from extracts of fusarium culmorum. | | 1974 | 4274557 |
| new metabolic products of fusarium culmorum: toxic trichothec-9-en-8-ones and 2-acetylquinazolin-4(3h)-one. | | 1974 | 4472212 |
| the utilization of l-tryptophan as nitrogen source by fusarium culmorum, aspergillus nidulans, and penicillium italicum. | | 1972 | 4559635 |
| halofenate and clofibrate inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase from fusarium culmorum. | pyruvate dehydrogenase (e1, e.c. 1.2.4.1) was obtained from fusarium culmorum by ammonium sulfate precipitation. an eight-fold purification was obtained with a specific activity of 13 k units/mg protein. both halofenate and clofibrate inhibited the enzyme complex non-competitively. the inhibitory effect of halofenate was greater than that of clofibrate being 42% higher at 20 mm concentration compared to the inhibition by clofibrate at 40 mm concentration. both compounds disorganized the normal c ... | 1985 | 3998411 |
| structure determination and biosynthesis of a novel metabolite of fusarium culmorum, apotrichodiol. | a novel dead-end metabolite of fusarium culmorum was isolated and characterized (zamir, l. o., and devor, k. a. (1987) j. biol. chem. 15348-15353). this 3 alpha, 13-dihydroxy-apotrichothec-9-ene is herein given the trivial name of apotrichodiol to indicate its basic structure. the characterization of apotrichodiol was established through the application of spectroscopic techniques (ultraviolet, 1h-nmr, 13c-nmr, cosy, and dept experiments) on the natural product as well as on its diacetate deriva ... | 1987 | 3680200 |
| kinetic pulse-labeling study of fusarium culmorum. biosynthetic intermediates and dead-end metabolites. | a kinetic pulse-labeling method was utilized in fusarium culmorum to detect plausible biosynthetic intermediates and differentiate them from dead-end metabolites. the ultimate test to demonstrate a precursor relies on feeding experiments. we now report the detection of four new metabolites, one of them (compound 1) behaves as a dead-end metabolite, whereas compounds 2, 3, and 4 seem to be putative intermediates: they metabolize with time just when 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-adn) and/or sambucinol ... | 1987 | 3680199 |
| effect of sodium propionate on sporulation of fusarium culmorum. | | 1966 | 5336413 |
| effects of validamycin a on the morphology, growth and sporulation of rhizoctonia cerealis, fusarium culmorum and other fungi. | all basidiomycotina screened were sensitive to validamycin a, whereas most ascomycotina and all mucorales and oomycetes were insensitive. studies with rhizoctonia cerealis and fusarium culmorum showed that, in semi-solid culture, the antibiotic caused a decrease in colony radial growth rate and that this was associated with a decrease in mean hyphal extension rate and an increase in hyphal branching. however, the antibiotic did not alter the morphology of r. cerealis grown in liquid culture (sha ... | 1988 | 3269390 |
| spore swelling and germination in fusarium culmorum. | | 1966 | 5912588 |
| [the occurrence of fusarium varieties and their mycotoxins in silo corn. 3. the effect of silaging on the zearalenone content of ccm corn]. | the influence of silaging on zearalenone already formed and on the growth of fusarium culmorum in naturally contaminated ccm maize was studied. the zearalenone content remained approximately constant (13.35 +/- 2.94 mg/kg, n = 59) over the whole test period (12 weeks), whereas fusarium culmorum could not longer be detected after 11 days. thus the hypothesis that zearalenone survives the silaging process unchanged is experimentally strongly supported. the study confirms the view that zearalenone ... | 1988 | 2975167 |
| hydrolytic ability of acid protease of fusarium culmorum and its possible role in phytopathogenesis. | it was found that the acid protease of fusarium culmorum can hydrolyze various proteins of plant origin including polygalacturonase inhibitor from bean (bpi) and soybean trypsin inhibitor (sti). the highest hydrolysis extent of bpi and sti by the enzyme was only 5% and 3% respectively. the partially hydrolyzed bpi lost its inhibition ability to fungal polyglacturonases. similarly, the partially hydrolyzed sti lost its inhibition ability to trypsin and fungal alkaline protease. the f. culmorum ac ... | 1984 | 6209929 |
| [the occurrence of fusarium varieties and their mycotoxins in silo corn. 2. the formation of zearalenone in the field by artificial infection of silo corn with fusarium culmorum (w. g. smith) sacc]. | the formation of zearalenone in a maize plot artificially infected with fusarium culmorum was studied. the zearalenone concentration steeply increased only in the 8th week after inoculation and reached a maximum value of ca. 7 ppm, whereas zearalenone could not be detected in the control variants. the crude nutrient and dry matter content was not significantly influenced by the fungal infection. the infected crop showed average ear dry weights distinctly lower than that of the control variants ( ... | 1988 | 2975166 |
| trichothecene mycotoxins from fusarium culmorum cultures. | chemical analysis of the culture filtrates of fusarium culmorum cmi 14764 has demonstrated the presence of seven trichothecene mycotoxins. major metabolites are 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and 7 alpha, 8 alpha-dihydroxycalonectrin, with 3,15-diacetyldeoxynivalenol, deoxynivalenol, calonectrin, isotrichodermin and 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene (ept) as minor products. the occurrence of the rarely encountered unsubstituted trichothecene ept is significant in that this compound may function as a common in ... | 1987 | 2962377 |
| [effect of rape sap on conidial germination in fusarium culmorum saccardo]. | | 1982 | 7155000 |
| [role of fungi in house dust allergy in patients with bronchial asthma]. | the aim of the study was to evaluate the contribution of skin hyperreactivity to fungi in patients with bronchial asthma and demonstrating skin sensitivity to house dust. in 50 patients skin tests with 24 allergen solutions of fungi found most often in house dust. positive skin tests were found in 92% of the evaluated patients. reactions to fungi allergens were seen more often than to dermatophagoides pteronyssimus. most often skin reactivity toward the following fungal allergens were seen: cand ... | 1989 | 2631051 |
| [mould allergy (author's transl)]. | 290 asthmatic patients with positive skin tests for mould allergens were analyzed retrospectively. the relationship between skin test and inhalative provocation test was investigated with regard to single allergens and polyvalent mould sensitivity. with 4 commercially available moulds the relationship between skin test, provocation test and rast was investigated too. alternaria alternata occupies a special position. tests with alternaria alternata, aureobasidium pullulans, penicillium notatum, f ... | 1980 | 7395259 |
