| antimicrobial activity of crude juices of allium ascalonicum, allium cepa and allium sativum. | crude juices of garlic (allium sativum), onion (allium cepa) and shallots (allium ascalonicum) were tested in an agar diffusion test for their growth inhibitory effect on five gram negative and three gram positive bacterial species and two yeast species. all test organisms were inhibited by garlic juice, whilst onion and shallot juice showed no effect upon gram negative bacteria. garlic juice was investigated in more detail. addition of complex-forming agents and organic matter to the crude juic ... | 1979 | 44616 |
| localization of the synaptonemal complex under the light microscope. | the use of osmium tetroxide fixation followed by postreatment with p-phenylenediamine gives an opportunity of locating the synaptonemal complex (sc) under the light microscope in mouse testes and allium cepa anthers. when semi-thin sections from these materials were observed under phase contrast optics or dark field microscopy, fine threads in the pachytene nuclei were clearly visible. post-staining of semi-thin sections with ammoniacal silver increased the contrast of the sc and allowed for obs ... | 1978 | 80311 |
| hematologic effects and feeding performance in cattle fed cull domestic onions (allium cepa). | for 119 days, 36 cattle, allotted to 6 treatment groups, were fed a balanced growth diet containing 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25% cull onions on a dry-matter basis. cattle performance was comparable to that associated with barley-base non-onion diet; statistical differences were not observed among treatments. during the first 28 days of the study, reduction in numbers of rbc, hemoglobin concentration, and pcv was observed in all cattle fed onions, but clinical anemia was not seen in any individual an ... | 1992 | 1607313 |
| dietary exposure to aflatoxin in benin city, nigeria: a possible public health concern. | a total of 100 samples of various foods comprising of 10 samples each of garri (manihot utilis pohl), beans (phaseolus lunatus), yam flour (dioscorea rotundata), cassava flour (manihot esculentum), melon (citrulus lunatus), onion (allium cepa), rice (oryza sativa), plantain (musa paradisiaca), red pepper (capsicum annuum l., solanaceae) and eggs were screened for the presence of aflatoxins. fifty percent of yam flour; 40% of cassava flour; 30% of garri; 20% of beans and melon and 10% of rice yie ... | 1991 | 1777386 |
| silver staining of the nucleolar organizer regions (nors) in semithin lowicryl sections. | the one-step silver technique was applied to semithin lowicryl sections of root meristem cells of allium cepa and a human tumor cell line (tg cells). in vegetal cells, after 5 min of staining reaction, the ag-nor proteins formed ring-shaped structures peripherally within the nucleolus. in animal cells silver granules were distributed over the entire nucleolus. the specificity of the staining reaction was increased by incubation of the sections in nh4cl and schiff's reagent prior to ag-nor silver ... | 1988 | 2451325 |
| cytological effects of fungal metabolites produced by fungi isolated from egyptian poultry feedstuffs. | the cytogenetic effects of fungal metabolites produced by 113 strains belonging to 36 fungal species and isolated form 5 substrates of commercial poultry feedstuffs were tested for their effect on the growing root meristems of allium cepa. the fungal metabolites of paecilomyces canescens, aspergillus fumigatus, syncephalastrum racemosum, aspergillus terreus and mucor hiemalis strongly suppressed cell division. metabolites from other strains had less effect on cell division but permitted the appe ... | 1989 | 2746472 |
| isolation and identification of two isomeric trihydroxy octadecenoic acids with prostaglandin e-like activity from onion bulbs (allium cepa). | two fractions with prostaglandin e-like activity were isolated from onion (allium cepa) by using xad-2 adsorption, silicic acid column chromatography and thin layer chromatography. the fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and were characterized as isomeric mixtures of 9,10,13-trihydroxy-11-octadecenoic and 9,12,13-trihydroxy-10-octadecenoic acid, which are lipoxygenase metabolites of linoleic acid. bio-assay, for which cascade superfusion was used and the rabbit coelia ... | 1985 | 4011928 |
| onion poisoning of young cattle. | eighty-five cattle (calves and yearlings) were allowed 1000 kg of onions (allium cepa) a day. signs of poisoning were observed after five days; 22 animals were affected, one fatally. new illnesses continued to occur for five days after the withdrawal of onions from the diet. clinical signs included inappetance, tachycardia, staggering and collapse, with jaundiced conjunctivae and haemoglobinuria. haemolytic anaemia with heinz bodies in the red cells and leucocytosis were demonstrated. | 1985 | 4082398 |
| malformin in aspergillus niger-infected onion bulbs (allium cepa). | malformin was identified, by its biological activity and chromatography, in acetone extracts of the outer scales of onion bulbs infected with aspergillus niger. malformin was not detected in tissue underlying the infected areas or in the central portions of the bulbs, nor was malformein liberated from extracts or extracted tissues after reduction with zinc in acetic acid. this is the first report of naturally occurring malformin. | 1974 | 4423165 |
| effect of allyl propyl disulphide isolated from onion (allium cepa l.) on glucose tolerance of alloxan diabetic rabbits. | | 1974 | 4435106 |
| lipid lowering effect of allyl propyl disulphide isolated from allium cepa linn. on long term feeding to normal rats. | | 1974 | 4469257 |
| studies on the effects of a hypoglycemic principle from allium cepa linn. | | 1973 | 4757998 |
| effect of long-term feeding of the aqueous extracts of onion (allium cepa linn.) and garlic (allium sativum linn.) on normal rats. | | 1973 | 4782629 |
| isolation of hypo- and hyperglycaemic agents from allium cepa linn. | | 1973 | 4792756 |
| antidiabetic activity of egyptian onion "allium cepa" extract. | | 1965 | 5873670 |
| effect of allium cepa (onion) on immune response in rabbit. | | 1983 | 6668059 |
| [hemolytic anemia in a miniature dashshund caused by eating large amounts of onion (allium cepa)]. | | 1982 | 7175912 |
| [new contributions to the study of allium cepa l]. | | 1981 | 7325712 |
| effects of ginsenosides rg1 and rb1 of panax ginseng on mitosis in root tip cells of allium cepa. | the effects of ginsenosides rg1 and rb1 of panax ginseng on mitosis in the onion root tip cells as well as on the rate of dna synthesis in onion seedlings were studied. results obtained from the concentration and time course study in bulb and seeding root tip cells indicate that rg1 promotes and rb1 inhibits mitosis, both being dose-dependent. the promoting effect of rg1 on the rate of dna synthesis was observed at the peak hour which occurs at the same time as that of the control. rb1 was found ... | 1981 | 7345917 |
