| organization of ribosomal rna genes in alternaria alternata japanese pear pathotype, a host-selective ak-toxin-producing fungus. | dna encoding ribosomal rna (rrna) of alternaria alternata japanese pear pathotype has been cloned in lambda replacement vector, lambda fix. restriction endonuclease mapping and southern hybridization with the 18s and 28s rrnas of saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed the a. alternata rdna to be tandemly repeating 8.15-kilobase pair unit. the restriction fragments of the unit were then subcloned in the plasmid vector bluescribe m13- and partially sequenced. the determined sequences were compared with ... | 1989 | 2697467 |
| self-incompatibility (s) alleles of the rosaceae encode members of a distinct class of the t2/s ribonuclease superfamily. | stylar ribonucleases (rnases) are associated with gametophytic self-incompatibility in two plant families, the solanaceae and the rosaceae. the self-incompatibility-associated rnases (s-rnases) of both the solanaceae and the rosaceae were recently reported to belong to the t2 rnase gene family, based on the presence of two well-conserved sequence motifs. here, the cloning and characterization of s-rnase genes from two species of rosaceae, apple (malus x domestica) and japanese pear (pyrus seroti ... | 1996 | 8676858 |
| identification and partial amino acid sequences of seven s-rnases associated with self-incompatibility of japanese pear, pyrus pyrifolia nakai. | s-allele-specific proteins (s-proteins) were separated and identified by two-dimensional (2d) gel electrophoresis from the style extract of 14 cultivars of japanese pear, pyrus pyrifolia nakai, which exhibits gametophytic self-incompatibility. these s-proteins were 30-32 kda basic proteins with putative pis of 9.6-10.1 and were distinct from the other proteins, which were common for all cultivars examined. each s-protein was assigned to a given s-genotype based on electrophoretic mobility and th ... | 1996 | 8889818 |
| location of cysteine and cystine residues in s-ribonucleases associated with gametophytic self-incompatibility. | s-ribonucleases (s-rnases) that cosegregate with s-alleles in the styles of solanaceous and rosaceous plants are associated with gametophytic self-incompatibility (gsi). the amino acid sequences of many s-rnases have been derived from cdna sequences, but the state of half-cystines has not been clarified. we report the locations of the two free cysteine residues and four disulfide bridges of tobacco s6-rnase and of the four disulfide bridge of japanese pear s4-rnase. the protein was first s-pyrid ... | 1996 | 9022690 |
| circular dna plasmid in the phytopathogenic fungus alternaria alternata: its temperature-dependent curing and association with pathogenicity. | we found the presence of plasmid dna in strain t88-56 of the japanese pear pathotype of alternaria alternata, which causes black spot of certain cultivars of japanese pear by producing host-specific ak-toxin. the plasmid, designated paat56, was identified to be an approximately 5.4-kilobase (kb) circular molecule by electron microscopic observation and restriction endonuclease mapping. southern blot analysis showed that paat56 dna had no homology with either nuclear or mitochondrial dna. culture ... | 1997 | 9136005 |
| structural analysis of the plasmid paat56 of the filamentous fungus alternaria alternata. | the circular dna plasmid, designated paat56, has been isolated from strain t88-56 of the japanese pear pathotype of alternaria alternata. we determined the complete nucleotide sequence (5354 bp) of paat56 and mapped its possible open reading frames (orfs). three long orfs, orf1 (1290 bp), orf2 (1653 bp) and orf3 (690 bp), and four smaller orfs, orf4 to orf7 (> or = 300 bp), were predicted from the sequence. the potential peptides derived from the orfs other than orf2 show no homology to other kn ... | 1997 | 9426006 |
| targeted disruption of a melanin biosynthesis gene affects conidial development and uv tolerance in the japanese pear pathotype of alternaria alternata. | structural analysis of the brm2 gene involved in melanin biosynthesis of the japanese pear pathotype of alternaria alternata suggested that this gene encodes 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene reductase. targeted disruption of the brm2 gene did not affect pathogenicity, vegetative growth, or the number of conidia produced. targeted disruption, however, did reduce conidial size and septal number, suggesting that melanin is associated with conidial development. the conidia of brm2 mutant transformants we ... | 1999 | 9885194 |
| erwinia pyrifoliae sp. nov., a novel pathogen that affects asian pear trees (pyrus pyrifolia nakai) | a novel pathogen from asian pears (pyrus pyrifolia nakai) was analysed by sequencing the 16s rdna and the adjacent intergenic region, and the data were compared to related enterobacteriaceae. the 16s rdna of the asian pear pathogen was almost identical with the sequence of erwinia amylovora, in contrast to the 16s-23s rrna intergenic transcribed spacer region of both species. a dendrogram was deduced from determined sequences of the spacer regions including those of several related species such ... | 1999 | 10319516 |
| immunological and molecular comparison of polyphenol oxidase in rosaceae fruit trees. | an antibody raised against apple polyphenol oxidase (ppo) cross-reacted with ppos from japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia), pear (pyrus communis), peach (prunus persica), chinese quince (pseudocydonia sinensis) and japanese loquat (eriobotrya japonica). core fragments (681 bp) of the corresponding ppo genes were amplified and characterized. the deduced protein sequences showed identities of 85.3 to 97.5%. chlorogenic acid oxidase activity of these ppos showed higher activities when assayed at ph 4 t ... | 1999 | 10385997 |
| insertional mutagenesis and cloning of the genes required for biosynthesis of the host-specific ak-toxin in the japanese pear pathotype of alternaria alternata. | the japanese pear pathotype of alternaria alternata causes black spot of japanese pear by producing a host-specific toxin known as ak-toxin. restriction enzyme-mediated integration (remi) mutagenesis was used to tag genes required for toxin biosynthesis. protoplasts of a wild-type strain were treated with a linearized plasmid along with the restriction enzyme used to linearize the plasmid. of 984 remi transformants recovered, three produced no detectable ak-toxin and lost pathogenicity on pear l ... | 1999 | 10432635 |
| real, an ltr retrotransposon from the plant pathogenic fungus alternaria alternata. | a retrotransposon was isolated and characterized from strain 15a of the japanese pear pathotype of alternaria alternata, which causes black spot disease in certain cultivars of japanese pear by producing a host-specific toxin known as ak-toxin. the element, which we have named real (retrotransposon of alternaria alternata), is 6046 bp in size and contains direct long terminal repeats (ltrs) of 218 bp. target-site duplication of 5 bp was found. real contains two long overlapping orfs. the first o ... | 2000 | 10852484 |
| migration of organophosphorus insecticides cyanophos and prothiofos residues from impregnated paper bags to japanese apple-pears (pyrus pyrifolia nakai cv. nijisseiki). | bags impregnated with the organophosphorus pesticides prothiofos and cyanophos in three levels were used to cover japanese apple-pears to protect them from insects. the amounts of prothiofos residue in the bags collected 4 months after application ranged from 0 to 34% of the amounts (81, 148, and 333 microg) found in the bags prior to a bagging. the amounts of cyanophos residue in bags collected 4 months after application ranged from 11 to 29% of the amounts (335, 2860, and 3740 microg) present ... | 2000 | 10888575 |
