| patulin biosynthesis: the metabolism of m-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and m-hydroxybenzaldehyde by particulate preparations from penicillium patulum. | the ring hydroxylation of m-hydroxybenzyl alcohol to gentisyl alcohol by a particulate preparation from penicillium patulum has been characterised. the activity was shown to be closely associated with, but not necessarily identical to, m-cresol 2-hydroxylase activity of the 105 000 x g microsomal fraction. as with both the m-cresol hydroxylases of this system, m-hydroxybenzyl alcohol hydroxylase required oxygen and nadph for activity. a km value for m-hydroxybenzyl alcohol of 15 mum was measured ... | 1975 | 241643 |
| production of [14c]patulin by penicillium patulum. | factors affecting the production of [14c]patulin from [1-14c]acetate by replacement cultures of penicillium patulum have been investigated. incorporation of [1-14c]acetate into patulin reached a maximum with 6- to 8-day-old cultures incubated at 28 degrees c for 8 h in a replacement medium containing 0.1 m glucose, inorganic salts, and undiluted [1-14c]acetate. the specific activity of [14c]patulin obtained from this method was 34 mci/mmol when 0.5 mci of [1-14c]acetate was supplied to the repla ... | 1977 | 869530 |
| 6-methylsalicylic acid synthetase from penicillium patulum. some catalytic properties of the enzyme and its relation to fatty acid synthetase. | 1. the specificity of 6-methylsalicylic acid synthetase with respect to the priming substrate was studied. if acetyl-coa was replaced by propionyl-coa 6-ethylsalicylic acid was synthesized. the rate of this synthesis was about 13% that of 6-methylsalicylic acid synthesis in presence of acetyl-coa. 2. 6-methylsalicylic acid synthetase contains an acetyl transferase activity as demonstrated by the transfer of acetyl residues from acetyl-coa to pantetheine. this transferase also catalyses propionyl ... | 1976 | 976275 |
| biosynthesis of gliotoxin and mycelianamide. | mycelium of penicillium terlikowski was permeable to both l-[carboxyl-14c]phenylalanine and cyclo l-[carbonyl-14c]phenylalanyl-l-seryl. the former compound was incorporated well and the latter poorly into gliotoxin produced by stationary cultures of the organism. mycelium of penicillium patulum was permeablt to l-[carbonyl-14c]tyrosyl and cyclo l-alanyl-d-[carbonyl-14c]tyrosyl. these cyclic depeptides were not incorporated into mycelianamide produced by stationary cultures of the organism, but b ... | 1975 | 1125828 |
| trimming as a means of removing patulin from fungus-rotted apples. | penicillium expansum 1071, 1172, nrll 973, and penicillium patulum atcc 24550 were inoculated into red delicious, golden delicious, and mcintosh apples. the decayed tissue was trimmed from the sound tissue, each fraction was weighed, and the patulin concentration in the juice was assayed by thin layer chromatography. the quantity of patulin in the whole apples and in decayed tissues was calculated and these values were used to determine the percentage of total patulin removed by trimming. the pa ... | 1975 | 1158834 |
| the atmospheric fungal flora of the athens metropolitan area. | in the research programme of the department of microbiology of the athens university the nature of the mycological flora of the athenian air was studied. the research took place during the calendar year 1971. the open air was sampled twice weekly from two observation stations. the open plate technique was used, petri dishes containing sabourand's agar being exposed for 15 minutes. a total of 180 plates were exposed, and 1714 fungal colonies were isolated; these were subcultured and identified as ... | 1975 | 1207717 |
| influence of carbohydrate and nitrogen source on patulin production by penicillium patulum. | a strain of penicillium patulum, isolated from cheddar cheese, produced patulin when grown on liquid media containing lactose and milk nitrogen sources. patulin production was affected by the temperature of incubation, the type and amount of carbohydrate, and the type of nitrogen source present. patulin levels generally were depressed by incubation at 5 c and low carbohydrate levels. patulin was produced at low levels in the absence of sugars at 5 c when the mold was grown on milk nitrogen sourc ... | 1975 | 1242877 |
| genes for polyketide secondary metabolic pathways in microorganisms and plants. | recent advances in molecular genetics have led to the isolation, sequencing and functional analysis of genes encoding synthases that catalyse the formation of several classes of polyketides. the structures of the genes and their protein products differ strikingly in the various examples. for streptomyces aromatic polyketides, exemplified by granaticin and tetracenomycin, the synthases correspond to type ii (bacterial and plant) fatty acid synthases in consisting of distinct proteins for such pro ... | 1992 | 1302187 |
| investigation of the mechanism and steric course of the reaction catalyzed by 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase from penicillium patulum using (r)-[1-13c;2-2h]- and (s)-[1-13c;2-2h]malonates. | chiral malonyl-coa derivatives, enzymically synthesized from (r)- and (s)-[1-13c;2-2h]malonates using succinyl-coa transferase, were incorporated into 6-methylsalicylic acid with homogeneous 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase isolated from penicillium patulum. analysis of the 6-methylsalicylic acid formed established that the hydrogen atoms at the 3- and 5-positions are derived from opposite absolute configurations in malonyl-coa. when acetoacetyl-coa was used as the starter molecule, a single hydr ... | 1992 | 1390697 |
| purification and properties of 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase from penicillium patulum. | 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase has been isolated in homogeneous form from penicillium patulum grown in liquid culture from a spore inoculum. the enzyme is highly susceptible to proteolytic degradation in vivo and in vitro, but may be stabilized during purification by incorporating proteinase inhibitors in the buffers. the enzyme exists as a homotetramer of m(r) 750,000, with a subunit m(r) of 180,000. 6-methylsalicyclic acid synthase also accepts acetoacetyl-coa as an alternative starter molecu ... | 1992 | 1471999 |
