| irreversible depigmentation of dark mouse hair by t-2 toxin (a metabolite of fusarium sporotrichioides) and by calcium pantothenate. | t-2 toxin, a trichothecene metabolite of several fusarium spp. causes depigmentation of dark mouse hair at the site of its application. calcium pantothenate, though usually considered as antigreying factor, caused depigmentation at the site of its i.p. injections, at high concentration. | 1978 | 658295 |
| comparative yields of t-2 toxin and related trichothecenes from five toxicologically important strains of fusarium sporotrichioides. | the range and comparative yields of t-2 toxin and related trichothecenes from five toxicologically important strains of fusarium sporotrichioides, i.e., nrrl 3299, nrrl 3510, m-1-1, hpb 071178-13, and f-38, were determined. lyophilized cultures of the five strains maintained in the international toxic fusarium reference collection were used to inoculate autoclaved corn kernels. corn cultures were incubated at 15 degrees c for 21 days and analyzed for trichothecenes by thin-layer chromatography a ... | 1987 | 3579278 |
| purification and characterization of the sesquiterpene cyclase trichodiene synthetase from fusarium sporotrichioides. | the sesquiterpene cyclase, trichodiene synthetase, has been purified from a supernatant fraction of fusarium sporotrichioides by hydrophobic interaction, anion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography. purified enzyme had a specific activity 15-fold higher than that previously reported for preparations of terpene cyclases. molecular weight determinations by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography indicated the enzyme to be a dimer with a sub ... | 1986 | 3800398 |
| formation of moniliformin by fusarium sporotrichioides and fusarium culmorum. | two strains of fusarium sporotrichioides and one strain of f. culmorum were shown to produce the mycotoxin moniliformin in rice culture. identification was by reverse-phase liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and mass spectrometry. | 1987 | 3827249 |
| detection of t-2 toxin in fusarium sporotrichioides-infected corn by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to screen for t-2 toxin in fusarium sporotrichioides -infected corn. the assay detected t-2 toxin in diluted methanol extracts of corn samples at concentrations of 0.05 ng/ml. in infected corn samples, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and gas-liquid chromatography estimations of t-2 toxin concentrations were similar. | 1984 | 6742830 |
| secondary metabolites from fusarium. two new modified trichothecenes from fusarium sporotrichioides mc-72083. | two new, relatively non-toxic, secondary metabolites characterized as 8 alpha- and 8 beta-hydroxysambucoin [1] and [2], isolated from the toxigenic fungus fusarium sporotrichioides mc-72083 are reported. the structural assignments were established by spectral data with 1h-nmr studies (cosy, dnoes) playing a key role in establishing the stereochemistry in 1 and 2. the isolation of 14 known trichothecenes produced by this fungus is also discussed. | 1987 | 3437285 |
| application of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for screening of t-2 toxin-producing fusarium spp. | culture filtrates of fusarium species were subjected without clean-up procedures to an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with anti-t-2 toxin monoclonal antibody. fusarium sporotrichioides, f. poae, f. tricinctum, and f. culmorum strains were positive for t-2 toxin, with a minimum detection limit of 5 pg per assay (100 pg/ml of culture filtrate), and the assay data correlated well with the gas-liquid chromatographic data. | 1988 | 3389821 |
| isolation and characterization of mutants blocked in t-2 toxin biosynthesis. | mutants of fusarium sporotrichioides nrrl 3299 that were blocked or altered in the biosynthesis of the trichothecene t-2 toxin were generated by uv treatment and identified by a rapid screen in which monoclonal antibodies to t-2 were used. three stable mutants were isolated and chemically characterized. two mutants accumulated diacetoxyscirpenol, which suggests that they were defective in the step required for the addition of a hydroxyl group to the c-8 position in the trichothecene core structu ... | 1987 | 3310887 |
| new modified trichothecenes accumulated in solid culture by mutant strains of fusarium sporotrichioides. | mutant strains of fusarium sporotrichioides nrrl 3299 deficient in the ability to synthesize t-2 toxin were examined on solid rice medium. five novel alicyclic trichothecenes were isolated: 11 alpha-hydroxytrichodiene; tricho-9-ene-2 alpha,3 alpha,11 alpha-triol; tricho-9-ene-2 alpha,3 alpha,8 alpha,11 alpha-tetraol; tricho-9-ene-2 alpha,3 alpha,8 beta,11 alpha-tetraol; and tricho-9-ene-2 alpha,3 alpha,11 alpha,16-tetraol. | 1989 | 2802605 |
| trichothecenes accumulated in liquid culture of a mutant of fusarium sporotrichioides nrrl 3299. | a uv-generated mutant of fusarium sporotrichioides nrrl 3299 was altered in its ability to biosynthesize t-2 toxin, as shown by a rapid screen with monoclonal antibodies to t-2. this stable mutant accumulated two trichothecenes that were not observed in liquid cultures of the parent strain. the two compounds were identified as 3,15-diol 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene and 3,15-diol 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene 3-acetate on the basis of their nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra. this is the fi ... | 1989 | 2802604 |
| expression of the trichodiene synthase gene of fusarium sporotrichioides in escherichia coli results in sesquiterpene production. | trichodiene synthase is a sesquiterpene cyclase involved in the biosynthesis of trichothecene mycotoxins. we report that insertion of the unaltered trichodiene synthase gene of fusarium sporotrichioides into the escherichia coli expression vector pdr540 produced an inactive polypeptide with a molecular weight approximately 2000 greater than that of trichodiene synthase. this result is consistent with the presence of an intron in the trichodiene synthase gene, and prompted us to specifically dele ... | 1989 | 2817906 |
| leucine auxotrophy specifically alters the pattern of trichothecene production in a t-2 toxin-producing strain of fusarium sporotrichioides. | the biosynthetic pathway for trichothecenes in the filamentous fungus fusarium sporotrichioides nrrl 3299 has been further characterized. experiments using the techniques of mutational analysis and the incorporation of radiolabeled precursors indicated that leucine is a direct precursor to the isovalerate moiety present in the trichothecene, t-2 toxin. analysis of trichothecene production in a uv-induced leucine auxotroph also revealed the existence of a branched biosynthetic pathway which resul ... | 1988 | 3214156 |
| inhibition of t-2 toxin production on high-moisture corn kernels by modified atmospheres. | the fungus fusarium sporotrichioides, capable of producing t-2 toxin (t-2), was grown on irradiated corn kernels remoistened to 22% and kept in atmospheres of different co2-o2 combinations. the production of t-2 was totally inhibited under 60% co2-20% o2, whereas only trace amounts were detected when the gas combination was 40% co2-5% o2. under all other combinations tested, the amount of t-2 produced was reduced by 25 to 50% as compared with the control. fungal growth was not inhibited by any o ... | 1988 | 3128166 |
