| the effects of fruit juices and fruits on the absorption of iron from a rice meal. | the effects of the chemical composition of fruit juices and fruit on the absorption of iron from a rice (oryza sativa) meal were measured in 234 parous indian women, using the erythrocyte utilization of radioactive fe method. the corrected geometric mean fe absorptions with different juices varied between 0.040 and 0.129, with the variation correlating closely with the ascorbic acid contents of the juices (rs 0.838, p less than 0.01). ascorbic acid was not the only organic acid responsible for t ... | 1987 | 3593665 |
| comparative potency of gibberellins in inducing parthenocarpic fruit growth in malus sylvestris mill. | | 1967 | 6076330 |
| rooting responses of juvenile and adult cuttings of apple (malus sylvestris l.) and peach (prunus persica l.) to indole-3 butyric acid (iba) and season in tanzania. | | 1982 | 7126132 |
| synthetic antimicrobial peptide design. | to guide the design of potential plant pathogen-resistance genes, synthetic variants of naturally occurring antimicrobial gene products were evaluated. five 20-amino acid (esf1, esf4, esf5, esf6, esf13), one 18-amino acid (esf12), and one 17-amino acid (esf17) amphipathic peptide sequences were designed, synthesized, and tested with in vitro bioassays. positive charges on the hydrophilic side of the peptide were shown to be essential for antifungal activity, yet the number of positive charges co ... | 1995 | 7579625 |
| structure and expression of spermidine synthase genes in apple: two cdnas are spatially and developmentally regulated through alternative splicing. | three cdnas (mdspds1, 2a and 2b) encoding spermidine synthase (spds), a key enzyme in the polyamine biosynthesis, have been cloned from apple [malus sylvestris (l.) mill. var. domestica (borkh.) mansf.]. the deduced amino acid sequences of their protein products share 76-83% identity with spdss of other higher plants. a comparison of the sequences of the three cdnas and of the two corresponding genomic dna fragments (spds1 and spds2) indicated that mdspds1 was transcribed from the spds1 sequence ... | 2003 | 12655406 |
| effects of simulated acid rain on the pollen germination and pollen tube growth of apple (malus sylvestris miller cv. golden). | the pollens of apple flowers have been treated with simulated acid rain solutions in range of phs 2.9 to 5.0 in order to determine the threshold proportion values that lead the observed symptoms of detriments of acid rain. compared to controls (ph 6.5), pollen germination decreased by 41.75% at ph 3.3 and pollen tube elongation decreased by 24.3% at ph 3.4. acid rain threshold proportion value was around ph 3.3 and 3.4 for apple pollen germination and pollen tube elongation, respectively. furthe ... | 2003 | 12705325 |
| genetic variation in the endangered wild apple (malus sylvestris (l.) mill.) in belgium as revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism and microsatellite markers. | the genetic variation within and between wild apple samples (malus sylvestris) and cultivated apple trees was investigated with amplified fragment length polymorphisms (aflp) and microsatellite markers to develop a conservation genetics programme for the endangered wild apple in belgium. in total, 76 putative wild apples (originating from belgium and germany), six presumed hybrids and 39 cultivars were typed at 12 simple sequence repeats (ssr) and 139 amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp ... | 2003 | 12753206 |
| ethnobotanical knowledge of the istro-romanians of zejane in croatia. | an ethno-pharmacognostic survey was carried out in one of the smallest ethnic and linguistic groups in europe: the istro-romanians of the village of zejane (in croatia), which has a population of approximately 140 persons, mainly elderly. using an intensive field participant observation methodology, we recorded about 60 remedies of the local folk pharmacopoeia, and mainly derived from plants. among them, the uncommon traditions to use homemade vinegar from wild apple (malus sylvestris) and corne ... | 2003 | 14630181 |
| expression of arginine decarboxylase and ornithine decarboxylase genes in apple cells and stressed shoots. | arginine decarboxylase (adc) and ornithine decarboxylase (odc) are two important enzymes responsible for putrescine biosynthesis. in this study, a full-length adc cdna (mdadc) was isolated from apple [malus sylvestris (l.) mill. var. domestica (borkh.) mansf.]. meanwhile, a partial odc (pmdodc) could be amplified only by a second rcr from the rt-pcr products, whereas a full-length odc could not be obtained by either cdna library screening or 5'- and 3'-races, suggesting quite low expression. mor ... | 2005 | 15723827 |
| molecular cloning and functional characterization of two apple s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase genes and their different expression in fruit development, cell growth and stress responses. | two full-length s-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (samdc) cdnas, mdsamdc1 and mdsamdc2, were isolated from apple [malus sylvestris (l.) mill. var. domestica (borkh.) mansf.]. both cdnas encoded tiny and small orfs in addition to the samdc orfs, and genomic sequences of mdsamdc1 and mdsamdc2 contained two or three introns in the 5' upstream regions, respectively. yeast complementation experiment indicated that two mdsamdcs encoded functional proteins, and that the tiny and small orfs possibly re ... | 2005 | 15781000 |