| effect of the incubation conditions on the production of patulin by penicillium griseofulvum isolated from wheat. | sixty-four wheat samples from spanish flour factories were screened for patulin and patulin-producing moulds. none of them was found to contain any patulin, whereas samples experimentally contaminated with this toxin proved it to be highly unstable. on the other hand, penicillium griseofulvum was the only in vitro patulin-producing species found (19 samples). mould growth in the samples was investigated by using yeast-sucrose medium (yes) and high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc) to meas ... | 1991 | 1749400 |
| effect of patulin on albumin fraction of plasma proteins studied in rats. | the toxic nature of the secondary metabolite of penicillium patulum has been studied in rats. plasma of the experimental animals showed a decrease in protein concentration. detailed electrophoretic studies have been carried out, to find which fraction of the plasma protein is affected. it shows clearly that albumin fraction is very much affected, while in the tissues of the liver, kidney and intestine the dna and rna levels are found to be increased. | 1991 | 1805791 |
| cephalosporin c acylase in the autolysis of filamentous fungi. | cephalosporin c acylase activity was studied using fluorescamine determination of free--nh2 groups produced in the deacylation of cephalosporin c by the enzyme. fourteen fungi from different genera were studied and low extracellular cephalosporin c acylase activity was found in the genera aspergillus, fusarium and penicillium. forty one fungi of these genera were checked but not all presented acylase activity. the enzyme was generally found to be an extracellular enzyme and during the process of ... | 1990 | 1972399 |
| mechanism by which ammonium bicarbonate and ammonium sulfate inhibit mycotoxigenic fungi. | in this study we examined the mechanism by which ammonium bicarbonate inhibits mycotoxigenic fungi. elevated extracellular ph, alone, was not responsible for the antifungal activity. although conidia of penicillium griseofulvum and fusarium graminearum had internal ph (phi) values as high as 8.0 in buffer at an external ph (pho) of 9.5, their viability was not markedly affected. the phi values from conidia equilibrated in glycine-naoh-buffered treatments without ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium ... | 1990 | 2082821 |
| differentiation of penicillium griseofulvum dierckx isolates by enzyme assays and by patulin and griseofulvin analyses. | the production of patulin and griseofulvin by 49 different isolates of penicillium griseofulvum dierckx was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. eleven isolates were obtained from pistachio nuts, 37 were obtained from wheat seeds, and 1 was obtained from the american type culture collection. activities of 19 enzymes were also assayed by the api zym system. from these results it may be deduced that there are two different groups among the strains tested which cannot be distinguishe ... | 1990 | 2128009 |
| the multifunctional 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase gene of penicillium patulum. its gene structure relative to that of other polyketide synthases. | 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (msas) from penicillium patulum is a homomultimer of a single, multifunctional protein subunit. the enzyme is induced, at the transcriptional level, during the end of the logarithmic growth phase. after approximately 150-fold purification, a homogeneous enzyme preparation was obtained exhibiting, upon sds gel electrophoresis, a subunit molecular mass of 188 kda. by immunological screening of a genomic p. patulum dna expression library, the msas gene together with ... | 1990 | 2209605 |
| applications of high-performance liquid chromatography to quantitation of metabolites and enzymes of the patulin pathway from penicillium patulum. | conditions for extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic (hplc) analysis for fourteen of the patulin pathway metabolites from penicillium patulum are described which allow quantitation of the metabolite content of cultures at hourly intervals. the hplc analysis is more sensitive than gas-liquid chromatographic analysis and is more quantitative than thin-layer chromatographic analysis. separations on a preparative column allow for the collection and identification of new metabolites. ... | 1990 | 2229240 |
| avian penicilliosis caused by penicillium griseofulvum in a captive toucanet. | a sudden fatal illness developed in a group of new world toucanets held captive in finland. necropsy studies on one of the birds revealed the presence of invasive, hyaline, septate, branched mycelium in the lungs, air sacs, liver and other tissues. in addition, conidiophores and conidial chains, typical of members of the genus penicillium were present in the lungs and air sacs. cultures yielded a mould which was subsequently identified as penicillium griseofulvum. a critical review of the litera ... | 1990 | 2283582 |
| [detection of cyclopiazonic acid and its producers in food]. | in the course of six months, 60 samples of foods were examined for their contents of cyclopiazonic acid. these samples were subjected to a basal mycological screening aimed at aspergillus flavus and penicillium sp. strains. cyclopiazonic acid contents in samples of hermelín cheese, peanuts, rice, peeled barley grains, folican salami, and packaged meat did not exceed the value of 0.5 mg.kg-1. when using a modification of the method of cyclopiazonic acid isolation described by dorner et al. (1983) ... | 1989 | 2508296 |
| effect of patulin on some enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism studied in rats. | the toxic nature of the secondary metabolite of penicillium patulum has been studied in rats. liver, kidney and intestine of the experimental animals showed derangement in carbohydrate metabolism. changes in the concentration of a few key enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism have also been studied. glycogen phosphorylase is found to be markedly increased while the glycolytic enzymes like hexokinase and aldolase are significantly lowered. gluconeogenesis is stimulated and this is evidenced by incre ... | 1989 | 2550006 |