| penicillin amidohydrolases in fungal autolysis. | the production of penicillin g and penicillin v amidohydrolases or acylases (e.c.3.5.1.11) was studied during the autolysis of filamentous fungi in a mineral medium, and in the same medium with phenoxyacetic acid as inducer. in all the studied fungi, enzymes showing penicillin g and penicillin v amidohydrolase activities were found. generally, an increase of these activities during fungal autolysis was observed. the presence of phenoxyacetic acid in the medium did not increase these activities. ... | 1989 | 2499747 |
| pulsed growth of fungal hyphal tips. | somatic fungal hyphae are generally assumed to elongate at steady linear rates when grown under constant environmental conditions with ample nutrients. however, patterns of pulsed hyphal elongation were detected during apparent steady growth of hyphal tips in fungi from several major taxonomic groups (oomycetes, pythium aphanidermatum and saprolegnia ferax; zygomycetes, gilbertella persicaria; deuteromycetes, trichoderma viride; ascomycetes, neurospora crassa and fusarium culmorum; basidiomycete ... | 1994 | 7991610 |
| antimicrobial activity of essential oil from schinus molle linn. | the essential oil from the fresh leaves of schinus molle isolated by hydrodistillation was tested for antibacterial activity using the hole plate diffusion method and for antifungal activity using the mycelium or single cell growth inhibition method. results obtained showed that the volatile oil exhibited significant activity against the following bacterial species: klebsiella pneumoniae, alcaligenes faecalis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, leuconostoc cremoris, enterobacter aerogenes, proteus vulgaris ... | 1993 | 8055554 |
| mycotoxins in cereal grain. part 13. deoxynivalenol and 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol in wheat kernels and chaff with head fusariosis symptoms. | in the period of harvest at 1987 field samples of wheat heads with fusariosis symptoms were collected in 18 provinces of poland. subsamples of heads infected with fusarium culmorum (w.g.sm) sacc. and fusarium graminearum schwabe were analyzed for fusarium metabolites. in fractions of kernels with visible fusarium-damage deoxynivalenol (don) was present in average amount of 18.7 mg/kg (range 9.6-25.3 mg/kg) and 3-acetyl don 1.9 mg/kg. fractions of kernels without symptoms of visible fusarium-dama ... | 1990 | 2388686 |
| [occurrence of fusarium strains and their mycotoxins in corn silage. 7. formation of deoxynivalenol (don) in a silage corn plot artificially inoculated with fusarium culmorum and the effect of silaging on the stability of the don formed]. | the formation of deoxynivalenol in a maize plot inoculated with fusarium culmorum was studied over a growing season. already three weeks after inoculation 4.9 mg/kg of don were measured in the infected ears. the toxin concentration increased continuously up to harvest after eight weeks to a value of 261 mg/kg. ensilage experiments in laboratory scale silos have shown that the don content of naturally contaminated corn-cob-mix was not reduced during the ensilage process. it was concluded that inf ... | 1990 | 2076050 |
| changes in peroxidase activity in cell structures of lupin roots infected by fusarium culmorum. | infection of lupin seedlings with fusarium culmorum results in the increase in peroxidase activity with syringaldazine as a substrate, mostly in microsomes and cell walls, in the latter fraction somewhat later than in microsomes and cytosol. less evident were the changes upon infection in peroxidase activity with guaiacol as a substrate. both qualitative and quantitative differences in the peroxidase forms were evidenced on electrofocusing of the enzyme in the examined subcellular fractions. | 1990 | 1963522 |
| analysis of aspergillus nidulans conidial antigens and their prevalence in other aspergillus species. | aspergillus nidulans is an ascomycetous fungus that reproduces asexually by forming multicellular conidiophores and uninucleate spores called conidia. these elements constitute the main vehicle for the transmission of this and other pathogenic aspergillus species and are the starting point of the different forms of aspergillosis. in order to use a. nidulans as a potential source of useful antigens for the immunodiagnosis of these diseases, we have examined the total protein composition of conidi ... | 1991 | 1937806 |
| biosynthesis of the trichothecene 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol. identification of the oxygenation steps after isotrichodermin. | upon feeding an excess of the substrate isotrichodermin, five tricyclic metabolites accumulated in fusarium culmorum cultures. these compounds were also identified as transient intermediates of trichothecene biosynthesis by kinetic pulse labeling. their structures were characterized by spectroscopic techniques (1h nmr, 13c nmr, 2h nmr, and nuclear overhauser effect difference experiments) as: 1, 15-deacylcalonectrin; 2, calonectrin; 3, 7-hydroxyisotrichodermin; 4, 8-hydroxyisotrichodermin; and 5 ... | 1991 | 1869536 |
| effect of surface sterilization, fumigation and gamma irradiation on the microflora and germination of barley seeds. | sodium hypochlorite (naocl) and mercuric chloride (hgcl2) surface sterilization, methyl bromide and propylene oxide fumigation and gamma irradiation treatments were compared for their effectiveness in killing microorganisms on or within barley seeds. surface sterilization with 12.5, 25 or 50% (v/v) naocl for 5, 15 or 30 min, decreased fusarium spp., epicoccum purpurascens, and bacillus spp. but did not kill alternaria alternata. however, surface sterilization with 0.1 or 0.2% (w/v) hgcl2 for 3 m ... | 1991 | 1863528 |
| pyrazolo[3,4-d][1,2,3]triazole-1-carboxamides and 5-alkylaminopyrazolo[3,4-d]oxazoles: synthesis and evaluation of the in vitro antifungal activity. | a series of n-alkyl-n'-(4-diazo-5-pyrazolyl)-ureas (4) was thermally and photochemically converted into pyrazolo [3,4-d][1,2,3]triazole derivatives (5,6) and 5-alkylaminopyrazolo[3,4-d]oxazoles (7) respectively. the products were tested for in vitro antifungal activity against fusarium culmorum, botrytis cinerea, phoma betae, pythium ultimum, sclerotinia minor and rhizoctonia solani. the mic and ed50 values of compound (6) against some of the test fungi were comparable to those of the reference ... | 1992 | 1445610 |
