| biosynthesis of gibberellins in gibberella fujikuroi. gibberellin a47. | two minor radioactive products in cultures of g. fujikuroi strain acc917 supplemented with labeled gibberellin a4 have been identified as the 2alpha-hydroxy derivative, gibberellin a47, and the hydrate, gibberellin a2. in addition, evidence was obtained by combined gas chromatography--mass spectrometry for the formation of 3-o-acetylgibberellin a1,3-o-acetylgibberellin a3, and gibberellin a20 by the culture. the time course of gibberellin synthesis in defined and complex media, as well as change ... | 1977 | 560901 |
| fungal products. part xvi. conversion of isosteviol and steviol acetate into gibberellin analogues by mutant b1-41a of gibberella fujikuroi and the preparation of (3h)gibberellin a20. | | 1976 | 942958 |
| [adaptive significance of the gibberellin-synthesizing capability of the phytopathogenic fungus gibberella fujikuroi (saw.) wr]. | | 1976 | 1248353 |
| regulation of gibberellin formation by the fungus gibberella fujikuroi. | gibberellins are a classic example of the production of plant growth regulators by microorganisms. they are important biotechnological products and are increasingly used in agriculture and horticulture. the economic importance of these plant hormones has led to an extensive study of the regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis. there have been reports of light, growth rate, inoculum size and carbon and ammonium sources acting as regulators of gibberellic acid biosynthesis. besides light stimulatio ... | 1992 | 1302174 |
| transformation of gibberella fujikuroi: effect of the aspergillus nidulans ama1 sequence on frequency and integration. | a stable and reproducible transformation selection system for gibberella fujikuroi protoplasts based on the aspergillus nidulans arg b gene, encoding ornithine transcarbamylase, has been developed. inclusion into the vector of the a. nidulans dna fragment (ama1), which permits plasmid autonomous replication in a. nidulans, a. niger and a. oryzae, appeared to permit autonomous replication of g. fujikuroi although the transformation frequency was increased by only two-fold. transformation was also ... | 1992 | 1327547 |
| purification of ent-kaurene oxidase from gibberella fujikuroi and cucurbita maxima. | | 1992 | 1397591 |
| heritability of fumonisin b1 production in gibberella fujikuroi mating population a. | fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by strains belonging to several different mating populations of gibberella fujikuroi (anamorphs, fusarium section liseola), a major pathogen of maize and sorghum worldwide. we studied the heritability of fumonisin production in mating population a by crossing fumonisin-producing strains collected from maize and sorghum in the united states with fumonisin-nonproducing strains collected from maize in nepal. random ascospore and tetrad progeny from three of these ... | 1992 | 1444389 |
| obtaining mutants for protoplast fusion of gibberellin-forming gibberella fujikuroi strains. | auxotrophic, drug-resistant, nitrate-nonutilizing, and albino mutants have been isolated in gibberella fujikuroi following uv mutagenesis. protoplasts of complementing auxotrophic strains, mutants with resistance markers, or mutants blocked in different steps of the nitrate assimilatory pathway have been fused to form heterokaryons, diploids, or recombinant haploids. the properties of fusant strains, including gibberellic acid productivity, have been examined and compared to parent strains. | 1992 | 1510469 |
| fumonisin b1 production and vegetative compatibility of strains from gibberella fujikuroi mating population 'a' (fusarium moniliforme). | we examined 25 strains of fusarium moniliforme from eight states known to be associated with equine leukoencephalomalacia, a disease caused by the mycotoxin fumonisin b1. we determined the mating population, mating type, and vegetative compatibility group to which each of these strains belonged. all 25 strains were in the 'a' mating population; 12 were a+ and 13 were a-. seventeen of the 25 strains were female fertile; these strains also averaged higher levels of fumonisin b1 production than did ... | 1992 | 1513373 |
| mycoflora associated with five species of freshwater leeches. | twenty-two species belonging to 11 genera of zoosporic fungi were collected from 10 freshwater sites and from five species of leeches on sesame and hemp seeds, maize grains and pinus pollen grains as baits at 22 degrees c. dictyuchus, achlya, pythium, allomyces and saprolegnia were the most common genera. the highest population of zoosporic fungi was estimated from batracobdelloides tricarinata, the lowest from barbronia assiuti. in addition fifty-three species and 1 variety representing 23 terr ... | 1991 | 1818104 |
| fate of dna encoding hygromycin resistance after meiosis in transformed strains of gibberella fujikuroi (fusarium moniliforme). | stability of foreign dna transformed into a novel host is an important parameter in decisions to permit the release of genetically engineered microorganisms into the environment. meiotic instability of transformed dna has been reported in fungi such as ascobolus, aspergillus, and neurospora. we used strains of gibberella fujikuroi (fusarium moniliforme) transformed with the hygr gene from escherichia coli to study meiotic stability of foreign dna in this plant pathogenic fungus. crosses with sin ... | 1991 | 1854200 |
| transformation of the filamentous fungus gibberella fujikuroi using the aspergillus niger niad gene encoding nitrate reductase. | a transformation system for gibberella fujikuroi based on the aspergillus niger nitrate reductase gene (niad) was developed. a strain (designated sg140) carrying a non-reverting niad mutation (niad11) was generated by screening mutagenised cells for non-growth on nitrate as sole nitrogen source. transformation frequencies of 1-2 transformants per microgram dna were observed when strain sg140 was transformed to nitrate utilisation. southern blot analyses of niad+ transformants showed that the vec ... | 1991 | 2005864 |
| size-dependent regeneration of gibberella protoplasts. | regeneration ratios of protoplasts formed from the plant pathogenic gibberella fujikuroi with a mixture of lytic enzymes were studied. the heterogeneous population of protoplasts was separated into groups differing in regeneration ratio. the frequency of regeneration was higher for large protoplasts containing an increased number of nuclei. | 1990 | 2099084 |