| purification and characterization of a nad+-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase from japanese pear fruit. | nad+-dependent sorbitol dehydrogenase nad-sdh, ec 1.1.1.14) from japanese pear fruit was purified to apparent homogeneity (single band by sds-page with silver staining), and had a specific activity of 916.7 nkatal/mg protein. the molecular of the native enzyme was calculated to be 160 kda by gel filtration, whereas sds-page gave a subunit size of 40 kda, indicating that the native enzyme is a homotetramer. the protein immunologically reacted with an antibody raised in rabbit against the fusion p ... | 2000 | 10963448 |
| structural and functional complexity of the genomic region controlling ak-toxin biosynthesis and pathogenicity in the japanese pear pathotype of alternaria alternata. | the japanese pear pathotype of alternaria alternata produces host-specific ak-toxin and causes black spot of japanese pear. previously, a cosmid clone, pcakt-1, was isolated that contains two genes, akt1 and akt2, within a 5.0-kb region required for ak-toxin biosynthesis. the wild-type strain has multiple, nonfunctional copies of these genes. in the present study, two additional genes, aktr-1 and akt3-1, downstream of akt2 were identified. transformation of the wild type with aktr-1- and akt3-1- ... | 2000 | 10975654 |
| thermodynamic analysis of diffusion of non-electrolytes across plant cuticles in the presence and absence of the plasticiser tributyl phosphate. | solute mobility in cuticular membranes (cms) of 14 plant species (citrus aurantiumn l., citrus grandis l., hedera helix l., ilex aquifolium l., ilex paraguariensis st.-hil., malus domestica borkh. cv. golden delicious, populus alba l., prunus laurocerasus l., pyrus communis l. cv. bartlett, conference and gellerts butterbirne, pyrus pyrifolia (burm. f.) nakai, schefflera actinophylla (endl.) harms and strophanthus gratus baill.) was measured over the temperature range 25-55 degrees c. the five o ... | 2000 | 11219574 |
| seasonal occurrence of specialist and generalist insect predators of spider mites and their response to volatiles from spider-mite-infested plants in japanese pear orchards. | in two adjacent japanese pear orchards (orchards i and 2), we studied the seasonal occurrence of the kanzawa spider mite. tetranychus kanzawai, and its predators. also the response of these predators to the volatiles from kidney bean plants infested with t kanzawai was investigated using trap boxes in orchard 1. the mite density in orchard 1 was unimodal. with one peak at the end of august. in this orchard, population development of the specialist insect predators, scolothrips takahashii, oligot ... | 2001 | 11603732 |
| molecular comparison of pathogenic bacteria from pear trees in japan and the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora. | several strains of the genus erwinia, which were isolated in japan from pear trees with necrotic symptoms that resembled fire blight, and tentatively identified as erwinia amylovora, were reinvestigated for their relationship to the fire blight pathogen. these isolates produced ooze on slices of immature pears and were mucoid on mm2cu agar plates, but did not synthesize levan and did not give the expected pcr signals with several primer pairs specific for erwinia amylovora. the isolates tested p ... | 2001 | 11700346 |
| a conditionally dispensable chromosome controls host-specific pathogenicity in the fungal plant pathogen alternaria alternata. | the filamentous fungus alternaria alternata contains seven pathogenic variants (pathotypes), which produce host-specific toxins and cause diseases on different plants. previously, the gene cluster involved in host-specific ak-toxin biosynthesis of the japanese pear pathotype was isolated, and four genes, named akt genes, were identified. the akt homologs were also found in the strawberry and tangerine pathotypes, which produce af-toxin and act-toxin, respectively. this result is consistent with ... | 2002 | 12019223 |
| a pistil-specific thaumatin/pr5-like protein gene of japanese pear (pyrus serotina): sequence and promoter activity of the 5' region in transgenic tobacco. | the genomic clone encoding the pistil-specific thaumatin/pr5-like protein (pstl1) was isolated from japanese pear (pyrus serotina). sequence analysis showed that the genomic clone contained the 5'-flanking sequence of 2.4 kb, the 3'-flanking sequence of 648 bp and the coding region interrupted by a intron of 351 bp. a sequence motif conserved in some pistil self-incompatibility gene promoters of solanaceous and brassicaceous species was located in the 5'-flanking region of the pstl1 gene. the 2. ... | 2002 | 12369614 |
| characterization of erwinia amylovora strains using random amplified polymorphic dna fragments (rapds). | the genetic diversity among 16 strains of erwinia amylovora, chosen to represent different host plant origins and geographical regions, was investigated by rapd analysis. one strain of erwinia herbicola and one of agrobacterium vitis were used as outgroups. ninety-eight different rapd fragments were produced by polymerase chain reaction amplification with six different 10-mer primers. rapd banding profiles were found that enabled the erw. amylovora strains to be distinguished from one another. c ... | 1997 | 12455904 |
| genetics of biosynthesis and structure of the capsular exopolysaccharide from the asian pear pathogen erwinia pyrifoliae. | erwinia pyrifoliae is a novel bacterial pathogen, which causes asian pear blight and is related to erwinia amylovora, the causative agent of fire blight. e. pyrifoliae produces exopolysaccharide (eps) related to amylovoran in its sugar composition and sugar linkages. this was shown by degradation of the eps with a viral depolymerase, and by methylation analysis and esi/ms. the structure of the repeating units was confirmed by (1)h-nmr spectra. the eps of e. pyrifoliae carried side chains, which ... | 2002 | 12480905 |
| comparative analysis of chloroplast dna in pyrus species: physical map and gene localization. | a physical map of chloroplast dna (cpdna) of pear [pyrus ussuriensis var. hondoensis (nakai et kikuchi) rehder] was constructed using five restriction enzymes, sali, xhoi, bamhi, saci and psti. this information will make it possible to investigate the phylogenetic relationships between pyrus species. pear cpdna was found to be a circular molecule with a total size of about 156 kb in which two inverted repeats of 24.8 kb divide the molecule into small (17 kb) and large (90 kb) single-copy regions ... | 2003 | 12582856 |
| protein glycation inhibitory and antioxidative activities of some plant extracts in vitro. | the protein glycation inhibitory activity of aqueous ethanolic extracts from 25 plant tissues was evaluated in vitro using the model system of bovine serum albumin and fructose. the most bioactive plant tissue was allium cepa (skin), followed by illicium religiosum (bark and wood), fagopyrum esculentum (hull), origanum officinalis (leaf), rosmarinus officinalis (leaf), pyrus pyrifolia (bark),acanthopanax senticosus (bark), eugenia caryophllata (leaf), and erigeron annuus (whole). the extracts wi ... | 2003 | 12617589 |
| the effect of different atmospheric ozone partial pressures on photosynthesis and growth of nine fruit and nut tree species. | nursery stock of peach (prunus persica l. batsch, cv. o'henry), nectarine (p. persica l. batsch, cv. fantasia), plum (p. salicina lindel., cv. casselman), apricot (p. armeniaca l., cv. tilton), almond (p. dulcis mill., cv. nonpareil), prune (p. domestica l., cv. improved french), cherry (p. avium l., cv. bing), oriental pear (pyrus pyrifolia rehd., cv. 20th century), and apple (malus pumula mill., cv. granny smith) were planted in open-top chambers on april 1, 1988 at the university of californi ... | 1991 | 14972900 |
| molecular differentiation of erwinia amylovora strains from north america and of two asian pear pathogens by analyses of pfge patterns and hrpn genes. | in order to determine a possible genomic divergence of erwinia amylovora'fruit tree' and raspberry strains from north america, several isolates were differentiated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) analysis, the size of short dna sequence repeats (ssrs) and the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of their hrpn genes. by pfge analysis european strains are highly related, whereas strains from north america were diverse and were further distinguished by the ssr numbers from plasmid ... | 2004 | 15049921 |