| mycotoxin production by fusarium oxysporum and fusarium sporotrichioides isolated from baccharis spp. from brazil. | fusarium oxysporum isolated from roots of and soil around baccharis species from brazil produced the trichothecenes t-2 toxin, ht-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and 3'-oh t-2 (tc-1), whereas fusarium sporotrichioides from the same source produced t-2 toxin, ht-2 toxin, acetyl t-2, neosolaniol, tc-1, 3'-oh ht-2 (tc-3), iso-t-2, t-2 triol, t-2 tetraol, and the nontrichothecenes moniliformin and fusarin c. several unknown toxins were found but not identified. not found were macrocyclic trichothecenes ... | 1989 | 2705770 |
| isolation and nucleotide sequence of a sesquiterpene cyclase gene from the trichothecene-producing fungus fusarium sporotrichioides. | the trichodiene synthase gene (tox5) has been isolated from the fungus fusarium sporotrichioides, and its nucleotide (nt) sequence determined. a lambda gt11 library of f. sporotrichioides dna was screened with antiserum against trichodiene synthase (ts). dna fragments were isolated which encode a portion of the tox5 gene. in subsequent screening of the library we employed one of these dnas as a probe and identified several recombinant phage containing the entire tox5 gene. the gene consists of a ... | 1989 | 2777086 |
| cytotoxicity of trichothecene mycotoxins isolated from fusarium sporotrichioides (mc-72083) and fusarium sambucinum in baby hamster kidney (bhk-21) cells. | twenty-six trichothecene mycotoxins produced by fusarium sporotrichioides (mc-72083) and fusarium sambucinum were screened for relative cytotoxicity in cultured baby hamster kidney (bhk-21) cells. the relative cytotoxicity was measured as lc100. the most cytotoxic trichothecenes were t-2 toxin (5 ng/ml) and the recently isolated 4-propanoyl ht-2 (5 ng/ml) and 3'-hydroxy t-2 toxin (5 ng/ml). t-2 tetraol (1 x 10(4) ng/ml), 8-beta-hydroxytrichothecene (1 x 10(4) ng/ml), sporotrichiol (2 x 10(4) ng/ ... | 1991 | 2034260 |
| influence of formic acid on fungal flora of barley and on aflatoxin production in aspergillus flavus link. | in recent years aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production have been noted on several occasions in grain preserved with formic acid. samples of mouldy barley treated with formic acid and stored in an open bin were investigated for the presence of fungi. in the lower part of the bin there was a clear dominance of fusarium sporotrichioides, and deoxynivalenol and neosolaniol were detected. a. flavus and a. fumigatus were also present. paecilomyces variotii occurred, almost as a pure culture, in t ... | 1989 | 2515436 |
| bioconversion of possible t-2 toxin precursors by a mutant strain of fusarium sporotrichioides nrrl 3299. | liquid cultures of a mutant strain of fusarium sporotrichioides nrrl 3299 that accumulates trichodiene rather than t-2 toxin converted tricho-9-ene-2 alpha,3 alpha,11 alpha-triol, trichotriol (tricho-10-ene-2 alpha,3 alpha,9 alpha-triol), tricho-10-ene-2 alpha,3 alpha,9 beta-triol, 3 alpha-hydroxytrichothecene, and 3 alpha-acetoxytrichothecene to t-2 toxin. other possible oxygenated precursors of t-2 toxin, including trichodiol (tricho-10-ene-2 alpha,9 alpha-diol), trichothecene, 4 alpha-hydroxy ... | 1990 | 2317042 |
| toxicity of some fusarium section sporotrichiella strains in relation to mycotoxin production. | the relationship between the toxicities of crude extracts and purified toxins of fusarium spp. belonging to the section sporotrichiella has been assessed. toxicity was determined on the basis of death of artemia salina larvae and of viability and blastogenic response of bovine and human lymphocytes. trichothecene-producing strains of fusarium sporotrichioides and fusarium poae were toxic to a. salina and to lymphocyte blastogenesis. a strain of fusarium tricinctum, producing visoltricin and chla ... | 1992 | 1610205 |
| two new trichothecenes from fusarium sporotrichioides. | two new trichothecenes, 8-n-pentanoylneosolaniol and 8-n-hexanoylneosolaniol, were isolated from corn grits cultured with fusarium sporotrichioides. the structures of these compounds were elucidated using gc-ms, nmr, x-ray crystallography, and other spectroscopic techniques. seven known trichothecenes were also isolated, and the relative cytotoxicity of these nine trichothecenes in cultured baby hamster kidney (bhk-21) cells was determined. | 1991 | 1800633 |
| hepatocarcinogenesis and the appearance of serum alpha-fetoprotein in mice treated with extracts of barley grain infected with fusarium sporotrichioides. | experiments demonstrated a significant association between the presence of tumours in mice and afp positivity, while afp negativity was usually associated with the absence of tumours. the presence of afp in the serum of tumour-bearing mice was possibly related to treatment with f. sporotrichioides extract. | 1972 | 4121669 |
| taxonomic study of fusaria of the sporotrichiella section used in recent toxicological work. | eight isolates of fusarium of the sporotrichiella section were critically studied as to their taxonomic position. most of these isolates had been used for comprehensive toxicological work on mycotoxin effects on animals, chiefly in the united states and japan. isolates nrrl 3299 and nrrl 3287, supplied from the united states, were determined to be fusarium poae. isolates nrrl 3249, nrrl 5908, 2061-c, and yn-13 from the united states and isolate t-2 from south africa belonged to fusarium sporotri ... | 1975 | 1147600 |
| heterokaryosis in fusarium tricinctum and f. sporotrichioides. | heterokaryons were formed in intra- and interspecific crosses between fusarium sporotrichioides and f. tricinctum auxotrophs. segregant homokaryons were evaluated for trichothecene toxin production in culture. results were consistent with nuclear control of toxin synthesis. the sexual compatibility of auxotrophs and 30 additional f. tricinctum sensu snyder & hansen strains was tested. perithecial production was restricted to crosses between florida isolates pathogenic to english ivy (hedera heli ... | 1983 | 6581272 |
| isolation and characterization of two new trichothecenes from fusarium sporotrichioides strain m-1-1. | two new trichothecenes were isolated along with t-2 toxin, neosolaniol, and ht-2 toxin from the culture filtrate of fusarium sporotrichioides strain m-1-1. the structures of the new toxins were characterized to be 4 beta, 8 alpha-diacetoxy-12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene-3 alpha, 15-diol (designated nt-1) and 4 beta-acetoxy-12,13-epoxy-trichothec-9-ene-3 alpha,8 alpha,15-triol (designated nt-2). | 1981 | 7294786 |
| study of extracts of barley grain infected with fusarium sporotrichioides no. 63. | experiments with mice showed that an aqueous extract of barley grain attacked by by fusarium sporotrichioides is blastomogenic, but only mildly so. | 1972 | 4343514 |
| trichodiene synthase. identification of active site residues by site-directed mutagenesis. | derivatization of 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)-treated trichodiene synthase with [methyl-14c]methyl methanethiosulfonate and analysis of the derived tryptic peptides suggested the presence of two cysteine residues at the active site. the corresponding c146a and c190a mutants were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. the c190a mutant displayed partial but significantly reduced activity, with a reduction in kcat/km of 3000 compared to the wild-type trichodiene synthase, while the c146a ... | 1995 | 7873527 |
| tri6 encodes an unusual zinc finger protein involved in regulation of trichothecene biosynthesis in fusarium sporotrichioides. | in fusarium sporotrichioides, several genes required for biosynthesis of the trichothecene mycotoxin t-2 toxin are closely linked. further characterization of this gene cluster has revealed a gene, tri6, that specifies a 217-amino-acid protein with regions similar to cys2his2 zinc finger proteins. temporal expression of tri6 is similar to that of trichothecene biosynthetic pathway genes. analysis of tri6 transcripts indicated that transcription is initiated in two regions and that within each re ... | 1995 | 7646028 |
