| the rumen flagellate piromonas communis: its life-history and invasion of plant material in the rumen. | the rumen flagellat piromonas communis is the zoospore of a phycomycete fungus inhabiting the rumen. zoosporogenesis was stimulated by a dietary component (the inducer), and inhibited by compounds affecting membrane structure and function, but not by inhibitors of protein synthesis. the zoospores showed taxis towards the tissues surrounding the inflorescence of lolium perenne l. in the rumen, invading principally the stomata and damaged tissues. the zoospores germinated on this substratum and th ... | 1977 | 16983 |
| on the induction of zoosporogenesis in the rumen phycomycetes neocallimastix frontalis, piromonas communis and sphaeromonas communis. | the plant components inducing zoosporogenesis in the rumen phycomycetes neocallimastix frontalis, sphaeromonas communis and piromonas communis were widely distributed in the plant kingdom with no apparent taxonomic relationship. in lolium perenne l. (perennial rye-grass) and hordeum distichon (barley), the components were principally present in the leaves and aerial tissues. sufficient inducer was present in the normal diet of the host animal to trigger the differentiation and release of the zoo ... | 1977 | 21939 |
| the occurrence of chitin in the cell walls of the rumen organisms neocallimastix frontalis, piromonas communis and sphaeromonas communis. | | 1977 | 864435 |
| distribution of radioactivity of 14c-amino acids added to the medium in cells and metabolites in cultures of rumen fungi. | a mixture of l-(u-14c) amino acids was added to cultures of 11 strains of rumen anaerobic fungi belonging to neocallimastix frontalis, neocallimastix joyonii, sphaeromonas communis and piromonas communis. fungi were grown in a complex medium with glucose for 4 days. the radioactivity was found in cellular protein (27.7-65.3% of the total radioactivity recovered), lactate (16.9-41.8%), volatile fatty acids (7.4-25.7%) and ethanol (4.6-10.5%). a small amount of radioactivity was recovered in lipid ... | 1992 | 1388689 |
| degradation of maize stem by two rumen fungal species, piromyces communis and caecomyces communis, in pure cultures or in association with cellulolytic bacteria. | two species of rumen fungi, piromyces (piromonas) communis fl and caecomyces (sphaeromonas) communis fg10, were cultured alone or in association with the cellulolytic bacteria ruminococcus flavefaciens or fibrobacter succinogenes on maize stem. a kinetic study of the degradation of the substrate was then made. after 48 h of culture, all non-lignified tissues observed by scanning electron microscopy disappeared with p communis and degradation was as complete as that observed in the rumen. in cont ... | 1992 | 1418394 |
| chitin content and chitin synthase activity as indicators of the growth of three different anaerobic rumen fungi. | growth of three different anaerobic rumen fungi neocallimastix frontalis, piromonas communis and sphaeromonas communis was assessed in vitro at regular intervals by measurements of protein and chitin content and of chitin synthase activity of the cell free extracts. similar trends and a comparable amount of protein and chitin were observed in the three species. however, chitin synthase activity was higher in s. communis and contrary to the activity of the other two strains did not decrease after ... | 1991 | 1855652 |
| enhanced resistance of anaerobic rumen fungi to the ionophores monensin and lasalocid in the presence of methanogenic bacteria. | the presence of methanobrevibacter smithii altered the susceptibility of the anaerobic fungi neocallimastix frontalis and piromonas communis to the carboxylic ionophores monensin and lasalocid. the ionophores depressed growth (measured by chitin accretion), the uptake of glucose and the production of h2, formate and acetate by the fungi growing axenically in semi-solid medium. in the presence of m. smithii, the sensitivity of the fungi to monensin and lasalocid was decreased. for example, the up ... | 1989 | 2722716 |
| ultrastructural description of a new chytrid genus of caecum anaerobe, caecomyces equi gen. nov., sp. nov., assigned to the neocallimasticaceae. | vegetative and reproductive stages of caecomyces equi gen. nov., sp. nov. isolated from the horse caecum were examined by light and electron microscopy. this organism, which is similar to isolates known as sphaeromonas communis, produces uniflagellate, uninucleate zoospores whose perikinetosomal structures, i.e. circumflagellar ring, spur, struts and scoop, are similar in many respects to those described in species of neocallimastix. microtubular roots extend basally from the spur and associate ... | 1988 | 3395694 |