| characterization of ent-kaurene oxidase activity from gibberella fujikuroi. | cell extracts of wild-type and mutant strains of gibberella fujikuroi were assayed for kaurene oxidase activity, using ent-[3h]kaurene as the substrate. extracts from strain sg78 exhibited the highest specific activity, and were used in subsequent experiments. the microsomal enzyme activity was solubilized with buffers or salt solutions at a concentration of 400 mm. both the soluble and microsomal preparations showed characteristic cytochrome p-450 spectra, ligand binding spectra with the substr ... | 1990 | 2223832 |
| fusarium moniliforme sheld. a fungus producing a broad spectrum of bioactive metabolites. | fusarium moniliforme sheldon (perfect stage gibberella fujikuroi (saw. wollenweber), an ubiquitous fungus belonging to the section liseola (booth), is one of the widespread, phytopathogenic fungi. this field fungus common on many crops, including rice, oats, wheat, maize, barley and soybeans was well known because of the ability to produce gibberellins in high quantities. today beside of the very important gibberellic acid (ga3) other gibberellins such as ga4 and ga7 are of significance for agri ... | 1989 | 2652945 |
| evidence for similarities and differences in the biosynthesis of fungal sterols. | the sterol composition of two ascomycetous fungi, saccharomyces cerevisiae and gibberella fujikuroi, was examined by chromatographic (tlc, glc, and hplc) and spectral (ms and 1h-nmr) methods. of notable importance was that both fungi produced cholesterol and a homologous series of long chain fatty alcohols (c22 to c30). in addition to ergosterol two novel sterols, ergosta-5,7, 9(11), 22-tetraenol and ergosterol endoperoxide, were isolated as minor compounds in growth-arrested cultures of yeast a ... | 1989 | 2678609 |
| metabolism of 24(r,s),25-epiminolanosterol to 25-aminolanosterol and lanosterol by gibberella fujikuroi. | mycelia of gibberella fujikuroi metabolized 2-tritio-24(r,s), 25-epiminolanosterol, a novel fungal sterol biosynthesis inhibitor that regulates delta 24-sterol methyltransferase, to 25-aminolanosterol (a new sterol) and lanosterol. the identities of the two sterols were established by cochromatography with authentic samples, mass spectroscopy, and isotopic dilution and recrystallization to constant specific activity. the newly biosynthesized tritiolanosterol was demonstrably introduced into the ... | 1989 | 2751307 |
| control of fungal sterol c-24 transalkylation: importance to developmental regulation. | when cultures of gibberella fujikuroi are incubated with 24-epiiminolanosterol the introduction of a methyl group into sterol side chains at c-24 is blocked inducing a mycelial accumulation of lanosterol and 24-desalkylsterols, i.e., having the cholestane side chain. the altered sterol composition lead to aberrant mycelial membranes resulting in growth inhibition. a compensatory physiological response to the ensuing hyphal death was induction of asexual sporulation. the results are interpreted t ... | 1986 | 3767970 |
| physiological requirement for biosynthesis of multiple 24 beta-methyl sterols in gibberella fujikuroi. | studies with gibberella fujikuroi have been designed to examine the relationship between the biosynthesis and function of fungal sterols. evidence was obtained through appropriate feeding and trapping experiments for the existence of multiple end products which are produced by separate routes in the later stages of sterol biosynthesis. the three end products, ergosterol (24 beta-methylcholesta-5,7,22e-trien-3 beta-ol), brassicasterol (24 beta-methylcholesta-5,22e-dien-3 beta-ol), and 22(23)-dihy ... | 1986 | 3947059 |
| gibberella fujikuroi mutants obtained with uv radiation and n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine. | n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine (nitrosoguanidine) and to a lesser extent uv radiation are very mutagenic for gibberella microconidia. the recommended nitrosoguanidine doses lead to much higher frequencies of mutants than are found in other microorganisms. the frequency of mutants among the survivors increases linearly with the nitrosoguanidine dose (molar concentration x time); the absolute number of viable mutants in a given population reaches a maximum for a dose of ca. 0.7 m x s. the mi ... | 1985 | 3977309 |
| improved methods for preparing pure gibberellins from cultures of gibberella fujikuroi. isolation by adsorption or partition chromatography on silicic acid and by partition chromatography on sephadex columns. | | 1971 | 4322743 |
| phosphate transfer from trans-farnesyl triphosphate to amp in gibberella fujikuroi. | | 1974 | 4423368 |
| fusarium moniliforme sheld. in israel (gibberella fujikuroi (saw.) wollenw.). | | 1973 | 4732984 |
| biosynthesis of gibberellins in gibberella fujikuroi. gibberellin a16. | | 1973 | 4766136 |
| biosynthesis of trans-farnesyl triphosphate in gibberella fujikuroi. | | 1973 | 4795388 |
| fungal products. ix. gibberellins a16, a36, a37, a41, and a42 from gibberella fujikuroi. | | 1973 | 4799463 |
| bikaverin and norbikaverin, benzoxanthentrione pigments of gibberella fujikuroi. | | 1971 | 5168485 |
| zearalenone production by fusarium species. | one-hundred-and-thirteen isolates of fusarium were tested for their ability to produce zearalenone on autoclaved corn. they belonged to the following species (number of producers per number tested): f. epispheria, (0/1); f. moniliforme, (0/8); gibberella fujikuroi, (0/3); f. nivale, (0/7); f. oxysporum, (0/15); f. roseum, (31/51); f. solani, (0/9); f. tricinctum (3/19). the isolates of individual species produced the following amounts of zearalenone per gram of corn: 3 isolates of f. roseum (0.6 ... | 1970 | 5456939 |
| new metabolites of gibberella fujikuroi. xiv. o-demethyl-anhydrofusarubin. | | 1970 | 5463000 |
| new metabolites of gibberella fujikuroi. xv. n-jasmonoyl- and n-dihydrojasmonoyl-isoleucine. | | 1970 | 5465381 |
| accumulation of dehydrofusaric acid and its conversion to fusaric and 10-hydroxyfusaric acids in cultures of gibberella fujikuroi. | | 1970 | 5525016 |
| biosynthesis of gibberellins in gibberella fujikuroi. the sequence after gibberellin a4. | | 1971 | 5545256 |
| cyclonerodiol, a sesquiterpene metabolite of gibberella fujikuroi. | | 1971 | 5562045 |
| microbiological aspects in the hydroxylation of estrogens by fusarium moniliforme. | a strain of fusarium moniliforme (ih4), isolated from soil, showed outstanding enzymatic abilities to hydroxylate a number of estrogens. estrone and estradiol were transformed into the 15alpha-hydroxy derivatives, and estradiol 3-methyl ether was transformed into the corresponding 6beta-hydroxy derivative. delta(6)-estrone was not hydroxylated. the accumulation of 15alpha-hydroxyestrone was influenced by the nutritional conditions of the fungus. maximal yield was obtained when the organism grew ... | 1965 | 5866044 |