| the tri4 gene of fusarium sporotrichioides encodes a cytochrome p450 monooxygenase involved in trichothecene biosynthesis. | the tri4 gene of fusarium sporotrichioides was isolated from a cloned dna fragment carrying the tri5 gene by complementation of a tri4- mutant. the nucleotide sequence of tri4 was determined and the locations of three introns were identified. analysis of tri4 mrna levels revealed that transcription reached maximum levels coincidently with the onset of trichothecene biosynthesis, and then declined 20-fold over the next 8 h. disruption of tri4 resulted in the loss of production of both trichothece ... | 1995 | 7651333 |
| mini-chromosomes in fusarium sporotrichioides are mosaics of dispersed repeats and unique sequences. | variations in trichothecene patterns of 26 fusarium sporotrichioides isolates from different plant and geographic origins showed no correlation with electrophoretic karyotype polymorphisms. when intact chromosomes were examined, interisolate karyotype differences were observed only in the mini-chromosome range. further polymorphisms were revealed in notl-digested samples. by summing the notl fragments the average genome size of f. sporotrichioides was estimated to be 20.4 mb. mini-chromosomes sh ... | 1995 | 7711908 |
| toxicological approaches to the metabolites of fusaria. v. neosolaniol, t-2 toxin and butenolide, toxic metabolites of fusarium sporotrichioides nrrl 3510 and fusarium poae 3287. | | 1972 | 4539211 |
| ancymidol blocks trichothecene biosynthesis and leads to accumulation of trichodiene in fusarium sporotrichioides and gibberella pulicaris. | ancymidol, a plant growth regulator, inhibited biosynthesis of diacetoxyscirpenol by gibberella pulicaris (fusarium sambucinum) in a defined liquid medium. ancymidol also inhibited biosynthesis of t-2 toxin by a wild-type strain of fusarium sporotrichioides and biosynthesis of diacetoxyscirpenol, deacetylated calonectrin, and dideacetylated calonectrin by mutant strains of this species. ancymidol-treated cultures accumulated the hydrocarbon trichodiene, a biosynthetic precursor of the trichothec ... | 1987 | 3662519 |
| two new modified trichothecenes from fusarium sporotrichioides. | two new modified trichothecenes, 2-deoxy-11-epi-3 alpha-hydroxysambucoin [1] and 2-deoxy-11-epi-12-acetyl-3 alpha-hydroxysambucoin [2], were isolated from fusarium sporotrichioides culture. this is the first report of modified trichothecenes where the two six-membered rings are cis-fused. structures were elucidated using gc-ms, nmr, x-ray crystallography, and other spectroscopic techniques. compounds 1 and 2 were screened for relative cytotoxicity in cultured baby hamster kidney (bhk-21) cells a ... | 1993 | 8289061 |
| toxins derived from fusarium sporotrichioides: t-2 toxin. | | 1993 | 8411628 |
| overproduction of soluble trichodiene synthase from fusarium sporotrichioides in escherichia coli. | trichodiene synthase is a sesquiterpene cyclase isolated from various fungal species which catalyzes the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate (fpp) to trichodiene. the trichodiene synthase gene (tox5) of fusarium sporotrichioides has previously been cloned and expressed as 0.05-0.1% of total cell protein in escherichia coli. we have used polymerase chain reaction to amplify the trichodiene coding sequence carried on the plasmid pts56-1. the resulting dna, carrying a bamhi restriction site and the ... | 1993 | 8424673 |
| fusarium poae and fusarium sporotrichioides in cereal grains of the slovak republic. | the occurrence of fusarium poae and f. sporotrichioides was examined in 37,172 cereal grains of 229 samples from the slovak republic. in an area where strains of fusarium parasitized. 40% of grains on average, owing to unfavourable weather, 5 strains of f. poae were isolated (0.5% out of 1,015 strains of fusarium). in an area where the situation was less unfavourable, fusarium spp. contaminated on average 4.1% of grains, f. poae were present in 6.1% out of 82 strains of fusarium. when cereal rip ... | 1993 | 8480454 |
| comparison of detection methods for trichothecenes produced by fusarium sporotrichioides on fodder and grains at different air humidities. | growth and toxin production of a highly toxic strain of fusarium sporotrichioides sherb were studied on oat and wheat grains and on straw under experimental conditions, in which relative humidity (rh) of air was regulated. the materials were incubated at three different rh levels at a range of 84-100%. f. sporotrichioides grew well on oat and wheat grains at rh 97-100% but grew less well at rh 84-88% and on straw. toxin production was measured with three biological toxicity tests (cytotoxicity t ... | 1996 | 8743932 |
| partial purification and characterization of an esterase from fusarium sporotrichioides. | kinetics analysis of the growth of fusarium sporotrichioides t-424 at 15 degrees c and 25 degrees c in liquid culture for 35 days revealed that production of deacetylated trichothecenes was associated with an increased activity in fungal esterases. high temperature (25 degrees c) favored enzyme production and enhanced esterase activity. electrophoresis of crude extracts from the mycelia of f. sporotrichioides t-424 with carboxylesterase staining revealed that several esterases were produced by t ... | 1996 | 8743931 |
| the tri11 gene of fusarium sporotrichioides encodes a cytochrome p-450 monooxygenase required for c-15 hydroxylation in trichothecene biosynthesis. | several genes in the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway of fusarium sporotrichioides have been shown to reside in a gene cluster. sequence analysis of a cloned dna fragment located 3.8 kb downstream from tri5 has led to the identification of the tri11 gene. the nucleotide sequence of tri11 predicts a polypeptide of 492 residues (mr = 55,579) with significant similarity to members of the cytochrome p-450 superfamily. tri11 is most similar to several fungal cytochromes p-450 (23 to 27% identity) b ... | 1998 | 9435078 |
| trichodiene synthase. probing the role of the highly conserved aspartate-rich region by site-directed mutagenesis. | trichodiene synthase catalyzes the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate to the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon trichodiene. the enzyme normally requires a divalent cation, mg2+, which can be substituted by mn2+. trichodiene synthase from fusarium sporotrichioides has a highly conserved aspartate rich region, aa 100-104 (ddskd). three mutants were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis in which each aspartate residue was individually replaced by glutamate. the mutants were each overexpressed and purif ... | 1996 | 8823172 |
| isolation and characterization of tri3, a gene encoding 15-o-acetyltransferase from fusarium sporotrichioides. | an acetyltransferase gene (tri3) was isolated from fusarium sporotrichioides by complementation of a previously identified tri3- mutant and shown to be closely linked to three other trichothecene biosynthetic pathway genes. comparison of the tri3 sequence with its cdna revealed the presence of four introns. the tri3 cdna contains a 1,539-bp open reading frame that encodes a protein with a molecular mass of 57,418 da. regulation of tri3 transcription in liquid cultures appeared identical to that ... | 1996 | 8593041 |