| isolation, identification and biological activity of chlamydosporol from fusarium culmorum hm-8. | an isolate of fusarium culmorum (w. g. smith), sacc. hm-8 from a scabby wheat kernel sample from england produced a novel toxin when grown in culture on rice. this toxin, which was given the trivial name of hm-8, was purified, its toxic properties demonstrated and its structure determined by spectroscopic methods. subsequent to preliminary reports of our findings, two other laboratories have independently isolated the same substance from f. chlamydosporum and f. acuminatum, and demonstrated the ... | 1992 | 1435943 |
| exo-ploygalacturonate lyase of fusarium culmorum. | | 1976 | 1016895 |
| production of refusal factors by fusarium strains on grains. | corn fermented with strains of fusarium culmorum nrrl 3288, f. poae nrrl 3287, f. moniliforme nrrl 3197, and f. nivale nrrl 3289 at 28 degrees c for 13 days was refused when fed to 30- to 60-pound (about 13.6- to 27.2-kg) swine. analyses of the refused corn for trichothecenes (t-2, ht-2, acetyl t-2, fusarenon-x, and vomitoxin) showed that only the corn fermented with f. culmorum contained vomitoxin. none of these five trichothecenes could be detected in the other refused corn.f. culmorum grown o ... | 1977 | 889326 |
| [actinomycetes antagonistic to fungi and not affecting rhizobium meliloti]. | the effects of 481 actinomycetes isolated from agricultural soils supporting good growth of alfalfa or clover on two efficient strains of rhizobium meliloti a2 and s14 were studied. strain a2 was inhibited by 28% of the isolates and strain s14 was inhibited by 31% of them. no significant difference was found between the resistance of both actinomycete strains. the effects of the 288 isolates not affecting r. meliloti on six fungi were also studied. the most sensitive fungus was stemphylium sarci ... | 1978 | 657008 |
| comparison of fusarium acuminatum and fusarium culmorum isolates by means of tandem-crossed immunoelectrophoresis. | f. acuminatum and f. culmorum strains were compared by means of tandem-crossed immunoelectrophoresis in order to estimate the possibilities of serological classification in fusarium sections "gibbosum" and "discolor". on the basis of qualitative similarity the two species could be distinguished well. by the use of anti-f. acuminatum serum a similarity of ssm = 0.52 was found between f. acuminatum and f. culmorum, but the ssm coefficient reached a value of 0.67 when the anti-f. culmorum serum was ... | 1979 | 582892 |
| a serological investigation of hyphal growth in fusarium culmorum. | | 1968 | 4974588 |
| preparation of protoplast-like structures from conidia of fusarium culmorum. | | 1966 | 5296755 |
| sensitivity of fusarium strains to chelidonium majus l. extracts. | ten fusarium strains were tested for their sensitivity to extracts of chelidonium majus l. growth inhibition was measured either in solid or in liquid media. aqueous extracts had considerable inhibitory action but methanolic extracts showed the best results. root extracts were more inhibitory than shoot extracts. on the basis of growth inhibition the fusarium strains were aggregated into five classes, the extremes being fusarium culmorum plus fusarium graminearum (quite resistant) and fusarium o ... | 1999 | 10433471 |
| formation of moniliformin by fusarium sporotrichioides and fusarium culmorum. | two strains of fusarium sporotrichioides and one strain of f. culmorum were shown to produce the mycotoxin moniliformin in rice culture. identification was by reverse-phase liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and mass spectrometry. | 1987 | 3827249 |
| antifungal biflavones from cupressocyparis leylandii. | from the leaves of cupressocyparis leylandii (cupressaceae) cupressuflavone, 4-o-methylcupressuflavone, amentoflavone, 7-o-methylamentoflavone, 4-o-methylamentoflavone and hinokiflavone were isolated. 1h- and 13c-nmr data for 4-o-methylcupressuflavone are given for the first time. the biflavones from cultivar varieties of c. leylandii (naylor's blue, castlewellan gold) were chromatographicaly (hplc) compared. the antifungal activity of cupressuflavone and 4-o-methylcupressuflavone against altern ... | 1999 | 10532874 |
| preparation of spore coats of fusarium culmorum. | | 1966 | 5335961 |
| antagonism among cephalosporium gramineum, trichoderma spp., and fusarium culmorum. | | 1968 | 5689795 |
| humus bacteria of norway spruce stands: plant growth promoting properties and birch, red fescue and alder colonizing capacity. | we studied the potential of the humus layer of the norway spruce stands to supply beneficial rhizobacteria to birch (betula pendula), alder (alnus incana) and fescue grass (festuca rubra), representatives of pioneer vegetation after clear-cutting of the coniferous forest. axenically grown seedlings of these species were inoculated with the acid spruce humus, ph 3.7-5.3. actinorhizal propagules, capable of nodulating alder, were present in high density (10(3) g(-1)) in humus of long-term limed pl ... | 2000 | 10640667 |
| toxic strain of fusarium culmorum (wg sm) sacc. from zea mays l., associated with sickness in dairy cattle. | | 1967 | 6059534 |
| association of toxin-producing fungi with disease in broilers. | an episode of suboptimal growth, poor feathering and behavioural abnormalities in broilers in scotland during the winter of 1980-81 is described. this was considered to be associated with mould-contaminated maize and wheat components of the feed, from which fusaria were isolated in persistently high numbers. four species, fusarium culmorum, f tricinctum, f nivale and f moniliforme, were identified. chloroform extracts of the raw materials and of an artificial medium in which three of the fusariu ... | 1982 | 6217625 |
| mycotoxins in cereal grain. part ix. zearalenone and fusaria in wheat, barley, rye and corn kernels. | toxigenic fusaria, producing zearalenone, appeared in 31% of cereal grain samples. however zearalenone was present only in 0.5% of 584 cereal samples assayed during 1979-1981 at level 0.2-1.2 mg/kg. fungi able to form zearalenone were present mainly in grain collected from breeding stations. fusarium culmorum was dominant among toxigenic isolates from domestic cereals and yield of zearalenone was up to 700 mg/kg. | 1983 | 6225951 |
| antimicrobial effects of clofibrate on the wheat pathogen fusarium culmorum. | the biological effects of clofibrate (ethyl p-chlorophenoxy-isobutyric acid) on the growth and metabolism of the soil-borne wheat pathogen fusarium culmorum, were examined. in mid log phase (16 hr) cultures both phenylalanine uptake and secondary spore production were stimulated at 0.1 microm concentration; the net sterol content was reduced 50% at 0.35 microm; oxygen uptake was stimulated at 0.1 mm; growth was inhibited 50% at 0.1 mm concentration. both phenylalanine and oxygen uptake were inhi ... | 1981 | 7299073 |