| anti-diabetic effects of onion and garlic sulfoxide amino acids in rats. | on oral administration of onion (allium cepa l.) and garlic (a. sativum l.) sulfoxide amino acids viz., s-methylcysteine sulfoxide (smcs) and s-allylcysteine sulfoxide (sacs) to alloxan-diabetic rats for a month, their diabetic condition, being characterized by glucose intolerance, weight loss, depletion of liver glycogen, etc., was ameliorated as comparable to rats treated with glibenclamide and insulin. however, only the last two drugs significantly increased the conversion of labelled acetate ... | 1995 | 7480182 |
| genome size of man and animals relative to the plant allium cepa. | a direct feulgen-cytophotometric comparison of the genomic dna content (c value) was performed between the liliaceous plant species allium cepa and a number of animal species to reassess the genome size ratios between plants and animals. these appeared unduly ambiguous as a consequence of divergent picogram estimates in several animal reference species. taking 1c = 16.75 pg for allium cepa, the estimates were (1c value in picograms): man, 3.11; indian muntjak ccl 157 cell line, 2.68; domestic pi ... | 1983 | 6671147 |
| antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of s-methyl cysteine sulfoxide isolated from allium cepa linn. | s-methyl cysteine sulphoxide (smcs), a sulphur containing amino acid isolated from onion (allium cepa linn) showed antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects. oral administration of smcs daily at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight for a period of 45 days to alloxan diabetic rats controlled significantly their blood glucose and lipids in serum and tissues and altered the activities of liver hexokinase, glucose 6-phosphatase and hmg coa reductase towards normal. the above effects of smcs were compar ... | 1995 | 7665195 |
| the mutagenicity of gramoxone (paraquat) on different eukaryotic systems. | the possible mutagenicity of the herbicide gramoxone was evaluated using five different living systems: allium cepa, vicia faba, yeast, drosophila melanogaster and human lymphocytes. the results indicate that gramoxone has mutagenic activity at the cytological level in allium cepa, vicia faba and human lymphocytes. all doses were effective in inducing chromosomal abnormalities and a clear dose-response relationship was observed in the various cytological tests. analysis of chromosomal abnormalit ... | 1993 | 7692291 |
| the subcellular concentration of ions and elements in thin cryosections of onion root meristem cells. an electron-probe eds study. | quantitative electron-probe energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis has, for the first time, been accomplished at a subcellular level in plant tissue using cryofixed and thin freeze-dried cryosections. the subcellular concentrations of na+, cl-, k+, p, s, mg2+ and ca2+ were measured in mol/kg dry weight in two types of root meristematic cells of the onion, allium cepa. the cell wall of the meristematic cells had much higher concentrations of k+ and ca2+ than was found in the intracellular compartm ... | 1984 | 6533152 |
| immunological characterization of lamins in the nuclear matrix of onion cells. | we have used polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against different lamins from vertebrates, and the ifa antibody recognizing all kinds of intermediate filament proteins, to investigate the lamins of the nuclear matrix of allium cepa meristematic root cells. all the antibodies react in the onion nuclear matrix with bands in the range of 60-65 kda, which are enriched in the nuclear matrix after urea extraction, and do not crossreact with other antibodies recognizing intermediate filaments in plan ... | 1993 | 8270641 |
| nuclear targeting of the maize r protein requires two nuclear localization sequences. | previous genetic and structural evidence indicates that the maize r gene encodes a nuclear transcriptional activating factor. in-frame carboxyl- and amino-terminal fusions of the r gene to the reporter gene encoding beta-glucuronidase (gus) were sufficient to direct gus to the nucleus of the transiently transformed onion (allium cepa) epidermal cells. further analysis of chimeric constructs containing regions of the r gene fused to the gus cdna revealed three specific nuclear localization sequen ... | 1993 | 8278504 |
| effects of allylpropyl disulphide isolated from allium cepa linn on high-fat fed rats. | | 1984 | 6519679 |
| acute and subacute toxicity tests of onion coat, natural colorant extracted from onion (allium cepa l.), in (c57bl/6 x c3h)f1 mice. | the toxicity test of onion coat colorant (oc), a food colorant extracted from onion (allium cepa l.), was undertaken using (c57bl/6 x c3h)f1 mice of both sexes for the safety assessment of this product. the acute toxicity test was performed by administration of oc suspended in corn oil by gavage at doses of 2500, 5000, 7500, and 10,000 mg/kg body weight to groups of 5 or 6 males and 6 or 7 females, maintained for 14 d. six of 12 females dosed at 10,000 mg/kg body weight and 3 of 11 females dosed ... | 1993 | 8421325 |
| anti-hyperglycemic effect of some edible plants. | the anti-hyperglycemic effect of 12 edible plants was studied on 27 healthy rabbits, submitted weekly to subcutaneous glucose tolerance tests after gastric administration of water, tolbutamide or a traditional preparation of the plant. tolbutamide, cucurbita ficifolia, phaseolus vulgaris, opuntia streptacantha, spinacea oleracea, cucumis sativus and cuminum cyminum decrease significantly the area under the glucose tolerance curve and the hyperglycemic peak. brassica oleracea var. botrytis, alliu ... | 1995 | 8569244 |
| [cytogenetic activity of the herbicide sodium trichloroacetate]. | it is established that sodium trichloracetate does not induce chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells of mice, does not modify mutagenic effect induced by rubomicin, but increases chromosome aberration frequency in the culture of human peripheral lymphocytes and in germs of crepis tectorum and allium cepa seeds. | 1984 | 6474569 |
| organization of microtubules in stabilized meristematic plant cells revealed by a rat monoclonal antibody reacting only with the tyrosinated form of alpha-tubulin. | a rat monoclonal antibody against yeast tubulin (clone yl 1/2; kilmartin et al., 1982) that reacts specifically with mammalian alpha-tubulin carrying a carboxyterminal tyrosine residue (wehland et al., 1983) was used to localize microtubules in plant cells derived from onion root apices (allium cepa l.). yl 1/2 reacted with all types of microtubular arrays known to occur in higher plant meristematic cells such as interphase cortical microtubules, pre-prophase bands, the mitotic spindle and phrag ... | 1984 | 6201294 |