| the effects of fungal competition on colonization of barley grain by fusarium sporotrichioides on t-2 toxin formation. | colonization of barley grain by fusarium sporotrichioides and t-2 toxin formation in the presence of aspergillus flavus, penicillium verrucosum, and hyphopichia burtonii were studied at 20 and 30 degrees c and at 0.97, 0.95 or 0.90 aw during 3 weeks' incubation. colonization of grain was assessed from frequency of seed infection and numbers of colony forming units (cfu) produced and by observation of hyphal extension on the grain surface from germinating spores while concentrations of t-2 toxin ... | 1996 | 8950114 |
| toxigenic isolates of fusarium sporotrichioides obtained from hay in saskatchewan. | an isolate of fusarium sporotrichioides sherbakoff obtained from hay from kindersley, saskatchewan, and producing metabolites toxic to insect larvae, rats, and mice was cultured on sterile rye grain and extracted with ethyl acetate. the most toxic fraction derived from column chromatography on silica gel was purified by thin-layer chromatography of silica gel and elution of the main band. this compound was identified as t-2 toxin by comparison with the pure chemical by thin-layer chromatography ... | 1982 | 7066767 |
| the trichothecene biosynthesis regulatory gene from the type b producer fusarium strains: sequence of tri6 and its expression in escherichia coli. | a genomic dna fragment containing tri6, a transcription activator gene of trichothecene biosynthesis, was cloned by vectorette pcr from fusarium graminearum f15, which produces type b trichothecene, deoxynivalenol. the nucleotide sequence of the gene showed 84% of identity to that of the type a trichothecene producer fusarium sporotrichioides nrrl 3299, but the sequence around the initiation codon was not highly conserved between these producers. based on the upstream and downstream sequences of ... | 1999 | 10635566 |
| amino acid sequence of peptidyl-prolyl isomerase a of fusarium sporotrichioides. | peptidyl-prolyl-cis-trans isomerase catalyzes the interconversion of the cis and trans isomers of the proline-containing polypeptides and the folding process of proteins. this protein was known to be cyclophilin which has high binding affinity for cyclosporin a, a cyclic undecapeptide of fungal origin with potent immunosuppressive property agent. the two cytosolic peptidyl-prolyl-isomerases were found from fusarium sporotrichioides. the amino acid sequence of the major peptidyl-prolyl isomerase ... | 1996 | 8887944 |
| the mystery of the trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase gene. analysis of the region around tri101 and characterization of its homologue from fusarium sporotrichioides. | the trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase gene, tri101, plays a pivotal role for the well-being of the type b trichothecene producer fusarium graminearum. we have analyzed the cosmids containing tri101 and found that this resistance gene is not in the biosynthetic gene cluster reported so far. it was located between the utp-ammonia ligase gene and the phosphate permease gene which are not related to trichothecene biosynthesis. these two 'house-keeping' genes were also linked in fusarium species th ... | 1998 | 9762900 |
| tri12, a trichothecene efflux pump from fusarium sporotrichioides: gene isolation and expression in yeast. | many of the genes involved in trichothecene toxin biosynthesis in fusarium sporotrichioides are present within a gene cluster. here we report the complete sequence for tri12, a gene encoding a trichothecene efflux pump that is located within the trichothecene gene cluster of f. sporotrichioides. tri12 encodes a putative polypeptide of 598 residues with sequence similarities to members of the major facilitator superfamily (mfs) and is predicted to contain 14 transmembrane-spanning segments. disru ... | 1999 | 10485289 |
| altered regulation of 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol production in fusarium graminearum. | most fusarium graminearum isolates produce low or undetectable levels of trichothecenes in liquid shake cultures, making it difficult to perform biochemical studies of trichothecene biosynthesis. to develop strains with higher levels of trichothecene production under liquid shake conditions we transformed f. graminearum with both a reporter gene containing a homologous trichothecene pathway gene promoter (tri5) and a gene encoding a heterologous trichothecene pathway transcription factor (tri6). ... | 2000 | 10788382 |
| determination of type a trichothecenes by high-performance liquid chromatography with coumarin-3-carbonyl chloride derivatisation and fluorescence detection. | a method for the analysis of type a trichothecenes t-2 toxin, ht-2 toxin, neosolaniol and diacetoxyscirpenol by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection using coumarin-3-carbonyl chloride has been developed. different parameters concerning the analytical procedure such as stability of both the reagent and derivatised analytes, time and temperature of the derivatisation reaction, were studied and optimised. three different clean-up procedures (solid-phase extraction with ... | 2000 | 10722105 |
| structural characterization of 15-hydroxytrichodiene, a sesquiterpenoid produced by transformed tobacco cell suspension cultures expressing a trichodiene synthase gene from fusarium sporotrichioides. | tobacco (nicotiana tabaccum) cell suspension cultures transformed with a gene encoding trichodiene synthase, a sesquiterpene synthase from the fungus fusarium sporotrichioides, produced a novel sesquiterpenoid derived from the in vivo production of trichodiene. mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analyses identified the new compound as 15-hydroxytrichodiene. the in vivo hydroxylation of trichodiene by transformant tobacco cell suspension cultures demonstrates that the introduction ... | 1996 | 8987907 |
| transgenic expression of the tri101 or pdr5 gene increases resistance of tobacco to the phytotoxic effects of the trichothecene 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol. | mycotoxins are fungal secondary compounds that are toxic to vertebrates. their presence in food and feeds, as the result of fungal disease in crops, can present a danger to animal or human health. many mycotoxins have also been shown to be phytotoxic and in some cases, such as with trichothecenes produced by the wheat head blight fungus fusarium graminearum, mycotoxins may act as virulence factors. antibiotic-producing organisms, including fungi, protect themselves from their own toxins by metab ... | 2000 | 10960733 |
| natural contamination of spring barley with group a trichothecene mycotoxins in south-eastern poland. | strains (10705) of microscopic fungi were isolated from spring barley heads in the region of lublin (south-eastern poland). fusarium sporotrichioides sherb was found in 418 (3.9%) of isolated strains. group a trichothecene mycotoxins were detected in the collected barley kernels colonized by f. sporotrichioides, with fusarium head blight symptoms. among 24 samples analysed, 12 were t-2 toxin positive in a range of contamination from 0.02 to 2.40 micrograms/g (average 0.45), while in five samples ... | 1997 | 9205559 |
| evidence for a gene cluster involving trichothecene-pathway biosynthetic genes in fusarium sporotrichioides. | two overlapping cosmid clones (cos1-1 and cos9-1) carrying the tox5 gene were isolated from a library of f. sporotrichioides strain nrrl 3299 genomic dna. these cosmids were used to transform three t-2 toxin-deficient mutants that are blocked at different steps in the trichothecene pathway. both cosmids restored t-2 toxin production to tox3-1- or tox4-1- mutants but neither restored t-2 toxin production to a tox1-2- mutant. the production of t-2 toxin by the complemented tox3-1- and tox4-1- muta ... | 1993 | 8252637 |