| patulin biosynthesis: epoxidation of toluquinol and gentisyl alcohol by particulate preparations from penicillium patulum. | a crude extract that catalyzes the epoxidation of toluquinol and gentisyl alcohol was isolated from cultures of penicillium patulum. about 60% of the activity sedimented from crude extract upon centrifugation at 105,000g for 2 h, and at 30,000g for 30 min after precipitation with 30% ammonium sulfate and resuspension in buffer. the quinone epoxide phyllostine, a product of gentisyl alcohol epoxidation, has previously been shown to be an intermediate in the biosynthesis of patulin [sekiquchi, j., ... | 1989 | 2605253 |
| isolation and sequence analysis of the fatty acid synthetase fas2 gene from penicillium patulum. | the fatty acid synthetase complex of penicillium patulum was isolated and shown to be structurally similar to other known fungal fatty acid synthetases. it is composed of two subunit, alpha and beta, each with a molecular mass of about 200 kda. p. patulum genomic and cdna libraries were constructed in lambda gt11 and embl3 vectors. from these libraries, the p. patulum fas2 gene together with its flanking dna was isolated. the cloned genomic dna was sequenced over a length of 6357 base pairs. the ... | 1988 | 3053172 |
| production of cyclopiazonic acid by penicillium griseofulvum. | | 1987 | 3450682 |
| simple method for determination of patulin production by penicillium griseofulvum dierckx. | patulin production by penicillium griseofulvum was monitored with sep-pak cartridges and high-pressure liquid chromatography. determination and quantification of this metabolite proved to be very simple, and our method saved time and a large amount of organic solvents. | 1986 | 3513700 |
| production of patulin and griseofulvin by a strain of penicillium griseofulvum in three different media. | production of patulin and griseofulvin by a strain of penicillium griseofulvum is described. mycelial dry weight, ph and production of patulin and griseofulvin were assayed in a minimal and a complete medium; patulin or griseofulvin production was assayed in apple juice. | 1987 | 3657904 |
| [production of cyclopiazonic acid, its effect on the chick embryo and on 1-day-old cockerels]. | in 1979 to 1983, 148 strains of penicillium cyclopium were isolated from wheat and from poultry feed mixtures; 11.5% of these strains produced cyclopiazonic acid at the rate of up to 500 mg per kg of wheat. forty-seven percent of the 96 isolates of aspergillus flavus and 56% of the nine isolates of penicillium griseofulvum produced cyclopiazonic acid at the maximum rate of 80 and 10 mg per kg. the ed50 of cyclopiazonic acid for two, three and four days old chicken embryo was found to be 2.40, 4. ... | 1985 | 3927557 |
| distribution, excretion and skeletal muscle effects of the mycotoxin [14c]cyclopiazonic acid in rats. | the distribution of the mycotoxin, cyclopiazonic acid (cpa), in tissues and its excretion in urine and faeces was studied in male sprague-dawley rats. radiolabelled cpa was biosynthetically produced by cultures of penicillium griseofulvum and was administered to rats either intraperitoneally (ip) or intragastrically (ig). radiolabelled material was excreted in both urine and faeces from rats dosed by either route. there was no excretion of radioactivity as expired 14co2. biliary excretion appare ... | 1985 | 4076936 |
| [multi-enzyme structure of 6-methylsalicylic acid synthetase from penicillium patulum]. | | 1969 | 4390882 |
| [purification and characterization of fatty acid synthetase from penicillium patulum]. | | 1970 | 4394683 |
| inhibition of 6-methylsalicylic acid synthesis in penicillium patulum. | | 1966 | 4960624 |
| desoxypatulinic acid from a patulin-producing strain of penicillium patulum. | | 1972 | 5087059 |
| 6-methylsalicylic acid decarboxylase from penicillium patulum. | | 1969 | 5354271 |
| effects of external factors on the amino acid pool of penicillium griseofulvum. | | 1964 | 5838070 |
| significance of the amino acid pool in nitrogen metabolism of penicillium griseofulvum. | | 1964 | 5838071 |
| acetate metabolism in penicillium griseofulvum. incorporation of 1-c14-2-h3-acetate into 6-methylsalicylic acid and fatty acids. | | 1965 | 5865111 |
| the isolation of triacetic acid lactone from cultures of penicillium patulum. | | 1966 | 5962531 |
| the biosynthesis of 6-methylsalicylic acid. crude enzyme systems from early and late producing strains of penicillium patulum. | | 1967 | 6024778 |
| effects of cycloheximide and amino acid analogues on biosynthesis of 6-methylsalicylic acid in penicillium patulum. | | 1967 | 6066255 |
| colorimetric determination of patulin produced by penicillium patulum. | a quantitative method has been developed for the determination of patulin, a mycotoxin produced by penicillium patulum. the fungus was grown separately in well defined liquid minimal medium, and on rice and bread for 15 days. patulin was extracted with ethyl ether and determined colorimetrically, using phenylhydrazine hydrochloride. recovery of pure patulin added to bread and rice was also studied. the lower limit of detection was 1 microgram/g. | 1982 | 7056692 |
| production, isolation, and identification of dihydroepiepoformin as an il-1 receptor antagonistic component in penicillium patulum. | | 1995 | 7592036 |
| expression of a functional fungal polyketide synthase in the bacterium streptomyces coelicolor a3(2). | the multifunctional 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase gene from penicillium patulum was engineered for regulated expression in streptomyces coelicolor. production of significant amounts of 6-methylsalicylic acid by the recombinant strain was proven by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. these results suggest that it is possible to harness the molecular diversity of eukaryotic polyketide pathways by heterologous expression of biosynthetic genes in an easily manipulated model bacterial host in ... | 1995 | 7635840 |