| polysaccharide-degrading enzymes formed by three species of anaerobic rumen fungi grown on a range of carbohydrate substrates. | the range of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes formed by three anaerobic rumen fungi (neocallimastix patriciarum, piromonas communis, and an unidentified isolate (f] was monitored following growth on seven mono-, di-, and poly-saccharide carbohydrate substrates. enzymes capable of degrading a variety of alpha- and beta-glucans, beta-galactans, galactomannan, and hemicellulosic arabinoxylans were present in all three isolates. although reducing saccharides were released from pectin, polygalacturon ... | 1987 | 3607610 |
| glycoside hydrolase enzymes present in the zoospore and vegetative growth stages of the rumen fungi neocallimastix patriciarum, piromonas communis, and an unidentified isolate, grown on a range of carbohydrates. | the rumen fungi neocallimastix patriciarum, piromonas communis, and a morphologically distinct but unidentified isolate were cultivated on the polysaccharides starch, cellulose, xylan, and their principal component monosaccharides and disaccharides, and the range and specific activities of the glycoside hydrolases formed were monitored using gluco-oligosaccharide and p-nitrophenyl glycoside substrates. a wide range of enzyme activities was detected in preparations from vegetative growth and zoos ... | 1987 | 3607611 |
| the lipids of the rumen fungus piromonas communis. | the major phospholipids of the anaerobic rumen phycomycete piromonas communis were phosphatidylethanolamine (38%), phosphatidylcholine (26%) and phosphatidylinositol (13%); no sphingolipids, glycolipids, plasmalogens or phosphonyl lipids were detected. free fatty acids, triacylglycerols, 1:2 diacylglycerols and a variable amount of 1:3 diacylglycerol were identified, as were minor amounts of squalene and a triterpenol which is probably tetrahymanol. approximately half the fatty acids were straig ... | 1984 | 6707609 |
| chitinolytic activity of the anaerobic rumen fungus piromyces communis ots1. | the anaerobic rumen fungus, piromyces communis ots1, was isolated from a fistulated goat. its chitinolytic activity in the supernatant of media containing different types of chitin was studied. the fungus grew well in our basal medium, with and without colloidal chitin and chitin powder. n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase activity was not detected in any of the culture media. chitinase activity, however, was detected in the basal medium with and without colloidal chitin and chitin powder. the extrace ... | 1995 | 7549765 |
| alpha-(4-o-methyl)-d-glucuronidase activity produced by the rumen anaerobic fungus piromonas communis: a study of selected properties. | the rumen anaerobic fungus piromonas communis, unlike the rumen anaerobic fungi neocallimastix frontalis and neocallimastix patriciarum, produced extracellular alpha-(4-o-methyl)-d-glucuronidase when grown in cultures containing filter-paper, barley straw, birchwood xylan or birchwood sawdust as carbon source. the highest concentration of enzyme was produced in cultures containing birchwood sawdust. the aldobiouronic acid o-alpha-(4-o-methyl-d-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1-->2)-d-xylopyranose (m ... | 1995 | 7576556 |
| effect of anaerobic fungi on glycoside hydrolase and polysaccharide depolymerase activities, in sacco straw degradation and volatile fatty acid concentrations in the rumen of gnotobiotically reared lambs. | four naturally born lambs were placed in sterile isolators 24 h after birth, before the natural establishment of the cellulolytic microorganisms. at the age of 4 weeks, a cellulolytic bacterial population of approximately 10(8) cells g-1 of rumen contents was established by inoculation with a 10(-6) dilution of ruminal contents taken from an adult sheep. a pure culture of neocallimastix frontalis mch3 and piromyces communis fl was inoculated into the rumen 5 months after birth and a stable popul ... | 1995 | 7612171 |