| on the mechanism of differential giemsa staining of brdu-substituted chromatids. | this paper analyses the effect of acid hydrolysis on the differential giemsa staining of 5-bromo-2'deoxyuridine (brdu) substituted chromatids in human and plant chromosomes, after treatment with a fluorochrome and light. human lymphocytes and allium cepa l. root tips were grown in brdu for two or three cell cycles. lymphocytes spreadings and meristem squashes were treated with fluorochrome hoechst 33258, exposed to sunlight, hydrolysed with 5n hcl and stained with giemsa. this acid hydrolysis im ... | 1982 | 6184205 |
| synthesis of s-substituted cysteine derivatives by the cysteine synthase (o-acetylserine sulfhydrylase) of onion (allium cepa) and escherichia coli. | | 1974 | 4608228 |
| effect of quercetin and albizzia saponins on rat mast cell. | in the present work the effect of quercetin obtained from (allium cepa). albizzia lebbek (crude extract of seeds) and a pure saponin fraction of albizzia has been studied on the mast cells in the mesentery and peritoneal fluid of rats subjected to anaphylaxis. the results show a mast cell membrane stabilizing effect of these test drugs. | 1985 | 3932203 |
| comparative analysis of the chromosomal and genomic organization of ty1-copia-like retrotransposons in pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms. | we have investigated the physical distribution of the reverse transcriptase genes of ty1-copia-like retrotransposable elements from 12 plant species belonging to different subdivisions by hybridization in situ on chromosome preparations. ty1-copia-like elements showed different and non-random hybridization patterns. a dispersed distribution throughout most of the chromosomes with reduced hybridization at some regions or with some weak clustering at other regions was found in allium cepa, beta vu ... | 1997 | 9037155 |
| [effect of allium cepa l. var. agrogatum don and allium macrostemon bunge on arachidonic acid metabolism]. | | 1988 | 3400480 |
| garlic (allium sativum) and onion (allium cepa): a review of their relationship to cardiovascular disease. | garlic and onion have been used for millenia in the traditional medical practice of many cultures to treat cardiovascular and other disorders. both allium species, their extracts, and the chemical constituents of these plants have been investigated for possible effects on cardiovascular disease risk factors--both definite (hyperlipidemia, hypertension and hyperglycemia) and suspected (platelet aggregation and blood fibrinolytic activity). action of these allium species on blood coagulability is ... | 1987 | 3317392 |
| effect of oral ingestion of different fractions of allium cepa on the blood and erythrocyte membrane lipids and certain membrane-bound enzymes in rats. | the effect of oral ingestion of different fractions of onion (allium cepa)--extract, residue, and whole--at a dose level equivalent to intake of 50 g of onion per day for a 70-kg man, for 30 days, to male adult, normal, albino rats was studied on blood and erythrocyte membrane lipids and certain membrane-bound enzymes. onion extract and residue showed hypercholesterolemic effect, while whole onion showed hypocholesterolemic effect in blood. in erythrocyte membranes, all the fractions had hypocho ... | 1989 | 2525181 |
| the physiological interferon response. ix. interferon activity in rabbit lymph after intraduodenal administration of alimentary lectins. | the physiological interferon (ifn) response involves the production of little amounts of ifn in localized lymphoid microenvironments upon induction of exogenous and endogenous inducers. the aim of this work was to demonstrate whether dietary antigens and/or alimentary lectins could induce ifn in vivo after intraduodenal administration in rabbits. for this purpose we have collected simultaneously the abdominal lymph and plasma during the experiments for about 12 hours. the results show that while ... | 1988 | 2452325 |
| monoclonal antibody raised against human mitotic cyclin b1, identifies cyclin b-like mitotic proteins in synchronized onion (allium cepa l.) root meristem. | cyclin b-like mitotic proteins have been detected in synchronized allium cepa l. root tip cells by using mouse monoclonal anti-cyclin b1 antibody raised against human cyclin b1. immunoblot shows two closely placed isoforms of cyclin b-like proteins having an apparent molecular weight around 54 kda. in vivo [35s]-methionine labelling followed by immunoprecipitation and autoradiography indicates that cyclin b-like proteins are mainly synthesized in the g2 phase of the cell cycle and destroyed in l ... | 1997 | 9151992 |
| evaluation of mutagenic effect of the antihypertensive drug methyldopa (aldomet) on mammalian systems in vivo and in vitro and on allium cepa. | the antihypertensive drug methyldopa (aldomet) was tested for possible clastogenic activity on normal and hypertensive rats and on human lymphocyte cultures and for its influence on the cell cycle of allium cepa. the drug had no clastogenic effect on rat bone marrow cells but showed a toxic effect on a. cepa root tip cells and significantly increased the frequency of sister-chromatid exchanges in lymphocyte cultures, without any effect on the frequency of chromosome aberrations. | 1991 | 1994243 |
| evidence for an adaptive response to radiation damage in plant cells conditioned with x-rays or incorporated tritium. | allium cepa root-tip cells were first exposed to low 'conditioning' doses of ionizing radiation: to x-rays (0.06 or 0.26 gy) or to incorporated tritium (1.8 x 10(4) or 7.2 x 10(4) bq/ml; specific activity: 740.0 gbq/mmol) and subsequently given a 'challenge' dose of 1.5 gy of x-rays. a reduction in x-ray-induced chromosomal damage was brought about by prior exposure to 0.26 gy of x-rays, while cells receiving the lower conditioning dose (0.06 gy of x-rays) did not show any significant reduction. ... | 1990 | 1968946 |
| cycloheximide genotoxicity in in vitro and in vivo test systems. | the aim of this study was to investigate if there was any genotoxic effect produced by the antibiotic cycloheximide, widely used as a fungicide in agriculture as well as in everyday laboratory practice. the battery of test systems included the bacterium salmonella typhimurium (strains ta98 and ta100), the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae (d7), allium cepa somatic cells and mouse bone marrow cells. this combination of test systems enabled us to establish possible effects caused by cycloheximide at ... | 1991 | 1861684 |
| beneficial effects of allium sativum, allium cepa and commiphora mukul on experimental hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis--a comparative evaluation. | oral administration of petroleum ether extract of allium sativum, allium cepa and ethylacetate extract of commiphora mukul in albino rats significantly prevented rise in serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride level, caused by atherogenic diet. all the three agents were also found to confer significant protection against atherogenic diet induced atherosclerosis. | 1991 | 1784023 |
