| trimming as a means of removing patulin from fungus-rotted apples. | penicillium expansum 1071, 1172, nrll 973, and penicillium patulum atcc 24550 were inoculated into red delicious, golden delicious, and mcintosh apples. the decayed tissue was trimmed from the sound tissue, each fraction was weighed, and the patulin concentration in the juice was assayed by thin layer chromatography. the quantity of patulin in the whole apples and in decayed tissues was calculated and these values were used to determine the percentage of total patulin removed by trimming. the pa ... | 1975 | 1158834 |
| promotion of apple tree growth and fruit production by the ebw-4 strain of bacillus subtilis in apple replant disease soil. | a field trial was conducted near kelowna, british columbia, to determine the effect of biological treatments alone and in combination with formalin fumigation in apple replant disease soil. the response was measured by the increase in cross-sectional trunk area, total shoot growth, and fruit yield of mcintosh apple trees on m.26 rootstock. the postplanting drench application of strain ebw-4 of bacillus subtilis alone was consistently effective in increasing cross-sectional trunk area for 5 years ... | 1992 | 1288845 |
| toxin production by alternaria alternata in tomatoes and apples stored under various conditions and quantitation of the toxins by high-performance liquid chromatography. | alternaria alternata strain 8442-3 was inoculated into tomatoes (lycopersicon esculentum mill.) and red delicious cultivar apples (malus domestica borkh.). half of the lots of each fruit were shrink-wrapped in high-density polyethylene film. wrapped and unwrapped fruits were incubated under darkness at 4, 15 and 25 degrees c for up to 5 weeks. a high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed to quantitate tenuazonic acid (tea), alternariol (aoh), alternariol methyl ether (ame), and ... | 1990 | 2282281 |
| characterization of the 18-kda apple allergen by two-dimensional immunoblotting and microsequencing. | a low-temperature extract taken from golden delicious apples was separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. by means of two-dimensional immunoblotting with patients' serum containing ige specific to bet v i, a rabbit polyclonal antiserum raised against bet v i, and two bet v i specific monoclonal antibodies, epitopes cross-reactive to bet v i were identified on an apple allergen with a molecular mass of 18 kda and pi 5.5. furthermore, certain antibody reactivities with 4 is ... | 1994 | 7518715 |
| isolation and characterization of the 18-kda major apple allergen and comparison with the major birch pollen allergen (bet v i). | the major allergen from birch pollen, bet v i, and the cross-reacting 18-kda major allergen from golden delicious and granny smith applies were isolated by micropreparative sds-page followed by electroelution. in the case of apples, highly active, low-temperature extracts were used. the purity of the allergens was checked by analytic sds-page and immunoblotting with allergic patients' sera, as well as by n-terminal amino acid microsequencing, and the allergens were found to be very pure. the str ... | 1995 | 7573831 |
| cloning and sequencing of mal d 1, the major allergen from apple (malus domestica), and its immunological relationship to bet v 1, the major birch pollen allergen. | the number of tree-pollen-allergic patients showing allergic reactions to apples, various vegetables and nuts is increasing. in this paper the molecular characterization of the major apple allergen, mal d 1, is reported. the cdna coding for mal d 1 was cloned and sequenced. its open reading frame codes for a protein of 159 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 17.7 kda and a predicted pi of 5.9. sequence comparison to bet v 1, the major birch pollen allergen, revealed 64.5% identity on ... | 1995 | 7677763 |
| mycotoxin production by alternaria alternata strains isolated from red delicious apples in argentina. | eleven alternaria alternata strains isolated from red delicious apples in cold storage in argentina, were tested for alternariol and alternariol methyl ether production in laboratory media and in whole fresh fruits. most of them were able to produce both toxins in all media. they were detected also in mycelium free filtrates from liquid cultures and in asymptomatic tissues from inoculated fruit. thus, in the evaluation of mouldy core incidence in apples, the presence of a. alternata toxins in ti ... | 1995 | 7710918 |