| heterokaryosis in fusarium fujikuroi (saw.) wr. | | 1966 | 5933025 |
| aspects of diterpenoid and gibberellin biosynthesis in gibberella fujikuroi. | | 1983 | 6642062 |
| transformation of (+/-) flavanone by gibberella fujikuroi. | | 1981 | 7309085 |
| [studies on fused recombination of gibberella fujikuroi--gibberellin-producing strain]. | a pair of nutrient complementary auxotrophic mutants were used as fusion parents. their protoplasts were prepared enzymatically and peg4000 was used as fusion agent. the prototrophic recombinants were selected directly on the minimal regeneration medium. the recombination frequency was about 10(-7). some unstable heterocaryons were occurred and the frequency was about 10(-5)-10(-6). mutation of pigment, hyphae morphology and gibberellin production were induced through the fused recombination. th ... | 1995 | 7483583 |
| genetic variability in gibberella fujikuroi and some related species of the genus fusarium based on random amplification of polymorphic dna (rapd). | one of the most important rice pathogens is fusarium moniliforme (perfect stage: gibberella fujikuroi), the causal agent of the super-elongation ("bakanae") disease. thirty-seven strains of this species from different geographical regions were analyzed for their ability to produce gibberellins (ga) and for genetic relatedness by random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd). all ga-producing isolates showed nearly identical rapd patterns using 51 oligonucleotide nona- and deca-mers as arbitrary primer ... | 1995 | 7553937 |
| effects of feeding fusarium fujikuroi culture material, containing known levels of moniliformin, in young broiler chicks. | an experiment was conducted with 270 male broiler chicks to evaluate the effects of a fusarium fujikuroi m-1214 culture material containing moniliformin (m) on broiler chicks. day-old chicks were allotted randomly to dietary treatments containing 0, .24, .48, .72, .96, 1.44, 1.92, 2.40, and 2.88% m culture material (mcm). these levels of mcm supplied 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, or 300 mg m/kg of feed. each dietary treatment was fed to six pen replicates of five chicks per pen for 21 d. si ... | 1995 | 7724452 |
| the microbiological transformation of two ent-16 beta,17-epoxykaurane derivatives by gibberella fujikuroi. | the biotransformation of ent-16beta-17-epoxy-7 alpha-hydroxykaurane by gibberella fujikuroi affords ent-7 alpha,11 alpha,16 beta,17-tetrahydroxykaurane and ent-7 alpha, 9 alpha, 16 beta, 17-tetrahydroxykaurane. these results indicated that the presence of the 16 alpha, 17-diol group, into which the 16 alpha, 17-epoxy is transformed in the medium, inhibits oxidation at c-19 and favours hydroxylation at c-11(beta). incubation of ent-16 beta, 17-epoxykauran-19-oic acid, via the 16 alpha, 17-diol, g ... | 1994 | 7765685 |
| secondary metabolite production in filamentous fungi displayed. | we report the potential of differential display technology for the isolation of genes of biotechnological interest. we have assessed the usefulness of the technique for the cloning of genes involved in the production of secondary metabolites, many of which are of industrial use or interest. we have used the complex pathway for the biosynthesis of gibberellins, as well as bikaverin and carotenoids, present in the filamentous fungus gibberella fujikuroi as a test system. from a total display of ap ... | 1995 | 7770038 |
| gibberellin biosynthesis in gib mutants of gibberella fujikuroi. | the ascomycete gibberella fujikuroi synthesizes gibberellins, fujenal, carotenoids, and other terpenoids. twelve gib mutants, isolated through the modified gibberellin fluorescence of their culture media, were subjected to chemical and biochemical analyses. two mutants were specifically defective in the hydroxylation of carbon 13; their total gibberellin production was normal, but their main gibberellin was ga7 instead of ga3. four mutants were blocked in the early reactions between geranylgeran ... | 1995 | 7797477 |
| genetics and gibberellin production in gibberella fujikuroi. | gibberella fujikuroi (fusarium moniliforme) is a complex group of plant pathogens. some strains produce gibberellic acid and other gibberellins that promote growth and regulate various stages in plant development. the paper describes the research effort directed to development of genetic tools for this species. furthermore the main features of the gibberellin biosynthetic pathway as established in gibberella are described. | 1994 | 7847889 |
| genetic analysis of fumonisin production and virulence of gibberella fujikuroi mating population a (fusarium moniliforme) on maize (zea mays) seedlings. | the phytopathogenic fungus gibberella fujikuroi mating population a (anamorph, fusarium moniliforme) produces fumonisins, which are toxic to a wide range of plant and animal species. previous studies of field strains have identified a genetic locus, designated fum1, that can determine whether fumonisins are produced. to test the relationship between fumonisin production and virulence on maize seedlings, a cross between a fum1+ field strain that had a high degree of virulence and a fum1- field st ... | 1995 | 7887628 |
| restriction enzyme fragment patterns of mtdna from a galactose oxidase-producing mold. | 1. mitochondrial dnas from dactylium dendroides, hypomyces rosellus, fusarium graminearum, gibberella fujikuroi, fusarium tricinctum strains and a galactose oxidase (gao)-producing mold (original strain) presented distinctive restriction enzyme fragment patterns with the endonucleases hind iii and ecori. 2. a small number of comigrating bands was found when the gao-producing mold was compared with the others. the molecular size of mtdna from the gao-producing mold, as judged by summation of frag ... | 1993 | 7906173 |
| fumonisin production and other traits of fusarium moniliforme strains from maize in northeast mexico. | strains of fusarium moniliforme from maize seed collected in four fields in northeast mexico were tested for fumonisin production in culture, for sexual compatibility, and for vegetative compatibility by using non-nitrate-utilizing mutants. the test results indicate that a diverse population of fumonisin-producing strains of f. moniliforme (gibberella fujikuroi) mating population a predominates and that a potential exists for production of fumonisins in mexican maize. | 1994 | 8017951 |