| production of trichothecene mycotoxins by fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum on barley and wheat. | wheat cultivars (stoa, mn87150, sumai-3, ymi-6, wheaton) and barley cultivars (robust, excel, chevron, m69) were inoculated in the field with isolates of fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum. the disease (fusarium head blight) kernels were analyzed for deoxynivalenol (don), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-adon) and nivalenol (niv). f. culmorum produced all three trichothecenes on all cultivars tested whereas f. graminearum only produced don and 15-adon. there was no well defined correlation between ... | 1994 | 7708088 |
| [effect of the fungicide matador (tebuconazole/triadimenol) on mycotoxin production by fusarium culmorum]. | applications of the fungicide matador to winter wheat (slejpner) inoculated at earing with fusarium culmorum resulted in a considerable decrease in the incidence of fusarium headblight. in the study presented here, subsequent mycotoxin analyses by selected ion monitoring gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed higher levels of nivalenol (niv) in samples singly treated with matador at 1 l/ha. amounts as high as 2432 micrograms niv/kg and 860 micrograms niv/kg, representing a 16- or six-fold ... | 1994 | 8178577 |
| comparison of methods for estimating the biomass of three food-borne fungi with different growth patterns. | to evaluate the effectiveness of steps taken to reduce the growth of molds in food and feed, methods that can accurately quantify the degree of fungal contamination of solid substrates are needed. in this study, the ergosterol assay has been evaluated by comparing the results of this assay with spore counts and hyphal length measurements made with a microscope and with cfu counts. three fungi with different growth patterns during cultivation on a synthetic agar substrate were used in these exper ... | 1993 | 8434921 |
| biosynthesis of fusarium culmorum trichothecenes. the roles of isotrichodermin and 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene. | two different approaches enabled us to unambiguously establish the intermediacy of isotrichodermin and 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene in the biosynthesis of the trichothecenes 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and sambucinol, respectively. the kinetic pulse-labeling method enabled us to detect a plausible precursor to 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol biosynthesis. feeding experiments using the pure 14c-labeled intermediate established that it was incorporated 27% into 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol but not to sambucinol. the 1 ... | 1990 | 2182627 |
| structural and antifungal properties of a pathogenesis-related protein from wheat kernel. | we have purified and characterized a protein from the water-soluble fraction of wheat kernel (triticum aestivum cv. s. pastore) consisting of a single polypeptide chain blocked at its n-terminus by a pyroglutamate residue; the complete amino acid sequence has been determined by automated sequence analysis performed on peptide fragments obtained by enzymatic hydrolyses of the protein. homology studies have shown that this protein is very similar (97% sequence identity) to the previously character ... | 1996 | 8838588 |
| growth of chitinolytic dune soil beta-subclass proteobacteria in response to invading fungal hyphae. | it has frequently been reported that chitinolytic soil bacteria, in particular biocontrol strains, can lyse living fungal hyphae, thereby releasing potential growth substrate. however, the conditions used in such assays (high bacterial density, rich media, fragmented hyphae) make it difficult to determine whether mycolytic activity is actually of importance for the growth and survival of chitinolytic bacteria in soils. an unidentified group of beta-subclass proteobacteria (cbetaps) was most domi ... | 2001 | 11472904 |
| antimicrobial activity of pseudomonas spp. against food poisoning bacteria and moulds. | the present study demonstrates the siderophore production of two strains of pseudomonas fluorescens and two of ps. chlororaphis. the antimicrobial activities of these strains were studied against salmonella typhimurium, staphylococcus aureus, fusarium culmorum, f. oxysporum and aspergillus niger. despite equal siderophore activities with various pseudomonas spp. as measured by the chrome azurol s assay, the study shows how siderophore activity does not correlate with the antibacterial activity a ... | 1996 | 8852350 |
| biosynthesis of the trichothecene 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol. is isotrichodermin a biosynthetic precursor? | 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol is the major trichothecene produced by the fungus fusarium culmorum. the first proven tricyclic intermediate in the biosynthesis of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol has been shown by in vivo studies to be isotrichodermin, a natural metabolite of f. culmorum. indeed, the feeding of ring-deuterated isotrichodermin resulted in ring-deuterated 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol as shown by nmr studies. in this work, we have shown that the 3-acetyl group of isotrichodermin is mostly lost in its meta ... | 1996 | 8910312 |
| biosynthesis of trichothecene mycotoxins: cell-free epoxidation of a trichodiene derivative. | a cell-free enzyme system from cultures of fusarium culmorum catalyses the 12,13-epoxidation of semi-synthetic 9 beta,10 beta-epoxytrichodiene to 9 beta,10 beta;12,13-diepoxytrichodiene. this enzyme activity may be involved in the biosynthesis of trichothecene mycotoxins and since the 12,13-epoxide is known to be essential for toxicity, the enzyme activity probably confers the toxic properties associated with this group of mycotoxins. the epoxidase requires nadph and molecular oxygen, is inhibit ... | 1991 | 1916223 |
| the influence of gamma radiation and substrate on mycotoxin production by fusarium culmorum imi 309344. | mycotoxin production (deoxynivalenol (don), acetyl deoxynivalenol (a don) and zearalenone) by fusarium culmorum inoculated on to maize (heat sterilized, irradiation sterilized and non-sterile) and irradiated to 1 kgy or 3 kgy, or unirradiated, was investigated over a period of time. lowest mycotoxin production was observed on non-sterile maize which may be due to the presence of a competitive microflora on non-sterile maize which may be due to the presence of a competitive microflora on non-ster ... | 1996 | 8939030 |