| dissection of the host range of the fungal plant pathogen alternaria alternata by modification of secondary metabolism. | the filamentous fungus alternaria alternata contains seven pathogenic variants (pathotypes), which produce different host-specific toxins and cause diseases on different plants. the strawberry pathotype produces host-specific af-toxin and causes alternaria black spot of strawberry. this pathotype is also pathogenic to japanese pear cultivars susceptible to the japanese pear pathotype that produces ak-toxin. the strawberry pathotype produces two related molecular species, af-toxins i and ii: toxi ... | 2004 | 15066029 |
| asian pear pectin administration during presensitization inhibits allergic response to ovalbumin in balb/c mice. | a type of respiratory disorder resembling some aspects of human allergic asthma can be induced in mice using ovalbumin. the factors that influence the etiology of asthma are poorly understood even though cytokines are known to play a pivotal role. the purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis whether an administration of asian pear pectin during presensitization could suppress allergic response to ovalbumin in balb/c mice. | 2004 | 15253858 |
| nucleotide sequences of a korean isolate of apple stem grooving virus associated with black necrotic leaf spot disease on pear (pyrus pyrifolia). | pear black necrotic leaf spot (pbnls) is a disease of pears caused by capillovirus-like particles, which can be observed under the electron microscope. the disease was analyzed by western blot analysis with antisera raised against apple stem grooving virus (asgv) coat protein. cdnas covering the entire genome were synthesized by rt-pcr and race using rna isolated from chenopodium quinoa infected with sap extracted from pear leaves carrying black necrotic spot disease. the complete genome sequenc ... | 2004 | 15528995 |
| partitioning of (13)c-photosynthate from spur leaves during fruit growth of three japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia) cultivars differing in maturation date. | in fruit crops, fruit size at harvest is an important aspect of quality. with japanese pears (pyrus pyrifolia), later maturing cultivars usually have larger fruits than earlier maturing cultivars. it is considered that the supply of photosynthate during fruit development is a critical determinant of size. to assess the interaction of assimilate supply and early/late maturity of cultivars and its effect on final fruit size, the pattern of carbon assimilate partitioning from spur leaves (source) t ... | 2005 | 15655106 |
| isolation, characterization, and cloning of {alpha}-l-arabinofuranosidase expressed during fruit ripening of japanese pear. | alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase (alpha-l-arafase) was purified from fruit of japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia). the enzyme solubilized from the cell wall by nacl and triton x-100 had the homogeneity of a single 62-kd polypeptide on sds-page after purification through the steps of hydroxyapatite, anion-exchange chromatography, and size-exclusion chromatography. a related cdna clone was isolated (pparf2). the transcript and related protein were detected solely in the ripening fruit corresponding to the ... | 2005 | 15965025 |
| induction of defense responses against alternaria rot by different elicitors in harvested pear fruit. | pear fruit (pyrus pyrifolia l. cv. yali) treated by different elicitors, such as salicylic acid (sa), oxalic acid, calcium chloride, and antagonistic yeast cryptococcus laurentii, were investigated to determine the induction of defense responses. the possible mechanism by which elicitors induced the resistance of pear fruit against postharvest disease was also evaluated. the results indicated that all the elicitors could significantly enhance defense-related enzyme activities, such as beta-1,3-g ... | 2006 | 16158285 |
| nuclear ribosomal dna as a probe for genetic variability in the japanese pear pathotype of alternaria alternata. | a restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of nuclear ribosomal rna genes (rdna) was used to measure the amount and distribution of genetic variability in populations of the japanese pear pathotype of alternaria alternata on both micro- and macrogeographical scales. a total of 322 isolates were obtained from 13 areas in aichi, gifu, and tottori prefectures in central and western japan. the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed that the pathogen populations contained ... | 1993 | 16349060 |
| searching for a new putative cryptic virus in pinus sylvestris l. | double-stranded rnas (dsrnas) were detected in different pine populations in germany and hungary. two dsrna species of 1.5 and 1.58 kbp, respectively, persisted in the same trees for at least 2 years and their presence was not associated with any symptoms. the dsrnas were found to sediment in the vlp (virus-like particles) fraction and to be protected by protein(s) against rnase a digestion at low salt. cdna cloning and sequencing of the smaller segment (dsrna2) led to the identification of a pu ... | 2006 | 16604450 |
| genetic mapping of the pear scab resistance gene vnk of japanese pear cultivar kinchaku. | pear scab (caused by venturia nashicola) is one of the most harmful diseases of pears, especially japanese and chinese pear species. the molecular identification and early selection of resistant plants could greatly improve pear breeding. we have identified the position of the scab resistance gene, designated vnk in an indigenous japanese pear cultivar kinchaku, within the pear genome by using simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers derived from pear and apple. the position of vnk was identified in ... | 2006 | 16838137 |
| genetic differences between blight-causing erwinia species with differing host specificities, identified by suppression subtractive hybridization. | pcr-based subtractive hybridization was used to isolate sequences from erwinia amylovora strain ea110, which is pathogenic on apples and pears, that were not present in three closely related strains with differing host specificities: e. amylovora mr1, which is pathogenic only on rubus spp.; erwinia pyrifoliae ep1/96, the causal agent of shoot blight of asian pears; and erwinia sp. strain ejp556, the causal agent of bacterial shoot blight of pear in japan. in total, six subtractive libraries were ... | 2006 | 16963554 |
| s locus f-box brothers: multiple and pollen-specific f-box genes with s haplotype-specific polymorphisms in apple and japanese pear. | although recent findings suggest that the f-box genes sfb/slf control pollen-part s specificity in the s-rnase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility (gsi) system, how these genes operate in the system is unknown, and functional variation of pollen s genes in different species has been reported. here, we analyzed the s locus of two species of maloideae: apple (malus domestica) and japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia). the sequencing of a 317-kb region of the apple s9 haplotype revealed two similar f ... | 2007 | 17237509 |
| polymorphism of sfbb-gamma and its use for s genotyping in japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia). | japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia) exhibits the s-rnase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility where the pollen-part determinant, pollen s, had long remained elusive. recent identification of s locus f-box brothers (sfbb) in japanese pear and apple suggested that the multiple f-box genes are the pollen s candidates as they exhibited pollen specific expression, s haplotype-specific polymorphisms and linkage to the s locus. in japanese pear, three sfbbs were identified from a single s haplotype, and ... | 2007 | 17541597 |
