| localization of the tri- and digalactosyl diglyceride in the thylakoid membrane with serological methods. | trigalactosyl diglyceride was isolated from leaves of urtica dioica and characterized by thin layer chromatography, infrared spectroscopy and by its fatty acid composition. an antiserum to the trigalactolipid was obtained by immunization of rabbits. by means of inhibition experiments with oligosaccharides and mono- and digalactosyl glycerol it was demonstrated that the antibodies are directed towards the alpha-galactosyl-(1 leads to 6)-alpha-galactosyl-(1 leads to 6)-beta-galactosyl-(1 leads to ... | 1976 | 62464 |
| binding of antibodies onto the thylakoid membrane. i. maximal antibody binding and adsorption of antibodies to lipids. | the binding of antibodies onto the lamellar system of antirrhinum majus was determined in dependence on the serum addition. the unspecific adsorption of serum proteins was taken into account or eliminated. the binding of antibodies as a function of the amount of serum added is seem from a saturation curve. from an antiserum obtained by hyperimmunization with stroma-freed chloroplasts, the chloroplasts bind maximally 1 gram antibodies per gram stroma-freed chloroplasts. from an antiserum to the p ... | 1975 | 126591 |
| the effect of antibodies to neoxanthin on electron transport on the oxygen evolving side of photosystem ii and the reactions of this antiserum with variuos chloroplast preparations. | antibodies to neoxanthin agglutinate stroma-free swellable chloroplasts from tobacco (nicotiana tabacum var. john william's broadleaf) and antirrhinum (antirrhinum majus) whereas stroma-freed chloroplasts, which have lost the swellability are not agglutinated despite the fact that antibodies to neoxanthin are specifically absorbed. in this latter case the agglutination is hindered for sterical reasons. from this it is concluded that neoxanthin is located in the outer surface of the thylakoid mem ... | 1975 | 129992 |
| the effect of an antiserum to plastocyanin on various chloroplast preparations. | a monospecific antiserum to tobacco plastocyanin agglutinates stroma-free swellable chloroplasts from wild type tobacco, (nicotiana tobacum var. john william's broadleaf) from the tobacco aurea mutant su/su2, (nicotiana tabacum var. su/su2) from antirrhinum majus and spinach (spinacia oleracea). in this condition the antiserum inhibits linear photosynthetic electron flow in tobacco and spinach chloroplasts. this inhibition of electron transport as well as the agglutination are not observed if th ... | 1975 | 240237 |
| somatic mosaicism in plants with special reference to somatic crossing over. | plant systems in use for the detection of environmental mutagens appear capable of detecting all types of genetic effects which can be studied in animals. the study of somatic mosaicism, however, is better developed in plants than in higher animals. a case is presented here which shows the ability of plant systems in analyzing a host of genetic end points, including chromosome aberrations like deletions, somatic crossing over, numerical inequality, gene conversion, paramutations and point mutati ... | 1978 | 367771 |
| the occurrence of amino acids in the aerial parts of antirrhinum majus. | | 1976 | 1005536 |
| size, conformation and purity of chloroplast dna of some higher plants. | 1. chloroplast dna of antirrhinum majus, oenothera hookeri, beta vulgaris and spinacia oleracea band at the same buoyant density of 1.697 g-cm-3 in neutral cscl equilibrium gradients. the corresponding nuclear dnas band at 1.691, 1.703, 1.695 and 1.695 g-cm-3, respectively. the purity of chloroplast and nuclear dna can be assessed objectively only in the cases of antirrhinum and oenothera. 2. electron microscopic analysis of chloroplast dna, purified in cscl or cscl/ethidium bromide gradients, r ... | 1975 | 1092350 |
| use of plastome and nuclear mutants of higher plants to study the genetic control of plastid formation and function. | we conducted comparative biochemical and electron-microscopic studies of several types of plastome and nuclear mutants of antirrhinum majus and pelargonium zonale. it was shown that specific blocking of the photosynthetic reaction occurs in plastome mutants of a. majus; photosystem ii was found to be damaged in the en:alba-1 mutant and photo-system i was affected in the en:viridis-1 mutant. the plastid mutations in these mutants caused loss of certain soluble lamellar proteins and pigment--prote ... | 1975 | 1124432 |
| extra sequences found at p element excision sites in drosophila melanogaster. | we have previously established a transgenic drosophila line with a highly transposable p element insertion. using this strain we analyzed transposition and excision of the p element at the molecular level. we examined sequences flanking the new insertion sites and those of the remnants after excision. our results on mobilization of the p element demonstrate that target-site duplication at the original insertion site does not play a role in forward excision and transposition. after p element exci ... | 1992 | 1313147 |
| the homeotic gene apetala3 of arabidopsis thaliana encodes a mads box and is expressed in petals and stamens. | mutations in the apetala3 (ap3) gene of a. thaliana result in homeotic transformations of petals to sepals and stamens to carpels. we have cloned the ap3 gene from arabidopsis based on its homology to the homeotic flower gene deficiens (defa) from the distantly related plant antirrhinum majus. the sequence of four ap3 mutant alleles and genetic mapping analysis prove that the defa homolog is ap3. like several other plant homeotic genes, the ap3 gene contains a mads box and likely acts as a trans ... | 1992 | 1346756 |
| leafy controls floral meristem identity in arabidopsis. | the first step in flower development is the generation of a floral meristem by the inflorescence meristem. we have analyzed how this process is affected by mutant alleles of the arabidopsis gene leafy. we show that leafy interacts with another floral control gene, apetala1, to promote the transition from inflorescence to floral meristem. we have cloned the leafy gene, and, consistent with the mutant phenotype, we find that leafy rna is expressed strongly in young flower primordia. leafy expressi ... | 1992 | 1350515 |
| molecular characterization of the arabidopsis floral homeotic gene apetala1. | the first step in flower development is the transition of an inflorescence meristem into a floral meristem. each floral meristem differentiates into a flower consisting of four organ types that occupy precisely defined positions within four concentric whorls. genetic studies in arabidopsis thaliana and antirrhinum majus have identified early-acting genes that determine the identify of the floral meristem, and late-acting genes that determine floral organ identity. in arabidopsis, at least two ge ... | 1992 | 1359429 |