| two types of spermine synthase gene: mdacl5 and mdspms are differentially involved in apple fruit development and cell growth. | three cdnas with high homology to spermine (spm) synthases in arabidopsis were isolated from apple [malus sylvestris (l.) mill. var. domestica (borkh.) mansf.]. mdacl5-1 and mdacl5-2 have high homology with acl5 and mdspms has high homology with atspms. the similarity of mdspms to spermidine synthases (spdss) was higher than that of mdacl5s, despite the fact that both are putative spm synthases. however, mdspms could be discriminated from spdss by the presence of several characteristic amino aci ... | 2005 | 16182474 |
| purification and properties of apple fruit malic enzyme. | malic enzyme was isolated and purified from mature apple fruits (malus sylvestris, miller) by utilizing procedures probably applicable to other soluble enzymes in this and similar tissues.the physical properties of apple fruit malic enzyme are similar to those reported for malic enzyme from other plant and animal sources. it is specific for l-malate, tpn and requires a divalent cation for activity. in contrast to the pigeon liver enzyme, supplemental tpn is not required for oxalacetic decarboxyl ... | 1966 | 16656242 |
| inhibition of apple ripening by succinic acid, 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide and its reversal by ethylene. | ripening of mcintosh apples (malus sylvestris l.) was delayed by treatments of succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (b-9) applied 2 weeks after bloom. the extent of retardation was dependent on concentration to 7.4 x 10(-2)m, at which level complete inhibition of ripening occurred under the conditions applied. the onset of the respiratory climacteric and fruit firmness changes were factors used to assess ripening.the inhibitory effect of b-9 was counteracted by 100 ppm of ethylene. this countera ... | 1968 | 16656894 |
| control of apple ripening by succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide, 2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride, and ethylene. | ripening of ;tydeman's early' apples (malus sylvestris l.) assessed by the occurrence of the respiratory climacteric was delayed by succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (b-9) but not by 2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride (ccc), each applied 14 days after bloom. b-9 also inhibited ethylene production by fruits exhibiting the climacteric rise. inhibition of the climacteric by b-9 was overcome by exogenous ethylene, but the latter treatment failed to completely reverse the b-9 inhibition of en ... | 1969 | 16657178 |
| a study of ethylene in apple, red raspberry, and cherry. | high ethylene levels were associated with flower abscission in apple (malus sylvestris) and cherry (prunus avium and prunus cerasus), "june drop" of immature cherries, and harvest drop of apple and red raspberry (rubus idaeus). however, an increase in ethylene content was not associated with june drop of apples and harvest drop of cherries. during the period of fruit ripening on the plant, the largest increases in ethylene occurred in apple flesh and red raspberry receptacular tissue. ethylene r ... | 1972 | 16658013 |
| rapid estimates of relative water content. | relative water content may be accurately estimated using the ratio of tissue fresh weight to tissue turgid weight, termed here relative tissue weight. that relative water content and relative tissue weight are linearly related is demonstrated algebraically. the mean value of r(2) for grapevine (vitis vinifera l. cv. shiraz) leaf tissue over eight separate sampling occasions was 0.993. similarly high values were obtained for maize (zea mays cv. cornell m-3) (0.998) and apple (malus sylvestris cv. ... | 1974 | 16658686 |
| ethylene-forming systems in etiolated pea seedling and apple tissue. | auxin-induced ethylene formation in etiolated pea (pisum sativum l. var. alaska) stem segments was inhibited by inhibitors of rna and protein synthesis. kinetics of the inhibitions is described for actinomycin d, cordycepin, alpha-amanitin, and cycloheximide. alpha-amanitin was the most potent and fast-acting inhibitor, when added before induction or 6 hours after induction of the ethylene-forming system. the ethylene-forming system of postclimacteric apple (malus sylvestris l.) tissue, which is ... | 1975 | 16659213 |
| methionine metabolism in apple tissue: implication of s-adenosylmethionine as an intermediate in the conversion of methionine to ethylene. | if s-adenosylmethionine (sam) is the direct precursor of ethylene as previously proposed, it is expected that 5'-s-methyl-5'-thioadenosine (mta) would be the fragment nucleoside. when [me-(14)c] or [(35)s]methionine was fed to climacteric apple (malus sylvestris mill) tissue, radioactive 5-s-methyl-5-thioribose (mtr) was identified as the predominant product and mta as a minor one. when the conversion of methionine into ethylene was inhibited by (l)-2-amino-4-(2'-aminoethoxy)-trans-3-butenoic ac ... | 1977 | 16660208 |
| ultrastructural changes in the cell walls of ripening apple and pear fruit. | ultrastructural changes in the cell walls of "calville de san sauveur" apples (malus sylvestris mill) and "spadona" pear (pyrus communis l.) fruit were followed during ripening. in apple, structural alterations in cell walls became apparent at advanced stages of softening and showed predominantly dissolution of the middle lamella. in pears softening was also associated with the dissolution of the middle lamella, and in addition a gradual disintegration of fibrillar material throughout the cell w ... | 1979 | 16660931 |