| genetic mapping of genes for susceptibility to black spot disease in japanese pears. | black spot disease, which is caused by the japanese pear pathotype of alternaria alternata (fr.) keissler, is one of the most harmful diseases in japanese pear cultivation. we identified the exact positions and linkage groups (lgs) of the genes for susceptibility to black spot in the japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia nakai) cultivars 'osa nijisseiki' (gene ani) and 'nansui' (gene ana). segregation of susceptibility and resistance fitted the expected ratio of 1:1 in progeny of 'nansui' but showed a ... | 2007 | 17893733 |
| [effects of g-protein regulators and stylar s-rnase on the growth and ca2+ concentration of pyrus pyrifolia pollen tube]. | the effects of g protein regulators and stylar s-rnase on the growth and [ca(2+)](i) changes of the pyrus pyrifolia pollen tube were investigated using laser confocal scanning microscope (lcsm). the results indicated that: (1) the growth of 'housui' pollen tube could be inhibited by its stylar s-rnase and pertussis toxin (ptx), the inhibitor of heterotrimeric g protein. while 'kousui' stylar s-rnase had little effect on the growth of 'housui' pollen tube; cholera toxin (ctx), the activator of he ... | 2007 | 17960042 |
| purification and characterization of a non-s-rnase and s-rnases from styles of japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia). | in this study we biochemically characterized stylar ribonucleases (rnases) of japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia), which exhibits s-rnase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility. we separated the rnase fractions ns-1, ns-2, and ns-3 from stylar extracts of the cultivar nijisseiki (s(2)s(4)). the rnase in each fraction was purified to homogeneity through a series of chromatographic steps. chemical analysis of the proteins revealed that the basic rnases in the ns-2 and ns-3 fractions were the s(4)- an ... | 2007 | 17988882 |
| deletion of a 236 kb region around s 4-rnase in a stylar-part mutant s 4sm-haplotype of japanese pear. | japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia nakai) has a gametophytic self-incompatibility (gsi) mechanism controlled by a single s-locus with multiple s-haplotypes, each of which contains separate genes that determine the allelic identity of pistil and pollen. the pistil s gene is the s-ribonuclease (s-rnase) gene, whereas good candidates for the pollen s gene are the f-box protein genes. a self-compatible (sc) cultivar, 'osa-nijisseiki', which is a bud mutant of 'nijisseiki' (s (2) s (4)), has a stylar-par ... | 2008 | 18175198 |
| the genome of erwinia tasmaniensis strain et1/99, a non-pathogenic bacterium in the genus erwinia. | the complete genome of the bacterium erwinia tasmaniensis strain et1/99 consisting of a 3.9 mb circular chromosome and five plasmids was sequenced. strain et1/99 represents an epiphytic plant bacterium related to erwinia amylovora and e. pyrifoliae, which are responsible for the important plant diseases fire blight and asian pear shoot blight, respectively. strain et1/99 is a non-pathogenic bacterium and is thought to compete with these and other bacteria when occupying the same habitat during i ... | 2008 | 18462403 |
| ultrastructural study on acibenzolar-s-methyl-induced scab resistance in epidermal pectin layers of japanese pear leaves. | the infection behavior of japanese pear scab pathogen venturia nashicola race 1 was studied ultrastructurally in acibenzolar-s-methyl (asm)-pretreated susceptible japanese pear (cv. kousui) leaves to determine the mechanism of asm-induced scab resistance. on asm-pretreated leaf surfaces, the infection behavior (conidial germination and appressorial formation) was similar to that on distilled water (dw)-pretreated leaves prior to cuticle penetration by the pathogen. however, after penetration, di ... | 2008 | 18943227 |
| worldwide phylogeography of the citrus brown spot pathogen, alternaria alternata. | abstract sixty-five isolates of alternaria alternata were sampled from brown spot lesions on tangerines and mandarins (citrus reticulata) and tangerine x grapefruit (c. reticulata x c. paradisi) hybrids in the united states, colombia, australia, turkey, south africa, and israel to investigate the worldwide phylogeography of the fungus. genetic variation was scored at 15 putative random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) loci and 465 bp of an endo-polygalacturonase (endo-pg) gene was sequenced for ... | 2002 | 18943277 |
| acibenzolar-s-methyl-induced resistance to japanese pear scab is associated with potentiation of multiple defense responses. | abstract this study reports the mode of action of acibenzolar-s-methyl (asm) against japanese pear scab, caused by venturia nashicola. pretreatment of potted japanese pear trees with asm reduced scab symptoms and potentiated several lines of plant defense response. this included transcripts encoding polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (pgip) that were highly and transiently promoted after scab inoculation of plants pretreated with asm, suggesting a possible role for defenses involved in direct ... | 2004 | 18943485 |
| duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction reveals competition between erwinia amylovora and e. pyrifoliae on pear blossoms. | erwinia amylovora and e. pyrifoliae are the causative agents of fire blight and asian pear blight, respectively. the pathogens are closely related, with overlapping host ranges. data are unavailable on the current distribution of e. pyrifoliae and on the interaction between the two species when they are present together on the same host. in this study, a duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) protocol was developed to monitor the population dynamics of e. amylovora and e. pyrifoliae on ... | 2008 | 18944291 |
| infection behavior of venturia nashicola, the cause of scab on asian pears. | abstract the infection of japanese pear by venturia nashicola, the cause of scab on asian pears (japanese pear, pyrus pylifolia var. culta; chinese pear, p. ussuriensis), was examined using light and electron microscopy to determine the mechanism of resistance in pears. early stages of infection were similar on the susceptible cv. kosui, the resistant cv. kinchaku, and the nonhost european pear (p. communis) cv. flemish beauty. v. nashicola penetrated only the cuticle layer on pear leaves and fo ... | 2000 | 18944422 |
| distribution and characterization of akt homologs in the tangerine pathotype of alternaria alternata. | abstract the tangerine pathotype of alternaria alternata produces a host-selective toxin (hst), known as act-toxin, and causes alternaria brown spot disease of citrus. the structure of act-toxin is closely related to ak- and af-toxins, which are hsts produced by the japanese pear and strawberry pathotypes of a. alternata, respectively. ac-, ak-, and af-toxins are chemically similar and share a 9,10-epoxy-8-hydroxy-9-methyl-decatrienoic acid moiety. two genes controlling ak-toxin biosynthesis (ak ... | 2000 | 18944496 |
| aal-toxin-deficient mutants of alternaria alternata tomato pathotype by restriction enzyme-mediated integration. | abstract host-specific toxins are produced by three pathotypes of alternaria alternata: am-toxin, which affects apple; ak-toxin, which affects japanese pear; and aal-toxin, which affects tomato. each toxin has a role in pathogenesis. to facilitate molecular genetic analysis of toxin production, isolation of toxin-deficient mutants utilizing ectopic integration of plasmid dna has been attempted. however, the transformation frequency was low, and integration events in most transformants were compl ... | 1997 | 18945069 |