| mutational analysis of a plant defensin from radish (raphanus sativus l.) reveals two adjacent sites important for antifungal activity. | mutational analysis of rs-afp2, a radish antifungal peptide belonging to a family of peptides referred to as plant defensins, was performed using polymerase chain reaction-based site-directed mutagenesis and yeast as a system for heterologous expression. the strategy followed to select candidate amino acid residues for substitution was based on sequence comparison of rs-afp2 with other plant defensins exhibiting differential antifungal properties. several mutations giving rise to peptide variant ... | 1997 | 8995418 |
| isolation and identification of n-mercapto-4-formylcarbostyril, an antibiotic produced by pseudomonas fluorescens. | pseudomonas fluorescens strain g308 isolated from barley leaves produces a novel antibiotic substance that was purified by preparative tlc and hplc and identified as n-mercapto-4-formylcarbostyril (cbs) by lc/dad, ir, lc-es(+)/ms, lc-es(-)/ms, gc-ei/ms, lc-hres(+)/ms, mass isotope ratios analysis, 1h nmr and 13c nmr analysis. the purified new antibiotic compound is effective against many phytopathogenic fungi in vitro. the compound inhibited at 25 ppm spore germination and germ tube growth of th ... | 2001 | 11738425 |
| analysis of fusarium causing dermal toxicosis in marram grass planters. | in the european coastal dunes, marram grass (ammophila arenaria) is planted in order to control sand erosion. in the years 1986 to 1991, workers on the wadden islands in the netherlands planting marram grass showed lesions of skin and mucous membranes, suggesting a toxic reaction. fusarium culmorum dominated the mycoflora of those marram grass culms that were used for planting. this plant material had been cut and stored for more than one week in the open. the fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol (don) ... | 1996 | 9063007 |
| photophysical properties and photobiological activity of the furanochromones visnagin and khellin. | the larger photobiological activity of visnagin (vi) versus khellin (kh) toward several living organisms, including fungi, viruses, yeasts and bacteria, induced a detailed investigation of the photophysical properties of these naturally occurring furanochromones, using laser-flash-photolysis, photoacoustic calorimetry and fluorescence (steady-state and time-resolved) techniques in solvents with different polarity and content of water, including micelles and vesicles. the results have shown that ... | 1998 | 9487797 |
| distribution of deoxynivalenol in barley kernels infected by fusarium. | deoxynivalenol (don) in concentration range 0.1-156.6 mg/kg, was found in 48 samples of barley kernels collected from heads with visible symptoms of head scab after inoculation in a field with fusarium culmorum and fusarium graminearum. four fractions of the kernels were collected according to their size: > 2.8 mm (i); < or = 2.8-2.5 mm (ii); > 2.5-2.2 mm (iii) and < 2.2 mm (iv). in plants infected with fusarium (when compared to the control) number of kernels in the fraction of the largest kern ... | 1998 | 9631371 |
| detoxification of benzoxazolinone allelochemicals from wheat by gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, g. graminis var. graminis, g. graminis var. avenae, and fusarium culmorum. | the ability of phytopathogenic fungi to overcome the chemical defense barriers of their host plants is of great importance for fungal pathogenicity. we studied the role of cyclic hydroxamic acids and their related benzoxazolinones in plant interactions with pathogenic fungi. we identified species-dependent differences in the abilities of gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis, gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae, and fusarium culmorum to detoxify these allelo ... | 1998 | 9647804 |
| biosynthesis of 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and sambucinol. identification of the two oxygenation steps after trichodiene. | the first two oxygenation steps post-trichodiene in the biosyntheses of the trichothecenes 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and sambucinol were investigated. the plausible intermediates 2-hydroxytrichodiene (2alpha- and 2beta-) and 12,13-epoxytrichodiene and the dioxygenated compounds 12,13-epoxy-9,10-trichoene-2-ol (2alpha- and 2beta-) were prepared specifically labeled with stable isotopes. they were then fed separately and/or together to fusarium culmorum cultures, and the derived trichothecenes were i ... | 1999 | 10212195 |
| development and use of a reverse transcription-pcr assay to study expression of tri5 by fusarium species in vitro and in planta. | the tri5 gene encodes trichodiene synthase, which catalyzes the first reaction in the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway. in vitro, a direct relationship was observed between tri5 expression and the increase in deoxynivalenol production over time. we developed a reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assay to quantify tri5 gene expression in trichothecene-producing strains of fusarium species. we observed an increase in tri5 expression following treatment of fusarium culmorum with fungicides, and we als ... | 1999 | 10473385 |
| biosynthesis of trichothecenes and apotrichothecenes. | fusarium culmorum produces two major trichothecenes, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol and sambucinol, and some minor apotrichothecenes. it was desired to investigate if during their biosynthesis a c-11-keto intermediate was involved. to verify this postulate, trichodiene, a known precursor to trichothecenes, was synthesized with two deuteriums at c-11 and one at c-15. it was then fed to f. culmorum cultures, and the derived metabolites were purified and analyzed. the results ruled out the involvement of a ... | 1999 | 10552458 |
| volatile metabolites from microorganisms grown on humid building materials and synthetic media. | growth of different microorganisms is often related to dampness in buildings. both fungi and bacteria produce complicated mixtures of volatile organic compounds that include hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds etc. microbially produced substances are one possible explanation of odour problems and negative health effects in buildings affected by microbial growth. a mixture of five fungi, aspergillus versicolor, fusarium culmorum, penicillium chrysogenum, ulo ... | 2002 | 12400912 |
| biotransformation xlvii: transformations of 5-ene steroids in fusarium culmorum culture. | the course of the transformation of six 5-ene steroids with varying substituents at c-17 or/and c-3: dehydroepiandrosterone (dhea), 5-androsten-3beta,17beta-diol, 17alpha-methyl-5-androsten-3beta,17beta-diol, 5-androsten-17-one, 5-androsten-3beta-ol and pregnenolone by fusarium culmorum was investigated. three substrates with oxygen functions at c-3 and c-17 i.e. dhea, 5-androsten-3beta,17beta-diol and 17alpha-methyl-5-androsten-3beta,17beta-diol were hydroxylated entirely at 7alpha-axial, allyl ... | 1999 | 10619360 |