| a common gene regulates pigmentation pattern in diverse plant species. | the delila (del) gene regulates the pattern of red anthocyanin pigmentation in antirrhinum majus plants. we describe the cloning of the del locus by transposon tagging and show that it encodes a protein with extensive homology to products of the r gene family, which regulates pigmentation in maize. this shows that in spite of the many differences in morphology and coloration between maize and antirrhinum, the control of pigmentation pattern is mediated by a common regulator. the del and r produc ... | 1992 | 1547495 |
| bracteomania, an inflorescence anomaly, is caused by the loss of function of the mads-box gene squamosa in antirrhinum majus. | anomalous flowering of the antirrhinum majus mutant squamosa (squa) is characterized by excessive formation of bracts and the production of relatively few and often malformed or incomplete flowers. to study the function of squamosa in the commitment of an inflorescence lateral meristem to floral development, the gene was cloned and its genomic structure, a well as that of four mutant alleles, was determined. squa is a member of a family of transcription factors which contain the mads-box, a cons ... | 1992 | 1563342 |
| evidence for a common evolutionary origin of inverted repeat transposons in drosophila and plants: hobo, activator, and tam3. | we have sequenced hfl1 from d. melanogaster, the only cloned hobo element shown to have transposase activity. the 2959 bp hfl1 sequence predicts a 2.0 kb open reading frame (orf1) with substantial amino acid similarity to the transposases of activator (ac) from maize (zea mays) and tam3 from snapdragon (antirrhinum majus). mutational analysis of a c-terminal region of orf1 conserved with ac and tam3 indicates that it is essential for hobo transposase activity. this is an example of extensive ami ... | 1991 | 1651170 |
| trans-activation of an artificial dtam3 transposable element in transgenic tobacco plants. | in antirrhinum majus only autonomous tam3 transposons have been characterized. we investigated whether an artificial dtam3 element, with a deletion in the presumptive transposase coding region, can be trans-activated in tobacco by an activator tam3 element, which was immobilized by the deletion of one inverted repeat. a phenotypic assay based on restored hygromycin resistance demonstrates that a dtam3 element harbouring a bacterial plasmid can be trans-activated with a low frequency. molecular a ... | 1991 | 1653629 |
| structural analysis of tam3, a transposable element from antirrhinum majus, reveals homologies to the ac element from maize. | | 1991 | 1654157 |
| the orfa protein, the putative transposase of maize transposable element ac, has a basic dna binding domain. | ac encodes the 807 amino acid orfa protein which binds specifically to multiple aaacgg motifs that are subterminally located in both ends of ac. the wild-type orfa protein and a number of deletion and amino acid exchange mutants were expressed in escherichia coli, renatured and used for mobility shift assays. at least 136 amino acids from the n-terminus and 537 c-terminal amino acids may be removed from the orfa protein without destroying the dna binding domain, whereas a protein starting at ami ... | 1991 | 1661668 |
| pigmentation mutants produced by transposon mutagenesis in antirrhinum majus. | new pigmentation mutants were generated by transposon mutagenesis in antirrhinum majus, in three previously described loci, nivea, delila and incolorata, and two new loci, daphne and olive. the wild-type olive gene is required for the production of dark-green leaves, and the daphne gene for the synthesis of flavones. five out of the six mutants were both germinally and somatically unstable, indicating that they resulted from transposon insertions. molecular analysis of the mutant at nivea (niv-6 ... | 1991 | 1668965 |
| agl1-agl6, an arabidopsis gene family with similarity to floral homeotic and transcription factor genes. | the predicted products of floral homeotic genes, agamous (ag) from arabidopsis thaliana and deficiens a (def a) from antirrhinum majus, have been shown previously to share strong sequence similarity with transcription factors from humans (srf) and yeast (mcm1). the conserved sequence between these proteins is localized within a domain known to be necessary for the dna binding and for the dimerization of srf. we have isolated six new genes from a. thaliana, agl1-agl6, which also have this conserv ... | 1991 | 1672119 |
| molecular analysis of tap2, an anther-specific gene from antirrhinum majus. | deficiens is a floral homeotic gene of antirrhinum majus, mutation of which results in transformation of petals to sepals and stamens to carpels. in a search for putative target genes, controlled by this regulatory locus, cdna clones representing genes, that are expressed in wild type but not in the deficiens mutant flowers, were isolated by differential screening. the molecular structure and the expression pattern of one of these genes, tap2, is described. tap2 is transiently and tissue-specifi ... | 1991 | 1672656 |
| molecular characterization of two stamen-specific genes, tap1 and fil1, that are expressed in the wild type, but not in the deficiens mutant of antirrhinum majus. | deficiens, a homeotic gene involved in the genetic control of flower development, codes for a putative transcription factor. upon mutation of the gene, petals are transformed to sepals and stamens to carpels, indicating that deficiens is essential for the activation of genes required for petal and stamen formation. in a search for putative target genes of deficiens, several stamen- and petal-specific genes were cloned that are expressed in wild type but not in the deficiensglobifera mutant. in t ... | 1991 | 1680216 |
| a flourishing time for flower development. workshop on flower development, sponsored by fundación juan march, madrid, spain, march 11-13, 1991. | molecular genetics has recently erupted in the field of flower development, an area of research traditionally cultivated by plant physiologists. the isolation and molecular characterization of seven homeotic genes (four in antirrhinum majus and three in arabidopsis thaliana) that control both floral organogenesis and the transition from inflorescences to floral meristems is leading to major breakthroughs in the understanding of the mechanisms governing flower development. this has already had a ... | 1991 | 1684287 |
| floricaula: a homeotic gene required for flower development in antirrhinum majus. | plants carrying the floricaula (flo) mutation cannot make the transition from inflorescence to floral meristems and have indeterminate shoots in place of flowers. the flo-613 allele carries a tam3 transposon insertion, which allowed the isolation of the flo locus. the flo gene encodes a putative protein (flo) containing a proline-rich n-terminus and a highly acidic region. in situ hybridization shows that the flo gene is transiently expressed in the very early stages of flower development. the e ... | 1990 | 1702033 |