| disruption of tri101, the gene encoding trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase, from fusarium sporotrichioides. | we screened a fusarium sporotrichioides nrrl 3299 cdna expression library in a toxin-sensitive saccharomyces cerevisiae strain lacking a functional pdr5 gene. fourteen yeast transformants were identified as resistant to the trichothecene 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol, and each carried a cdna encoding the trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase that is the f. sporotrichioides homolog of the fusarium graminearum tri101 gene. mutants of f. sporotrichioides nrrl 3299 produced by disruption of tri101 were alte ... | 1999 | 10583973 |
| g-protein signalling mediates differential production of toxic secondary metabolites. | filamentous fungi elaborate a complex array of secondary metabolites, including antibiotics and mycotoxins. as many of these compounds pose significant economic and health concerns, elucidation of the underlying cellular mechanisms that control their production is essential. previous work revealed that synthesis of the carcinogenic mycotoxins sterigmatocystin (st) and aflatoxin (af) in aspergillus species is negatively controlled by fada, the alpha-subunit of a heterotrimeric g-protein. in sharp ... | 2000 | 11069688 |
| resolution of fusarium sporotrichioides proteins by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and identification by sequence homology comparison in protein data base. | proteins from fusarium sporotrichioides m-1-1, a t2-toxin-producing strain, were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. one thousand two hundred and forty-four protein spots were resolved and 103 protein spots were subjected to n-terminal sequencing. fifty-eight protein spots were sequenced and 48 proteins were observed to have blocked n termini. forty out of 58 sequenced proteins were identified by homology search against the pir protein sequence data base and protein ... | 1995 | 11725071 |
| the use of tri5 gene sequences for pcr detection and taxonomy of trichothecene-producing species in the fusarium section sporotrichiella. | purified dna from isolates of fusarium poae, fusarium sporotrichioides, fusarium kyushuense and fusarium langsethiae was used as a template to amplify a 658-bp fragment from the trichodiene synthase (tri5) gene of these fungi with the gene-specific pcr primer pair tox5-1/tox5-2. fragments obtained were isolated and sequenced. dna sequence alignments revealed high similarity between the sequences derived from f. sporotrichioides and f. langsethiae (98.7%) and less similarity between the latter sp ... | 2004 | 15337595 |
| inactivation of a cytochrome p-450 is a determinant of trichothecene diversity in fusarium species. | species of the genus fusarium produce a great diversity of agriculturally important trichothecene toxins that differ from each other in their pattern of oxygenation and esterification. t-2 toxin, produced by fusarium sporotrichioides, and nivalenol (niv), produced by some strains of f. graminearum, contain an oxygen at the c-4 position. deoxynivalenol (don), produced by other strains of f. graminearum, lacks a c-4 oxygen. niv and don are identical except for this difference, whereas t-2 differs ... | 2002 | 12135578 |
| partial amino acid sequences of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases offusarium sporotrichioides. | peptidyl-proprylyl cis-trans isomerase (ppiase) activity was observed from crude extract of fusarium sporotrichioides. proteins from this fungi were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and more than one thousand protein spots were separated. two cytosolic ppiases were found by the n-terminal sequencing from the two separated spots. the n-terminal 41 residues of the major protein spot showed high sequence identity (63.4%) with ppiase from neurospora crassa. this protei ... | 1995 | 11725072 |
| fusarium tri8 encodes a trichothecene c-3 esterase. | mutant strains of fusarium graminearum z3639 produced by disruption of tri8 were altered in their ability to biosynthesize 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol and instead accumulated 3,15-diacetyldeoxynivalenol, 7,8-dihydroxycalonectrin, and calonectrin. fusarium sporotrichioides nrrl3299 tri8 mutant strains accumulated 3-acetyl t-2 toxin, 3-acetyl neosolaniol, and 3,4,15-triacetoxyscirpenol rather than t-2 toxin, neosolaniol, and 4,15-diacetoxyscirpenol. the accumulation of these c-3-acetylated compounds s ... | 2002 | 12039755 |
| identification of deoxynivalenol- and nivalenol-producing chemotypes of gibberella zeae by using pcr. | gibberella zeae, a major cause of cereal scab, may be divided into two chemotypes based on production of the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol (don) and nivalenol (niv). we cloned and sequenced the gene cluster for trichothecene biosynthesis from each chemotype. g. zeae h-11 is a don producer isolated from corn, and g. zeae 88-1 is a niv producer from barley. we sequenced a 23-kb gene cluster from h-11 and a 26-kb cluster from 88-1, along with the unlinked tri101 genes. each gene cluster contained 1 ... | 2001 | 11425709 |
| a novel regulatory gene, tri10, controls trichothecene toxin production and gene expression. | we report here the characterization of tri10, a novel regulatory gene within the trichothecene gene cluster. comparison of tri10 genomic and mrna sequences revealed that removal of a single 77-bp intron provided a 1,260-bp open reading frame, encoding a 420-amino-acid protein. disruption of tri10 in fusarium sporotrichioides abolished t-2 toxin production and dramatically decreased the transcript accumulation for four trichothecene genes (tri4, tri5, tri6, and tri101) and an apparent farnesyl py ... | 2001 | 11679358 |
| structure of trichodiene synthase from fusarium sporotrichioides provides mechanistic inferences on the terpene cyclization cascade. | the x-ray crystal structure of recombinant trichodiene synthase from fusarium sporotrichioides has been determined to 2.5-a resolution, both unliganded and complexed with inorganic pyrophosphate. this reaction product coordinates to three mg(2+) ions near the mouth of the active site cleft. a comparison of the liganded and unliganded structures reveals a ligand-induced conformational change that closes the mouth of the active site cleft. binding of the substrate farnesyl diphosphate similarly ma ... | 2001 | 11698643 |
| case study of bovine dermatitis caused by oat straw infected with fusarium sporotrichioides. | a dermatitis characterised by discrete, raised, plaque-like and cracked skin lesions of variable sizes on the udder, the hind quarters, the lips and muzzle of all the cows in a herd was suspected of being caused by the oat straw used in bedding, after initial feed analysis and skin culture were negative for toxins and dermatophytes. mycological analysis indicated an extensive infestation of the oat straw by fusarium sporotrichioides, a toxic mould, and an immunochemical assay indicated dermatoto ... | 1997 | 9141223 |
| the characterization of chicken antibodies raised against fusarium spp. by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting. | immunoassays for the detection of three fusarium species have been developed. chickens were immunized with the soluble antigens from within the mycelia (mycelia-soluble antigens) and the exoantigens of fusarium sporotrichioides, fusarium poae and fusarium graminearum and the antigens were characterized using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, immunoblotting and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). the cross-reactivities of antisera with eleven species of fusari ... | 1997 | 9506284 |