| sorbitol synthesis in transgenic tobacco with apple cdna encoding nadp-dependent sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. | the apple (malus domestica) cdna encoding nadp-dependent sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (s6pdh) was stably integrated and expressed in transgenic tobacco (nicotiana tabacum cv. sr1). expression of the cdna in either a sense or antisense orientation was accomplished using cauliflower mosaic virus regulatory sequences (camv35s). sorbitol synthesis was confirmed by gas-chromatography-mass-spectroscopy (gc-ms). sorbitol concentration in the leaves of the transgenic plants expressing the sense or ... | 1995 | 7757342 |
| purification, properties and partial amino-acid sequence of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase from apple fruits. | the enzyme which converts 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (acc) into ethylene, acc oxidase, has been isolated from apple fruits (malus x domestica borkh. cv. golden delicious), and for the first time stabilized in vitro by 1,10-phenanthroline and purified 170-fold to homogeneity in a five-step procedure. the sodium dodecyl sulfate-denatured and native proteins have similar molecular weights (approx. 40 kda) indicating that the enzyme is active in its monomeric form. antibodies raised again ... | 1993 | 7763615 |
| immunocytolocalization of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase in tomato and apple fruit. | the subcellular localization of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (acc oxidase), an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of ethylene, has been studied in ripening fruits of tomato (lycopersicum esculentum mill.). two types of antibody have been raised against (i) a synthetic peptide derived from the reconstructed ptom13 clone (prc13), a tomato cdna encoding acc oxidase, and considered as a suitable epitope by secondary-structure predictions; and (ii) a fusion protein overproduced in e ... | 1994 | 7764617 |
| characterization of apple 18 and 31 kd allergens by microsequencing and evaluation of their content during storage and ripening. | patients with tree pollinosis frequently report allergic reactions after ingestion of apples. the severity of apple allergy has been related to the variety of apples and their degree of maturity. to generate a serum pool that is representative of various ige-binding patterns of apple-allergic sera, serum samples from 34 patients allergic to tree pollens were screened. only 24 serum samples reacted to the apple extract. pooled serum was used to identify allergens in apples. an efficient and consi ... | 1995 | 8543755 |
| self-incompatibility (s) alleles of the rosaceae encode members of a distinct class of the t2/s ribonuclease superfamily. | stylar ribonucleases (rnases) are associated with gametophytic self-incompatibility in two plant families, the solanaceae and the rosaceae. the self-incompatibility-associated rnases (s-rnases) of both the solanaceae and the rosaceae were recently reported to belong to the t2 rnase gene family, based on the presence of two well-conserved sequence motifs. here, the cloning and characterization of s-rnase genes from two species of rosaceae, apple (malus x domestica) and japanese pear (pyrus seroti ... | 1996 | 8676858 |
| birch pollinosis and atopy caused by apple, peach, and hazelnut; comparison of three extraction procedures with two apple strains. | this study aimed, first, to study the prevalence in the netherlands of atopy caused by apple, peach, and hazelnut in patients with tree pollinosis, and, second, to compare three extraction procedures for skin prick testing with two different apple strains. skin prick tests and rast were performed on 79 consecutive patients with tree pollinosis, visiting the department of allergology during spring 1995. in skin prick tests, we used three different extracts (juice, freeze-dried extract, and low-te ... | 1996 | 8904999 |
| enumeration of bacterial and yeast colonists of apple fruits and identification of epiphytic yeasts on pear fruits in the pacific northwest united states. | a procedure for the isolation of diverse culturable microflora for the estimation of the population size of yeasts and bacteria on the surface of pome fruits is described. maximum numbers of morphologically distinct colonies of both yeasts and bacteria were recovered from apple fruit surfaces when fruits were shaken for 5 min in sterile phosphate buffer plus tween, sonicated for 5 min, and aliquots of the buffer plated onto diluted yeast malt agar and diluted nutrient broth agar, respectively. t ... | 1996 | 9022303 |