| purification of tobacco nuclear proteins binding to a cacgtg motif of the chalcone synthase promoter by dna affinity chromatography. | the activity of various light-regulated and developmentally regulated plant gene promoters critically depends upon the presence of a conserved sequence with a central cacgtg motif. using band-shift assays, we have identified nuclear factor(s) from nicotiana tabacum, termed cg-1, that specifically recognize(s) this transcriptional element in the ultraviolet-light-regulated antirrhinum majus chalcone synthase promoter. cg-1 activity is constitutively expressed in tobacco seedlings grown in the abs ... | 1991 | 1714388 |
| the war of the whorls: genetic interactions controlling flower development. | the analysis of mutations affecting flower structure has led to the identification of some of the genes that direct flower development. cloning of these genes has allowed the formulation of molecular models of how floral meristem and organ identity may be specified, and has shown that the distantly related flowering plants arabidopsis thaliana and antirrhinum majus use homologous mechanisms in floral pattern formation. | 1991 | 1715520 |
| the transposable element tam1 from antirrhinum majus shows structural homology to the maize transposon en/spm and has no sequence specificity of insertion. | we present the genomic structure of tam1, a transposable element from antirrhinum majus. the tam1 element is 15.2 kb long and includes two genes that are transcribed to produce a 2.4 kb (tnp1) and a 5 kb mrna (tnp2). these transcripts partially overlap and the exons are scattered over the whole element. tnp1 encodes a 53 kda protein as deduced from the cdna sequence. the 5 kb transcript of tnp2 contains an open reading frame that shares 45% homology with part of the tnpd gene of en/spm from maiz ... | 1991 | 1715971 |
| structure of the hordeum vulgare gene encoding dihydroflavonol-4-reductase and molecular analysis of ant18 mutants blocked in flavonoid synthesis. | a full-length cdna clone encoding barley dihydroflavonol-4-reductase was isolated from a kernel-specific cdna library by screening with the cdna of the structural gene (a1) for this enzyme from maize. subsequently, the gene corresponding to the barley dihydroflavonol-4-reductase cdna was cloned and sequenced. the gene contains three introns at the same positions as in the zea mays gene, corresponding to the positions of the first three of the five introns present in the genes of petunia hybrida ... | 1991 | 1720864 |
| genealogy of regulation of human sex and adrenal function, prostaglandin action, snapdragon and petunia flower colors, antibiotics, and nitrogen fixation: functional diversity from two ancestral dehydrogenases. | metabolism of steroid hormones by dehydrogenases is an important mechanism for regulating steroid hormone action. analysis of recently reported amino acid sequences of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and 3 alpha, 20 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase reveals that they are descended from a common ancestor. unexpectedly, this superfamily of dehydrogenases has other interesting relatives: 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, proteins found in nitrogen-fi ... | 1991 | 1780951 |
| expression patterns of myb genes from antirrhinum flowers. | six genes that contain sequence encoding the dna binding domain of the myb oncoproteins have been isolated from a cdna library prepared from antirrhinum majus (snapdragon) flowers using oligonucleotide probes directed against part of this domain. the derived amino acid sequences of these genes reveal acidic domains in their carboxy termini, suggesting that they might act as transcriptional activators. analysis of their expression patterns with respect to organ specificity, floral differentiation ... | 1991 | 1840903 |
| control of anthocyanin biosynthesis in flowers of antirrhinum majus. | the intensity and pattern of anthocyanin biosynthesis in antirrhinum flowers is controlled by several genes. we have isolated six cdna clones encoding enzymes in the pathway committed to flavonoid biosynthesis and used these to assay how the regulatory genes that modify colour pattern affect the expression of biosynthetic genes. the biosynthetic genes of the later part of the pathway appear to be co-ordinately regulated by two genes, delila (del), and eluta (el), while the early steps (which als ... | 1991 | 1844879 |
| monitoring by epifluorescence microscopy of organelle dna fate during pollen development in five angiosperm species. | the fates of mitochondrial and plastid nucleoids during pollen development in six angiosperm species (antirrhinum majus, glycine max, medicago sativa, nicotiana tabacum, pisum sativum, and trifolium pratense) were examined using epifluorescence microscopy after double staining with 4',6-diamidino-2- phenylindole (dapi) to stain dna and with a potentiometric dye (either dioc7 or rhodamine 123) for visualization of metabolically active mitochondria. from the pollen mother cell stage to the microsp ... | 1991 | 1879613 |
| phenotypic effects of short-range and aberrant transposition in antirrhinum majus. | we describe two novel ways in which changes in gene expression in antirrhinum majus may arise as a consequence of the tam3 transposition mechanism. one involves excision of tam3 from the nivea gene promoter and insertion of two new tam3 copies 3.4 kb and 2.1 kb away, on either side of the excision site. one of the new insertions is in the nivea coding region and completely blocks production of an active gene product. this allele probably arose by a symmetrical double transposition, following chr ... | 1990 | 1966387 |
| deficiens, a homeotic gene involved in the control of flower morphogenesis in antirrhinum majus: the protein shows homology to transcription factors. | deficiens (defa+) is a homeotic gene involved in the genetic control of antirrhinum majus flower development. mutation of this gene (defa-1) causes homeotic transformation of petals into sepals and of stamina into carpels in flowers displaying the 'globifera' phenotype, as shown by cross sections and scanning electronmicroscopy of developing flowers. a cdna derived from the wild type defa+ gene has been cloned by differential screening of a subtracted 'flower specific' cdna library. the identity ... | 1990 | 1968830 |
| floral homeotic mutations produced by transposon-mutagenesis in antirrhinum majus. | to isolate and study genes controlling floral development, we have carried out a large-scale transposon-mutagenesis experiment in antirrhinum majus. ten independent floral homeotic mutations were obtained that could be divided into three classes, depending on whether they affect (1) the identity of organs within the same whorl; (2) the identity and sometimes also the number of whorls; and (3) the fate of the axillary meristem that normally gives rise to the flower. the classes of floral phenotyp ... | 1990 | 1979295 |