| molecular variability of the genomes of capilloviruses from apple, japanese pear, european pear, and citrus trees. | abstract the 3'-terminal regions of the genomes of apple stem grooving virus (asgv), isolated from apple, japanese pear, and european pear plants, and citrus tatter leaf virus (ctlv), isolated from citrus plants, were amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. the dna products were cloned and sequenced. the results indicated that the asgv isolates from apple, japanese pear, and european pear comprise at least two to four "sequence variants" that differ considerably from each o ... | 1997 | 18945117 |
| a polyphasic approach assigns the pathogenic erwinia strains from diseased pear trees in japan to erwinia pyrifoliae. | bacterial shoot blight of pear in japan (bsbp) is caused by erwinia strains which were formerly associated with the species erwinia amylovora, the causative agent of fire blight. the description of erwinia pyrifoliae as a pear pathogen in korea renewed a possible connection of the pear pathogens in both countries. | 2009 | 19187512 |
| function of genes encoding acyl-coa synthetase and enoyl-coa hydratase for host-selective act-toxin biosynthesis in the tangerine pathotype of alternaria alternata. | the tangerine pathotype of alternaria alternata produces host-selective act-toxin and causes alternaria brown spot disease. sequence analysis of a genomic cosmid clone identified a part of the actt gene cluster and implicated two genes, actt5 encoding an acyl-coa synthetase and actt6 encoding an enoyl-coa hydratase, in the biosynthesis of act-toxin. genomic southern blots demonstrated that both genes were present in tangerine pathotype isolates producing act-toxin and also in japanese pear patho ... | 2009 | 19271978 |
| molecular identification of mealybugs (hemiptera: pseudococcidae) found on korean pears. | mealybugs are under a strict regulation at foreign trades of agricultural products because they are one of the most economically damaging groups of insects on food crops and ornamental plants. however, the absence of morphological characteristics enabling the discrimination of early life stages often cause a significant delay or rejection of a shipment when infested fruit is discovered, causing significant economic loss. a polymerase chain reaction-based method for species identification was dev ... | 2010 | 20214364 |
| contribution of peroxisomes to secondary metabolism and pathogenicity in the fungal plant pathogen alternaria alternata. | the filamentous fungus alternaria alternata includes seven pathogenic variants (pathotypes) which produce different host-selective toxins and cause diseases on different plants. the japanese pear pathotype produces the host-selective ak-toxin, an epoxy-decatrienoic acid ester, and causes black spot of japanese pear. previously, we identified four genes, akt1, akt2, akt3, and aktr, involved in ak toxin biosynthesis. akt1, akt2, and akt3 encode enzyme proteins with peroxisomal targeting signal typ ... | 2010 | 20348386 |
| cytological and molecular analyses of non-host resistance of arabidopsis thaliana to alternaria alternata. | summary when challenged with the necrotrophic fungal pathogen alternaria alternata japanese pear pathotype, all tested ecotypes of arabidopsis plants failed to show hypersensitive cell death, accumulation of detectable levels of reactive oxygen species or accumulation of phytoalexin. we operationally define a. alternata as a non-host pathogen for arabidopsis plants and show that the protection against a. alternata demonstrated in this study is a non-host penetration resistance. to characterize n ... | 2005 | 20565684 |
| inhibitory effects of antioxidant reagent in reactive oxygen species generation and penetration of appressoria of alternaria alternata japanese pear pathotype. | in the japanese pear pathotype of alternaria alternata, h2o2 is generated solely from penetration pegs and not from other portions of subcuticular hyphae within the pectin layers of host leaves. a close association between h2o2 generation and fungal aggressiveness is expected because the pegs are important for fungal penetration into the host epidermis. to determine the potential role of reactive oxygen species in microbial pathogenicity, we studied the inhibitory effects of the antioxidant reag ... | 2010 | 20701480 |
| pollen density on the stigma affects endogenous gibberellin metabolism, seed and fruit set, and fruit quality in pyrus pyrifolia. | to clarify the relationship between pollen density and gametophytic competition in pyrus pyrifolia, gametophytic performance, gibberellin metabolism, fruit set, and fruit quality were investigated by modifying p. pyrifolia pollen grain number and density with lycopodium spores. higher levels of pollen density improved seed viability, fruit set, and fruit quality. treatments with the highest pollen density showed a significantly increased fruit growth rate and larger fruit at harvest. high pollen ... | 2010 | 20713466 |
| horizontal gene and chromosome transfer in plant pathogenic fungi affecting host range. | plant pathogenic fungi adapt quickly to changing environments including overcoming plant disease resistance genes. this is usually achieved by mutations in single effector genes of the pathogens, enabling them to avoid recognition by the host plant. in addition, horizontal gene transfer (hgt) and horizontal chromosome transfer (hct) provide a means for pathogens to broaden their host range. recently, several reports have appeared in the literature on hgt, hct and hybridization between plant path ... | 2011 | 21223323 |
| vermouth technology of production and quality characteristics. | the aperitif wine, known as vermouth, is primarily prepared by adding a mixture of herbs and spices or their extract to a base wine. as such, it could also be called aromatized liquor, or a fortified wine. various plant parts, such as seeds, wood, leaves, bark, or roots in dry form can be used in flavoring. these additives may be infused, macerated, or distilled in a base white wine, or added at various stages of preparation. the final liquid is filtered, pasteurized, and fortified (by the addit ... | 2011 | 21867897 |
| Quantitative analysis of mycoflora on commercial domestic fruits in Japan. | A comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the mycoflora on the surface of commercial fruit was performed. Nine kinds of fruits grown in Japan were tested. Overall fungal counts on the fruits ranged from 3.1 to 6.5 log CFU/g. The mean percentages of the total yeast counts were higher than those of molds in samples of apples, Japanese pears, and strawberries, ranging from 58.5 to 67.0%, and were lower than those of molds in samples of the other six fruits, ranging from 9.8 to 48.3%. Cladosporiu ... | 2011 | 21902918 |
| the fading distinctions between classical patterns of ripening in climacteric and non-climacteric fruit and the ubiquity of ethylene-an overview. | the process of fruit ripening is normally viewed distinctly in climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. but, many fruits such as guava, melon, japanese plum, asian pear and pepper show climacteric as well as non-climacteric behaviour depending on the cultivar or genotype. investigations on in planta levels of co2 and ethylene at various stages of fruits during ripening supported the role and involvement of changes in the rate of respiration and ethylene production in non-climacteric fruits such a ... | 2011 | 23572821 |
| appressorium-localized nadph oxidase b is essential for aggressiveness and pathogenicity in the host-specific, toxin-producing fungus alternaria alternata japanese pear pathotype. | black spot disease, alternaria alternata japanese pear pathotype, produces the host-specific toxin ak-toxin, an important pathogenicity factor. previously, we have found that hydrogen peroxide is produced in the hyphal cell wall at the plant-pathogen interaction site, suggesting that the fungal reactive oxygen species (ros) generation machinery is important for pathogenicity. in this study, we identified two nadph oxidase (noxa and noxb) genes and produced nox disruption mutants. δnoxa and δnoxb ... | 2012 | 23279187 |