| is fusarium culmorum isotrichodermin-15-hydroxylase different from other fungal species? | fusarium spp. are ubiquitous fungi infecting cereals and grains, and therefore constitute a major problem for agriculture. their trichothecene metabolites, and in particular deoxynivalenol and its 3-acetylated derivative, are the mycotoxins involved. the major metabolite produced by fusarium culmorum is 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol. studies in vivo with fusarium culmorum have established that its tricyclic intermediate, isotrichodermin, is a major biosynthetic precursor, which is hydroxylated at posit ... | 2000 | 10721482 |
| 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 2'-phosphodiesterase from fusarium culmorum. | we describe the properties of a 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 2'-phosphodiesterase (ec 3.1.4.16), found in fusarium culmorum, which hydrolyzes nucleoside 2',3'-cyclic monophosphates to nucleoside 3'-phosphates. in contrast with a similar enzyme found in bacteria, the fusarium enzyme does not exhibit nucleotidase activity and does not show a requirement for metal ions, but is inhibited by micromolar concentrations of cu++ and zn++, and is very stable to heat. this cyclic phosphodiesterase hydrolyzes th ... | 2000 | 10817902 |
| pcr-based identification of mat-1 and mat-2 in the gibberella fujikuroi species complex. | all sexually fertile strains in the gibberella fujikuroi species complex are heterothallic, with individual mating types conferred by the broadly conserved ascomycete idiomorphs mat-1 and mat-2. we sequenced both alleles from all eight mating populations, developed a multiplex pcr technique to distinguish these idiomorphs, and tested it with representative strains from all eight biological species and 22 additional species or phylogenetic lineages from this species complex. in most cases, either ... | 2000 | 11010886 |
| microbial community composition affects soil fungistasis. | most soils inhibit fungal germination and growth to a certain extent, a phenomenon known as soil fungistasis. previous observations have implicated microorganisms as the causal agents of fungistasis, with their action mediated either by available carbon limitation (nutrient deprivation hypothesis) or production of antifungal compounds (antibiosis hypothesis). to obtain evidence for either of these hypotheses, we measured soil respiration and microbial numbers (as indicators of nutrient stress) a ... | 2003 | 12571002 |
| antimicrobial activity of some coumarin containing herbal plants growing in finland. | antimicrobial screening against selected gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeasts, mold, as well as plant pathogenic fungi, with emphasis on method optimization was carried out on methanol extracts prepared from seven plants grown in finland. sensitivity to the extracts was found to vary considerably among the micro-organisms, the extract from petroselinum crispum and ruta graveolens showing the highest toxicity against rhizoctonia solani. the growth of heterobasidium annosum was inhibit ... | 2000 | 11025169 |
| production and secretion of 5-n-alkylresorcinols by fusarium culmorum. | fusarium culmorum f1 was found to produce and secrete into the culture medium several of 5-n-alkylresorcinols. the amount of resorcinolic lipids was 5.3 microg/g and 0.9 microg/l in mycelium and in post-culture liquid, respectively. first of all f. culmorum f1 produces saturated homologues with c15 to c25 side chains. the extract from the medium contained only homologues with shorter carbon chains (c13 to c17). | 2000 | 11098843 |
| antifungal activity of bacillus coagulans against fusarium sp. | the antifungal activity of bacillus coagulans against three pathogenic species of fusarium was examined. fungal growth was determined by colony forming units, dry matter and ergosterol level. biosynthesis of fusarium mycotoxins was also investigated. the strongest inhibition of fungal growth was noticed when bacillus coagulans was co-inoculated at the beginning of culture. estimation of ergosterol level as a determinant of fungal growth showed the greatest degree of fusarium sp. inhibition. addi ... | 2002 | 12588102 |
| impact of environmental factors on fungal respiration and dry matter losses in wheat straw. | an automatic electrolytic respirometer enabled replicated determinations of the respiration rates of individual fungi on sterile straw, and the mixed mycoflora of naturally contaminated wheat straw at different steady-state temperatures (10-30 degrees c) and water activities (a(w), 0.75-0.98) over periods of 8-14 days. generally, the respiratory activity of individual spoilage fungi (alternaria alternata, cladosporium cladosporioides, eurotium amstelodami, fusarium culmorum and penicillium auran ... | 2000 | 11124368 |
| agonistic and antagonistic effects of zearalenone, an etrogenic mycotoxin, on skn, hhua, and hepg2 human cancer cell lines. | zearalenone (zea) is a nonsteroidal estrogenic compound mainly produced by the molds fusarium graminearium and fusarium culmorum found in a variety of host plants and soil debris around the world. zea is usualy non-lethal to animals but is important to livestock producers because its hyperestrogenic effects adversely influence the reproductive performance of animals. there have been suggestions of possible involvement of zea in the progression of breast malignancies and tumors of the female repr ... | 2001 | 11205083 |
| effects of tebuconazole on morphology, structure, cell wall components and trichothecene production of fusarium culmorum in vitro. | the effects of tebuconazole, a systemic fungicide, on the morphology, structure, cell wall components and toxin production of fusarium culmorum were investigated in vitro. treatment was by application of four filter paper strips (0.75 cm x 5.0 cm) soaked in 20 micrograms ml-1 fungicide placed around a point inoculum in petri dishes. mycelial growth was strongly inhibited by fungicide treatment. scanning electron microscopic observations showed that the fungicide caused irregular swelling and exc ... | 2001 | 11407024 |
| synthesis and in vitro antifungal activity of 1-amino-3,4-dialkylnaphthalene-2-carbonitriles and their analogues. | twenty-four 3- and/or 4-alkyl-substituted 1-aminonaphthalene-2-carbonitriles and their analogues were prepared and evaluated for growth-inhibiting activity against four phytopathogenic fungi: fusarium culmorum, alternaria brassicicola, botrytis cinerea and penicillium expansum. the results obtained were compared with the activity of a commercial fungicide. the highest fungistatic activity was revealed by amino nitriles having hydrogen atoms or only one short alkyl group (ch3, c2h5) at the 3- or ... | 2001 | 11464795 |