| the influence of deck storage and initial processing on patulin levels in apple juice. | patulin, a secondary metabolite produced by penicillium expansum and some other fungal species, is a common contaminant of ripened apples used for the production of apple juice concentrates. the limited availability of suitable storage facilities may result in fruit being subjected to storage in the open ('deck storage') for extended periods of time, prior to processing. a study was conducted to determine the influence that deck storage and subsequent initial processing practices had on patulin ... | 1997 | 9328526 |
| biological control of major postharvest pathogens on apple with candida sake. | epiphytic microorganisms isolated from apples, pears and the surfaces of apple leaves were screened for antagonistic activity against penicillium expansum (blue-mold), botrytis cinerea (gray-mold) and rhizopus nigricans (rhizopus rot) on apple (malus domestica). a total of 933 bacteria and yeasts were tested in primary screening against p. expansum. ninety-two strains reduced the lesion size on apples by more than 50%, 72 of which were isolated from the surface of apples. for secondary screening ... | 1998 | 9600605 |
| fate of escherichia coli o157:h7 in ground apples used in cider production. | survival of escherichia coli o157:h7 in ground golden delicious, red delicious, rome, and winesap apples stored at 4, 10, and 25 degrees c was determined. e. coli o157:h7 populations were monitored for up to 18 days (4 degrees c), 12 days (10 degrees c), and 5 days (25 degrees c), when mold contamination became visible. at 25 degrees c, red delicious apples supported survival of e. coli o157:h7 better (p < 0.05) than the other cultivars, followed by golden delicious and rome apples, which were n ... | 1998 | 9798157 |
| effects of birch pollen-specific immunotherapy on apple allergy in birch pollen-hypersensitive patients. | most patients with birch pollen allergy report oral allergy symptoms after eating fresh apples and other vegetable foods. major birch pollen and apple allergens, bet v 1 and mal d 1, are highly homologous; as a consequence, pollen-specific immunotherapy (sit) might be expected to improve apple hypersensitivity. | 1998 | 9824409 |
| fate of escherichia coli o157:h7 on fresh-cut apple tissue and its potential for transmission by fruit flies. | pathogenic escherichia coli o157:h7, as well as nonpathogenic strains atcc 11775 and atcc 23716, grew exponentially in wounds on golden delicious apple fruit. the exponential growth occurred over a longer time period on fruit inoculated with a lower concentration of the bacterium than on fruit inoculated with a higher concentration. the bacterium reached the maximum population supported in the wounds regardless of the initial inoculum concentrations. populations of e. coli o157:h7 in various con ... | 1999 | 9872751 |
| contamination of intact apples after immersion in an aqueous environment containing escherichia coli o157:h7. | the extent and location of escherichia coli o157:h7 contamination after intact apples were immersed in cold (2 degrees c) 1% peptone water containing approximately 3x10(7) cfu/ml was assessed using four apple varieties, golden delicious, mcintosh, red delicious, and braeburn. room temperature and refrigerated apples were used to determine the effect of temperature differential on e. coli infiltration. the highest levels of e. coli were associated with the outer core region of the apple, followed ... | 1999 | 10340662 |
| apple juice inhibits human low density lipoprotein oxidation. | dietary phenolic compounds, ubiquitous in vegetables and fruits and their juices possess antioxidant activity that may have beneficial effects on human health. the phenolic composition of six commercial apple juices, and of the peel (rp), flesh (rf) and whole fresh red delicious apples (rw), was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (hplc), and total phenols were determined by the folin-ciocalteau method. hplc analysis identified and quantified several classes of phenolic compound ... | 1999 | 10353589 |
| characterization of mdmads2, a member of the squamosa subfamily of genes, in apple. | a mads-box gene, mdmads2, was isolated from the apple (malus x domestica borkh.) var fuji and its developmental expression pattern was studied during flower development. mdmads2 shares a high degree of amino acid sequence identity with the squamosa subfamily of genes. rna blot analysis showed that mdmads2 is transcribed through all stages of flower development, and its transcription was seen in the four floral organs. rna in situ hybridization revealed that the mdmads2 mrna is expressed both in ... | 1999 | 10444080 |