| identification and characterization of micrornas from in vitro-grown pear shoots infected with apple stem grooving virus in response to high temperature using small rna sequencing. | micrornas (mirnas) have functions in diverse biological processes such as growth, signal transduction, disease resistance, and stress responses in plants. thermotherapy is an effective approach for elimination of viruses from fruit trees. however, the role of mirnas in this process remains elusive. previously, we showed that high temperature treatment reduces the titers of apple stem grooving virus (asgv) from the tips of in vitro-grown pyrus pyrifolia plants. in this study, we identified high t ... | 2015 | 26573813 |
| candidate resistant genes of sand pear (pyrus pyrifolia nakai) to alternaria alternata revealed by transcriptome sequencing. | pear black spot (pbs) disease, which is caused by alternaria alternata (aa), is one of the most serious diseases affecting sand pear (pyrus pyrifolia nakai) cultivation worldwide. to investigate the defense mechanisms of sand pear in response to aa, the transcriptome of a sand pear germplasm with differential resistance to aa was analyzed using illumina paired-end sequencing. four libraries derived from pbs-resistant and pbs-susceptible sand pear leaves were characterized through inoculation or ... | 2015 | 26292286 |
| agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation using cotyledons in japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia). | genetic transformation was successfully established producing both transformed adventitious shoots and calli in japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia nakai) by using cotyledons as explants. cotyledons of five cultivars were co-cultivated with agrobacterium tumefaciens strain lba4404 carrying the pbin19-sgfp, which contained a green fluorescent protein gene and the neomycin phosphotransferase gene. in order to increase transformation efficiency, sonication and ethylenedioxybis (ethylamine)-n,n,n',n'-tet ... | 2013 | 24273422 |
| comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals that ethylene/h2o2-mediated hypersensitive response and programmed cell death determine the compatible interaction of sand pear and alternaria alternata. | a major restriction on sand pear (pyrus pyrifolia) production is black spot disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus alternaria alternata. however, the pear response mechanism to a. alternata is unknown at the molecular level. here, host responses of a resistant cultivar cuiguan (cg) and a susceptible cultivar sucui1 (sc1) to a. alternata infection were investigated. we found that the primary necrotic lesion formed at 1 dpi and the expansion of lesions was aggressive in sc1. data from transcrip ... | 2017 | 28261248 |
| physical mapping of black spot disease resistance/susceptibility-related genome regions in japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia) by bac-fish. | black spot disease, caused by alternaria alternata japanese pear pathotype, is one of the most harmful diseases in japanese pear cultivation. in the present study, the locations of black spot disease resistance/susceptibility-related genome regions were studied by fluorescence in situ hybridization using bac clone (bac-fish) on japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia (burm. f.) nakai) chromosomes. root tips of self-pollinated seedlings of 'osa gold' were used as materials. chromosome samples were prepare ... | 2016 | 27436955 |
| fine mapping of the gene for susceptibility to black spot disease in japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia nakai). | black spot disease, which is caused by the japanese pear pathotype of the filamentous fungus alternaria alternata (fries) keissler, is one of the most harmful diseases in japanese pear cultivation. we mapped a gene for susceptibility to black spot disease in the japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia nakai) cultivar 'kinchaku' (aki gene) at the top of linkage group 11, similar to the positions of the susceptibility genes ani in 'osa nijisseiki' and ana in 'nansui'. using synteny-based marker enrichment, ... | 2016 | 27162498 |
| identification of a novel phylogenetic lineage of alternaria alternata causing citrus brown spot in china. | alternaria alternata sensu lato, casual agent of citrus brown spot, first identified in yunnan province in 2010 and subsequently found in zhejiang, hunan, guangdong provinces, chongqing municipality andguangxi autonomous region in china. during 2010-2012, 86 isolates were collected from diseased citrus, of which 85 % isolates were pathogenic to ponkan tangerine. phylogenetic analyses of chinese and worldwide isolates using partial sequences of an endopolygalacturonase gene (endopg) and combined ... | 2015 | 25937061 |
| syntheses of natural 1,3-polyol/α-pyrone and its all stereoisomers to estimate antifungal activities against plant pathogenic fungi. | all stereoisomers of 1,3-polyol/α-pyrone 1-8 with more than 99% ee were synthesized to estimate the effect of stereochemistry on the antifungal activity. the absolute configuration of natural compound was determined as (6r,2's,4'r)-2. the eight stereoisomers showed the antifungal activity against plant pathogenic alternaria alternata japanese pear pathotype and colletotrichum lagenarium. the large difference of activity level was not observed between stereoisomers, showing 43-72% of growth ratio ... | 2015 | 25872981 |
| complex regulation of secondary metabolism controlling pathogenicity in the phytopathogenic fungus alternaria alternata. | the filamentous fungus alternaria alternata includes seven pathogenic variants (pathotypes), which produce different host-selective toxins and cause disease on different plants. the japanese pear, strawberry and tangerine pathotypes produce ak-toxin, af-toxin and act-toxin, respectively, which have a common structural moiety, 9,10-epoxy-8-hydroxy-9-methyl-decatrienoic acid (eda). here, we identified a new gene, akt7 (ak-toxin biosynthetic gene 7), from the japanese pear pathotype, which encodes ... | 2014 | 24611558 |
| quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis of antifungal (+)-dihydroguaiaretic acid using 7-phenyl derivatives. | the relationship between antifungal activity against alternaria alternata and structure on the 7-phenyl group of (+)-dihydroguaiaretic acid ((+)-dga) was clarified by employing 38 synthesized (+)-dga derivatives. the results were identified by quantitative structure-activity relationship (qsar) analysis employing the hansch-fujita method. some compounds showed higher activity than (+)-dga. the compound showing highest activity was 3,5-difluorophenyl derivative 37. it was suggested that the small ... | 2013 | 23924382 |
| synthesis of the methyl ester of tritium-labeled ak-toxin i, a host-specific toxin produced by alternaria alternata japanese pear pathotype. | ak-toxin i, a host-specific toxin to japanese pear (pyrus serotina), was synthesized as its methyl ester from three precursor fragments: conjugated diene-carboxylic acid, chiral epoxyalcohol and β-methylphenylalanine. the epoxyalcohol fragment was derived from d-fructose, in which effective homologation of the hemiacetal carbon to alkyne by using dimethyl 1-diazo-2-oxopropylphosphonate was the key reaction. the diene-carboxylic acid fragment was prepared by repeated wittig reactions, and was com ... | 1999 | 27380234 |
| characterization of virus-derived small interfering rnas in apple stem grooving virus-infected in vitro-cultured pyrus pyrifolia shoot tips in response to high temperature treatment. | heat treatment (known as thermotherapy) together with in vitro culture of shoot meristem tips is a commonly used technology to obtain virus-free germplasm for the effective control of virus diseases in fruit trees. rna silencing as an antiviral defense mechanism has been implicated in this process. to understand if high temperature-mediated acceleration of the host antiviral gene silencing system in the meristem tip facilitates virus-derived small interfering rnas (vsirna) accumulation to reduce ... | 2016 | 27716257 |