| studies on the capacity of the cellulase of the anaerobic rumen fungus piromonas communis p to degrade hydrogen bond-ordered cellulose. | the anaerobic rumen fungus piromonas communis, when cultured on cotton fibre as the carbon source, produces an extracellular cellulase that is capable of solubilizing "crystalline" hydrogen-bond-ordered cellulose, in the form of the cotton fibre, at a rate that is greater than that of any other cellulases reported in the literature hitherto. the cell-free culture fluid is also very rich in xylan-degrading enzymes. the activity towards crystalline cellulose resides in a high-molecular-mass (appro ... | 1995 | 7632404 |
| comparison of amylolytic and proteolytic activities of ruminal fungi grown on cereal grains. | strains of the ruminal fungi neocallimastix patriciarum, orpinomyces joyonii, and piromyces communis were grown on cellobiose and on cereal grains and then examined for proteolytic and amylolytic activities. on cellobiose all three fungi displayed similar activities, with the exception of little amylolytic activity in the cell-associated fraction of n. patriciarum. growth on the cereal grains barley, corn, and wheat showed differences in proteolytic and amylolytic activities amongst the ruminal ... | 1993 | 7693316 |
| simple method for cryopreservation of an anaerobic rumen fungus using ethylene glycol and rumen fluid. | the cryopreservation of an anaerobic rumen fungus, piromyces communis ots1, was examined at -84 degrees c using dimethyl sulfoxide, propylene glycol or ethylene glycol as cryoprotectants. ethylene glycol was the most effective agent, combining high survival and low toxicity, followed by dimethyl sulfoxide and propylene glycol. cell-free rumen fluid in the cryopreservation medium decreased the toxicity of the cryoprotectant agents and also had a protective action per se. a survival of 80% after 1 ... | 1995 | 7758930 |
| effect of condensed tannins from birdsfoot trefoil on endoglucanase activity and the digestion of cellulose filter paper by ruminal fungi. | the ruminal fungi neocallimastix frontalis re1, neocallimastix patriciarum 27, piromyces communis 22, and orpinomyces joyonii 19-2 were examined for their ability to digest filter paper in the presence of condensed tannins from birdsfoot trefoil (lotus corniculatus l.). for all four fungi, inhibition of endoglucanases was evident at 100 micrograms condensed tannins.ml-1 with nearly complete inhibition at 300 micrograms condensed tannins.ml-1. at 100 and 200 micrograms condensed tannins.ml-1, the ... | 1994 | 8039053 |
| isozyme analysis of anaerobic rumen fungi and their relationship to aerobic chytrids. | isozymes of 23 cultures of the anaerobic rumen fungi and seven cultures of aerobic chytridiomycete fungi were analysed by page. a total of 14 isozyme loci were successfully typed by page. they were peptidase a & c-1, peptidase a & c-2, peptidase d-1, peptidase d-2, malate dehydrogenase-1, malate dehydrogenase-2, esterase-1, esterase-2, malic enzyme-1, malic enzyme-2, isocitrate dehydrogenase, shikimate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. isozyme analysis can b ... | 1994 | 8081508 |
| effect of eubacterium limosum, a ruminal hydrogenotrophic bacterium, on the degradation and fermentation of cellulose by 3 species of rumen anaerobic fungi. | the degradation and fermentation of cellulose filter paper were studied in axenic cultures of 3 species of rumen anaerobic fungi, neocallimastix frontalis, piromyces communis and caecomyces communis, and in cocultures containing 1 of these fungal strains and eubacterium limosum, a hydrogenotrophic rumen bacterial species. when e limosum was introduced into fungal cultures a slight decrease in fungal cellulolytic activity was observed. the end products of the fermentation of cellulose found in th ... | 1993 | 8142039 |
| cereal grain digestion by selected strains of ruminal fungi. | the ruminal fungi orpinomyces joyonii strain 19-2, neocallimastix patriciarum strain 27, and piromyces communis strain 22 were examined for their ability to digest cereal starch. all strains digested corn starch more readily than barley or wheat starch. orpinomyces joyonii 19-2 exhibited the greatest propensity to digest starch in wheat and barley, whereas the digestion of these starches by n. patriciarum 27 and p. communis 22 was limited. media ammonia concentrations were lower when fungal grow ... | 1993 | 8500008 |