| hypoglycaemic effects of onion, allium cepa linn. on diabetes mellitus - a preliminary report. | hypoglycaemic fractions of a. cepa linn (onion) have been separated. after 7 days treatment, the more active hypoglycaemic fraction was about half as active as phenformin in lowering the fasting blood sugar of alloxan-diabetic rabbits. oral administration of the hypoglycaemic fraction to alloxan-diabetic rabbits improved their glucose tolerance also. juice expressed residue of onion, when fed to diabetic patients along with their food, controlled the hyperglycaemia effectively. | 1975 | 1223000 |
| the ty1-copia group of retrotransposons in plants: genomic organisation, evolution, and use as molecular markers. | the genomic organisation and diversity of the ty1-copia group retrotransposons has been investigated in several crop plants and their relatives from both dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous families, including potato (solanum tuberosum), faba beans (vicia faba), vicia melanops, vicia sativa, barley (hordeum vulgare), rye (secale cereale), and onion (allium cepa). extreme heterogeneity in the sequence of the ty1-copia retrotransposons from all these plants was revealed following sequence analysis ... | 1997 | 9440274 |
| cytological studies on onion root-tip cells treated with water-soluble extract of tobacco smoke condensate from commercial cigarettes. | the effect of water-soluble extract of tobacco smoke condensate (tsc) from two commercially available cigarettes with dirrerent types of filters was studied on the cytology of root-tip cells of onion (allium cepa). one of the cigarettes had a 2-cm cellulose acetate filter, and the other had a filter comprised of 1 cm of cellulose acetate and 2 cm of activated charcoal. tsc from these cigarettes induced mitotic abnormalities. to investigate whether these two commercial filters could retain cigare ... | 1975 | 1143297 |
| cytogenetic effects of styrene and styrene oxide on human lymphocytes and allium cepa. | styrene and styrene oxide induce cytogenetic effects already at very low concentrations (0.01% v/v or even less); the effects are similar in both in vitro human lymphocytes and in vivo onion root tip cells (allium cepa l.). it is characteristic that styrene treatment is more potent in causing chromosome breakage in both systems. in allium styrene induced inhibition of mitotic spindle action as revealed by a strong c-mitotic effect. also the number of micronuclei and nuclear bridges increased in ... | 1978 | 734401 |
| cloning of sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase from onion and synthesis of structurally defined fructan molecules from sucrose. | sucrose (suc):suc 1-fructosyltransferase (1-sst) is the key enzyme in plant fructan biosynthesis, since it catalyzes de novo fructan synthesis from suc. we have cloned 1-sst from onion (allium cepa) by screening a cdna library using acid invertase from tulip (tulipa gesneriana) as a probe. expression assays in tobacco (nicotiana plumbaginifolia) protoplasts showed the formation of 1-kestose from suc. in addition, an onion acid invertase clone was isolated from the same cdna library. protein extr ... | 1998 | 9701606 |
| effects of onion (allium cepa) extract on platelet aggregation and thromboxane synthesis. | oral administration of onion and garlic reportedly decreases platelet aggregation in both human and animal subjects. an oily chloroform extract of onion (allium cepa) was prepared and separated by column chromatography on silicic acid into six fractions by elution with solvents of increasing polarity. the least polar fraction contained most of the inhibitory activity towards platelet aggregation induced by either adp or arachidonic acid. further purification was afforded by thin-layer chromatogr ... | 1979 | 552092 |
| euchromatic domains in plant chromosomes as revealed by h4 histone acetylation and early dna replication. | using specific polyclonal antisera raised against acetylated isoforms of histone h4, we have analyzed their distribution in the dioecious plant silene latifolia (syn. melandrium album) possessing heteromorphic sex chromosomes. our previous studies on this species have shown that one of the two x chromosomes in homogametic female cells is heavily methylated and late replicating, as a possible consequence of dosage compensation. here we report that there are no detectable differences in intensity ... | 1999 | 10231965 |
| reference standards for determination of dna content of plant nuclei. | flow cytometry was used to compare 14 potential reference standards for plant dna content determination. both chicken and plant internal standards were used, as were propidium iodide (pi) and 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (dapi) as fluorochromes. means and standard errors of the means are presented for the 14 potential reference standards, and the means are compared to those obtained by feulgen densitometry. five species are recommended as an initial set of international standards for future pla ... | 1999 | 10330063 |
| a novel histone variant localized in nucleoli of higher plant cells. | immunofluorescence staining with antisera raised against p35, a basic nuclear protein that accumulates in the pollen nuclei of lilium longiflorum, specifically stained the nucleoli in interphase nuclei of somatic tissues, including root and leaf, and in pachytene nuclei during meiotic division, whereas antisera raised against histone h1 uniformly stained the entire chromatin domain with the exception of the nucleoli in these nuclei. further, p35-specific antisera stained the nucleoli in root and ... | 1999 | 10398848 |
| effects of feeding cull domestic onions (allium cepa) to sheep. | twenty crossbred panama yearling ewes were used to determine the effects of feeding cull onions (allium cepa) to sheep. ten test ewes were fed onions free choice with supplemntal alfalfa hay and grain, whereas ten control ewes were fed only alfalfa hay and grain. anemia developed within 3 weeks in the test ewes, but was not seen in the controls. all ewes remained clinically normal during the study. onions were fed for about 130 days. recovery of the erythrocyte system began before the end of the ... | 1979 | 475092 |
| the hypolipidemic effect of onion (allium cepa linn) in sucrose fed rabbits. | long term administration of sucrose significantly increased triglyceride levels in normal rabbits. effects of an aqueous extract of onion on the sucrose fed rabbits have been investigated. administration of onion extract significantly reduced serum, liver and aorta triglycerides and serum and liver proteins. on the other hand liver free amino acids have been significantly increased in the onion treated group as compared to the sucrose fed control. the effects of onion have been ascribed to its s ... | 1979 | 437870 |