| the genetics of chemical diversity. | the plethora of natural organic chemicals contrasts with the relative scarcity of genes and the apparent difficulty to evolve new ones. the genetical analysis of metabolism may be reviewed with this paradox in mind. the terpenoids constitute a particularly varied group of natural compounds; many of them are dispensable to the cell and their biosynthesis is amenable to mutational analysis and other genetical and chemical methods. the production of carotene and gibberellins by the fungi phycomyces ... | 1994 | 8080627 |
| enzymic hydrolysis of raffinose and stachyose in soymilk by alpha-galactosidase from gibberella fujikuroi. | the use of intracellular alpha-galactosidase from gibberella fujikuroi to remove raffinose and stachyose in soymilk was studied. the optimum conditions for the enzymic hydrolysis of raffinose and stachyose was ph 5.5 to 6.0 at 55 degrees c. alpha-galactosidase showed optimum activity at ph 5.0 and 50 degrees c with the substrate p-nitrophenyl-alpha-d-galacto-pyranoside (pngp). the enzyme showed no detectable loss of activity when held more than 8 hr at 50 degrees c. thin layer chromatography (tl ... | 1995 | 8528153 |
| diversified shunt to the production of different proportions of secondary metabolites (polyketides and terpenes) induced by varying immobilization constraints on gibberella fujikuroi. | | 1996 | 8659925 |
| characterization of the aspergillus parasiticus niad and niia gene cluster. | the nitrate reductase gene (niad) and nitrite reductase gene (niia) of aspergillus parasiticus are clustered and are divergently transcribed from a 1.6-kb intergenic region (niad-niia). the deduced aminoacid sequence of the a. parasiticus nitrate reductase demonstrated a high degree of homology to those of other aspergillus species, as well as to leptosphaeria maculans, fusarium oxysporum, gibberella fujikuroi and neurospora crassa, particularly in the cofactor-binding domains for molybdenum, he ... | 1996 | 8662212 |
| a genetic map of gibberella fujikuroi mating population a (fusarium moniliforme). | we constructed a recombination-based map of the fungal plant pathogen gibberella fujikuroi mating population a (asexual stage fusarium moniliforme). the map is based on the segregation of 142 restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) markers, two auxotrophic genes (arg1, nic1), mating type (mata+/mata-), female sterility (ste1), spore-killer (sk), and a gene governing the production of the mycotoxin fumonisin b1 (fum1) among 121 random ascospore progeny from a single cross. we identified 1 ... | 1996 | 8722773 |
| the isoprenoid pathway: cloning and characterization of fungal fpps genes. | farnesylpyrophosphate synthase (fpps) is a key enzyme in isoprenoid biosynthesis. several classes of essential metabolites, including sterols, quinones, carotenoids and gibberellins, are terpenoids with high biological activity. the structural gene for fpp synthase was isolated from two ascomycete fungi, neurospora crassa and gibberella fujikuroi. a comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences of both fpps genes revealed the presence of introns at the same positions at the 5' end of the codi ... | 1996 | 8753652 |
| separate compartments for the production of sterols, carotenoids and gibberellins in gibberella fujikuroi. | substrate flows in the sterol, carotenoid and gibberellin pathways of gibberella fujikuroi were examined by isotope-dilution experiments. the wild type and two carotenoid mutants of this fungus were grown in minimal medium with abundant glucose, limiting ammonium nitrate and a radioactively labelled precursor (either acetate, mevalonate or leucine). the precursors did not affect growth or terpenoid production, with two exceptions; leucine allowed additional growth, as expected from the nitrogen ... | 1996 | 8774718 |
| linkage among genes responsible for fumonisin biosynthesis in gibberella fujikuroi mating population a. | most naturally occurring strains of the fungus gibberella fujikuroi mating population a produce high levels of the mycotoxin fumonisin b1 (fb1), which is oxygenated at both carbons c-5 and c-10. some strains, however, produce only fb2 or fb3, suggesting that they lack the ability to hydroxylate position c-10 or c-5, respectively. genetic analysis indicates that these different phenotypes are due to single gene defects at closely linked loci designated fum2 and fum3. further allellism tests indic ... | 1996 | 8779596 |
| biosynthesis of [14c]geranylgeranyldiphosphate by a prenyl transferase system from a mutant strain of gibberella fujikuroi. | [14c]geranylgeranyldiphosphate was produced by a prenyl transferase system extracted from the mutant strain sg4 of gibberella fujikuroi (wild-type strain imi 58289), which is blocked in carotenoid biosynthesis. the fungus was grown in liquid medium containing only potato-dextrose broth. crude extracts of 12- to 14-day-old mycelia in tris buffer, ph 8.5, were centrifuged at 100,000g. the supernatant was desalted and used to produce [4,8,12,16-14c]geranylgeranyldiphosphate from r,s-[2-14c]mevaloni ... | 1996 | 8811910 |
| introductory biology of fusarium moniliforme. | fusarium moniliforme is a name that has been applied to any of six biological species (or mating populations) that share the teleomorph (sexual stage) gibberella fujikuroi. two of these six biological species, termed "a" and "d", are known to produce fumonisin mycotoxins. strains from the "a" biological species grow as endophytes on maize and often comprise 90+% of the fusarium isolates recovered from healthy maize seed. it is possible to distinguish all six biological species using sexual ferti ... | 1996 | 8850614 |
| genetic and biochemical aspects of fumonisin production. | fumonisin mycotoxins are produced by gibberella fujikuroi (fusarium moniliforme) mating population a, a major pathogen of maize and sorghum worldwide. fumonisin biosynthetic genes are being identified by genetic crosses utilizing naturally occurring fumonisin production variants. meiotic analysis has identified three putative fumonisin biosynthetic loci. fum1, which can control the ability to produce fumonisins, is being localized by marker-based mapping. fum2 and fum3, which control hydroxylati ... | 1996 | 8850615 |