| trichothecene and moniliformin production by fusarium species from western canadian wheat. | fusarium graminearum, fusarium culmorum, and fusarium avenaceum, isolated from fusarium-damaged wheat harvested in western canada, were cultured and evaluated for mycotoxin production. extracts of the culture media were assayed for trichothecenes by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and for moniliformin by liquid chromatography. deoxynivalenol (don) was found in 28 of 42 isolates of f. graminearum and 42 of 42 isolates of f. culmorum at levels ranging from 0.5 to 25.0 microg/g. 15-acetyldon w ... | 2001 | 11510664 |
| (-)-terpestacin and l-tenuazonic acid, inducers of pigment and aerial mycelium formation by fusarium culmorum jp 15. | surface cultures of fusarium culmorum jp15 were found to respond to extracts of other fungi by enhanced production of orange-red fusarubin pigments and formation of aerial mycelium. two inducers from strain ulocladium sp. hki 0226, the new (-)-terpestacin (1) and l-tenuazonic acid (2), were isolated. 1 inhibited syncytium formation by cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). | 2001 | 11512450 |
| toxigenic potential of fusarium culmorum strains isolated from french wheat. | sixty f. culmorum strains were isolated from wheat grains collected from different wheat-growing areas in france and from different cultivars. the isolates were grown on autoclaved wheat grain to assess their ability to produce trichothecenes and zearalenone. fungal biomass was evaluated through the ergosterol grain content. all the isolates produced zearalenone (0.39-1660 mg kg(-1)). thirty-five of the 60 f. culmorum produced nivalenol (0.11-11.7 mg kg(-1)), 12 of 60 produced fusarenone x (0.05 ... | 2001 | 11665742 |
| production of culmorin compounds and other secondary metabolites by fusarium culmorum and f. graminearum strains isolated from norwegian cereals. | twenty-three fusarium culmorum and 21 f. graminearum isolates were studied for their ability to produce mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites. the strains were cultivated on rice, and the extracts analysed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (gc-ms) after derivatization with pentafluoropropionic (pfp) reagent. two f. culmorum strains formed nivalenol and its acetylated derivatives (chemotype ii), while all f. graminearum and the other f. culmorum isolates produced deoxynivalenol (don) v ... | 2001 | 11694092 |
| recombinant wheat antifungal pr4 proteins expressed in escherichia coli. | pr proteins are soluble and host-coded molecules with antifungal activity induced by a variety of agents. wheat contains several pr proteins and among them are those of the class 4 coded wheatwin1 and wheatwin2; the two native proteins have been isolated from wheat kernel and the coding cdna clones have been recently characterized. herein, we report the expression of recombinant wheatwin1 and wheatwin2 in escherichia coli-insoluble fractions; a new protocol for the purification in high yields an ... | 2001 | 11722174 |
| the occurrence of culmorin and hydroxy-culmorins in cereals. | forty-five samples from 1988-1995 of naturally contaminated grain, barley, wheat and oats, three samples of mixed feed, and 16 samples of grain artificially inoculated with fusarium culmorum during the flowering stage were analysed for deoxynivalenol (don), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-acetyl-don), culmorin and hydroxy-culmorins. these compounds are secondary metabolites produced by the fungal species f. culmorum and f. graminearum. acetonitrile-water extract of the samples was purified on a mycose ... | 2001 | 11761144 |
| fusarium culmorum causes strong degradation of pollen allergens in extract mixtures. | therapeutic allergen extracts are frequently stored as mixtures to provide preparations used for specific immunotherapy. substantial protease activity, found in certain mold extracts, has been suspected to cause a loss of allergenic activity as a result of self-degradation, as well as by means of degradation of allergens from pollen and other allergenic sources. | 2002 | 11799372 |
| purification and properties of an alkaline proteinase of fusarium culmorum. | the disease fusarium head blight (scab) causes severe problems for farmers and for the industries that use cereals. it is likely that the fungi that cause scab (fusarium spp.) use various enzymes when they invade grains. we are studying enzymes that the fungi may use to hydrolyze grain proteins. to do this, fusarium culmorum was grown in a gluten-containing medium from which an alkaline serine proteinase with a molecular mass of 28.7 kda was purified by size-exclusion and cation exchange chromat ... | 2002 | 11846781 |
| novel defensin subfamily from spinach (spinacia oleracea). | antimicrobial peptides (so-d1-7) were isolated from a crude cell wall preparation from spinach leaves (spinacia oleracea cv. matador) and, judged from their amino acid sequences, six of them (so-d2-7) represented a novel structural subfamily of plant defensins (group iv). group-iv defensins were also functionally distinct from those of groups i-iii. they were active at concentrations < 20 microm against gram-positive (clavibacter michiganensis) and gram-negative (ralstonia solanacearum) bacteria ... | 1998 | 9762899 |
| biotransformation xlv. transformations of 4-ene-3-oxo steroids in fusarium culmorum culture. | the course of transformations of five 4-ene-3-oxo steroids with varying substituents at c-17 i.e.: 4-androsten-3-one, androstenedione, testosterone, progesterone and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in fusarium culmorum culture was investigated. all the substrates were hydroxylated either at 12beta and 15alpha, or at 15alpha or 6beta positions, depending on the structure of the substrate. the main product of 4-androsten-3-one transformation was 12beta,15alpha-diol. a similar 12beta,15alpha-diol was o ... | 1998 | 9780031 |
| occurrence of fusarium culmorum (w.g.sm.) sacc. in the rhizosphere of oats. | | 1958 | 13566136 |
| microbial antagonism of fusarium culmorum. | | 1958 | 13590193 |
| studies on the mechanism of fungicidal action of crystal violet on mycelial felts of fusarium culmorum. | | 1963 | 14106080 |
| antifungal activity of the essential oils from some species of the genus pinus. | the chemical composition of the essential oils from the needles of pinus ponderosa (north american pine), p. resinosa (red pine) and p. strobus (eastern white pine) has been determined by gc/ms (fid). the essential oils from p. resinosa and p. ponderosa in comparison to p. strobus have been characterized by the higher content of beta-pinene (42.4%, 45.7% and 7.9% respectively). on the other hand, a-pinene (17.7%) and germacrene d (12.2%) were dominant compounds of p strobus. moreover the essenti ... | 2002 | 12132688 |