| flavonoid synthesis in petunia hybrida: partial characterization of dihydroflavonol-4-reductase genes. | in this paper we describe the organization and expression of the genes encoding the flavonoid-biosynthetic enzyme dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (dfr) in petunia hybrida. a nearly full-size dfr cdna clone (1.5 kb), isolated from a corolla-specific cdna library was compared at the nucleotide level with the pallida gene from antirrhinum majus and at the amino acid level with enzymes encoded by the pallida gene and the a1 gene from zea mays. the p. hybrida and a. majus dfr genes transcribed in flowers ... | 1989 | 2491667 |
| activity of the transposon tam3 in antirrhinum and tobacco: possible role of dna methylation. | the transposon tam3 from antirrhinum majus can transpose in a heterologous host (nicotiana tabacum); thus the element is autonomous, probably encoding the specific information required for its own transposition. in transgenic tobacco tam3 rapidly becomes methylated at its ends whilst adjacent flanking sequences remain hypomethylated. this methylation may account for our failure to detect tam3 transposition in the progeny of transgenic tobacco. treatment with the inhibitor of cytosine methylation ... | 1989 | 2545443 |
| molecular analysis of a transposon-induced deletion of the nivea locus in antirrhinum majus. | the transposable element tam3 of antirrhinum majus is capable of causing large-scale chromosomal restructuring. it induced a large deletion at the nivea locus, to produce the allele niv-:529. the deletion removed the entire nivea coding region while the element remains intact with the potential to induce further rearrangements. genetic experiments showed that the endpoint of the deletion (called x) is closely linked to nivea. the dna sequences of niv-:529, a genomic excision of tam3 from niv-:52 ... | 1989 | 2555255 |
| genome juggling by transposons: tam3-induced rearrangements in antirrhinum majus. | transposable elements are well known for their ability to generate large- and small-scale rearrangements of the sequences flanking their insertion sites. these include deletions, inversions, and duplications. tam3, a transposon from the snapdragon (antirrhinum majus), is highly active in the generation of such rearrangements. we have analysed a number of tam3-induced rearrangements at the nivea (niv) locus by southern blotting, cloning, and sequence determination. the data obtained from these an ... | 1989 | 2557989 |
| genetic interactions underlying flower color patterns in antirrhinum majus. | diverse spatial patterns of flower color in antirrhinum can be produced by a series of alleles of pallida, a gene encoding an enzyme required for pigment biosynthesis. the alleles arose by imprecise excision of a transposable element, tam3, and we show that they carry a series of deletions involving progressive removal of sequences adjacent to the excision site. this has enabled us to define three cis-acting upstream regions, a, b, and c, which differentially affect the level of pallida expressi ... | 1989 | 2558047 |
| a cacgtg motif of the antirrhinum majus chalcone synthase promoter is recognized by an evolutionarily conserved nuclear protein. | in the chalcone synthase gene of antirrhinum majus (snapdragon), 150 base pairs of the 5' flanking region contain cis-acting signals for uv light-induced expression. a nuclear factor, designated cg-1, specifically recognizes a hexameric motif with internal dyad symmetry, cacgtg, located within this light-responsive sequence. binding of cg-1 is influenced by c-methylation of the cpg dinucleotide in the recognition sequence. cg-1 is a factor found in a variety of dicotyledonous plant species inclu ... | 1989 | 2780550 |
| transposon-induced alterations in the promoter region affect transcription of the chalcone synthase gene of antirrhinum majus. | four solid-colour revertants were isolated from the highly variegated niv-53::tam1 mutant, in which the transposable element tam1 is integrated in the promoter region of the chalcone synthase (chs) gene. dna sequence analysis revealed that in all four lines the tam1 element was deleted together with flanking nucleotides of the chs promoter. in one case the tata box of the chs gene was removed resulting in extremely low expression of the gene, and initiation of transcription occurring at a new po ... | 1988 | 2830468 |
| transposable elements generate novel spatial patterns of gene expression in antirrhinum majus. | the pallida gene of a. majus encodes a product required for the synthesis of red flower pigment. we have shown that the unstable pallida(recurrens) mutation is due to the insertion of the tam3 transposable element near the promoter of the gene. imprecise excision of tam3 alters pallida gene expression and generates new spatial patterns or different intensities of flower pigmentation. distinct spatial patterns may also result from rearrangements induced by tam3 that alter the relative position of ... | 1986 | 3021338 |
| transcriptional regulation of the arabidopsis thaliana chalcone synthase gene. | we have cloned an arabidopsis thaliana chalcone synthase (chs) gene on the basis of cross-hybridization with a petroselinum hortense chs cdna clone. the protein sequence deduced from the a. thaliana chs dna sequence is at least 85% homologous to the chs sequences from p. hortense, antirrhinum majus, and petunia hybrida. southern blot analysis indicated that chs is a single-copy gene in a. thaliana. high-intensity light treatment of a. thaliana plants for 24 h caused a 50-fold increase in chs enz ... | 1988 | 3386631 |
| a semi-dominant allele, niv-525, acts in trans to inhibit expression of its wild-type homologue in antirrhinum majus. | niv-525 is a semi-dominant allele of the nivea locus, which encodes the enzyme chalcone synthase required for flower pigment biosynthesis in antirrhinum majus. plants heterozygous for niv-525 and wild-type (niv+) allele, have flowers with a reduced intensity and novel spatial pattern of pigmentation compared with niv+ homozygotes. in heterozygotes, niv-525 acts in trans to reduce the steady-state level of nivea transcript produced by its niv+ homologue and hence the quantity of chalcone synthase ... | 1988 | 3402437 |
| [nucleic acids in chloroplasts. i. characterization of dna and rna from antirrhinum majus]. | | 1967 | 4385824 |
| [nucleic acids in chloroplasts. ii. isolation and characterization of chloroplasts-ribosomes of antirrhinum majus]. | | 1968 | 4387668 |
| chloroplast lamellar proteins of the plastid mutant en: viridis-1 of antirrhinum majus having impaired photosystem ii. | | 1972 | 5058916 |
| studies in the scrophulariaceae. vi. quantitative determination of cholïne in antirrhinum majus l., a. orontium l. and linaria vulgaris mill. | | 1972 | 5074042 |
| studies in the scrophulariaceae. 3. investigation of the occurrence of alkaloids in antirrhinum majus l. | | 1971 | 5119008 |
| studies in the scrophulariaceae. iv. structure of the aerial parts of antirrhinum majus l. | | 1971 | 5137747 |