| microbial metabolites of ophiobolin a and antimicrobial evaluation of ophiobolins. | ophiobolin a [1], 3-anhydroophiobolin a [2], ophiobolin b [3], and ophiobolin l [4] were isolated from fermentation broths of cochliobolus heterostrophus. preliminary screening showed that a number of organisms were capable of metabolizing the sesterterpene ophiobolin a [1]. large-scale transformations of ophiobolin a [1] with polyangium cellulosum produced 6 and 7 while pseudomonas aeruginosa produced 8. resting-cell preparations of penicillium patulum afforded 9 and 10. the structures of these ... | 1995 | 7760080 |
| influence of dietary rice culture material containing cyclopiazonic acid on certain serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. | three hundred and forty-eight vencob broiler chickens were fed diets containing penicillium griseofulvum rice culture material with 0, 12.5, 25 and 50 ppm of the mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid (cpa) for 28 days. serum samples were collected from 9 birds in each group at weekly intervals to study the effect of sublethal doses of cpa on certain serum biochemical parameters. significant reductions in weight gains (p < 0.01) and feed consumptions (p < 0.05) were observed at 25 and 50 ppm. exocrine pan ... | 1995 | 8684430 |
| structural similarities between 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase from penicillium patulum and vertebrate type i fatty acid synthase: evidence from thiol modification studies. | 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase, the multifunctional enzyme complex that catalyzes the biosynthesis of the tetraketide 6-methylsalicylic acid, was modified by thiol-specific inhibitors and cross-linking reagents. treatment with 1,3-dibromopropan-2-one caused rapid enzyme inactivation and formation of cross-linked dimers. analysis by sds-page, density gradient ultracentrifugation, and secondary modification with [14c]iodoacetamide showed that two types of cross-linked dimers were formed. peptides ... | 1996 | 8823160 |
| systemic mycosis caused by penicillium griseofulvum in a seychelles giant tortoise (megalochelys gigantea). | | 1996 | 8890466 |
| cloning of the polyketide synthase gene atx from aspergillus terreus and its identification as the 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase gene by heterologous expression. | southern blot analysis of genomic dnas of several fungi that produce polyketide compounds with the 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (msas) gene of penicillium patulum as a probe indicated the presence of an msas-homologous gene in the (+)-geodin-producing strain imi 16,043 of aspergillus terreus. the gene, designated atx was cloned from an a. terreus genomic dna library and 7588 bp of the gene together with its flanking regions were sequenced to reveal the presence of a 5.5 kb open reading frame ... | 1996 | 9003280 |
| cloning of an avilamycin biosynthetic gene cluster from streptomyces viridochromogenes tü57. | a 65-kb region of dna from streptomyces viridochromogenes tü57, containing genes encoding proteins involved in the biosynthesis of avilamycins, was isolated. the dna sequence of a 6.4-kb fragment from this region revealed four open reading frames (orf1 to orf4), three of which are fully contained within the sequenced fragment. the deduced amino acid sequence of avim, encoded by orf2, shows 37% identity to a 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase from penicillium patulum. cultures of s. lividans tk24 an ... | 1997 | 9335272 |
| production of a polyketide natural product in nonpolyketide-producing prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts. | the polyketides are a diverse group of natural products with great significance as human and veterinary pharmaceuticals. a significant barrier to the production of novel genetically engineered polyketides has been the lack of available heterologous expression systems for functional polyketide synthases (pkss). herein, we report the expression of an intact functional pks in escherichia coli and saccharomyces cerevisiae. the fungal gene encoding 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase from penicillium pat ... | 1998 | 9435221 |
| polyketide synthase gene pksm from aspergillus terreus expressed during growth phase. | the polyketide synthase gene pksm was detected in the genomic dna library of aspergillus terreus by hybridization with the 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (6-msas) gene of penicillium patulum as a probe. 9524 bp of the cloned dna were sequenced and a 5.5 kb open reading frame was revealed. a single intron (62 bp) was identified in the conserved position. two transcription start points were determined within the 5'-flanking region at 50 and 72 (major) bp upstream from the putative translation ini ... | 1997 | 9438344 |
| inactivation of the polyketide synthase, 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase, by the specific modification of cys-204 of the beta-ketoacyl synthase by the fungal mycotoxin cerulenin. | cerulenin, [(2s,3r)-2,3-epoxy-4-oxo-7,10-dodecadienoylamide], a mycotoxin produced by cephalosporium caerulens, irreversibly inactivated 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase from penicillium patulum. a combination of radiolabelling studies with [3h]cerulenin, proteolytic and chemical digestion and n-terminal sequencing of labelled peptides indicated that the site of cerulenin modification is the highly reactive substrate-binding cys-204 of the beta-ketoacyl synthase enzyme component. the thiol-specif ... | 1998 | 9480912 |
| ketosynthase domain probes identify two subclasses of fungal polyketide synthase genes. | analysis of fungal polyketide synthase gene sequences suggested that these might be divided into two subclasses, designated wa-type and msas-type. two pairs of degenerate pcr primers (lc1 and lc2c, lc3 and lc5c) were designed for the amplification of ketosynthase domain fragments from fungal pks genes in each of these subclasses. both primer pairs were shown to amplify one or more pcr products from the genomes of a range of ascomycetous deuteromycetes and southern blot analysis confirmed that th ... | 1999 | 10361035 |
| isolation and structure of sch 351633: a novel hepatitis c virus (hcv) ns3 protease inhibitor from the fungus penicillium griseofulvum. | a new hepatitis c virus (hcv) protease inhibitor designated as sch 351633 (1) was isolated from the fungus, penicillium griseofulvum. structure elucidation of 1 was accomplished by analysis of spectroscopic data, which determined compound 1 to be a bicyclic hemiketal lactone. compound 1 exhibited inhibitory activity in the hcv protease assay with an ic50 value of 3.8 microg/ml. | 1999 | 10450960 |