| the gibberella fujikuroi niad gene encoding nitrate reductase: isolation, sequence, homologous transformation and electrophoretic karyotype location. | the gibberella fujikuroi niad gene, encoding nitrate reductase, has been isolated and used to develop an efficient homologous transformation system. a cosmid vector designated pgfniad was generated based on niad selection and shown to give comparable transformation efficiencies. using pgfniad, a genomic library was prepared and used for genetic transformations, giving frequencies of up to 200 transformants per microgram dna. of 15 transformants analysed by southern blots, six showed homologous i ... | 1996 | 8868428 |
| subtractive hybridization between cdnas from untreated and amo-1618-treated cultures of gibberella fujikuroi. | the gibberellin (ga) biosynthetic pathway includes four apparent cytochrome p450-mediated steps that convert kaurene to 7 alpha-hydroxykaurenoic acid. one of these reactions, the hydroxylation of kaurenoic acid to 7 alpha-hydroxykaurenoic acid, is mediated by kaurenoic acid hydroxylase. this reaction can be catalyzed in vitro by microsomal preparations from the fungus gibberella fujikuroi (saw.) wr. and monitored by hplc. cultures grown in the presence of 84 microm amo-1618 (an inhibitor of kaur ... | 1996 | 8888622 |
| female fertility and mating type effects on effective population size and evolution in filamentous fungi. | the idealized individual in many fungal species is a haploid self-sterile hermaphrodite that may be propagated by asexually produced spores or that may reproduce sexually. in field populations, polymorphism occurs for female-sterile/hermaphrodite status, and female-sterile mutants, which function only as males during sexual reproduction, may comprise > 50% of the population. the effective population number may be based on the number of strains of different mating type or the relative frequency o ... | 1996 | 8889520 |
| production of fusaric acid by fusarium species. | fusaric acid is a mycotoxin with low to moderate toxicity, which is of concern since it might be synergistic with other cooccurring mycotoxins. fusaric acid is widespread on corn and corn-based food and feeds and is frequently found in grain, where fusarium spp. are also isolated. we surveyed 78 strains of fusarium moniliforme, f. crookwellense, f. subglutinans, f. sambucinum, f. napiforme, f. heterosporum, f. oxysporum, f. solani, and f. proliferatum for their ability to produce fusaric acid. s ... | 1996 | 8899996 |
| duckling toxicity and the production of fumonisin and moniliformin by isolates in the a and e mating populations of gibberella fujikuroi (fusarium moniliforme). | two biological species of gibberella fujikuroi (a and f mating populations) share the fusarium moniliforme anamorph. twenty strains of each of these biological species were tested for the ability to produce fumonisins b1, b2, and b3 and moniliformin and for toxicity to 1-day-old ducklings. most of the members of the a mating population (19 of 20 strains) produced more than 60 micrograms of total fumonisins per g, whereas only 3 of 20 members of the f mating population produced more than trace le ... | 1996 | 8919779 |
| 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa reductase gene of gibberella fujikuroi: isolation and characterization. | 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coa reductase (hmgr) is the first specific enzyme of the isoprenoid pathway, which leads to several classes of primary and secondary metabolites such as sterols, quinones, carotenoids and gibberellins. the structural gene of hmg-coa reductase was isolated from the ascomycetous fungus gibberella fujikuroi. additionally, the most conserved region of this gene was also isolated from another plant pathogenic fungus, sphaceloma manihoticola. both ascomycetous fungi use the ... | 1997 | 9000379 |
| two divergent intragenomic rdna its2 types within a monophyletic lineage of the fungus fusarium are nonorthologous. | the evolutionary history of the phytopathogenic gibberella fujikuroi complex of fusarium and related species was investigated by cladistic analysis of dna sequences obtained from multiple unlinked loci. gene phylogenies inferred from the mitochondrial small subunit (mtssu) rdna, nuclear 28s rdna, and beta-tubulin gene were generally concordant, providing strong support for a fully resolved phylogeny of all biological and most morphological species. discordance of the nuclear rdna internal transc ... | 1997 | 9007025 |
| the fungus gibberella fujikuroi produces copper/topaquinone-containing amine oxidase when induced by n-butylamine. | crude extract of gibberella fujikuroi aku 3802 mycelium induced with n-butylamine showed a single amine oxidase activity band in a non-denaturing gel that cross-reacted with the antibody against copper/topaquinone-containing amine oxidase from aspergillus niger. the enzyme was purified by a procedure involving four chromatographic steps. purified enzyme was pink with an absorption maximum at 490 nm. molecular mass of 135 kda estimated by gel chromatography and 70 kda found by sds-page confirmed ... | 1997 | 9043630 |
| individual and combined effects of moniliformin present in fusarium fujikuroi culture material and aflatoxin in broiler chicks. | the individual and combined effects of feeding diets containing 100 mg moniliformin (m) and 3.5 mg aflatoxins (af)/kg of diet were evaluated in male broiler chicks from day of hatch to 3 wk of age. when compared with controls, bw gains were reduced 29% by m, 13% by af, and 33% by the m and af combination. the efficiency of feed utilization was adversely affected by m independent of af. feeding m resulted in decreased relative weights of the bursa of fabricius and increased relative weights of th ... | 1997 | 9057205 |
| a sudden death syndrome induced in poults and chicks fed diets containing fusarium fujikuroi with known concentrations of moniliformin. | a sudden death syndrome was induced in chicks and poults fed diets containing fusarium fujikuroi, formulated to contain 0-330 mg/kg moniliformin (m) with or without the maximum recommended therapeutic concentration of monensin. lesions of monensin toxicosis were not observed. clinical signs were referable to cardiac dysfunction (sudden death, dyspnea, cyanosis, depression). poults and chicks dying early in the study had no gross lesions or had lesions of right ventricular dilation. treated poult ... | 1997 | 9087317 |
| the individual and combined effects of the fusarium mycotoxins moniliformin and fumonisin b1 in turkeys. | fumonisin b1 (fb1) and moniliformin (m) were supplied by fusarium moniliforme m-1325 and fusarium fujikuroi m-1214 culture material, respectively. turkeys were fed a control ration, or rations containing 200 mg fb1/kg, 100 mg m/kg, or a combination of both 200 mg fb1/kg and 100 mg m/kg feed from 1 to 21 days of age. these rations contained 0, 3.8, 1.0, and 4.8% culture material, respectively. in comparison to controls, turkeys fed fb1 had increased relative liver weights. both aspartate aminotra ... | 1997 | 9201392 |