| a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase (lrpkm1) gene is induced in malus x domestica by venturia inaequalis infection and salicylic acid treatment. | a cdna clone encoding a leucine-rich repeat (lrr) receptor-like protein kinase (lrpkm1) of malus x domestica cv. florina has been isolated using as a heterologous probe a cloned gene encoding a polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (pgip) of phaseolus vulgaris l. a genomic clone containing the 5'-regulatory region and a 5' portion of the open reading frame of the lrpkm1 gene has also been isolated. an open reading frame of 2997 nt (999 amino acids) was present in the cdna clone, encoding a recept ... | 1999 | 10527419 |
| effect of gamma irradiation on storability of apples (malus domestica l.). | the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of gamma irradiation on storability of the two main apple varieties, golden delicious and starking, in syria. the experiments were performed in 1995 and 1996. fruits were irradiated with 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kgy. irradiated and unirradiated fruits were stored at 1 to 2 degrees c and under a relative humidity of 80 to 90%. weight loss and spoilage due to physiological disorders and fungal diseases were evaluated throughout the different storage p ... | 1999 | 10646624 |
| growth of escherichia coli o157:h7 in bruised apple (malus domestica) tissue as influenced by cultivar, date of harvest, and source. | four of five apple cultivars (golden delicious, red delicious, mcintosh, macoun, and melrose) inoculated with escherichia coli o157:h7 promoted growth of the bacterium in bruised tissue independent of the date of harvest (i.e., degree of apple ripening) or the source of the apple (i.e., tree-picked or dropped fruit). apple harvest for this study began 4 september 1998 and ended 9 october, with weekly sampling. throughout this study, freshly picked (<2 days after harvest) mcintosh apples usually ... | 2000 | 10698774 |
| reduction of escherichia coli o157:h7 counts on whole fresh apples by treatment with sanitizers. | the objectives of this study were to determine if washing of whole apples with solutions of three different sanitizers (peroxyacetic acid, chlorine dioxide, or a chlorine-phosphate buffer solution) could reduce a contaminating nonpathogenic escherichia coli o157:h7 population by 5 logs and at what sanitizer concentration and wash time such a reduction could be achieved. sanitizers were tested at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 times the manufacturer's recommended concentration at wash times of 5, 10, and 15 ... | 2000 | 10852561 |
| transgenic apple (malus x domestica) shoot showing low browning potential. | transgenic apple shoots were prepared from leaf disks by using agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying the kanamycin (km) resistance gene and antisense polyphenol oxidase (ppo) dna. four transgenic apple lines that grew on the medium containing 50 microgram/ml km were obtained. they contained the km resistance gene and grew stably on the medium for >3 years. two transgenic shoot lines containing antisense ppo dna in which ppo activity was repressed showed a lower browning potential than a control sho ... | 2000 | 11087467 |
| effect of freezing on the activity of catalase in apple flesh tissue. | catalase (cat, ec 1.11.1.6) activity was measured in flesh tissue of six apple cultivars (malus domestica borkh. cvs. braeburn, gala, jonagold, mcintosh, red delicious, and spartan). activity of cat was determined for fresh and frozen tissue of the same fruit. freezing resulted in reductions of 50 to 90% in cat activity compared with the activity measured in crude extracts from fresh tissues. the rate of freezing had an impact on the level of reduction of cat activity, with slower freezing proce ... | 2000 | 11087515 |
| functional conservation of phosphorylation-specific prolyl isomerases in plants. | the phosphorylation-specific peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerase (ppiase) pin1 in humans and its homologues in yeast and animal species play an important role in cell cycle regulation. these ppiases consist of an nh(2)-terminal ww domain that binds to specific phosphoserine- or phosphothreonine-proline motifs present in a subset of phosphoproteins and a cooh-terminal ppiase domain that specifically isomerizes the phosphorylated serine/threonine-proline peptide bonds. here, we describe the isolat ... | 2001 | 11118438 |
| fast apple (malus x domestica) and tobacco (nicotiana tobacum) leaf polyphenol oxidase activity assay for screening transgenic plants. | a spectrophotometric assay method for the analysis of polyphenol oxidase (ppo), in apple and tobacco leaves, has been optimized to increase efficiency in the screening of large numbers of transgenic plants. crude protein extracts from leaf punches were prepared in a fastprep homogenizer. the addition of triton x-100 during extraction resulted in 44 and 74% increases in the ppo activity recovered, from apple and tobacco, respectively. the enzyme kinetics differed markedly between apple and tobacc ... | 2000 | 11141262 |