| stereospecific conversion of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid to ethylene by plant tissues : conversion of stereoisomers of 1-amino-2-ethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid to 1-butene. | inasmuch as the molecule of 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (acc) possesses reflective symmetry but lacks rotational symmetry, the two chemically alike methylene groups can be distinguished by a stereospecific enzyme. to determine whether acc conversion to ethylene by plant tissues proceeds in a stereospecific fashion, the four stereoisomers of 1-amino-2-ethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (aec) were administered to postclimacteric apple (malus sylvestris mill., var. golden delicious), excised p ... | 1982 | 16662444 |
| microsomal membrane changes during the ripening of apple fruit. | the changes in leakage and viscosity of microsomal membranes from apples (malus sylvestris cv calville de san sauveur) at different stages of ripening were examined. these changes were correlated with those in the lipid composition of the membranes, sterols, phospholipids, and fatty acids of the phospholipids. the greatest changes in membrane properties occurred as the fruit reached its climacteric and this corresponded with a change in the sterol:phospholipid ratio in the membranes. changes wer ... | 1983 | 16663272 |
| ethylene-enhanced 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase activity in ripening apples. | apples (malus sylvestris mill, cv golden delicious) were treated before harvest with aminoethoxyvinylglycine (avg). avg is presumed to reversibly inhibit 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (acc) activity, but not the formation of acc synthase. avg treatment effectively blocked initiation of autocatalytic ethylene production and ripening of harvested apples. exogenous ethylene induced extractable acc synthase activity and ripening in avg-treated apples. removal of exogenous ethylene caused a r ... | 1984 | 16663569 |
| proteins and peroxidase in callus and suspension cultures of apple : a study using ultrathin-layer isoelectric focusing, sensitive silver staining of proteins, and peroxidase isozyme visualization. | different methods for the isolation of soluble proteins were applied to cell cultures of three apple cultivars (malus sylvestris mill.), best results being obtained with a rapid technique based on freezing and thawing. ultrathin-layer isoelectric focusing followed by an improved silver staining method has shown that proteins from apple callus cultures consist of some 60 to 80 zones, with isoelectric points mainly between ph 4 to 7. depending on protein content, adequate silver staining is achiev ... | 1985 | 16664011 |
| dependence of in vivo ethylene production rate on 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid content and oxygen concentrations. | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (acc) is aerobically oxidized in plant tissues to form ethylene by ethylene-forming enzyme (efe). the effect of substrate (acc and oxygen) concentrations on ethylene production rate by plant tissues was investigated. the k(m) value for o(2) in ethylene production varied greatly depending on the internal acc content. when acc levels in the tissue were low (below its k(m) value), the concentration of o(2) giving half-maximal ethylene production rate ([s](0.5)) ... | 1988 | 16666347 |
| purification and characterization of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase from apple fruits. | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (acc) synthase, a key enzyme in ethylene biosynthesis, was isolated and partially purified from apple (malus sylvestris mill.) fruits. unlike acc synthase isolated from other sources, apple acc synthase is associated with the pellet fraction and can be solubilized in active form with triton x-100. following five purification steps, the solubilized enzyme was purified over 5000-fold to a specific activity of 100 micromoles per milligram protein per hour, and its ... | 1991 | 16667960 |
| induction of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase mrna by auxin in mung bean hypocotyls and cultured apple shoots. | auxin is known to promote ethylene production in vegetative tissues by increasing the activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (acc) synthase; therefore, we have studied the effect of auxins on acc synthase mrna expression. total rna was isolated from auxin-incubated cultured apple (malus sylvestris mill.) shoots or mung bean (vigna radiata l.) hypocotyls. these rnas and a set of oligonucleotide primers corresponding to two conserved amino acid sequences (snplgtt and mssfglv) found in acc s ... | 1992 | 16668663 |
| salicylic acid, ethephon, and methyl jasmonate enhance ester regeneration in 1-mcp-treated apple fruit after long-term cold storage. | volatile esters, primarily synthesized in peel tissues, are major aromatic components of apple fruits [malus sylvestris (l.) mill. var. domestica (borkh.) mansf.]. the use of cold storage combined with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-mcp) treatment prolongs the life of apples but represses the regeneration of esters during poststorage ripening. in this study, the regeneration of total esters was significantly increased in apple fruits treated with salicylic acid (sa) and ethephon (eth) that had been tre ... | 2006 | 16719511 |