| tolerance and specificity of recombinant 6-methylsalicyclic acid synthase. | 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (msas), a fungal polyketide synthase from penicillium patulum, is perhaps the simplest polyketide synthase that embodies several hallmarks of this family of multifunctional enzymes--a large multidomain protein, a high degree of specificity toward acetyl-coa and malonyl-coa substrates, chain length control, and regiospecific ketoreduction. msas has recently been functionally expressed in escherichia coli and saccharomyces cerevisiae, leading to the engineered biosy ... | 1999 | 10935930 |
| isolation and analysis of flup, a gene associated with hyphal growth and sporulation in aspergillus parasiticus. | aflatoxins (af) are polyketide-derived mycotoxins that frequently contaminate food and feed crops, causing health risks to animals and humans. the flup gene was cloned by screening an aspergillus parasiticus genomic dna library with a cdna probe encoding part of a polyketide synthase (pks), the 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (msas) from penicillium patulum. flup was hypothesized to function as a pks in af biosynthesis. the predicted amino acid sequence of flup demonstrated a high degree of iden ... | 2000 | 11129056 |
| production of 6-methylsalicylic acid by expression of a fungal polyketide synthase activates disease resistance in tobacco. | salicylic acid (sa) has been shown to act as a signal molecule that is produced by many plants subsequent to the recognition of potentially pathogenic microbes. increases in levels of sa often trigger the activation of plant defenses and can result in increased resistance to subsequent challenge by pathogens. we observed that the polyketide 6-methylsalicylic acid (6-mesa), a compound that apparently is not endogenous to tobacco, can mimic sa. tobacco leaves treated with 6-mesa show enhanced accu ... | 2001 | 11402168 |
| production of penicillin by fungi growing on food products: identification of a complete penicillin gene cluster in penicillium griseofulvum and a truncated cluster in penicillium verrucosum. | mycobiota growing on food is often beneficial for the ripening and development of the specific flavor characteristics of the product, but it can also be harmful due to the production of undesirable compounds such as mycotoxins or antibiotics. some of the fungi most frequently isolated from fermented and cured meat products such as penicillium chrysogenum and penicillium nalgiovense are known penicillin producers; the latter has been shown to be able to produce penicillin when growing on the surf ... | 2002 | 11872470 |
| phenylpyropene c, a new inhibitor of acyl-coa: cholesterol acyltransferase produced by penicillium griseofulvum f1959. | | 2002 | 12003004 |
| phenylpyropene a and b, new inhibitors of acyl-coa: cholesterol acyltransferase produced by penicillium griseofulvum f1959. | | 2002 | 12546421 |
| the lysing action of enzymes on a sample of mycelium of penicillium griseofulvum dierckx. | | 1953 | 13093689 |
| [formation of 6-methylsalicylic acid by penicillium patulum bainter]. | | 1957 | 13483118 |
| the biosynthesis of patulin. i. related aromatic substances from penicillium patulum, strain 2159a. | | 1958 | 13535672 |
| the biosynthesis of patulin. ii. the general physiology of several strains of penicillium patulum. | | 1958 | 13535720 |
| [treatment of certain refractory mycoses with oral penicillium griseofulvum dierk extract; preliminary report]. | | 1959 | 13667872 |
| production of shikimic acid by penicillium griseofulvum dierckx. | | 1960 | 14446950 |
| chemical composition of a sample of mycelium of penicillium griseofulvum dierckx. | | 1952 | 14944583 |
| solid-state fermentation for production of griseofulvin on rice bran using penicillium griseofulvum. | griseofulvin is a secondary metabolite produced from fungal species that have morphology suitable for solid-state fermentation (ssf). reports on production of griseofulvin by ssf are scarce. the present work investigates ssf for griseofulvin production, optimization of its process parameters vis-à-vis the conventional submerged fermentation and its downstream processing from the same. rice bran adjusted to an initial moisture content (imc) of 50% (v/w) inoculated with 1 ml of a suspension of 10( ... | 2004 | 15296463 |
| mites and fungi in heavily infested stores in the czech republic. | toxigenic and allergen-producing fungi represent a serious hazard to human food and animal feed safety. ninety-four fungal species were isolated from mite-infested samples of seeds taken from czech seed stores. fungi were isolated from the surface of four kinds of seeds (wheat, poppy, lettuce, and mustard) and from the gut and external surface of five species of mites (i.e., acarus siro l., 1758, caloglyphus rhizoglyphoides (zachvatkin, 1973), lepidoglyphus destructor (schrank, 1781), tyrophagus ... | 2004 | 15666776 |
| evaluation of several culture media for production of patulin by penicillium species. | the aim of this study was to evaluate different species of penicillium to identify those which have the potential to produce the greatest amount of the mycotoxin, patulin. additionally, six different culture media were compared to determine maximum patulin production. eleven different strains of penicillium species were selected because they had previously been reported to be producers of patulin. the strains included penicillium expansum, penicillium griseofulvum (formerly penicillium urticae), ... | 2005 | 15698685 |
| a new xylanase from penicillium griseofulvum. | a new xylanase (pgxyna) from penicillium griseofulvum a160 has been isolated and characterised using a screening method based on the ability to digest a complex substrate. the enzyme belongs to the hydrolase family 11 or g and shows an optimum ph of 5.0 and an optimum temperature of 50 degrees c. the xylanase breaks down the xylan to very small oligosaccharides. the corresponding gene (pgxyna) was cloned and expressed in aspergillus oryzae. a second xylanase gene with 66% identity to pgxyna has ... | 2001 | 15954597 |