| traditional antihelmintic, antiparasitic and repellent uses of plants in central italy. | the uses of 51 plants of marche, abruzzo and latium, distributed in 28 families, are listed here. memories and news of continued use of the plants in these sectors were collected from farmers and shepherds in person (mostly old people). the plants most frequently used as antiparasitics and repellents are juglans regia, lupinus albus, ruta graveolens, fraxinus ornus, datura stramonium, artemisia absinthium, allium cepa, while r. graveolens, cucurbita maxima, a. absinthium, allium sativum are the ... | 1999 | 10624877 |
| visualization of the interphase chromosomes of ornithogalum virens and muntiacus muntjak. | a technique for visualizing "interphase chromosomes" was applied to nuclei of the angio-spermous plant, ornithogalum virens (2 n = 6), and the male mammal, muntiacus munjak (2 n = 7), in an attempt to correlate the numbers of "chromosomes" visible during interphase with the respective diploid chromosome numbers. the alterations in chromosome structure observed during g1, s, and g2 periods were comparable to those previously reported in allium cepa and chinese hamster (cho line) cells [33], but f ... | 1979 | 428620 |
| selenium speciation in enriched and natural samples by hplc-icp-ms and hplc-esi-ms with perfluorinated carboxylic acid ion-pairing agents. | selenium-enriched plants, such as hyperaccumulative phytoremediation plants (astragalus praleongus, 517 micrograms g-1 se, and brassica juncea, 138 micrograms g-1 se in dry sample), yeast (1200, 1922 and 2100, micrograms g-1 se in dry sample), ramp (allium tricoccum, 48, 77, 230, 252, 405 and 524 micrograms g-1 se in dry sample), onion (allium cepa, 96 and 140 micrograms g-1 se in dry sample) and garlic (allium sativum, 68, 112, 135, 296, 1355 micrograms g-1 se in dry sample) were analyzed by hp ... | 2000 | 10885064 |
| antibacterial, antidermatophytic and antitoxigenic activities of onion (allium cepa l.) oil. | the inhibitory effect of onion oil against the growth of various isolates of bacteria representing gram-positive (4 isolates) and gram-negative (4 isolates) species were studied. results show that onion oil was highly active against all gram-positive bacteria tested and only one isolate (klebsiella pneumoniae) of gram-negative bacteria. the inhibitory effect of onion oil against nine different species of dermatophytic fungi were also studied. onion oil (200 ppm) completely inhibited the growth o ... | 1995 | 7600010 |
| a potent antimicrobial protein from onion seeds showing sequence homology to plant lipid transfer proteins. | an antimicrobial protein of about 10 kd, called ace-amp1, was isolated from onion (allium cepa l.) seeds. based on the near-complete amino acid sequence of this protein, oligonucleotides were designed for polymerase chain reaction-based cloning of the corresponding cdna. the mature protein is homologous to plant nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (nsltps), but it shares only 76% of the residues that are conserved among all known plant nsltps and is unusually rich in arginine. ace-amp1 inhibits ... | 1995 | 7480341 |
| the oligosaccharide units of the xyloglucans in the cell walls of bulbs of onion, garlic and their hybrid. | xyloglucans were isolated from the 24% koh-soluble fraction of the cell walls of bulbs of onion (allium cepa), garlic (allium sativum) and their hybrid. the polysaccharides yielded single peaks upon gel filtration with average molecular weights of 65,000 for onion, 55,000 for garlic and 82,000 for the hybrid. compositional analysis of the oligosaccharide units after digestion with an endo-1,4-beta-glucanase from streptomyces indicated that the polysaccharides were constructed of four kinds of re ... | 1994 | 7981966 |
| [a comparative ecological-genetic assessment of the mutagenic background in 2 agricultural districts of the transcarpathian province]. | the estimation of the total mutagenic overloading and chromosome variability in population of two transcarpathian regions in ukraine differing in the intensity of pesticides use has been studied. the statistically significant differences in mutagenicity of soil (on the growing seed allium cepa), mutability of agricultural crops (vicia sativa, avena sativa) and chromosome aberrations level in peripheral lymphocytes in juveniles have been determined. | 1993 | 8316952 |
| an evaluation of garlic and onion as antithrombotic agents. | garlic (allium sativum) and onion (allium cepa) have been evaluated as possible antithrombotic agents. rats were given aqueous extracts of garlic and onion, orally or intraperitoneally, daily for a period of 4 weeks after which the rats were sacrificed. the blood was collected from the heart without anticoagulant and the serum was prepared. the level of thromboxane b2 (txb2) in the serum was measured by radioimmunoassay. txb2 levels in serum of rats treated with the low dose of aqueous extract o ... | 1996 | 8860105 |
| [scii-like protein is localized in the nuclei, chromosomes and chromosome scaffolds of allium cepa]. | the nuclei were isolated from the root meristematic cells of allium cepa and the nuclear matrices were prepared. a 135 kd polypeptide, which is equivalent to sc ii in molecular weight, was revealed in the nuclei by sds-page and was then demonstrated to be an sc ii-like protein by western blot with an anti-chicken sc ii antiserum. neither the 135 kd polypeptide nor the positive labelling of the anti-sc ii antiserum was found in the nuclear matrices. the immuno-fluorescence tests showed that the n ... | 2000 | 11192434 |
| the ty1-copia group retrotransposons of allium cepa are distributed throughout the chromosomes but are enriched in the terminal heterochromatin. | the genomic organization and diversity of the ty1-copia group retrotransposons has been investigated in a monocotyledonous plant, allium cepa. we used the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to generate sequences corresponding to a conserved domain of the reverse transcriptase gene of ty1-copia retrotransposons in this plant. sequence analysis of 27 of these pcr products shows that they are a highly heterogeneous population, a feature which is common in plants but not in yeast and drosophila. slot-b ... | 1996 | 8871824 |
| antiplatelet activity in onion (allium cepa) is sulfur dependent. | plants of the genus allium such as onion and garlic are often consumed as a source of compounds which inhibit human platelet activity, with the goal of decreasing vascular disease. antiplatelet activity in these plants is determined in part by native concentrations of organosulfur compounds. evaluation of four onion genotypes grown in a field study at four us locations in 1994 demonstrated onions with mild flavor and low sulfur content exhibited significantly lower antiplatelet activity than tho ... | 1996 | 8883285 |