| tri1 encodes the cytochrome p450 monooxygenase for c-8 hydroxylation during trichothecene biosynthesis in fusarium sporotrichioides and resides upstream of another new tri gene. | many fusarium species produce one or more agriculturally important trichothecene mycotoxins, and the relative level of toxicity of these compounds is determined by the pattern of oxygenations and acetylations or esterifications on the core trichothecene structure. previous studies with uv-induced fusarium sporotrichioides nrrl 3299 trichothecene mutants defined the tri1 gene and demonstrated that it was required for addition of the oxygen at the c-8 position during trichothecene biosynthesis. we ... | 2003 | 12620849 |
| characterization of the gene cluster for biosynthesis of macrocyclic trichothecenes in myrothecium roridum. | macrocyclic trichothecenes are toxic sesquiterpenoids that are produced by certain fungi and plants. the unique structural features of macrocyclic trichothecenes result in increased toxicity relative to other trichothecene structural types. here we report the sequences and relative locations of the mrtri5, mrtri6, and mrtri4 genes in the biosynthetic pathway for macrocyclic trichothecenes in myrothecium roridum. the deduced sequences of the products of mrtri5 and mrtri4 display overall identitie ... | 1998 | 9529523 |
| broad and complex antifungal activity among environmental isolates of lactic acid bacteria. | more than 1200 isolates of lactic acid bacteria isolated from different environments were screened for antifungal activity in a dual-culture agar plate assay. approximately 10% of the isolates showed inhibitory activity and 4% showed strong activity against the indicator mould aspergillus fumigatus. the antifungal spectra for 37 isolates with strong activity and five isolates with low or no activity were determined. several of the strains showed strong inhibitory activity against the moulds a. f ... | 2003 | 12594034 |
| the identification of the saccharomyces cerevisiae gene ayt1(orf-yll063c) encoding an acetyltransferase. | the recent isolation and characterization of tri101 in fusarium sporotrichioides has led to the functional identification of the yeast open reading frame (orf) yll063c, located on chromosome xii of saccharomyces cerevisiae. the sequence of yll063c predicts a protein of 474 residues that has 45% identity and 70% similarity to fstri101. fstri101 encodes a trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase that functions in trichothecene biosynthesis. feeding studies indicated low levels of c3-oh acetylation in c ... | 2002 | 12478589 |
| characterization of a fusarium 2-gene cluster involved in trichothecene c-8 modification. | the fusarium trichothecenes t-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (don) are potent inhibitors of eukaryotic protein synthesis and are a significant agricultural problem. three coregulated loci are required for t-2 toxin synthesis by fusarium sporotrichioides. the core-trichothecene gene cluster consists of 12 genes (tri3-tri14) while the second locus consists of a single gene (tri101). the third locus was recently partially described and encodes 1-2 biosynthetic enzymes and a putative regulatory gene. he ... | 2003 | 14690377 |
| identification of new genes positively regulated by tri10 and a regulatory network for trichothecene mycotoxin production. | tri10, a regulatory gene in trichothecene mycotoxin-producing fusarium species, is required for trichothecene biosynthesis and the coordinated expression of four trichothecene pathway-specific genes (tri4, tri5, tri6, and tri101) and the isoprenoid biosynthetic gene for farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase (fpps). we showed that six more trichothecene genes (tri3, tri7, tri8, tri9, tri11, and tri12) are regulated by tri10. we also constructed a cdna library from a strain of fusarium sporotrichioide ... | 2003 | 12732543 |
| tri16 is required for esterification of position c-8 during trichothecene mycotoxin production by fusarium sporotrichioides. | we previously characterized tri1, a gene required for hydroxylation of the c-8 position during trichothecene mycotoxin biosynthesis in fusarium sporotrichioides nrrl 3299. sequence analysis of the region surrounding tri1 revealed a gene, named tri16, which could encode an acyltransferase. unlike the wild-type parent strain nrrl 3299, which accumulates primarily t-2 toxin along with low levels of diacetoxyscirpenol (das) and neosolaniol (neo) and trace amounts of 8-propionyl-neosolaniol (p-neo) a ... | 2003 | 14532047 |
| characterization of a transcriptional activator controlling trichothecene toxin biosynthesis. | trichothecene biosynthetic pathway genes are localized within a gene cluster in fusarium sporotrichioides and require the zinc-finger containing protein, tri6, for expression. we show here that tri6 is able to bind within the promoter regions of nine different pathway genes and that tri6 binding is involved in pathway gene activation. tri6 binding occurs at three distinct sites in the tri5 promoter, all of which contain the sequence tnaggcct. dna fragments from the promoter regions of six other ... | 1999 | 10361036 |
| diversity in metabolite production by fusarium langsethiae, fusarium poae, and fusarium sporotrichioides. | the production of mycotoxins and other metabolites by 109 strains of fusarium langsethiae, fusarium poae, fusarium sporotrichioides, and f. kyushuense was investigated independently in four laboratories by liquid or gas chromatography analyses of cultural extracts with uv diode array, electron capture, or mass spectrometric detection systems. from the compiled results, it was found that f. langsethiae consistently produced the trichothecenes diacetoxyscirpenol (das), t-2 toxin (t-2), ht-2 toxin ... | 2004 | 15337591 |
| phylogenetic relationship of fusarium langsethiae to fusarium poae and fusarium sporotrichioides as inferred by igs, its, beta-tubulin sequences and up-pcr hybridization analysis. | fusarium langsethiae was recently described to accommodate "powdery" isolates of fusarium poae, which morphologically resemble f. poae, but whose metabolite profile is similar to that of fusarium sporotrichioides. in order to investigate the phylogenetic relationship of f. langsethiae to closely related species, we sequenced the internal transcribed spacer (its) regions 1 and 2 and part of the intergenic spacer (igs) region of the rdna cluster and part of the beta-tubulin gene from 109 strains o ... | 2004 | 15337592 |
| phylogenetic analyses of the fusarium poae, fusarium sporotrichioides and fusarium langsethiae species complex based on partial sequences of the translation elongation factor-1 alpha gene. | phylogenetic relationships between four fusarium species were studied using parts of the nuclear translation elongation factor-1 alpha (ef-1alpha) gene as a phylogenetic marker. sequences from 12 isolates of fusarium poae, 10 isolates of fusarium sporotrichioides and 12 isolates of fusarium langsethiae yielded 4, 5 and 5 haplotypes, respectively. in addition, we included one isolate of fusarium kyushuense. the aligned sequences were subjected to neighbor-joining (nj), maximum parsimony and maxim ... | 2004 | 15337593 |
| isolation and characterization of two new trichothecenes from fusarium sporotrichioides strain m-1-1. | [this corrects the article on p. 542 in vol. 42.]. | 1982 | 16345982 |