| microbial synthesis of triacetic acid lactone. | native g2ps1-encoded 2-pyrone synthase (2-ps) from gerbera hybrida, a mutant brevibacterium ammoniagenes fatty acid synthase b (fas-b) and two different mutants of penicillium patulum 6-methylsalycilic acid synthase (6-msas) are examined to identify the best enzyme to recruit for the microbial synthesis of triacetic acid lactone (tal). to identify the best microbial host for these evaluations, the native tal-synthesizing activity of g2ps1-encoded 2-ps is expressed in recombinant escherichia coli ... | 2006 | 16245348 |
| the isoepoxydon dehydrogenase gene of the patulin metabolic pathway differs for penicillium griseofulvum and penicillium expansum. | purified dna from isolates of penicillium griseofulvum and p. expansum was used as a template to amplify a 600-bp fragment of the isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (idh) gene of the patulin biosynthetic pathway. primer pairs designed from the p. griseofulvum gene to amplify specific regions of the idh gene yielded similar-sized bands for all strains. asymmetrical amplification produced dna products for sequencing and dna sequences were translated to produce the corresponding amino acid sequences. after ... | 2006 | 16328863 |
| 6-methylsalicylic acid production in solid cultures of penicillium patulum occurs only when an aerial mycelium is present. | when penicillium patulum was grown on czapek-dox agar, 6-methylsalicylic acid was produced as an aerial mycelium was forming. nutrients were often plentiful in the medium when biosynthesis began. if the formation of an aerial mycelium was prevented by growing the fungus between two sheets of dialysis membrane, no 6-methylsalicylic acid was produced even when nutrients were completely consumed. if the upper sheet of dialysis membrane was stripped off cultures of the latter type, an aerial myceliu ... | 1981 | 16345795 |
| some properties of free and immobilized alpha-amylase from penicillium griseofulvum by solid state fermentation. | alpha-amylase was produced from penicillium griseofulvum by an ssf technique. alpha-amylase was immobilized on celite by an adsorption method. various parameters, such as effect of ph and temperature, substrate concentration, operational and storage stability, ability to hydrolyze starch and products of hydrolysis were investigated; these findings were compared with the free enzyme. the activity yield of immobilization was 87.6%. the optimum ph and temperature for both enzymes were 5.5 degrees c ... | 2006 | 16428140 |
| penifulvin a: a sesquiterpenoid-derived metabolite containing a novel dioxa[5,5,5,6]fenestrane ring system from a fungicolous isolate of penicillium griseofulvum. | [structure: see text] penifulvin a (1), a new fungal metabolite with a previously undescribed ring system, has been isolated from cultures of an isolate of penicillium griseofulvum (nrrl 35584) obtained from a white mycelial growth on a dead hardwood branch collected in a hawaiian forest. the structure was assigned by analysis of nmr data and confirmed by single-crystal x-ray diffraction analysis. penifulvin a (1) shows significant activity in dietary assays against the fall armyworm spodoptera ... | 2006 | 16524309 |
| studies in the biochemistry of micro-organisms: 72. gentisyl alcohol (2:5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol), a metabolic product of penicillium patulum bainier. | | 1943 | 16747729 |
| the sequence of the isoepoxydon dehydrogenase gene of the patulin biosynthetic pathway in penicillium species. | interest in species of the genus penicillium is related to their ability to produce the mycotoxin patulin and to cause spoilage of fruit products worldwide. the sequence of the isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (idh) gene, a gene in the patulin biosynthetic pathway, was determined for 28 strains representing 12 different penicillium species known to produce the mycotoxin patulin. isolates of penicillium carneum, penicillium clavigerum, penicillium concentricum, penicillium coprobium, penicillium dipodom ... | 2007 | 17043910 |
| penifulvins b-e and a silphinene analogue: sesquiterpenoids from a fungicolous isolate of penicillium griseofulvum. | penifulvins b-e (2-5), four new sesquiterpenoids with a dioxa[5.5.5.6]fenestrane ring system, have been isolated from cultures of an isolate of penicillium griseofulvum (nrrl 35584), together with a new silphinene derivative, 12-hydroxysilphinene-15-oic acid (6). penifulvins b-e (2-5) are oxidized analogues of penifulvin a (1) and were identified by analysis of nmr and ms data. 12-hydroxysilphinen-15-oic acid (6) is biogenetically similar, and penifulvins a-e are presumed to be derived from a si ... | 2006 | 17125229 |
| the inability of byssochlamys fulva to produce patulin is related to absence of 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase and isoepoxydon dehydrogenase genes. | byssochlamys species are responsible for spoilage and degradation of fruits and silages. under specific conditions they are able to produce mycotoxins. the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of 19 different strains of byssochlamys nivea and byssochlamys fulva to produce patulin in relation with the presence of two genes involved in the patulin biosynthesis pathways in the genome of these fungal strains. the strains were characterized by macroscopic, microscopic examinations, interna ... | 2007 | 17169453 |
| optimization of heterologous production of the polyketide 6-msa in saccharomyces cerevisiae. | polyketides are a group of natural products that have gained much interest due to their use as antibiotics, cholesterol lowering agents, immunosuppressors, and as other drugs. many organisms that naturally produce polyketides are difficult to cultivate and only produce these metabolites in small amounts. it is therefore of general interest to transfer polyketide synthase (pks) genes from their natural sources into heterologous hosts that can over-produce the corresponding polyketides. in this st ... | 2007 | 17171715 |