| nutrient composition and nutritional importance of green leaves and wild food resources in an agricultural district, koutiala, in southern mali. | this paper discusses the nutrient composition and the nutritional importance of green leaves and wild gathered foods in an area with surplus food production in mali. in this west african country, there is little information about the nutrient composition and the nutritional quality of foods in general, and of wild gathered foods in particular. food frequency was collected in two cross-sectional surveys. focus group discussions with women in the area were used to collect information about seasona ... | 1996 | 8933199 |
| antibiotics and garlic clove extract--inhibitory agents of cell wall degrading enzymes. | four antibiotics were tested against erwinia causing soft rot of onion (allium cepa var. aggregatum) of which streptomycin sulphate 90% and tetracycline hydrochloride 10% (streptocycline) recorded the maximum inhibition zone of 27.66 mm. in the enzyme studies the maximum inhibition of pectinlyase (pl), polygalacturonase (pg) and protopectinase production was recorded by the same antibiotic. the antibiotics have a significant influence on the production and activity of cell wall degrading enzymes ... | 1995 | 8972140 |
| analysis of fructans from higher plants by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. | in this communication both matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (maldi-ms) and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (hpaec) have been applied to analyze fructans from higher plants. size distribution of a commercially available fructan preparation from dahlia variabilis l. was determined by maldi-ms. molecular masses ranged from 2,000 up to 6,000 da with a peak value of distribution at 2,635 da. essentially the same pattern was obtained using hpaec. low-molecul ... | 1997 | 9073356 |
| fructan of the inulin neoseries is synthesized in transgenic chicory plants (cichorium intybus l.) harbouring onion (allium cepa l.) fructan:fructan 6g-fructosyltransferase. | fructan (polyfructosylsucrose) is an important storage carbohydrate in many plant families. fructan:fructan 6g-fructosyltransferase (6g-fft) is a key enzyme in the formation of the inulin neoseries, a type of fructan accumulated by members of the liliales. we have cloned the 6g-fft from onion by screening a cdna library using barley sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (6-sft) as a probe. the deduced amino acid sequence showed a high homology with plant invertases and 6-sft. incubation of prot ... | 1997 | 9107030 |
| cell type and spatial location dependence of cytoplasmic viscosity measured by time-resolved fluorescence microscopy. | information on the cell type and spatial location dependence of cytoplasmic viscosity would be very useful in understanding some of the processes occurring in the cell. for this purpose, fluorescent dye kiton red (sulforhodamine b) was loaded into a variety of cells such as swiss 3t3 fibroblasts, human mononuclear cells, sarcoma-180 tumor cells, chinese hamster ovary cells, plant cells from digitalis lanata, stamen hair cells of tradescantia, and guard mother cells of allium cepa. space-resolved ... | 1997 | 9143317 |
| nopa64, a novel nucleolar phosphoprotein from proliferating onion cells, sharing immunological determinants with mammalian nucleolin. | five major soluble nuclear proteins associated with cell proliferation were identified in allium cepa l. root cells. one of them, of 64 kda, was revealed by western blotting with anti-mammalian nucleolin antibodies. a polyclonal antibody raised against this protein, which we have named nopa64, localised it in the nucleolus as well as in nuclear coiled bodies. together with nopa64, the antibody also revealed a smaller form, called nopa61. both proteins were present in the soluble ribonucleoprotei ... | 1997 | 9151450 |
| a test battery for the ecotoxicological evaluation of pentachlorophenol. | experimental bioassays are currently used in ecotoxicology and environmental toxicology to provide information for risk assessment evaluation of new chemicals and to investigate their effects and mechanisms of action; in addition, ecotoxicological models are used for the detection, control and monitoring of the presence of pollutants in the environment. as a single bioassay will never provide a full picture of the quality of the environment, a representative, cost-effective and quantitative test ... | 2001 | 11566584 |
| [on the effect of chinese lacquer upon the cell division of root tip of allium cepa]. | chinese lacquer, as a fine coating, has been studied and applied for thousands years. the allergic reaction in chinese lacquer on the human skin has also been known early. the reaction of chinese lacquer on mitosis of cell in plant meristem have not been reported yet and was carefully studied in this paper. the result showed that chinese lacquer induced severe abnormality of mitotic division in allium cepa root tips. this was more obvious in the anaphase and telophase, especially in the former p ... | 1997 | 9167366 |
| mitotic effects of the aqueous leaf extract of cymbopogon citratus in allium cepa root tips. | aqueous extracts of the lemon grass, cymbopogon citratus, were used to clear the malaria parasite in infected mice, although they died some days later. allium cepa roots grown in aqueous extracts from 3, 6, 12 and 20 g of chopped leaves for 1, 3, and 6 h, showed some mitotic abnormalities including c-mitotic and mitodepressive effects. the abnormalities were not peculiar to any concentration or duration of extract treatment. the highest frequency of affected cells was 0.75% in the treatment with ... | 1996 | 9172394 |
| genotoxicity of tetrodotoxin from puffer fish tested in root meristem cells of allium cepa l. | tetrodotoxin (ttx) extracted and purified from puffer fish arothron nigropunctatus was tested for genotoxicity employing the root meristem cells of allium cepa as the assay system. the genotoxicity endpoints investigated were mitotic index (mi), meta-anaphases with spindle aberrations, interphases with micronuclei (mnc) and sister chromatid exchanges (sce) in metaphase chromosomes. the results demonstrated that ttx inhibited mitosis at concentrations of > or = 30 microm as evident by the fall of ... | 1997 | 9237772 |
| anti-bacterial action of onion (allium cepa l.) extracts against oral pathogenic bacteria. | in this study, the focus was on the antibacterial activity of onions. this study researched the activities of onion extracts on streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sobrinus, the main causal bacteria for dental caries, and porphyromonas gingivalis and prevotella intermedia, considered to be the main causal bacteria of adult periodontitis. the results showed that the onion extracts possess an effect on all test bacterial strains (s.mutans jc-2, s. sobrinus omz176, p. gingivalis atcc 33277 and p ... | 1997 | 9354029 |