| evidence for control of the rate of nuclear dna synthesis by the nuclear membrane in eukaryotic cells. | rates of dna synthesis in root tip cells of diploid and autotetraploid snapdragon (antirrhinum majus) seedlings and in diploid and tetraploid (mononucleate and bidiploid-nucleate) regenerating mouse-liver cells have been studied. the increase in this rate in the tetraploid cells is closely correlated with the increase in nuclear surface area, but not with the nuclear volume; this suggests a possible control of the rate of dna synthesis by the nuclear membrane. | 1969 | 5257957 |
| [transmission of plastids by pollen in antirrhinum majus]. | | 1967 | 5586536 |
| [genetic analysis of further suppressor genes in antirrhinum majus l]. | | 1968 | 5646387 |
| [different mutation spectra of various pure lines of "sippe 50" of antirrhinum majus l. following the same treatment with roentgen rays]. | | 1966 | 5986543 |
| transposable elements in antirrhinum majus and zea mays. | | 1984 | 6099247 |
| the role of controlling elements in the instability of flower color in antirrhinum majus and impatiens balsamina. | | 1981 | 6266742 |
| glycerate kinase from leaves of c3 plants. | d-glycerate-3-kinase (ec 2.7.1.31) in six c3 species, including dicots (pisum sativum, spinacea oleracea, antirrhinum majus) and monocots (secale cereale, hordeum vulgare, avena sativa), ranged in activity from 44 to 353 mumol x mg chl-1 x h-1. studies with protoplast extracts of these species indicate that the enzyme is localized in the chloroplasts. glycerate kinase was partially purified from secale (rye, 288-fold) and pisum (pea, 252-fold) chloroplasts by deae-cellulose chromatography, sucro ... | 1983 | 6307152 |
| dip: a member of the mip family of membrane proteins that is expressed in mature seeds and dark-grown seedlings of antirrhinum majus. | dip, a gene from antirrhinum majus, which encodes a protein with striking homology to other integral membrane proteins, was cloned. the gene was specifically expressed in mature seeds and during seedling germination, particularly in cotyledons of seedlings grown in the dark. the deduced product, called dip, for dark intrinsic protein, shows strong homology with the mip family of channel transporters which include; the bovine major intrinsic protein (mip), the escherichia coli glycerol facilitato ... | 1993 | 7504555 |
| phenotypic alterations of petal and sepal by ectopic expression of a rice mads box gene in tobacco. | floral organ development is controlled by a group of regulatory factors containing the mads domain. in this study, we have isolated and characterized a cdna clone from rice, osmads3, which encodes a mads-domain containing protein. the osmads3 amino acid sequence shows over 60% identity to ag of arabidopsis, ple of antirrhinum majus, and ag/ple homologues of petunia, tobacco, tomato, brassica napus, and maize. homology in the mads box region is most conserved. rna blot analysis indicated that the ... | 1995 | 7579155 |
| expression of a flower-specific myb protein in leaf cells using a viral vector causes ectopic activation of a target promoter. | the promoter of the bean pal2 gene (encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; ec 4.3.1.5) is a model for studies of tissue-restricted gene expression in plants. petal epidermis is one of the tissues in which this promoter is activated in tobacco. previous work suggested that a major factor establishing the pattern of pal2 expression in tobacco petals is the tissue distribution of a protein closely related to myb305, which is a myb-like transcriptional activator from snapdragon. in the present work, ... | 1995 | 7624340 |
| molecular evolution of flower development: diversification of the plant mads-box regulatory gene family. | floral homeotic genes that control the specification of meristem and organ identity in developing flowers have been isolated from both arabidopsis thaliana and antirrhinum majus. most of these genes belong to a large family of regulatory genes and possess a characteristic dna binding domain known as the mads-box. members of this gene family display primarily floral-specific expression and are homologous to transcription factors found in several animal and fungal species. molecular evolutionary a ... | 1995 | 7635298 |
| the characterisation of tapetum-specific cdnas isolated from a lilium henryi l. meiocyte subtractive cdna library. | differential screening of a meiocyte subtractive cdna library from lilium henryi l. has identified a group of 16 anther-specific partial cdnas. three of these sequences, lhm2, lhm6 and lhm7 have been further characterised. hybridisation in situ with antisense riboprobes of lhm2, lhm6, and lhm7 gives a strong, clear signal which, contrary to expectations, is localised to the tapetal layer surrounding the meiocytes and not the meiocytes themselves. developmental slot blots demonstrate that mrnas c ... | 1995 | 7647684 |
| flavanone 3-hydroxylase transcripts and flavonol accumulation are temporally coordinate in maize anthers. | flavanone 3-hydroxylase (f3h) activity is necessary for the production of both flavonols and anthocyanins. flavonols are required for functional pollen in maize whereas anthocyanins are non-essential pigments. a cdna for f3h was isolated from zea mays using a heterologous sequence from antirrhinum majus. comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of maize f3h with other f3h sequences confirmed that the protein is highly conserved among widely divergent plant species. the f3h gene is present i ... | 1995 | 7773305 |
| the homeotic macho mutant of antirrhinum majus reverts to wild-type or mutates to the homeotic plena phenotype. | plants of antirrhinum majus carrying the semidominant macho alleles of the plena gene display carpelloid sepals and staminoid petals, but the two inner flower whorls of stamens and carpels are normal and produce fertile gametes. in the recessive plena mutant, in contrast, the two outer whorls are normal whereas the stamens are largely or entirely petaloid and the carpels sepaloid, thus producing weakly male-fertile or fully sterile lines. two new plena and two new macho alleles have been induced ... | 1994 | 7808415 |
| the hermes transposable element from the house fly, musca domestica, is a short inverted repeat-type element of the hobo, ac, and tam3 (hat) element family. | the genome of the house fly, musca domestica, contains an active transposable element system, called hermes. using pcr and inverse pcr we amplified and sequenced overlapping segments of several hermes elements and from these data we have constructed a 2749 bp consensus hermes dna sequence. hermes termini are composed of 17 bp imperfect inverted repeats that are almost identical to the inverted terminal repeats of the hobo element of drosophila melanogaster. full length hermes elements contain a ... | 1994 | 7813905 |
| comparison of mads box gene expression in developing male and female flowers of the dioecious plant white campion. | the mads box motif is common to genes that regulate the pattern of flower development. to determine whether mads box genes also play a role in differentiation of the sexes in dioecious plants, we isolated cdnas (slm1 to slm5, for silene latifolia mads) with mads box homology from transcripts of male flower buds of the model dioecious species white campion and compared their expression in developing female and male flowers. slm1 had extensive sequence similarity to the snapdragon mads box gene pl ... | 1994 | 7866023 |