| purification and characteristics of cytosolic chitinase from piromyces communis ots1. | a chitinase was purified from the cytosolic fraction of the anaerobic rumen fungus piromyces communis ots1 by affinity chromatography using regenerated chitin, gel filtration and chromatofocusing. the chitinase was most active at ph 6.2 and at 60 degrees c in a 20-min assay. the molecular mass of the purified protein was estimated by sds-page to be 42 kda and its pi was 4.9. the enzyme activity, which was of the 'endo' type, was inhibited by ag+, hg2+ and allosamidin. n-acetyl-beta-glucosaminida ... | 1996 | 8935660 |
| effect of methanobrevibacter smithii on xylanolytic activity of anaerobic ruminal fungi. | three different ruminal anaerobic fungi, neocallimastix frontalis pnk2, sphaeromonas communis b7, and piromonas communis b19, were grown axenically or in coculture with methanobrevibacter smithii on xylan. n. frontalis and s. communis in monoculture and coculture accumulated xylobiose, xylose, and arabinose in the growth medium; arabinose was not metabolized, but xylobiose and xylose were subsequently used. the transient accumulation of xylose was much less evident in cocultures. both the rate a ... | 1990 | 16348244 |
| degradation of lignified secondary cell walls of lucerne (medicago sativa l.) by rumen fungi growing in methanogenic co-culture. | to compare the abilities of the monocentric rumen fungi neocallimastix frontalis, piromyces communis and caecomyces communis, growing in coculture with methanobrevibacter smithii, to colonize and degrade lignified secondary cell walls of lucerne (alfalfa) hay. | 2011 | 21848807 |
| effects of aromatic amino acids, phenylacetate and phenylpropionate on fermentation of xylan by the rumen anaerobic fungi, neocallimastix frontalis and piromyces communis. | anaerobic fungi are important members of the fibrolytic community of the rumen. the aim of this study was to study their requirement for aromatic amino acids (aa) and related phenyl acids (phenylpropionic and phenylacetic acids) for optimal xylan fermentation. | 2007 | 17897195 |
| de novo synthesis of amino acids by the ruminal anaerobic fungi, piromyces communis and neocallimastix frontalis. | anaerobic fungi are an important component of the cellulolytic ruminal microflora. ammonia alone as n source supports growth, but amino acid mixtures are stimulatory. in order to evaluate the extent of de novo synthesis of individual amino acids in piromyces communis and neocallimastix frontalis, isotope enrichment in amino acids was determined during growth on (15)nh(4)cl in different media. most cell n (0.78 and 0.63 for p. communis and n. frontalis, respectively) and amino acid n (0.73 and 0. ... | 2002 | 12113941 |
| effects of emulsified octadecanic acids on gas production and cellulolysis by the rumen anaerobic fungus, piromyces communis m014. | responses of the rumen anaerobic fungus, piromyces communis m014, to octadecanic long-chain fatty acids (lcfas) were evaluated by measuring total and hydrogen gas productions, filter paper (fp) cellulose degradation and polysaccharidase enzyme activities. octadecanic acids (stearic acid, c(18:0); oleic acid, c(18:1); linoleic acid, c(18:2) and linolenic acid, c(18:3)) were emulsified by ultrasonication under anaerobic conditions, and added to the medium at the level of 0.001%. when p. communis m ... | 2008 | 17996466 |
| purification and characteristics of membrane-bound chitinase of anaerobic ruminal fungus piromyces communis ots1. | a membrane-bound chitinase from cell wall fractions of the anaerobic ruminal fungus, piromyces communis ots1, was purified by affinity chromatography, gel filtration, and chromatofocusing. the molecular size of the chitinase was estimated by gel filtration to be 42.4 kda and by sds-page to be 44.8 kda, and its pi was 4.4. activity was inhibited by hg2+ and allosamidin. the activity at 39 degrees c was greatest at ph 6.0. it had an 'endo' type action. solubilization tests indicated that plasmalem ... | 1998 | 9625792 |
| purification and characteristics of an autolytic chitinase of piromyces communis ots1 from culture medium. | an autolysis chitinase was purified from the cultural medium of the anaerobic fungus piromyces communis ots1 by ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity chromatography with regenerated chitin, chromato-focusing, gel filtration, and chromato-focusing again. the optimal ph and temperature were 6.0 and 50 degrees c, respectively, for a 20-min assay. the chitinase was stable from ph 6.0 to 8.0, but was unstable at 70 degrees c for 20 min. the molecular mass of chitinase was estimated by sds-page to ... | 1997 | 9175560 |