| mutagenicity and disinfection by-products in surface drinking water disinfected with peracetic acid. | the aims of this research were to study the influence of peracetic acid (paa) on the formation of mutagens in surface waters used for human consumption and to assess its potential application for the disinfection of drinking water. the results obtained using paa were compared to those found with sodium hypochlorite (naclo) and chlorine dioxide (clo2). the ames test, root anaphase aberration assay, and root/micronuclei assay in allium cepa and tradescantia/micronuclei test were used to evaluate t ... | 2002 | 11833799 |
| are the characteristics of betanidin glucosyltransferases from cell-suspension cultures of dorotheanthus bellidiformis indicative of their phylogenetic relationship with flavonoid glucosyltransferases? | uridine 5'-diphosphoglucose:betanidin 5-o- and 6-o-glucosyltransferases (5-gt and 6-gt; ec 2.4.1) catalyze the regiospecific formation of betanin (betanidin 5-o-beta-glucoside) and gomphrenin i (betanidin 6-o-beta-glucoside), respectively. both enzymes were purified to near homogeneity from cell-suspension cultures of dorotheanthus bellidiformis, the 5-gt by classical chromatographic techniques and the 6-gt by affinity dye-ligand chromatography using udp-glucose as eluent. data obtained with hig ... | 1997 | 9431682 |
| [genotoxic effects of tonarol]. | genotoxic effects of 2,6-di-tret-butyl-4-methylphenol (tonarol) were studied using four test systems: the ames test, the sos chromotest, the cytogenetic test with rootlets of onion (allium cepa), and the in vivo micronucleus test. tonarol did not affect gene mutation induction in salmonella typhimurium tester strains, the sos response in the escherichia coli strain pq37, chromosomal aberrations in cells of onion (allium cepa) rootlets, and micronuclei in erythrocytes of peripheral blood of cba x ... | 1997 | 9445825 |
| the genomic organization of non-ltr retrotransposons (lines) from three beta species and five other angiosperms. | we have isolated and characterized conserved regions of the reverse transcriptase gene from non-ltr retrotransposons, also called long interspersed nuclear elements (lines), from beta vulgaris, b. lomatogona and b. nana. the novel elements show strong homology to other non-ltr retrotransposons from plants, man and animals. lines are present in all species of the genus beta tested, but there was variation in copy number. analysis by southern hybridization and fluorescent in situ hybridization rev ... | 1998 | 9520275 |
| the plant nucleoskeleton: ultrastructural organization and identification of numa homologues in the nuclear matrix and mitotic spindle of plant cells. | in the present work we investigate the structural organization of the nucleoskeleton of allium cepa meristematic root cells. resinless sections reveal for the first time a residual filamentous network in plant nuclei. this network is composed of branched knobbed filaments with associated globular structures, connected to the lamina and to the dense aggregates of different sizes. results of immunoblotting show that many components of this network are homologues of intermediate filament-type prote ... | 1999 | 9925768 |
| effect of mederma on hypertrophic scarring in the rabbit ear model. | currently accepted conservative treatments of hypertrophic scars are limited to steroid injections, radiation therapy, and silicone occlusive therapy. however, the use of mederma for these problematic lesions has become quite prevalent in the clinical setting. little scientific evidence exists to support the efficacy of this product in reducing hypertrophic scars. the aim of this study was to study the effects of mederma on hypertrophic scars in the rabbit hypertrophic scar model, allowing the h ... | 2002 | 12087249 |
| antioxidant role of oils isolated from garlic (allium sativum linn) and onion (allium cepa linn) on nicotine-induced lipid peroxidation. | nicotine, a major component of tobacco, is partly responsible for the development of atherosclerosis. it has been suggested that antioxidant nutrients are protective against degenerative diseases. so we have studied the antioxidant effect of oils isolated from onion and garlic on nicotine-induced lipid peroxidation in rat tissues. the lipid peroxidation products and scavenging enzymes were assessed in liver, lungs, heart and kidney. the rats were treated with 0.6 mg nicotine/kg bw and simultaneo ... | 1999 | 10509436 |
| comet assay application in environmental monitoring: dna damage in human leukocytes and plant cells in comparison with bacterial and yeast tests. | urban airborne particulate is a complex mixture of air pollutants, many of which have not been identified. however, short-term mutagenesis tests together with chemicophysical parameter analysis are able to better assess air quality and genotoxic load. the findings of continuous monitoring (january 1991-august 1998) of urban air genotoxicity of a po valley town (italy) on salmonella typhimurium and saccharomyces cerevisiae are reported. during this period, various measures (catalytic devices, unl ... | 1999 | 10567029 |
| differential localisation of gfp fusions to cytoskeleton-binding proteins in animal, plant, and yeast cells. green-fluorescent protein. | the structure and functioning of the cytoskeleton is controlled and regulated by cytoskeleton-associated proteins. fused to the green-fluorescent protein (gfp), these proteins can be used as tools to monitor changes in the organisation of the cytoskeleton in living cells and tissues in different organisms. since the localisation of a specific cytoskeleton protein may indicate a particular function for the associated cytoskeletal element, studies of cytoskeleton-binding proteins fused to gfp may ... | 2002 | 12417938 |
| subcellular targeting domains of abutilon mosaic geminivirus movement protein bc1. | abutilon mosaic geminivirus (abmv) encodes two movement proteins, bv1 and bc1, which mediate the intra- and intercellular transport of viral dna in plants cooperatively. it has been shown previously that singly expressed bc1, fused to green fluorescent protein (gfp), accumulates preferentially either at the cell periphery or around the nucleus in separate plant cells. to define the bc1 domains responsible for understanding the subcellular sorting, deletion mutants were fused to gfp and expressed ... | 2002 | 12491102 |
| cloning, developmental, and tissue-specific expression of sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyl transferase from taraxacum officinale. fructan localization in roots. | sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyl transferase (1-sst) is the key enzyme initiating fructan synthesis in asteraceae. using reverse transcriptase-pcr, we isolated the cdna for 1-sst from taraxacum officinale. the cdna-derived amino acid sequence showed very high homology to other asteracean 1-ssts (cichorium intybus 86%, cynara scolymus 82%, helianthus tuberosus 80%), but homology to 1-sst from allium cepa (46%) and aspergillus foetidus (18%) was much lower. fructan concentrations, 1-sst activities, 1-s ... | 2000 | 10806226 |