| the geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase gene of gibberella fujikuroi: isolation and expression. | the rice pathogen, gibberella fujikuroi, produces large amounts of gibberellins, a group of natural plant hormones, which induce the superelongation (bakanae) disease of rice. gibberellins are diterpenoid compounds which are synthesized via the isoprenoid pathway. here we report the isolation and molecular characterization of the geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (ggs) gene from g. fujikuroi. geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase is a key enzyme in isoprenoid biosynthesis. southern blot analysis ... | 1997 | 9230902 |
| inhibition of gibberellin biosynthesis by nitrate in gibberella fujikuroi. | gibberellin production in gibberella fujikuroi starts upon exhaustion of the nitrogen source. to determine the role of nitrate and ammonium in the regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis we have isolated mutants that cannot use nitrate as a nitrogen source. nitrate inhibited partially the production of gibberellins in mutants devoid of nitrate reductase activity. the inhibition occurred whether nitrate was added before or after the onset of gibberellin production. addition of tungstate to the wil ... | 1997 | 9287112 |
| moniliformin from fusarium fujikuroi culture material and deoxynivalenol from naturally contaminated wheat incorporated into diets of broiler chicks. | the effects of feeding diets containing 100 mg moniliformin (m)/kg of feed from culture material and 16 mg deoxynivalenol (don)/kg of feed from naturally contaminated wheat were evaluated in growing broiler chicks from 1 day to 21 days of age. body weight (bw), body-weight gain, and feed consumption were decreased by feeding m and m plus don diets. relative heart weight was increased by the m diet, whereas relative weights of proventriculus, gizzard, and heart were increased by the m plus don di ... | 1997 | 9454932 |
| unexpected homology between inducible cell wall protein qid74 of filamentous fungi and br3 salivary protein of the insect chironomus. | a gene, qid74, of mycoparasitic filamentous fungus trichoderma harzianum and its allies encodes a cell wall protein that is induced by replacing glucose in the culture medium with chitin (simulated mycoparasitism conditions). because no trace of this gene can be detected in related species such as gibberella fujikuroi and saccharomyces cerevisiae, the qid74 gene appears to have arisen de novo within the genus trichoderma. qid74 protein, 687 residues long, is now seen as highly conserved tandem r ... | 1998 | 9600944 |
| subacute and reproductive effects in mink from exposure to fusarium fujikuroi culture material (m-1214) containing known concentrations of moniliformin. | this study was conducted to ascertain the subacute and reproductive effects in mink (mustela vison) resulting from exposure to moniliformin, a toxic mycotoxin produced by fusarium fungi. in a preliminary trial, adult mink were presented diets that contained targeted concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, or 240 ppm moniliformin provided by f. fujikuroi culture material (m-1214). the mink fed diets that contained more than 40 ppm moniliformin refused to eat significant quantities of feed. feeding ... | 1998 | 9732485 |
| gibberellin biosynthesis in gibberella fujikuroi: cloning and characterization of the copalyl diphosphate synthase gene. | the gene coding for copalyl diphosphate synthase (cps), which represents the first gene of the gibberellin pathway, was isolated from the rice pathogen gibberella fujikuroi. this fungus is used commercially for the production of gibberellic acid and related gibberellins. cps is a terpene cyclase which catalyzes the first specific step of the gibberellin (ga) pathway as it branches off from the general isoprenoid (biosynthetic) pathway at geranylgeranyl disphosphate (ggdp). a cdna fragment of the ... | 1998 | 9745028 |
| occurrence of fusaproliferin and beauvericin in fusarium-contaminated livestock feed in iowa. | fusarium fungal contaminants and related mycotoxins were investigated in eight maize feed samples submitted to the iowa state university veterinary diagnostic laboratory. fusarium moniliforme, f. proliferatum, and f. subglutinans were isolated from seven, eight, and five samples, respectively. these strains belonged to mating populations a, d, and e of the teleomorph gibberella fujikuroi. fusaproliferin was detected at concentrations of 0.1 to 30 microg/g in four samples, and beauvericin was det ... | 1998 | 9758820 |
| incidence of fusarium spp. and levels of fumonisin b1 in maize in western kenya. | maize kernel samples were collected in 1996 from smallholder farm storages in the districts of bomet, bungoma, kakamega, kericho, kisii, nandi, siaya, trans nzoia, and vihiga in the tropical highlands of western kenya. two-thirds of the samples were good-quality maize, and one-third were poor-quality maize with a high incidence of visibly diseased kernels. one hundred fifty-three maize samples were assessed for fusarium infection by culturing kernels on a selective medium. the isolates obtained ... | 1999 | 9872757 |
| gibberellin biosynthetic pathway in gibberella fujikuroi: evidence for a gene cluster. | differential screening of a gibberella fujikuroi cdna library was used to successfully clone and identify genes involved in the pathway of gibberellin biosynthesis. several cdna clones that hybridized preferentially to a cdna probe prepared from mycelium induced for gibberellin production were isolated and characterized. the deduced amino acid sequences of two (identical) clones contained the conserved heme-binding motif of cytochrome p450 monooxygenases (fxxgxxxcxg). one of these cdna fragments ... | 1998 | 9917370 |
| toxic effects to mink of moniliformin extracted from fusarium fujikuroi culture material. | acute and subacute effects of i.p. exposure to moniliformin in mink (mustela vison) were investigated. moniliformin was extracted from fusarium fujikuroi culture material containing 9,174 ppm moniliformin. an acute ld50 between 2.2 and 2.8 mg moniliformin/kg bw was determined for 9-mo-old female mink. subacute exposure to 1.5 to 3.2 mg total moniliformin/kg bw resulted in dilated (right side) hearts rounded in appearance. statistical differences observed in serum chloride and albumin, amylase ac ... | 1999 | 9949474 |
| fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini represents a distinct mating population in the gibberella fujikuroi species complex | fusarium strains in the gibberella fujikuroi species complex cause diseases on a variety of economically important plants. one of these diseases, pitch canker of pinus spp., is caused by strains identified as fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini. fertile crosses were detected between f. subglutinans f. sp. pini strains from south africa, california, and florida. f. subglutinans f. sp. pini strains were not cross-fertile with the standard tester strains of six of the seven other mating populations o ... | 1999 | 10049883 |
| isolation, characterization and disruption of the area nitrogen regulatory gene of gibberella fujikuroi. | the gene area-gf, a homologue of the major nitrogen regulatory genes nit-2, area, nre and nut1 of neurospora crassa, aspergillus nidulans, penicillium chrysogenum and magnaporthe grisea, respectively, was cloned from the gibberellin (ga)-producing rice pathogen gibberella fujikuroi. area-gf encodes a protein of 972 amino acid residues which contains a single putative zinc finger dna-binding domain that is at least 98% identical to the zinc finger domains of the homologous fungal proteins. the ar ... | 1999 | 10071216 |
| deletions in the gibberellin biosynthesis gene cluster of gibberella fujikuroi by restriction enzyme-mediated integration and conventional transformation-mediated mutagenesis. | we induced mutants of gibberella fujikuroi deficient in gibberellin (ga) biosynthesis by transformation-mediated mutagenesis with the vector pan7-1. we recovered 24 ga-defective mutants in one of nine transformation experiments performed without the addition of a restriction enzyme. each mutant had a similar southern blot pattern, suggesting the integration of the vector into the same site. the addition of a restriction enzyme by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (remi) significantly incre ... | 1999 | 10347043 |
| a polyketide synthase gene required for biosynthesis of fumonisin mycotoxins in gibberella fujikuroi mating population a. | fumonisins are toxins associated with several mycotoxicoses and are produced by the maize pathogen gibberella fujikuroi mating population a (mp-a). biochemical analyses indicate that fumonisins are a product of either polyketide or fatty acid biosynthesis. to isolate a putative polyketide synthase (pks) gene involved in fumonisin biosynthesis, we employed pcr with degenerate pks primers and a cdna template prepared from a fumonisin-producing culture of g. fujikuroi. sequence analysis of the sing ... | 1999 | 10413619 |
| differentiation of fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini by histone gene sequence data. | fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini (= f. circinatum) is a pathogen of pine and is one of eight mating populations (i.e., biological species) in the gibberella fujikuroi species complex. this species complex includes f. thapsinum, f. moniliforme (= f. verticillioides), f. nygamai, and f. proliferatum, as well as f. subglutinans associated with sugarcane, maize, mango, and pineapple. differentiating these forms of f. subglutinans usually requires pathogenicity tests, which are often time-consuming ... | 1999 | 10427026 |
| nitrogen repression of fumonisin b1 biosynthesis in gibberella fujikuroi. | fumonisins are a group of structurally related mycotoxins produced by gibberella fujikuroi. the fungus produced fumonisin b1 (fb1) as early as 18 hour in a defined medium containing 1.25 mm or 2.5 mm ammonium phosphate, whereas fumonisin b1 production was repressed for 75 hour and 125 hour when mycelia were resuspended in media containing ammonium phosphate at 10 mm or 20 mm, respectively. although total fumonisin b1 production was greater in resuspension cultures grown in higher concentrations ... | 1999 | 10436928 |
| the individual and combined effects of feeding moniliformin, supplied by fusarium fujikuroi culture material, and deoxynivalenol in young turkey poults. | the effects of feeding diets containing either 20 mg deoxynivalenol (don)/kg, 100 mg moniliformin (m)/kg, or a combination of don and m (20 mg/kg don and 100 mg m/kg) were evaluated in growing turkey poults, from 1 to 21 d of age. feed intake and bw gains were decreased (p < 0.05) by dietary treatments containing m. feed conversion was not affected by any of the dietary treatments, and no interactive effects on performance were evident between m and don. absolute weights of hearts and kidneys we ... | 1999 | 10472836 |
| molecular standardization of mating type terminology in the gibberella fujikuroi species complex. | mating type in the gibberella fujikuroi species complex is controlled by a single locus with two alleles and is usually identified following sexual crosses with standard, female-fertile tester isolates. the mating type alleles have been arbitrarily designated "+" and "-" within each biological species, and the nomenclature is tied to the standard tester strains. we developed a pair of pcr primers that can be used to amplify a unique fragment of one of the mating type alleles (mat-2) from at leas ... | 1999 | 10473418 |
| macroscopic growth of filamentous fungi on solid substrate explained by a microscopic approach. | a quantitative model predicting biomass growth on solid media has been developed. the model takes into account steric interactions between hyphae and tips at the microscopic level (competition for substrate and tip-hypha collisions). these interactions effect a slowing down of the hyphal, population-averaged extension rate and are responsible, at the microscopic level, for the distribution of tip orientations observed at the colony border. at the macroscopic level, a limiting value of the colony ... | 1999 | 10516576 |
| biosynthesis of gibberellins in gibberella fujikuroi: biomolecular aspects. | gibberellins (gas) are a large family of isoprenoid plant hormones hormones, some of which are bioactive growth regulators, controlling seed germination, stem elongation, and flowering. the rice pathogen gibberella fujikuroi (mating population c) is able to produce large amounts of gas, especially the bioactive compounds gibberellic acid (ga3) and its precursors, ga4 and ga7. the main steps of the biosynthetic pathway have long been established from the identification of intermediates in wild-ty ... | 1999 | 10531641 |