| expression of floricaula in single cell layers of periclinal chimeras activates downstream homeotic genes in all layers of floral meristems. | we show that the flowering sectors on plants mutant for floricaula (flo), a meristem identity gene in antirrhinum majus, are periclinal chimeras expressing flo in either the l1, l2 or l3 cell layer. flower morphology is almost normal in l1 chimeras, but altered in l2 and l3 chimeras. expression of flo in any one cell layer results in the expression of organ identity genes, deficiens (def) and plena (ple) in all three cell layers of the chimeras, showing that flo acts inductively to promote gene ... | 1995 | 7867506 |
| multiple secondary plant product udp-glucose glucosyltransferase genes expressed in cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) cotyledons. | six different putative udp-glucose glucosyltransferase clones were isolated from a cassava cotyledon cdna library probed with an acc i-bgl ii restriction fragment from a udp-glucose flavonoid 3-o-glucosyltransferase from antirrhinum majus. the heterologous probe contained a glucosyltransferase consensus signature amino acid sequence which was also present in the cassava cdna clones. nucleotide and derived amino acid sequences are presented for two of the clones. northern analysis showed differen ... | 1994 | 7894058 |
| molecular cloning and expression patterns of three alleles of the deficiens-homologous gene st-deficiens from solanum tuberosum. | three alleles of the deficiens-homologous potato gene st-deficiens (st-def) present in the genome of a tetraploid solanum tuberosum variety were isolated and characterized. for one allele (st-def pd13) the complete molecular structure was determined by sequence analysis and comparison with its cdna, while for the other two alleles (pd10, pd12) only partial sequences of regulatory and coding regions were obtained. all three alleles showed (except for one amino acid exchange in pd10) identical seq ... | 1993 | 7903890 |
| characterization of the gene encoding dihydroflavonol 4-reductase in tomato. | a cdna clone (dfr) encoding dihydroflavonol 4-reductase was identified from tomato hypocotyls. nucleotide and amino acid sequence comparisons to petunia hybrida, antirrhinum majus and zea mays dfr sequences confirmed that the cdna encodes the structural dfr gene. in tomato, the dfr sequence appeared to be present as a single gene and mapped to a region on chromosome 2 near two loci affecting anthocyanin pigmentation, are and aw. dfr was expressed in both leaf and hypocotyl tissue. sequencing dat ... | 1994 | 7907304 |
| genetic complementation of a floral homeotic mutation, apetala3, with an arabidopsis thaliana gene homologous to deficiens of antirrhinum majus. | among the homeotic mutants with altered floral organs, two mutants of arabidopsis thaliana, apetala3 and pistillata, and two mutants of antirrhinum majus, deficiens and globosa, have a homeotic conversion of the floral organs in whorl 2 and 3, namely petals to sepals and stamens to carpels. we have isolated a homologue of the deficiens gene from a. thaliana wild type and shown complete complementation of apetala3 mutation by introducing the isolated gene using agrobacterium-mediated transformati ... | 1994 | 7948893 |
| fimbriata controls flower development by mediating between meristem and organ identity genes. | two major classes of genes directing flower development have so far been described: early activated genes regulating meristem identity and later acting genes controlling organ identity. here, we show that the fimbriata (fim) gene acts between these two classes in a sequence of gene activation. the fim gene, originally described in 1930, was cloned by transposon tagging from antirrhinum majus and encodes a product with no detectable homology to other proteins. mutations in fim result in partial h ... | 1994 | 8033217 |
| interplasmid transposition of drosophila hobo elements in non-drosophilid insects. | a modified hobo element from drosophila melanogaster was introduced into embryos of the housefly, musca domestica (family muscidae) and the queensland fruitfly, bactrocera tryoni (family tephritidae) to assess its ability to transpose. hobo was capable of transposition in these species and transposition products had all of the hallmarks of hobo transposition products recovered from d. melanogaster, including the movement only of sequences precisely delimited by the inverted terminal repeats of h ... | 1994 | 8041366 |
| the role of rna editing in conservation of start codons in chloroplast genomes. | open reading frames (orfs), encoded by the plastid genomes of tobacco, liverwort, rice and maize were aligned with a view to studying the conservation of translational start and stop codons created by rna editing of homologous genes. it became evident that most of the homologous orfs have conserved translation start and stop signals at the gene level. however, some of the orfs show differences with respect to extensions of their 3' and 5' terminal regions. for example, the proposed n-termini of ... | 1994 | 8076816 |
| complementary floral homeotic phenotypes result from opposite orientations of a transposon at the plena locus of antirrhinum. | recessive mutations at the plena (ple) locus result in a homeotic conversion of sex organs to sterile perianth organs in flowers of antirrhinum majus. a complementary phenotype, in which sex organs replace sterile organs, is conferred by semidominant ovulata mutations. the ple locus was identified and isolated using a homologous gene, agamous from arabidopsis, as a probe. the expression of ple is normally restricted to the inner two whorls of the flower, where sex organs develop. however, in ovu ... | 1993 | 8093684 |
| ntglo: a tobacco homologue of the globosa floral homeotic gene of antirrhinum majus: cdna sequence and expression pattern. | we report the cloning and dna sequence of a cdna from nicotiana tabacum, ntglo, as well as the pattern of expression of the ntglo gene in wild-type tobacco plants. the ntglo cdna encodes a protein of 209 amino acids, which shows 73% identity with the glo protein encoded by the glo gene of antirrhinum majus, a homeotic gene involved in the genetic control of flower development. northern blot analysis shows that the ntglo gene is expressed mainly in floral organs and, within the flower, expression ... | 1993 | 8099711 |
| floral development and expression of floral homeotic genes are influenced by cytokinins. | tobacco plants that are somatic mosaics for the expression of a cytokinin-synthesizing gene have viviparous leaves. epiphyllous buds can be either vegetative or floral. floral adventitious buds can be either normal or abnormal. abnormalities of floral development correlate with: (i) a local activation of the cytokinin-synthesizing gene, (ii) a drastic increase in floral cytokinin content, and (iii) a decrease in the steady-state levels of mrna homologous of the homeotic genes defa, glo and plena ... | 1993 | 8106083 |