| substrate and product hydrolysis specificity in family 11 glycoside hydrolases: an analysis of penicillium funiculosum and penicillium griseofulvum xylanases. | two genes encoding family 11 endo-(1,4)-beta-xylanases from penicillium griseofulvum (pgxyna) and penicillium funiculosum (pfxync) were heterologously expressed in escherichia coli as glutathione s-transferase fusion proteins, and the recombinant enzymes were purified after affinity chromatography and proteolysis. pgxyna and pfxync were identical to their native counterparts in terms of molecular mass, pi, n-terminal sequence, optimum ph, and enzymatic activity towards arabinoxylan. further inve ... | 2007 | 17216454 |
| a gene having sequence homology to isoamyl alcohol oxidase is transcribed during patulin production in penicillium griseofulvum. | the genes for the patulin biosynthetic pathway are most likely arranged in a cluster, as is often the case for other mycotoxins. with this in mind, genewalking has been performed to identify genes both upstream and downstream of the isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (idh) gene. a gene present in penicillium griseofulvum nrrl 2159a had high sequence homology to the isoamyl alcohol oxidase (iao) gene and was detected downstream of the idh gene and in the same orientation. by virtue of the presence of a si ... | 2008 | 18000703 |
| species-specific identification of penicillium linked to patulin contamination. | certain species of penicillium have been reported to produce the mycotoxin patulin, and research was undertaken to identify these with the use of oligonucleotide primer pairs. species examined were found in food, plants, and soil and were reported to produce patulin. penicillium expansum is the most commonly detected species linked to the presence of patulin in apple juice. at least 10 different enzymes are involved in the patulin biosynthetic pathway, including the isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (id ... | 2007 | 18044450 |
| bioremediation of aflatoxins by some reference fungal strains. | aspergillus parasiticus rcmb 002001 (2) producing four types of aflatoxins b1, b2, g1, and g2 was used in this study as an aflatoxin-producer. penicillium griseofulvum, p. urticae, paecilomyces lilacinus, trichoderma viride, candida utilis, saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as a non-toxigenic strain of aspergillus flavus were found to be able to exhibit growth on aflatoxin b1-containing medium up to a concentration of 500 ppb. it was also found that several fungal strains exhibited the growth in ... | 2007 | 18062656 |
| the effect of griseofulvin on the gene regulation of beta-tubulin in the dermatophyte pathogen trichophyton rubrum. | griseofulvin - a mold metabolite produced by penicillium griseofulvum - is an antifungal drug whose interaction with tubulin is poorly understood. in this study we cloned the beta-tubulin gene in trichophyton rubrum, which encodes a polypeptide with 447 amino acids (accession number aav33733). nucleotide sequence comparison in data banks for both the partial dna and its deduced amino acid sequence revealed significant homology with members of the eukaryotic beta-tubulin gene family. investigatio ... | 2007 | 18095085 |
| structure-based mutagenesis of penicillium griseofulvum xylanase using computational design. | penicillium griseofulvum xylanase (pgxyna) belongs to family 11 glycoside hydrolase. it exhibits unique amino acid features but its three-dimensional structure is not known. based upon the x-ray structure of penicillium funiculosum xylanase (pfxync), we generated a three-dimensional model of pgxyna by homology modeling. the native structure of pgxyna displayed the overall beta-jelly roll folding common to family 11 xylanases with two large beta-pleated sheets and a single alpha-helix that form a ... | 2008 | 18384043 |
| production of the polyketide 6-msa in yeast engineered for increased malonyl-coa supply. | the heterologous production of fungal polyketides was investigated using 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (6-msas) as a model polyketide synthase and saccharomyces cerevisiae as a host. in order to improve the production of 6-msa by enhancing the supply of precursors, the promoter of the gene (acc1) encoding acetyl-coa carboxylase, which catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-coa to malonyl-coa, was replaced with a strong, constitutive promoter (tef1p) in a strain harboring two plasmids carrying the ... | 2008 | 18555717 |
| penicillium griseofulvum f1959, high-production strain of pyripyropene a, specific inhibitor of acyl-coa: cholesterol acyltransferase 2. | acyl-coenzyme a: cholesterol acyltransferase (acat) catalyzes cholesterol esterification and plays an important role in the intestinal absorption of cholesterol, hepatic production of lipoproteins, and accumulation of cholesteryl ester within cells. during the course of screening to find acat inhibitors from microbial sources, the present authors isolated pyripyropene a from penicillium griseofulvum f1959. pyripyropene a, an acat2-specific inhibitor, has already been produced from aspergillus fu ... | 2008 | 18955816 |
| inhibition of diacylglycerol acyltransferase by phenylpyropenes produced by penicillium griseofulvum f1959. | phenylpyropenes a, b, and c, isolated from penicillium griseofulvum f1959, inhibited dgat in rat liver microsomes with ic50 values of 78.7+/-1.6, 21.7+/-0.2, and 11.04+/-0.2 mm, respectively. in addition, a kinetic analysis using a lineweaver-burk plot revealed that phenylpyropene c was a noncompetitive inhibitor of dgat. the apparent michaelis constant (km) value and inhibition constant (ki) value were calculated to be 8 mm and 10.4 mm, respectively. moreover, phenylpyropene c inhibited triglyc ... | 2008 | 19047821 |
| molecular determinants of substrate and inhibitor specificities of the penicillium griseofulvum family 11 xylanases. | penicillium griseofulvum possesses two endo-(1,4)-beta-xylanase genes, pgxyna and pgxynb, belonging to family 11 glycoside hydrolases. the enzymes share 69% identity, a similar hydrolysis profile i.e. the predominant production of xylobiose and xylotriose as end products from wheat arabinoxylan and a specificity region of six potential xylose subsites, but differ in terms of catalytic efficiency which can be explained by subtle structural differences in the positioning of xylohexaose in the pgxy ... | 2009 | 19118652 |