| antioxidant effect of onion oil (allium cepa. linn) on the damages induced by nicotine in rats as compared to alpha-tocopherol. | the beneficial effects of onion oil as an antioxidant has been assessed in nicotine administered rats by studying whether the peroxidative damage caused by nicotine can be effectively combated with the onion oil and the effects compared to vitamin e, a highly efficient antioxidant. lipid peroxidation products and antioxidant defence system have been studied in liver, lungs, and heart. the rats were injected with nicotine (0.6 mg/kg body wt.) and simultaneously given onion oil (100 mg/kg body wt. ... | 2000 | 10906423 |
| [interactions between herbal medicines and drugs]. | at present the use of medicaments of plant origin is on the increase. it is therefore necessary to take into consideration that there exist known as well as potential interactions between the medicament of the medicinal plant. the problematic plants include echinacea, allium cepa, gingko biloba, panax ginseng, as well as hypericum perforatum, valeriana officinalis, or glycyrrhiza glabra. its use should be limited, or completely excluded in the cases of simultaneous therapy with, e.g., warfarin, ... | 2000 | 10953464 |
| protein glycation inhibitory and antioxidative activities of some plant extracts in vitro. | the protein glycation inhibitory activity of aqueous ethanolic extracts from 25 plant tissues was evaluated in vitro using the model system of bovine serum albumin and fructose. the most bioactive plant tissue was allium cepa (skin), followed by illicium religiosum (bark and wood), fagopyrum esculentum (hull), origanum officinalis (leaf), rosmarinus officinalis (leaf), pyrus pyrifolia (bark),acanthopanax senticosus (bark), eugenia caryophllata (leaf), and erigeron annuus (whole). the extracts wi ... | 2003 | 12617589 |
| a novel family in medicago truncatula consisting of more than 300 nodule-specific genes coding for small, secreted polypeptides with conserved cysteine motifs. | transcriptome analysis of medicago truncatula nodules has led to the discovery of a gene family named ncr (nodule-specific cysteine rich) with more than 300 members. the encoded polypeptides were short (60-90 amino acids), carried a conserved signal peptide, and, except for a conserved cysteine motif, displayed otherwise extensive sequence divergence. family members were found in pea (pisum sativum), broad bean (vicia faba), white clover (trifolium repens), and galega orientalis but not in other ... | 2003 | 12746522 |
| effect of liquid extract from fresh abutilon indicum leaves and allium cepa bulbs on paracetamol and carbontetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity. | | 2000 | 11031781 |
| effect of dietary quercetin on oxidative dna damage in healthy human subjects. | the effect of dietary intake of flavonols (predominantly quercetin) on oxidative dna damage was studied in thirty-six healthy human subjects (sixteen men, twenty women). the study was a randomised crossover study, comprising two 14 d treatments of either a low-flavonol (lf) or high-flavonol (hf) diet with a 14 d wash-out period between treatments. subjects were asked to avoid foods containing flavonols, flavones and flavanols during the lf dietary treatment period and to consume one 150 g onion ... | 2000 | 11177210 |
| toxicological evaluation of commercial mineral water bottled in polyethylene terephthalate: a cytogenetic approach with allium cepa. | the aim of this study was to ascertain the possible toxicological effects of chemicals released into mineral water packaged in polyethylene terephthalate (pet) bottles. two commercial mineral waters, bottled both in pet and glass and stored under different conditions, were examined using the allium cepa test. the influence of the water samples on macroscopic (root length, colour and form) and microscopic (root tip mitotic index, chromosome aberrations) parameters was examined. the water samples ... | 2000 | 11271838 |
| a pcr-based marker system monitoring cms-(s), cms-(t) and (n)-cytoplasm in the onion ( allium cepa l.). | the chimerical mitochondrial cms(1)-specific sequence in chives ( allium schoenoprasum) was used to develop a pcr-marker that distinguishes both male-sterility inducing cytoplasms, cms-(s) and cms-(t), from the normal cytoplasm in onion ( allium cepa). in combination with a previously described marker for cms-(s), which anchors in the upstream region of the mitochondrial gene cob, all of the three known cytoplasms in the onion are distinguishable. the pcr-marker system was tested in 361 onion pl ... | 2003 | 12835941 |
| cytotoxic triterpenoids from erica andevalensis. | the cytotoxic activity of two pentacyclic triterpenoids (ursolic acid and alpha-amyrine) isolated from the methanolic extract of the aerial parts from erica andevalensis, whose structures have been established on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidence, has been assessed against three human cancer cell lines, tk-10 (renal adenocarcinoma), mcf-7 (breast adenocarcinoma) and uacc-62 (melanoma), recommended by nci (national cancer institute) and we also evaluated the antimitotic effect in r ... | 2001 | 11302212 |
| localization of single-copy t-dna insertion in transgenic shallots (allium cepa) by using ultra-sensitive fish with tyramide signal amplification. | the sensitivity of fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) for mapping plant chromosomes of single-copy dna sequences is limited. we have adapted for plant cytogenetics a new signal-amplification method termed tyramide-fish (tyr-fish). until present this technique has only been applied to human chromosomes. the method is based on enzymatic deposition of fluorochrome-conjugated tyramide. with tyr-fish it was possible to detect target t-dna sequences on plant metaphase chromosomes as small as 71 ... | 2001 | 11319036 |
| evaluation of the genotoxic potential of municipal waste water discharged into the paraguay river during periods of flood and drought. | the cytogenotoxic effects of the waste water from corumbá and of the water of the paraguay river, where this sewer discharges, were evaluated in flood and drought seasons. allium cepa root meristems were exposed to 20 and 72 h treatments. mitotic index, frequency, and types of aberrant cells were compared to the control. the waste water was genotoxic to this organism. the cycle of flood and drought influenced the levels of genotoxicity observed with the river water. | 2001 | 11339709 |
| structure of fructans from excised leaves of new zealand flax. | the accumulation of total water-soluble carbohydrate, and specifically sucrose and fructan, by excised leaves of phormium tenax and p. cookianum (family phormiaceae j. g. agardh, order asparagales) was investigated. total water-soluble carbohydrate content of excised leaves of p. tenax and p. cookianum increased during 48 h of continuous illumination at an average rate of 1.3 and 0.9 mg g(-1) fresh weight leaf per hour, respectively. the sucrose content of excised leaves increased throughout the ... | 2001 | 11397431 |