| expression of tri15 in fusarium sporotrichioides. | in the fungus fusarium sporotrichioides, biosynthesis of trichothecene mycotoxins requires at least three genetic loci: a core 12-gene cluster, a smaller two-gene cluster, and a single-gene locus. here, we describe the tri15 gene, which represents a fourth locus involved in trichothecene biosynthesis. tri15 is predicted to encode a cys(2)-his(2 )zinc finger protein and is expressed in a manner similar to genes in the core trichothecene gene cluster. however, disruption of f. sporotrichioides tri ... | 2004 | 14624310 |
| aflp analysis of fusarium species in the section sporotrichiella-evidence for fusarium langsethiae as a new species. | amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) was applied to compare 100 isolates of fusarium poae, fusarium sporotrichioides, and fusarium langsethiae. comparison of fingerprints revealed several markers specific for each group of isolates. cluster analysis showed a clear separation of f. poae from f. sporotrichioides and f. langsethiae. f. langsethiae isolates formed a rather homogeneous group separated from f. sporotrichioides. the aflp data obtained support f. langsethiae as a new fusarium s ... | 2004 | 15337594 |
| igs-rflp analysis and development of molecular markers for identification of fusarium poae, fusarium langsethiae, fusarium sporotrichioides and fusarium kyushuense. | the intergenic spacer (igs) regions of the rdna of several fusarium spp. strains obtained from the collaborative researchers (int. j. food microbiol. (2003)) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and an igs-rflp analysis was performed. restriction digestion with alui, mspi and psti allowed differentiation between the related fusarium poae and fusarium kyushuense species. fusarium langsethiae was also separated from fusarium sporotrichioides (including var. minus) on the basis of the ... | 2004 | 15337596 |
| specific detection of fusarium langsethiae and related species by dgge and arms-pcr of a beta-tubulin (tub1) gene fragment. | fusarium langsethiae was recently described as a new toxigenic fusarium species, which morphologically resembles fusarium poae, but exhibits a mycotoxin pattern related to fusarium sporotrichioides. to develop tools for early and specific detection of f. langsethiae and distinguishing it from related species of section sporotrichiella and discolor (f. poae, f. sporotrichioides, fusarium kyushuense, fusarium robustum, fusarium sambucinum and fusarium tumidum) sequence variations in their beta-tub ... | 2004 | 15337597 |
| engineering deoxynivalenol metabolism in wheat through the expression of a fungal trichothecene acetyltransferase gene. | fusarium head blight occurs in cereals throughout the world and is especially important in humid growing regions. fusarium head blight (fhb) has re-emerged as a major disease of wheat and barley in the u.s. and canada since 1993. the primary causal agents of fhb, fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum, can produce deoxynivalenol (don), a trichothecene mycotoxin that enhances disease severity and poses a health hazard to humans and monogastric animals. to reduce the effects of don on wheat, w ... | 2002 | 12582873 |
| characterization of novel sesquiterpenoid biosynthesis in tobacco expressing a fungal sesquiterpene synthase. | the gene encoding trichodiene synthase (tri5), a sesquiterpene synthase from the fungus fusarium sporotrichioides, was used to transform tobacco (nicotiana tabacum). trichodiene was the sole sesquiterpene synthase product in enzyme reaction mixtures derived from unelicited transformant cell-suspension cultures, and both trichodiene and 5-epi-aristolochene were observed as reaction products following elicitor treatment. immunoblot analysis of protein extracts revealed the presence of trichodiene ... | 1996 | 12226394 |
| use of headspace solid-phase microextraction and headspace sorptive extraction for the detection of the volatile metabolites produced by toxigenic fusarium species. | an efficient methodology was developed to determine the growth of toxigenic fusarium spp., based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (spme) and stir bar sorptive extraction of the fungal volatile metabolites produced. spme and headspace sorptive extraction (hsse) were used to monitor the de novo production of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, such as trichodiene, a volatile marker and intermediate in the biosynthesis of trichothecenes. on growth media such as malt extract agar and potato dextrose ... | 2004 | 14971496 |
| lactobacillus plantarum milab 393 produces the antifungal cyclic dipeptides cyclo(l-phe-l-pro) and cyclo(l-phe-trans-4-oh-l-pro) and 3-phenyllactic acid. | we have isolated a lactobacillus plantarum strain (milab 393) from grass silage that produces broad-spectrum antifungal compounds, active against food- and feed-borne filamentous fungi and yeasts in a dual-culture agar plate assay. fusarium sporotrichioides and aspergillus fumigatus were the most sensitive among the molds, and kluyveromyces marxianus was the most sensitive yeast species. no inhibitory activity could be detected against the mold penicillium roqueforti or the yeast zygosaccharomyc ... | 2002 | 12200282 |
| a genetic and biochemical approach to study trichothecene diversity in fusarium sporotrichioides and fusarium graminearum. | the trichothecenes t-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (don) are natural fungal products that are toxic to both animals and plants. their importance in the pathogenicity of fusarium spp. on crop plants has inspired efforts to understand the genetic and biochemical mechanisms leading to trichothecene synthesis. in order to better understand t-2 toxin biosynthesis by fusarium sporotrichioides and don biosynthesis by f. graminearum, we compared the nucleotide sequence of the 23-kb core trichothecene gene ... | 2001 | 11352533 |
| species-specific pcr-based assays for the detection of fusarium species and a comparison with the whole seed agar plate method and trichothecene analysis. | species-specific pcr was used for the identification of nine fusarium species in pure mycelial culture. a pcr-based method was compared with the whole seed agar plate method and trichothecene analysis for three toxin-producing fusarium species using 85 grain samples of wheat, barley, oat, corn and rye. a simple sds-based dna extraction system followed by potassium acetate precipitation resulted in consistent pcr amplification of dna fragments from cultures and grain samples. the species-specific ... | 2005 | 16099312 |
| development of pcr assays for the detection and differentiation of fusarium sporotrichioides and fusarium langsethiae. | isolates of the type-a trichothecene producing fusarium sporotrichioides and fusarium langsethiae were grouped and differentiated in a phylogenetic tree using its sequence dissimilarity. an attempt was made to develop a pcr-based assay for the detection and differentiation of fusarium sporotrichiodes from other fusarium species using the 5'-region of the tri5 gene as a template. however, this assay was unable to differentiate, to a satisfactory level, between isolates of fusarium sporotrichioide ... | 2004 | 15043871 |
| accumulation of type a trichothecenes in maize, wheat and rice by fusarium sporotrichioides isolates under diverse culture conditions. | toxigenic isolates of fusarium sporotrichioides were tested for the production of type a trichothecenes (t-2 toxin, ht-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol and neosolaniol) when grown on three substrates (maize, rice and wheat) under various conditions of temperature and water activity in the laboratory for 3 weeks. trichothecenes were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, after derivatisation with coumarin-3-carbonyl chloride. this is the first time this analy ... | 2002 | 11843402 |