| cloning and molecular analysis of structural genes involved in flavonoid and stilbene biosynthesis in grape (vitis vinifera l.). | genes involved in flavonoid and stilbene biosynthesis were isolated from grape (vitis vinifera l.). clones coding for phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (pal), chalcone synthase (chs), chalcone isomerase (chi), flavanone 3-hydroxylase (f3h), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (dfr), leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (ldox) and udp glucose:flavonoid 3-o-glucosyl transferase (ufgt), were isolated by screening a cdna library, obtained from mrna from seedlings grown in light for 48 h using snapdragon (antirrhinum ma ... | 1994 | 8193299 |
| flower colour intensity depends on specialized cell shape controlled by a myb-related transcription factor. | flower colour is determined primarily by the production of pigments, usually anthocyanins or carotenoids, but the shade and intensity of the colour are often changed by other factors such as vacuolar compounds, ph and metal ions. pigmentation can also be affected by the shape of epidermal cells, especially those facing prospective pollinators. a conical shape is believed to increase the proportion of incident light that enters the epidermal cells, enhancing light absorption by the floral pigment ... | 1994 | 8208293 |
| molecular characterization of flavanone 3 beta-hydroxylases. consensus sequence, comparison with related enzymes and the role of conserved histidine residues. | a heterologous cdna probe from petunia hybrida was used to isolate flavanone-3 beta-hydroxylase-encoding cdna clones from carnation (dianthus caryophyllus), china aster (callistephus chinensis) and stock (matthiola incana). the deduced protein sequences together with the known sequences of the enzyme from p. hybrida, barley (hordeum vulgare) and snapdragon (antirrhinum majus) enabled the determination of a consensus sequence which revealed an overall 84% similarity (53% identity) of flavanone 3 ... | 1993 | 8223617 |
| molecular biology of flower development in antirrhinum majus (snapdragon). | in recent years, isolation of several genes affecting flower development in antirrhinum majus made this species a major model system to study this important developmental process. genes like squamosa and floricaula are involved in determination of the floral meristem. their mutation results in the development of bract-forming shoots at positions where normally flowers would develop. the phenotypes obtained upon mutation of the genes found to affect floral organogenesis fall into three major cate ... | 1993 | 8276263 |
| a flower-specific myb protein activates transcription of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic genes. | synthesis of flavonoid pigments in flowers requires the co-ordinated expression of genes encoding enzymes in th phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway. some cis-elements involved in the transcriptional control of these genes have been defined. we report binding of petal-specific activities from tobacco and antirrhinum majus (snapdragon) to an element conserved in promoters of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic genes and implicated in expression in flowers. these binding activities were inhibited by anti ... | 1994 | 8306956 |
| transposon-induced inversion in antirrhinum modifies nivea gene expression to give a novel flower color pattern under the control of cycloidearadialis. | the nivea (niv) gene of antirrhinum majus encodes chalcone synthase, an enzyme involved in synthesis of anthocyanin pigments. the nivrec:98 allele contains a single copy of the transposon tam3 inserted at the niv locus. a large chromosomal rearrangement derived from this mutant has been shown to be flanked by two copies of tam3. in this study, we compared sequences involved in this rearrangement with their progenitor sequences and concluded that the rearrangement is an inversion resulting from a ... | 1993 | 8312739 |
| the petunia homologue of the antirrhinum majus candi and zea mays a2 flavonoid genes; homology to flavanone 3-hydroxylase and ethylene-forming enzyme. | the synthesis of anthocyanins in higher plants involves many enzymatic steps. here we describe the isolation and characterization of a cdna, ant17, which encodes a protein that has 73% amino acid sequence identity with the candi gene product of antirrhinum majus and 48% with that of the maize a2 gene. this protein may therefore be involved in the synthesis of anthocyanins in the steps after the action of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase. this is consistent with the absence of ant17 expression in the ... | 1993 | 8358035 |
| olive: a key gene required for chlorophyll biosynthesis in antirrhinum majus. | olive (oli) is a recessive nuclear mutation of antirrhinum majus which reduces the level of chlorophyll pigmentation and affects the ultrastructure of chloroplasts. the oli-605 allele carries a tam3 transposon insertion which has allowed the locus to be isolated. the oli gene encodes a large putative protein of 153 kda which shows homology to the products of two bacterial genes necessary for tetrapyrrole-metal chelation during the synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll or cobyrinic acid. we therefore ... | 1993 | 8404842 |
| the hobo transposable element of drosophila can be cross-mobilized in houseflies and excises like the ac element of maize. | the hobo transposable element from drosophila melanogaster was found to be capable of excision, resulting in donor sites unlike those reported for any other transposable element currently known in animals. these empty sites most closely resemble those left by the transposable elements ac and tam3 in zea mays and antirrhinum majus, respectively. like ac and tam3, the hobo element was found to function in a distantly related species, in this case the housefly musca domestica. hobo excision in m. d ... | 1993 | 8415764 |
| promiscuous germination and growth of wildtype pollen from arabidopsis and related species on the shoot of the arabidopsis mutant, fiddlehead. | when pollen lands upon the stigmatic surface of a receptive flower, recognition events take place that permit germination, pollen tube growth, and tube penetration into the cell walls of the stigmatic papillae. previously, we have described a mutant of arabidopsis thaliana, named fiddlehead (fdh), where noncarpel organs of the shoot fuse late in ontogeny (lolle et al., 1992). here we demonstrate that wildtype arabidopsis pollen grows on noncarpel organs of the fdh mutant. pollen grains adhere, g ... | 1993 | 8416837 |