| hydrogen sulfide prolongs postharvest storage of fresh-cut pears (pyrus pyrifolia) by alleviation of oxidative damage and inhibition of fungal growth. | hydrogen sulfide (h2s) has proved to be a multifunctional signaling molecule in plants and animals. here, we investigated the role of h2s in the decay of fresh-cut pears (pyrus pyrifolia). h2s gas released by sodium hydrosulfide (nahs) prolonged the shelf life of fresh-cut pear slices in a dose-dependent manner. moreover, h2s maintained higher levels of reducing sugar and soluble protein in pear slices. h2s significantly reduced the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (h2o2), superoxide radicals ( ... | 2014 | 24454881 |
| evaluation of cinnamon essential oil microemulsion and its vapor phase for controlling postharvest gray mold of pears (pyrus pyrifolia). | essential oil of cinnamon (cm) is a potential alternative to chemical fungicides. thus this work aimed to investigate the possible effects of cm microemulsions on decay developments and qualitative properties of pears. | 2014 | 24037944 |
| antimicrobial and antiradical activity of extracts obtained from leaves of three species of the genus pyrus. | in this study, extracts were obtained from leaves of pyrus communis l., pyrus elaeagrifolia pall., and pyrus pyrifolia (bum.) nak. these extracts were tested for antiradical and antibacterial activity, as well as for the amount of total phenolic compounds, hydroquinone and arbutin. the antiradical activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical and antibacterial activity with the disk diffusion method. the amount of phenolic compounds was determined using folin ciocalteu's phen ... | 2014 | 24621262 |
| effect of certain natural products and organic solvents on quorum sensing in chromobacterium violaceum. | to investigate the effect of seed extracts of pongamia pinnata, pyrus pyrifolia, and manilkara hexandra, bacterial pigment prodigiosin, and three organic solvents (ethanol, methanol, and dimethylsulfoxide), on quorum sensing (qs) in chromobacterium violaceum (c. violaceum). | 2014 | 25312122 |
| occurrence of anthracnose on fruits of asian pear tree caused by colletotrichum acutatum. | anthracnose symptoms often occurred on fruits of asian pear trees grown in anseong, naju, seonghwan and pyeongtaek in korea during the harvesting period from 2000 to 2005. a total of 28 isolates of colletotrichum sp. were obtained from the anthracnose symptoms. all the isolates were identified as colletotrichum acutatum based on their morphological and cultural characteristics. four isolates of the fungus were tested for pathogenicity to fruits of asian pear tree by artificial inoculation. all t ... | 2007 | 24015105 |
| molecular and phenotypic characterization of colletotrichum species associated with anthracnose disease in peppers from sichuan province, china. | the anthracnose caused by colletotrichum species is an important disease that primarily causes fruit rot in pepper. eighty-eight strains representing seven species of colletotrichum were obtained from rotten pepper fruits in sichuan province, china, and characterized according to morphology and the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) sequence. fifty-two strains were chosen for identification by phylogenetic analyses of multi-locus sequences, including the nuclear ribosomal internal ... | 2016 | 27609555 |
| dickeyafangzhongdai sp. nov., a plant-pathogenic bacterium isolated from pear trees (pyrus pyrifolia). | gram-stain-negative, pectinolytic bacteria were repeatedly isolated from pear trees displaying symptoms of bleeding canker in china. three strains, js5t, ln1 and qzh3, had identical 16s rrna gene sequences that shared 99 % similarity to the type strain of dickeya dadantii. phylogenetic analysis of strains js5t, ln1 and qzh3 with isolates representing all species of the genus dickeya and related pectobacterium species supported their affiliation to dickeya. multi-locus sequence typing employing c ... | 2016 | 27045848 |
| variations in the molecular masses of the capsular exopolysaccharides amylovoran, pyrifolan and stewartan. | erwinia amylovora, causing fire blight of apple, pear and some ornamentals, erwinia pyrifoliae, causing asian pear blight, and pantoea stewartii, causing stewart's wilt of sweet maize, synthesize capsular extracellular polysaccharides (epss) with a high molecular mass. the epss are virulence factors and form viscous aggregates, which participate in clogging vessels of infected plants and causing wilting. the sizes of epss produced under different environmental growth conditions were determined b ... | 2012 | 22266385 |
| characterisation of the stbd/e toxin-antitoxin system of pep36, a plasmid of the plant pathogen erwinia pyrifoliae. | pep36 is a plasmid ubiquitously present in erwinia pyrifoliae, a pathogen which causes black stem blight of asian pear. pep36 is highly stable in its host, even in the absence of selective pressure. the plasmid is closely related to pea29, which is widespread in e. amylovora, the causative agent of fire blight of apple and pear trees. here we report that pep36 possesses a functional hybrid toxin-antitoxin module, stbd/e(pep36), with the toxin showing homology to the rele/pare proteins and the an ... | 2013 | 23632277 |
| phylogenetic position and virulence apparatus of the pear flower necrosis pathogen erwinia piriflorinigrans cfbp 5888t as assessed by comparative genomics. | erwinia piriflorinigrans is a necrotrophic pathogen of pear reported from spain that destroys flowers but does not progress further into the host. we sequenced the complete genome of the type strain cfbp 5888(t) clarifying its phylogenetic position within the genus erwinia, and indicating a position between its closest relative, the epiphyte erwinia tasmaniensis and other plant pathogenic erwinia spp. (i.e., the fire blight pathogen e. amylovora and the asian pear pathogen e. pyrifoliae). common ... | 2013 | 23726521 |
| cloning and expression analysis of ppsut2 encoding a sucrose transporter in pear. | a 1794-bp cdna fragment was amplified from mrna isolated from pear (pyrus pyrifolia nakai. cuiguan) leaves by using primers based on the sequences generated during the analysis of the pear transcriptome. the 597-amino acid sequence encoded by the cdna was compared with the sequences in genbank, and it was found to be similar to that of members of the sucrose-proton co-transporter family. the hydrophobic protein, which was predicted to have 11 transmembrane domains, was designated as ppsut2. real ... | 2014 | 25366784 |
| nucleotide sequence of seed- and pollen-transmitted double-stranded rna, which encodes a putative rna-dependent rna polymerase, detected from japanese pear. | the nucleotide sequence of the largest double-stranded (ds) rna (named dsrna1) of three species of seed- and pollen-transmitted dsrna species detected from japanese pear was analyzed, and one strand was found to contain a single long open reading frame (orf) of 1434 nucleotides that encoded a putative polypeptide containing 477 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 54.9 kda. this polypeptide contained amino acid sequence motifs conserved in putative rna-dependent rna polymerases of rna vi ... | 1998 | 9972231 |
| rhizopus soft rot on pear (pyrus serotina) caused by rhizopus stolonifer in korea. | rhizopus soft rot caused by rhizopus stolonifer occurred on pears (pyrus serotina) in the jinju city agricultural products wholesale market in korea from 2004 to 2005. the infection usually started from wounds due to cracking at harvest time. the lesions started as water-soaked, rapidly softened, then gradually expanded. the mycelia grew vigorously on the surface of the fruits and formed stolons. colonies on potato dextrose agar at 25℃ were white cottony to brownish black. sporangia were globose ... | 2006 | 24039490 |