| double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge with apple. | the aim of the study was to develop and evaluate different methods of double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (dbpcfc) with apple. three different dbpcfc models were evaluated: fresh apple juice, freshly grated apple, and freeze-dried apple powder. all challenges were performed outside the pollen season and took place from 1997 to 1999. the freeze-dried apple material was characterized by means of leukocyte histamine release (hr), skin prick test (spt), and immunoblotting experiments. th ... | 2001 | 11167370 |
| thermodynamic analysis of diffusion of non-electrolytes across plant cuticles in the presence and absence of the plasticiser tributyl phosphate. | solute mobility in cuticular membranes (cms) of 14 plant species (citrus aurantiumn l., citrus grandis l., hedera helix l., ilex aquifolium l., ilex paraguariensis st.-hil., malus domestica borkh. cv. golden delicious, populus alba l., prunus laurocerasus l., pyrus communis l. cv. bartlett, conference and gellerts butterbirne, pyrus pyrifolia (burm. f.) nakai, schefflera actinophylla (endl.) harms and strophanthus gratus baill.) was measured over the temperature range 25-55 degrees c. the five o ... | 2000 | 11219574 |
| efficacy of washing with a commercial flatbed brush washer, using conventional and experimental washing agents, in reducing populations of escherichia coli on artificially inoculated apples. | conventional and experimental washing formulations were applied with a commercial flatbed brush washer under conditions representative of commercial practice to determine their efficacy in decontaminating apples inoculated with a nonpathogenic escherichia coli strain. golden delicious apples (18 kg) inoculated with e. coli were mixed with approximately 109 kg of uninoculated fuji apples (distinctly different in appearance) in a wet dump tank containing 1,325 liters of water at 20 degrees c for 1 ... | 2001 | 11271760 |
| transformation of japanese persimmon (diospyros kaki thunb.) with apple cdna encoding nadp-dependent sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. | japanese persimmon (diospyros kaki thunb. cv jiro) was transformed with apple (malus x domestica borkh.) cdna encoding nadp-dependent sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (s6pdh) by an agrobacterium-mediated leaf-disc transformation system. integration and expression of the transgene were confirmed by genomic dna blot and immunoblot analyses. sorbitol accumulation in five of six transgenic plants obtained was confirmed by gc-ms. the amount of sorbitol in the leaves of transgenic plants varied from ... | 2001 | 11297780 |
| inactivation of cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in cider by flash pasteurization. | cryptosporidium parvum is a well-recognized pathogen of significant medical importance, and cider (apple juice) has been associated with foodborne cryptosporidiosis. this study investigated the effect of flash pasteurization on the viability of contaminant c. parvum oocysts. cider inoculated with oocysts was heated at 70 or 71.7 degrees c for 5, 10, or 20 s, and oocyst viability was measured by a semiquantitative in vitro infectivity assay. by infecting multiple wells of confluent madin-darby bo ... | 2001 | 11307890 |
| production of alternariol and alternariol methyl ether by alternaria alternata grown on fruits at various temperatures. | two toxigenic strains of the fungus alternaria alternata (atcc 56836 and atcc 66868) were grown on surface-disinfected, fresh, ripe fruits and tested for the production of alternariol (aoh) and alternariol methyl ether (ame). examined fruits included strawberries; red and green seedless grapes; concord grapes; red delicious, golden delicious, and gala apples; and blueberries. after inoculation, fruits were incubated at 4, 10 degrees c, or room temperature (approximately 21 degrees c) for up to 3 ... | 2001 | 11307891 |
| apple contains receptor-like genes homologous to the cladosporium fulvum resistance gene family of tomato with a cluster of genes cosegregating with vf apple scab resistance. | scab caused by the fungal pathogen venturia inaequalis is the most common disease of cultivated apple (malus x domestica borkh.). monogenic resistance against scab is found in some small-fruited wild malus species and has been used in apple breeding for scab resistance. vf resistance of malus floribunda 821 is the most widely used scab resistance source. because breeding a high-quality cultivar in perennial fruit trees takes dozens of years, cloning disease resistance genes and using them in the ... | 2001 | 11310738 |