| lovastatin inhibits the production of gibberellins but not sterol or carotenoid biosynthesis in gibberella fujikuroi. | sterols, carotenoids and gibberellins are synthesized after the reduction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a (hmg-coa) to mevalonate in different subcellular compartments of the fungus gibberella fujikuroi. lovastatin inhibits growth in many organisms, presumably because of the inhibition of the synthesis of essential terpenoids. however, in g. fujikuroi growth of the mycelia and sterol and carotenoid content were not affected by the presence of lovastatin. nevertheless, lovastatin did inh ... | 1999 | 10537222 |
| aeration affects acetate destination in gibberella fujikuroi. | gibberellins, fatty acids and the polyketides bikaverin and fusarin c are synthesized from a common precursor, acetyl-coa. the production of these compounds in gibberella fujikuroi was strongly influenced by aeration, determined by the air/medium ratio in shaken batch cultures. higher aeration resulted in increased growth and the production of bikaverin and gibberellins. low aeration stimulated fatty acid and fusarin c production. feeding experiments with labeled leucine or acetate resulted in d ... | 1999 | 10547451 |
| effects of long-term feeding of diets containing moniliformin, supplied by fusarium fujikuroi culture material, and fumonisin, supplied by fusarium moniliforme culture material, to laying hens. | beginning at 24 wk of age, control diets or diets containing 50 or 100 mg/kg moniliformin (m), 100 or 200 mg/kg fumonisin b1 (fb1), or a combination of 50 mg m and 100 mg fb1/kg of diet were fed to white leghorn laying hens for 420 d. the hens were then fed the control diet for an additional 60 d. at the beginning of the experiment, each treatment consisted of four replicates of six hens. egg production was reduced by approximately 50% by the end of the second 28-d laying period and remained at ... | 1999 | 10560820 |
| optimization of gibberellic acid production by immobilized gibberella fujikuroi mycelium in fluidized bioreactors. | an orthogonal experimental design l9 (3(4)) was used to investigate effects of temperature, ph, c:n ratio (glucose-c, nh4cl-n) and concentrations of rice flour on production of gibberellic acid by gibberella fujikuroi in 3.5 l fluidized bioreactors. the gibberellic acid production in a fluidized bioreactor could reach 3.90 g l(-1), more than 3-times greater than previously reported for submerged and solid fermentations. ph, rice flour concentration and c:n ratio were the factors that most influe ... | 2000 | 10656329 |
| carbon catabolite repression in plant pathogenic fungi: isolation and characterization of the gibberella fujikuroi and botrytis cinerea crea genes. | the crea genes of two plant pathogenic fungi, the gibberellin-producing rice pathogen gibberella fujikuroi and the gray mold botrytis cinerea, were isolated and characterized. the deduced amino acid sequences of both glucose repressors are 64% identical to each other and 59% (g. fujikuroi) and 61% (b. cinerea) identical to the crea protein of aspergillus nidulans. the zinc finger regions of the gibberella and botrytis crea proteins shared 98% identity with the corresponding zinc finger region of ... | 2000 | 10689158 |
| fusarium species from nepalese rice and production of mycotoxins and gibberellic acid by selected species. | infection of cereal grains with fusarium species can cause contamination with mycotoxins that affect human and animal health. to determine the potential for mycotoxin contamination, we isolated fusarium species from samples of rice seeds that were collected in 1997 on farms in the foothills of the nepal himalaya. the predominant fusarium species in surface-disinfested seeds with husks were species of the gibberella fujikuroi complex, including g. fujikuroi mating population a (anamorph, fusarium ... | 2000 | 10698766 |
| the biotransformation of 18-hydroxy-9-epi-ent-pimara-7,15-diene by gibberella fujikuroi. | incubation of 18-hydroxy-9-epi-ent-pimara-7,15-diene with the fungus gibberella fujikuroi gave the compounds 18-hydroxy-7 alpha,8 alpha-epoxy-9-epi-ent-pimara-15-ene, 18-hydroxy-7-oxo-ent-pimara-15-ene, 6 beta, 18-dihydroxy-7 alpha, 8 alpha-epoxy-9-epi-ent-pimara-15-ene, 9 beta,18-dihydroxy-7 alpha, 8 alpha-epoxy-ent-pimara-15-ene and 6 beta, 14 alpha, 18-trihydroxy-9-epi-ent-pimara-7,15-diene. oxidation of c-19, which is characteristic of the biosynthesis pathway of the gibberellins is not prod ... | 2000 | 10703064 |
| occurrence of fusarium species and mycotoxins in nepalese maize and wheat and the effect of traditional processing methods on mycotoxin levels. | maize (zea mays) and wheat (triticum aestivum) collected in the foothills of the nepal himalaya mountains were analyzed for fusarium species and mycotoxins: fumonisins, nivalenol (niv), and deoxynivalenol (don). predominant species were gibberella fujikuroi mating population a (f. moniliforme) in maize and f. graminearum in maize and wheat; g. fujikuroi mating population d (f. proliferatum), f. acuminatum, f. avenaceum, f. chlamydosporum, f. equiseti, f. oxysporum, f. semitectum, and f. torulosu ... | 2000 | 10775401 |
| cloning of a full-length cdna encoding ent-kaurene synthase from gibberella fujikuroi: functional analysis of a bifunctional diterpene cyclase. | we report here the nucleotide sequence of a full-length cdna encoding ent-kaurene synthase that was isolated by a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction from gibberella fujikuroi (gcps/ks). this cdna encodes 952 amino acid residues with a relative molecular mass of 107 kda. the sequence similarity between gcps/ks and ent-kaurene synthase of the gibberellin a1-producing fungus, phaeosphaeria sp. l487, is very high, suggesting that gcps/ks is also a bifunctional diterpene cyclase. its rec ... | 2000 | 10803977 |
| alpha-amylase production by solid state fermentation: a new practical approach to biotechnology courses. | a laboratory practical experiment in biotechnology involving the investigation of alpha-amylase production by solid state fermentation of gibberella fujikuroi is described. | 2000 | 10878315 |
| homologous recombination and allele replacement in transformants of fusarium fujikuroi. | the ascomycete fusarium fujikuroi could be transformed stably to hygromycin resistance only when the transforming plasmid contained a fragment of dna from the fungus. the transformation frequencies were roughly independent of the sequence of the particular fungal dna fragment used, of its size (1.8 or 6 kb), and of whether this dna was present only once in the fungal genome or about forty times (the genes for ribosomal rna). the plasmid was integrated into the fungal genome by homologous recombi ... | 2000 | 10905351 |