| tri13 and tri7 determine deoxynivalenol- and nivalenol-producing chemotypes of gibberella zeae. | gibberella zeae, a major cause of cereal scab, can be divided into two chemotypes based on production of the 8-ketotrichothecenes deoxynivalenol (don) and nivalenol (niv). we cloned and sequenced a tri13 homolog from each chemotype. the tri13 from a niv chemotype strain (88-1) is located in the trichothecene gene cluster and carries an open reading frame similar to that of fusarium sporotrichioides, whereas the tri13 from a don chemotype strain (h-11) carries several mutations. to confirm the ro ... | 2002 | 11976083 |
| an oligonucleotide microarray for the identification and differentiation of trichothecene producing and non-producing fusarium species occurring on cereal grain. | cereal grain may be infected with a number of fusarium species some of which are producers of highly toxic compounds such as the trichothecenes. correct identification of these species is essential for risk assessment of cereal grain for human or animal consumption. most of the available methods for identification are either time consuming or aimed at only one or a few target species. microarray technology offers parallel analysis of a high number of dna targets. in this study 57 capture oligonu ... | 2005 | 15823394 |
| pcr detection assays for the trichothecene-producing species fusarium graminearum, fusarium culmorum, fusarium poae, fusarium equiseti and fusarium sporotrichioides. | contamination of small-grain cereals with the fungal species fusarium graminearum, f. culmorum, f. poae, f. sporotrichioides and f. equiseti is an important source of trichothecenes, zearalenone and other mycotoxins which cause serious diseases in human and animals. additionally, these species contribute to fusarium head blight, a disease which produces important losses in cereal yield. early detection and control of these fusarium species is crucial to prevent toxins entering the food chain and ... | 2005 | 16104354 |
| expression of a fungal sesquiterpene cyclase gene in transgenic tobacco. | the complete coding sequence for the trichodiene synthase gene from fusarium sporotrichioides was introduced into tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) under the regulation of the cauliflower mosiac virus 35s promoter. expression of trichodiene synthase was demonstrated in the leaves of transformed plants. leaf homogenates incubated with [(3)h]farnesyl pyrophosphate produced trichodiene as a major product. trichodiene was detected in the leaves of a transformed plant at a level of 5 to 10 nanograms per gr ... | 1991 | 16668409 |
| accumulation of trichothecenes in liquid cultures of a fusarium sporotrichioides mutant lacking a functional trichothecene c-15 hydroxylase. | a mutant strain of fusarium sporotrichioides nrrl 3299 produced by disruption of tri11, a gene encoding a cytochrome p-450 monooxygenase, was shown to be altered in its ability to biosynthesize t-2 toxin. this mutant strain produced four trichothecenes that were not observed in cultures of the parent strain. the compounds were identified as isotrichodermin, 8-hydroxyisotrichodermin, 8-hydroxyisotrichodermol, and 3,4,8-trihydroxytricothecene on the basis of their nuclear magnetic resonance and ma ... | 1997 | 16535589 |
| trichothecene biosynthesis in fusarium sporotrichioides: origin of the oxygen atoms of t-2 toxin. | mass spectral analysis of t-2 toxin formed during the growth of fusarium sporotrichioides (atcc 24043) in the presence of h(2)o showed incorporation of up to three o atoms per toxin molecule. the carbonyl oxygens of the acetates at c-4 and c-15 and of the isovalerate at c-8 were derived from h(2)o. toxin formed in the presence of o molecular oxygen incorporated up to six o atoms per toxin molecule. the overall incorporation was 78 and 92% of toxin molecules labeled for h(2)o and o(2) labeled sam ... | 1986 | 16347010 |
| regulation of trichodiene synthase in fusarium sporotrichioides and gibberella pulicaris (fusarium sambucinum). | the regulation of trichodiene synthase (ts) and its relationship to trichothecene biosynthesis was investigated in fusarium sporotrichioides nrrl 3299 and gibberella pulicaris r-6380. cultures were analyzed for the presence of ts activity, trichothecenes, and immunodetectable ts polypeptide over a time period of 144 h. enzyme activity increased from barely detectable to maximum levels over a period of 3 h for f. sporotrichioides, while in g. pulicaris, a steady increase was observed over 144 h. ... | 1989 | 16347944 |
| structural and mechanistic analysis of trichodiene synthase using site-directed mutagenesis: probing the catalytic function of tyrosine-295 and the asparagine-225/serine-229/glutamate-233-mg2+b motif. | trichodiene synthase from fusarium sporotrichioides contains two metal ion-binding motifs required for the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate: the "aspartate-rich" motif d(100)dxx(d/e) that coordinates to mg2+a and mg2+c, and the "nse/dte" motif n(225)dxxsxxxe that chelates mg2+b (boldface indicates metal ion ligands). here, we report steady-state kinetic parameters, product array analyses, and x-ray crystal structures of trichodiene synthase mutants in which the fungal nse motif is progressive ... | 2008 | 17996718 |
| a microarray for monitoring the production of mycotoxins in food. | a microarray, which covers most of the known relevant mycotoxin biosynthesis genes, has been developed. the microarray carries oligonucleotides of the fumonisin, the aflatoxin, the ochratoxin, the trichothecene (type a and b) and the patulin biosynthesis pathways. for trichothecene producing fusaria the biosynthesis cluster of trichothecene producing fusarium sporotrichioides (type a) and of gibberrella zeae (type b, teleomorph of f. graminearum) have been spotted. the aflatoxin cluster carries ... | 2007 | 17512074 |
| structural and functional characterization of the tri101 trichothecene 3-o-acetyltransferase from fusarium sporotrichioides and fusarium graminearum: kinetic insights to combating fusarium head blight. | fusarium head blight (fhb) is a plant disease with serious economic and health impacts. it is caused by fungal species belonging to the genus fusarium and the mycotoxins they produce. although it has proved difficult to combat this disease, one strategy that has been examined is the introduction of an indigenous fungal protective gene into cereals such as wheat barley and rice. thus far the gene of choice has been tri101 whose gene product catalyzes the transfer of an acetyl group from acetyl co ... | 2008 | 17923480 |
| functional demarcation of the fusarium core trichothecene gene cluster. | many fusarium species produce toxic sesquiterpenoids known as trichothecenes, including deoxynivalenol and nivalenol by fusarium graminearum and t-2 toxin by fusarium sporotrichioides. these toxins are potent inhibitors of protein synthesis and are a significant agricultural problem due to their adverse affect on human, animal, and plant health. previously, 10-12 co-regulated orthologous genes within a 26-kb region were identified in f. graminearum and f. sporotrichioides, respectively. a majori ... | 2004 | 14998528 |
| elicitors of plant defense responses from biocontrol strains of trichoderma viren. | abstract effective biocontrol strains of trichoderma virens can induce the production of defense-related compounds in the roots of cotton. ineffective strains do not induce these compounds to significant levels. this elicittation was found to be heat stable, insoluble in chloroform, passed through a 5k molecular weight cut-off (mwco) filter, but not a 3k mwco filter, and was sensitive to treatment by proteinase k. when the active material was subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide ge ... | 2004 | 18943540 |