| studies of the production of fungal polyketides in aspergillus nidulans by using systems biology tools. | many filamentous fungi produce polyketide molecules with great significance as human pharmaceuticals; these molecules include the cholesterol-lowering compound lovastatin, which was originally isolated from aspergillus terreus. the chemical diversity and potential uses of these compounds are virtually unlimited, and it is thus of great interest to develop a well-described microbial production platform for polyketides. using genetic engineering tools available for the model organism aspergillus n ... | 2009 | 19168657 |
| low occurrence of patulin- and citrinin-producing species isolated from grapes. | to assess the ability of fungi isolated from grapes to produce patulin and citrinin. | 2008 | 19241521 |
| two new compounds from the broth of the marine fungus penicillium griseofulvum y19-07. | two new compounds, 4-hydroxyphenethyl methyl succinate (1) and 4-hydroxyphenethyl 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate (2), were isolated from the etoac extract of the broth of the marine fungus penicillium griseofulvum y19-07. five known compounds were also obtained in this study. the structures of the new compounds were elucidated by 1d and 2d nmr spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. all of the isolates were evaluated for their scavenging properties toward the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical b ... | 2009 | 20183253 |
| [molecular detection of penicillium griseofulvum as the coastal pollution indicator]. | pcr method was used to detect penicillium griseofulvum, a dominant species in marine contaminated sediments and thereby to deduce the contamination degree. | 2010 | 20344944 |
| first morphomolecular identification of penicillium griseofulvum and penicillium aurantiogriseum toxicogenic isolates associated with blue mold on apple. | postharvest blue mold decay caused by penicillium spp. is the most important disease of fresh apple fruit in the world, which extend from the field to the store. two new penicillium spp. responsible for apple fruit decay were recovered. the morphological and molecular features of penicillium griseofulvum and penicillium aurantiogriseum isolated from apple fruits were characterized morphologically and molecularly. pathogenicity test exhibited that both p. griseofulvum and p. aurantiogriseum were ... | 2010 | 20367389 |
| molecular detection of penicillium griseofulvum as the coastal pollution indicator. | molecular methods were carried out to detect penicillium griseofulvum, a dominant species related to heavy metal pollution, which was screened from marine contaminated sediments. based on differences in internal transcribed spacer (its) sequences of penicillium genus and specific isoamyl alcohol oxidase (iao) sequences, species-specific primers as1/rs4 and iao1/iao2 of penicillium griseofulvum were designed and synthesized which were then employed in optimized pcr systems. the detection sensitiv ... | 2011 | 20658343 |
| preparation and characterization of an extracellular polysaccharide produced by the deep-sea fungus penicillium griseofulvum. | the deep-sea fungus penicillium griseofulvum produces an extracellular polysaccharide, ps1-1, when grown in potato dextrose-agar medium. ps1-1 was isolated from the fermented broth using ethanol precipitation, anion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. ps1-1 is a galactomannan with a molecular weight of about 20 kda, and a molar ratio of mannose and glucose of 1.1:1.0. on the basis of one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1d and 2d nmr) and mass spectroscopic analyses, ps1- ... | 2012 | 23411445 |
| mycobiota and mycotoxin contamination of maize flours and popcorn kernels for human consumption commercialized in spain. | mycobiota and co-occurrence of aflatoxins, citrinin, ochratoxin a and zearalenone in 30 samples of maize flours and 30 of popcorn kernels purchased in spain for human consumption were determined. the mycotoxin-producing ability of aspergillus, fusarium and penicillium spp. was also studied. total fungal counts of maize flours ranged from <10 to 8.4 × 10(4) cfu/g and predominant mycobiota belonged to aspergillus spp. and penicillium spp. in popcorn kernels samples the most frequent species were a ... | 2012 | 22850379 |
| free chlorine inactivation of fungi in drinking water sources. | the effectiveness of free chlorine for the inactivation of fungi present in settled surface water was tested. in addition, free chlorine inactivation rate constants of cladosporium tenuissimum, cladosporium cladosporioides, phoma glomerata, aspergillus terreus, aspergillus fumigatus, penicillium griseofulvum, and penicillium citrinum that were found to occur in different source waters were determined in different water matrices (laboratory grade water and settled water). the effect of using diff ... | 2013 | 23164218 |
| a new chlorinated diphenyl ether and five known polyketide metabolites from penicillium griseofulvum cib-119. | a series of polyketide metabolites (1-6), including a new chlorinated diphenyl ether (4-chloro-7,4'-dihydroxy-5,2'-dimethoxy-2-methylformate-6'-methybenzophone, 1), were isolated from the solid-fermented rice culture of penicillium griseofulvum cib-119. the structure of compound 1 was determined on the basis of nmr spectra and single-crystal x-ray diffraction analyses. in addition, compound 1 showed weak cytotoxic activity against prostatic carcinoma cell (pc-3). compounds 3-5 exhibited signific ... | 2013 | 23216132 |
| quantification and identification of microorganisms found on shell and kernel of fresh edible chestnuts in michigan. | chestnut is a relatively new cultivated crop for michigan, and postharvest loss due to decay has been problematic as production has increased each year. in 2007, more than 25% of chestnuts were lost to postharvest decay, equivalent to approximately 5300 kg of fresh product. to determine the organisms responsible for decay, a microbiological survey was performed in 2006 and 2007 to identify microorganisms involved in postharvest shell (external surface) mold and internal kernel (edible portion) d ... | 2016 | 26869338 |