| restriction analysis of pcr amplified nrdna regions revealed intraspecific variation within populations of fusarium culmorum. | seventy-five isolates of fusarium culmorum with diverse geographical origin and host were analyzed using restriction digestion of polymerase chain reaction amplified nuclear ribosomal dna intergenic spacer (igs) and 28s gene regions. the 28s gene was conserved and has produced identical restriction patterns, however, the igs region was substantially variable. the isolates were divided into 29 unique igs haplotypes. there was limited resolution between clustering of isolates and their origin and/ ... | 2002 | 12399049 |
| identification by pcr of fusarium culmorum strains producing large and small amounts of deoxynivalenol. | thirty deoxynivalenol-producing f. culmorum strains, isolated from wheat grains, were incubated in vitro and analyzed for trichothecene production. seventeen strains produced more than 1 ppm of deoxynivalenol and acetyldeoxynivalenol and were considered high-deoxynivalenol-producing strains, whereas 13 f. culmorum strains produced less than 0.07 ppm of trichothecenes and were considered low-deoxynivalenol-producing strains. for all strains, a 550-base portion of the trichodiene synthase gene (tr ... | 2002 | 12406740 |
| production of trichothecenes and other secondary metabolites by fusarium culmorum and fusarium equiseti on common laboratory media and a soil organic matter agar: an ecological interpretation. | fusarium culmorum and f. equiseti were characterized with regard to production of trichothecenes and other secondary metabolites. results following growth on laboratory media are interpreted with the aim of increasing the understanding of fungal metabolism in the field environment. while trichothecene production was detected for 94 of 102 f. culmorum isolates, only 8 of 57 f. equiseti isolates were positive. profiles of secondary metabolites were compared by following growth on yeast extract suc ... | 2002 | 12475276 |
| arabidopsis is susceptible to the cereal ear blight fungal pathogens fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum. | the fungal pathogens fusarium graminearum and f. culmorum cause ear blight disease on cereal crops worldwide. the disease lowers both grain quality and grain safety. disease prevalence is increasing due to changes in cropping practices and the difficulties encountered by plant breeders when trying to introgress the polygene-based resistance. the molecular basis of resistance to fusarium ear blight in cereal species is poorly understood. this is primarily due to the large size of cereal genomes a ... | 2002 | 12492838 |
| a sensitive and inexpensive yeast bioassay for the mycotoxin zearalenone and other compounds with estrogenic activity. | zearalenone (zon) is a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by plant-pathogenic species of fusarium. as a consequence of infection with fusarium culmorum and fusarium graminearum, zon can be found in cereals and derived food products. since zon is suspected to be a cause of human disease, including premature puberty syndrome, as well as hyperestrogenism in farm animals, several countries have established monitoring programs and guidelines for zon levels in grain intended for human consumpt ... | 2003 | 12570998 |
| distribution of deoxynivalenol and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol in naturally contaminated and fusarium culmorum infected triticale samples. | eight triticale genotypes, naturally contaminated (c) and collected from heads inoculated with two separate isolates fusarium culmorum (i1 and i2) kernels were analysed for accumulation of fusarium toxins. triticale kernels were contaminated with deoxynivalenol (don) and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-acdon). statistical analysis revealed significant differences between naturally contaminated samples (c) and those inoculated with isolate i1 and i2. the following accumulation of toxins in kernels (mea ... | 2002 | 12577591 |
| engineering deoxynivalenol metabolism in wheat through the expression of a fungal trichothecene acetyltransferase gene. | fusarium head blight occurs in cereals throughout the world and is especially important in humid growing regions. fusarium head blight (fhb) has re-emerged as a major disease of wheat and barley in the u.s. and canada since 1993. the primary causal agents of fhb, fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum, can produce deoxynivalenol (don), a trichothecene mycotoxin that enhances disease severity and poses a health hazard to humans and monogastric animals. to reduce the effects of don on wheat, w ... | 2002 | 12582873 |
| purification and identification of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) proteins that inhibit the alkaline serine proteinases of fusarium culmorum. | it has been proposed that microbial proteinase inhibitors, which are present in abundance in cereal grains, protect the seed against plant pathogens. so far, however, very little is known about the interactions of those inhibitors with the proteinases of phytopathogenic microbes. the increased alkaline proteinase activities of fusarium head blight (fhb) diseased wheat and barley grain imply that the fusarium fungi synthesize those enzymes during the colonization of the kernel. to study which bar ... | 2003 | 12617610 |
| antifungal activity of biflavones from taxus baccata and ginkgo biloba. | bilobetin and 4'''-o-methylamentoflavone were isolated and identified in the needles of taxus baccata, for the first time in this species. the antifungal activity of biflavones from t. baccata and ginkgo biloba, namely amentoflavone, 7-o-methylamentoflavone, bilobetin, ginkgetin, sciadopitysin and 2,3-dihydrosciadopitysin towards the fungi alternaria alternata, fusarium culmorum, cladosporium oxysporum was determined employing computer-aided image analysis couplet to a microscope. bilobetin exhi ... | 2003 | 12622229 |
| influence of environmental factors on the biosynthesis of type b trichothecenes by isolates of fusarium spp. from spanish crops. | various species of fusarium can produce trichothecene mycotoxins that contaminate food commodities and can represent a risk for human and animal health. in this paper, a full factorial design was applied to study the influence of incubation temperature, water activity (a(w)) and type of isolate on the production of deoxynivalenol (don), nivalenol (niv) and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-acdon) in corn kernel cultures by three isolates of fusarium graminearum and three isolates of fusarium culmorum fr ... | 2004 | 15172484 |