| chloroplast diversity in the genus malus: new insights into the relationship between the european wild apple (malus sylvestris (l.) mill.) and the domesticated apple (malus domestica borkh.). | to unravel the relationship between the european wild apple, malus sylvestris (l.) mill., and its domesticated relative m. domestica borkh., we studied chloroplast dna variation in 634 wild and 422 domesticated accessions originating from different regions. hybridization between m. sylvestris and m. domestica was checked using 10 nuclear microsatellites and a bayesian assignment approach. this allowed us to identify hybrids and feral plants escaped from cultivation. sixty-eight genotypes belongi ... | 2006 | 16780433 |
| polyamine biosynthesis of apple callus under salt stress: importance of the arginine decarboxylase pathway in stress response. | to clarify the involvement of the arginine decarboxylase (adc) pathway in the salt stress response, the polyamine titre, putrescine biosynthetic gene expression, and enzyme activities were investigated in apple [malus sylvestris (l.) mill. var. domestica (borkh.) mansf.] in vitro callus under salt stress, during recovery after stress, and when adc was inhibited by d-arginine, an inhibitor of adc. salt stress (200 mm nacl) caused an increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (tbars) and ... | 2006 | 16825316 |
| linked vs unlinked markers: multilocus microsatellite haplotype-sharing as a tool to estimate gene flow and introgression. | we have explored the use of multilocus microsatellite haplotypes to study introgression from cultivated (malus domestica) into wild apple (malus sylvestris), and to study gene flow among remnant populations of m. sylvestris. a haplotype consisted of alleles at microsatellite loci along one chromosome. as destruction of haplotypes through recombination occurs much faster than loss of alleles due to genetic drift, the lifespan of a multilocus haplotype is much shorter than that of the underlying a ... | 2007 | 17217342 |
| survey of crop losses in response to phytoparasitic nematodes in the united states for 1994. | previous reports of crop losses to plant-parasitic nematodes have relied on published results of survey data based on certain commodities, including tobacco, peanuts, cotton, and soybean. reports on crop-loss assessment by land-grant universities and many commodity groups generally are no longer available, with the exception of the university of georgia, the beltwide cotton conference, and selected groups concerned with soybean. the society of nematologists extension committee contacted extensio ... | 1999 | 19270925 |
| evolution of the population structure of venturia inaequalis, the apple scab fungus, associated with the domestication of its host. | evaluating the impact of plant domestication on the population structure of the associated pathogens provides an opportunity to increase our understanding of how and why diseases emerge. here, we investigated the evolution of the population structure of the apple scab fungus venturia inaequalis in response to the domestication of its host. inferences were drawn from multilocus microsatellite data obtained from samples collected on (i) the central asian malus sieversii, the main progenitor of app ... | 2010 | 20088887 |
| towards the onset of fruit tree growing north of the alps: ancient dna from waterlogged apple (malus sp.) seed fragments. | wild apples (malus sp.) have been a major food source in the northern alpine region since prehistory and their use is well understood. the onset of deliberate fruit tree growing in the area is, however, less clear. it is generally assumed that horticulture was practised in roman times, but it might be even earlier. in the archaeological record seed testa and pericarp remains are particularly frequent at sites with waterlogged preservation such as lakeshore settlements or wells, pits and ditches, ... | 2011 | 21501956 |
| [identification of host factors interacting with the movement protein of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus by yeast two-hybrid system]. | in order to identify host factors which interact with the movement protein (mp) of apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (aclsv), aclsv mp was cloned into the bait vector pgbkt7 and used to screen a cdna library of malus sylvestris cv. r12740-7a, which had previously been constructed by yeast two-hybrid sequencing transformation. the protein functions of the identified host factors were determined according to their gene annotations in genbank. the result showed that the bait plasmid pgbkt7-mp showed ... | 2015 | 26164936 |
| cloning of a cdna encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase and expression of its mrna in ripening apple fruit. | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (acc) synthase (ec 4.4.1.14) purified from apple (malus sylvestris mill.) fruit was subjected to trypsin digestion. following separation by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, ten tryptic peptides were sequenced. based on the sequences of three tryptic peptides, three sets of mixed oligonucleotide probes were synthesized and used to screen a plasmid cdna library prepared from poly(a)(+) rna of ripe apple fruit. a 1.5-kb (kilobase) cdna clone whic ... | 1991 | 24186277 |