| detection of point mutations in chloroplast genes of antirrhinum majus l. i. identification of a point mutation in the psab gene of a photosystem i plastome mutant. | a point mutation in the plastome-encoded psab gene of the mutant en:alba-1 of antirrhinum majus l. was identified by an analysis of chloroplast dna with a modified pcr-sscp technique. application of this technique is indicated when a gene or a group of genes is known in which the point mutation is located. analysis of primary photosynthetic reactions in the yellowish white plastome mutant indicated a dysfunction of photosystem (ps) i. the peak wavelength of ps i-dependent chlorophyll (chl) fluor ... | 1995 | 8544819 |
| a new family of dna binding proteins includes putative transcriptional regulators of the antirrhinum majus floral meristem identity gene squamosa. | several sites of nuclear protein interaction within the promoter region of the antirrhinum majus floral meristem identity gene squamosa were detected using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. one of these sites displayed a particularly clear interaction with nuclear protein extracted from inflorescences but not with nuclear protein extracted from young, nonflowering plants. this site could thus represent a binding motif for a transcriptional activator. a south-western screen of an infloresc ... | 1996 | 8569690 |
| structural genes for mg-chelatase subunits in barley: xantha-f, -g and -h. | barley mutants in the loci xantha-f, xantha-g and xantha-h, when fed with 5-aminolevulinate in the dark, accumulate protoporphyrin ix. mutant alleles at these loci that are completely blocked in protochlorophyllide synthesis are also blocked in development of prolamellar bodies in etioplasts. in contrast to wild type, the xan-f, -g and -h mutants had no detectable mg-chelatase activity, whereas they all had methyltransferase activity for synthesis of mg-protoporphyrin monomethyl ester. antibodie ... | 1996 | 8602155 |
| a putative mg chelatase subunit from arabidopsis thaliana cv c24. sequence and transcript analysis of the gene, import of the protein into chloroplasts, and in situ localization of the transcript and protein. | we have isolated and sequenced a cdna from arabidopsis thaliana cv c24 that encodes a putative mg chelatase subunit. the deduced amino acid sequence shows a very high level of identity to a gene previously characterized from antirrhinum majus (olive and also high similarity to bchh, a bacterial gene involved in the mg chelatase reaction of bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis. we suggest that this gene be called chl h. northern blot analyses were used to investigate the expression of chl h, another ... | 1996 | 8685276 |
| novel anthocyanins produced in petals of genetically transformed lisianthus. | the structures of the pigments in the deep purple flowers of a lisianthus line, transformed with a udp-glucose:flavonoid-3-o-glucosyltransferase cdna from antirrhinum majus, have been studied using paper chromatography, hplc and 1h and 13c nmr spectroscopy involving the use of 1h-1h cosy and tocsy techniques. the transgenic line is shown to have produced the new anthocyanins delphinidin-3-o-beta-d-(6-o-alpha-l -rhamnopyranosylglucopyranoside)-5-o-beta-d-[6-e (and z)-p-coumaroylglucopyranoside] a ... | 1996 | 8688182 |
| the genetics of flower development: from floral induction to ovule morphogenesis. | flower development consists of several phases. the first step is the transition from vegetative to reproductive development, regulated by floral induction. later steps include the initiation of individual flowers, the determination of organ identity, and organ-specific differentiation. one of the major discoveries of plant biology is that the genetic network controlling flower development is highly conserved in two distantly related dicots, arabidopsis thaliana and antirrhinum majus, and probabl ... | 1995 | 8825467 |
| dag, a gene required for chloroplast differentiation and palisade development in antirrhinum majus. | we have identified a mutation at the dag locus of antirrhinum majus which blocks the development of chloroplasts to give white leaves with green revertant sectors. the green areas contain normal chloroplasts whereas the white areas have small plastids that resemble proplastids. the cotyledons of dark-grown dag mutant seedlings have plastids which also resemble proplastids. the palisade cells in the white areas of dag mutant leaves also lack their characteristic columnar shape. the dag locus was ... | 1996 | 8861948 |
| alteration of tobacco floral organ identity by expression of combinations of antirrhinum mads-box genes. | floral organ identity is largely controlled by the spatially restricted expression of several mads-box genes. in antirrhinum majus these organ identity genes include def, glo and ple. single and double mutant analyses indicated that the type of organ found in a particular whorl is dependent on which combination of these genes is expressed there. this paper reports the ectopic expression of antirrhinum organ identity genes, alone and in combinations, in transgenic tobacco. although the phenotypes ... | 1996 | 8893543 |
| a nima-like protein kinase transcript is highly expressed in meristems of antirrhinum majus. | in plants, cell proliferation occurs mostly within meristems but a significant amount also occurs at other well-defined sites during specific stages of development. we have developed molecular markers to follow the location and progress of cell division within multicellular plant organs and thereby gain some insight into how cell division might be regulated during morphogenesis. as in other eukaryotes, cell division in plants is regulated by a highly conserved set of protein kinases and phosphat ... | 1996 | 8919984 |
| non-cell-autonomous function of the antirrhinum floral homeotic proteins deficiens and globosa is exerted by their polar cell-to-cell trafficking. | in antirrhinum majus, petal and stamen organ identity is controlled by two mads-box transcription factors, deficiens and globosa. mutations in either of these genes result in the replacement of petals by sepaloid organs and stamens by carpelloid organs. somatically stable def and glo periclinal chimeras, generated by transposon excision events, were used to study the non-cell-autonomous functions of these two mads-box proteins. two morphologically distinct types of chimeras were analysed using g ... | 1996 | 8951059 |
| the molecular structure, chromosomal organization, and interspecies distribution of a family of tandemly repeated dna sequences of antirrhinum majus l. | monomers of a major family of tandemly repeated dna sequences of antirrhinum majus have been cloned and characterized. the repeats are 163-167 bp long, contain on average 60% a+t residues, and are organized in head-to-tail orientation. according to site-specific methylation differences two subsets of repeating units can be distinguished. fluorescent in situ hybridization revealed that the repeats are localized at centromeric regions of six of the eight chromosome pairs of a. majus with substanti ... | 1996 | 8984001 |
| making asymmetric flowers. | the question of how positional information is assigned in floral meristems is beginning to be answered, aided recently by the cloning of a gene responsible for conferring dorsal fate in antirrhinum majus flowers. | 1997 | 9081671 |