| transcriptome analysis of bagging-treated red chinese sand pear peels reveals light-responsive pathway functions in anthocyanin accumulation. | bagging is an efficient method to improve fruit colour development. this work reported a transcriptome analysis using bagging-treated red chinese sand pear peels. in total, 8,870 differentially expressed genes were further analysed by a weighted gene co-expression network analysis and early-, middle- and late light-responsive genes were identified. an annotation analysis revealed several pathways involved in the different responsive stages. the presence of long hypocotly 5, cry-dash and a consta ... | 2017 | 28246400 |
| dormancy-associated mads-box genes and micrornas jointly control dormancy transition in pear (pyrus pyrifolia white pear group) flower bud. | bud dormancy in perennial plants is indispensable to survival over winter and to regrowth and development in the following year. however, the molecular pathways of endo-dormancy induction, maintenance, and release are still unclear, especially in fruit crops. to identify genes with roles in regulating endo-dormancy, 30 mikc(c)-type mads-box genes were identified in the pear genome and characterized. the 30 genes were analysed to determine their phylogenetic relationships with homologous genes, g ... | 2016 | 26466664 |
| the red sport of 'zaosu' pear and its red-striped pigmentation pattern are associated with demethylation of the pymyb10 promoter. | 'zaosu' pear, a hybrid of pyrus pyrifolia and pyrus communis, is a popular cultivar developed in china. 'zaosu red' is a bud sport of 'zaosu' with red shoots, young leaves, and fruit. after grafting of 'zaosu red', reverse mutations in some branches lead to a loss of colour in leaves and stems. also, the mature fruit of 'zaosu red' exhibits two phenotypes; fully red and striped. the aim of this study was to establish the mechanism of the red colour mutation in 'zaosu' and the striped pigmentatio ... | 2014 | 25168359 |
| genome-wide comparison and taxonomic relatedness of multiple xylella fastidiosa strains reveal the occurrence of three subspecies and a new xylella species. | a total of 21 xylella fastidiosa strains were assessed by comparing their genomes to infer their taxonomic relationships. the whole-genome-based average nucleotide identity and tetranucleotide frequency correlation coefficient analyses were performed. in addition, a consensus tree based on comparisons of 956 core gene families, and a genome-wide phylogenetic tree and a neighbor-net network were constructed with 820,088 nucleotides (i.e., approximately 30-33 % of the entire x. fastidiosa genome). ... | 2016 | 27209415 |
| draft genome sequence of xylella fastidiosa pear leaf scorch strain in taiwan. | the draft genome sequence of xylella fastidiosa pear leaf scorch strain pls229, isolated from the pear cultivar hengshan (pyrus pyrifolia) in taiwan, is reported here. the bacterium has a genome size of 2,733,013 bp, with a g+c content of 53.1%. the pls229 genome was annotated and has 3,259 open reading frames and 50 rna genes. | 2014 | 24652975 |
| glycemia and peak incremental indices of six popular fruits in taiwan: healthy and type 2 diabetes subjects compared. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the glycemic index and peak incremental indices of six popular fruits in taiwan, comparing healthy subjects (n = 20) and patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 17). the six kinds of fruits tested were grapes, asian pears, guavas, golden kiwifruit, lychees and bananas. glycemic index values were tested according to the standard glycemic index testing protocol. the glycemic index and peak incremental indices were calculated according to published formulas. in type ... | 2011 | 22128219 |
| sugar profiles and soluble and insoluble dietary fiber contents of fruits in thailand markets. | the objective of the present study was to determine sugar and dietary fiber contents in 37 varieties of thai fruits. sugars were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and dietary fiber values were measured by the enzymatic-gravimetric method. the total sugar (sucrose, fructose and glucose) content ranged from 4.5 g/100 g (strawberry) to 20.3 g/100 g (ripe banana; hawm variety) edible portion. all varieties of ripe banana provided good sources of glucose, fructose and total sugar. ... | 2009 | 19255919 |
| comparative genomic analysis of the grf genes in chinese pear (pyrus bretschneideri rehd), poplar (populous), grape (vitis vinifera), arabidopsis and rice (oryza sativa). | growth-regulating factors (grfs) are plant-specific transcription factors that have important functions in regulating plant growth and development. previous studies on grf family members focused either on a single or a small set of genes. here, a comparative genomic analysis of the grf gene family was performed in poplar (a model tree species), arabidopsis (a model plant for annual herbaceous dicots), grape (one model plant for perennial dicots), rice (a model plant for monocots) and chinese pea ... | 2016 | 27933074 |
| promotion of flowering by apple latent spherical virus vector and virus elimination at high temperature allow accelerated breeding of apple and pear. | plant viral vectors are superior tools for genetic manipulation, allowing rapid induction or suppression of expression of a target gene in plants. this is a particularly effective technology for use in breeding fruit trees, which are difficult to manipulate using recombinant dna technologies. we reported previously that if apple seed embryos (cotyledons) are infected with an apple latent spherical virus (alsv) vector (alsv-atft/mdtfl1) concurrently expressing the arabidopsis thaliana florigen (a ... | 2016 | 26941750 |
| long-chain base phosphates modulate pollen tube growth via channel-mediated influx of calcium. | long-chain base phosphates (lcbps) have been correlated with amounts of crucial biological processes ranging from cell proliferation to apoptosis in animals. however, their functions in plants remain largely unknown. here, we report that lcbps, sphingosine-1-phosphate (s1p) and phytosphingosine-1-phosphate (phyto-s1p), modulate pollen tube growth in a concentration-dependent bi-phasic manner. the pollen tube growth in the stylar transmitting tissue was promoted by sphk1 overexpression (sphk1-oe) ... | 2014 | 24905418 |
| cloning, characterization and promoter analysis of s-rnase gene promoter from chinese pear (pyrus pyrifolia). | the 5'-flanking region of the s(12)-, s(13)-, s(21)-rnase with a length of 854 bp, 1448 bp and 1137 bp were successfully isolated by tail-pcr from genomic dna from 'jinhua', 'maogong' (pyrus pyrifolia) and 'yali' (pyrus bretschneideri) genomic dna. sequence alignment and analysis of s(13)-, s(12)-, s(21)-rnase gene promoter sequences with s(2)-, s(3)-, s(4)-, s(5)-rnase 5'-flanking sequences indicated that a homology region of about 240 bp exists in the regions just upstream of the putative tata ... | 2012 | 22728119 |
| synthesis of theaflavin from epicatechin and epigallocatechin by plant homogenates and role of epicatechin quinone in the synthesis and degradation of theaflavin. | oxidation products of (-)-epicatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin by treatment with homogenates of 62 plants belonging to 49 families were compared. forty-six plants were capable of synthesizing theaflavin, a black tea pigment, regardless of whether they contained catechins. loquat, japanese pear, and blueberry had activities higher than that of fresh tea leaves after 5 h of treatment; furthermore, these plants oxidized theaflavin to theanaphthoquinone. an additional new metabolite, dehydrotheasine ... | 2002 | 11902970 |
| single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of apple stem grooving capillovirus sequence variants. | abstract in an earlier study, we demonstrated that isolates of apple stem grooving capillovirus (asgv) from fruit trees comprise at least two to four sequence variants that differ considerably from each other in nucleotide sequence. in order to characterize the population of sequence variants within a single tree, we applied a combination of an immunocapture reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (ic-rt-pcr) and a single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) analysis of a nested asymm ... | 1999 | 18944787 |