| fate of apple peel phenolics during cool storage. | consumption of certain phenolics in the diet is considered beneficial to human health. in this study, individual phenolics were measured by diode-array hplc at monthly intervals in the peel of granny smith, lady williams, and crofton apple cultivars stored in air at 0 degrees c for 9 months. the concentrations of total phenolics significantly differed among the cultivars examined, with lady williams peel having significantly more phenolics (over 4000 microg x g(-1) peel fresh weight) than crofto ... | 2001 | 11368590 |
| viability, efficacy, and storage stability of freeze-dried biocontrol agent candida sake using different protective and rehydration media. | viability, efficacy against penicillium expansum on golden delicious apples, and storage stability of freeze-dried candida sake strain cpa-1 were studied. the effect of several protective agents and rehydration media was investigated in the freeze drying of c. sake. skimmed milk at 10% concentration was a good rehydration medium for all protectants tested. in general, good viability results were obtained when the same solution was used as a protectant and as a rehydration medium. the best surviv ... | 2001 | 11403138 |
| conjugated triene oxidation products of alpha-farnesene induce symptoms of superficial scald on stored apples. | the sesquiterpene alpha-farnesene (1) and its conjugated triene oxidation products accumulate in the skin of apples after harvest and are implicated as the causal agents of superficial scald. conjugated triene oxidation products and analogues were synthesized and applied to the surface of granny smith apples either as vapors or in squalane. farnesyl hydroperoxide (2a), trienol (2b), endoperoxide (3a), dehydronerolidol (5), and cumyl hydroperoxide (4) all produced the symptoms of superficial scal ... | 2001 | 11409966 |
| seasonal variation in food allergy to apple. | the aim of the study was to investigate the possibility of a seasonal variation in reactivity to apples in 27 birch pollen allergic patients. before and during the birch pollen season 1998, the patients were subjected to double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges (dbpcfcs) with grated fresh golden delicious apple followed by an open food challenge with whole fresh apple. the clinical reactions elicited during the challenges were evaluated both by the patients and the investigators. moreove ... | 2001 | 11419712 |
| butyl acetate and yeasts interact in adhesion and germination of botrytis cinerea conidia in vitro and in fungal decay of golden delicious apple. | butyl acetate is a volatile aroma and flavor compound in apple. conidia of three strains of botrytis cinerea, a fungus that causes decay of apple fruit in postharvest storage, had greater adhesion to and greater germination on polycarbonate membrane filters on water inside sealed 500 cc glass jars that were injected with 4 microliters butyl acetate than conidia not so exposed. conidial germination was highly correlated with conidial adhesion. the yeasts sporobolomyces roseus and cryptococcus lau ... | 2001 | 11446303 |
| allergy to nonspecific lipid transfer proteins in rosaceae: a comparative study of different in vivo diagnostic methods. | lipid transfer proteins (ltps) are the major allergens in patients sensitive to rosaceae (apple, peach, apricot, cherry, plum, and pear) who are not allergic to birch pollen. | 2001 | 11476467 |
| ascorbic acid enhances destruction of escherichia coli o157:h7 during home-type drying of apple slices. | destruction of escherichia coli o157:h7 was evaluated on inoculated apple slices dehydrated at two temperatures with and without application of predrying treatments. half-ring slices (0.6 cm thick) of peeled and cored gala apples were inoculated by immersion for 30 min in a four-strain composite inoculum of e. coli o157:h7. the inoculated slices (8.7 to 9.4 log cfu/g) either received no predrying treatment (control), were soaked for 15 min in a 3.4% ascorbic acid solution, or were steam blanched ... | 2001 | 11510669 |
| a procedure for quantifying adhesion of conidia of botrytis cinerea to the skin of apple fruit. | ultrasonication was evaluated as a nonchemical means to quantitatively remove conidia of botrytis cinerea from the skin of golden delicious apple (malus domestica borkh.) fruit. a probe immersed in a suspension of conidia and generating 20 khz at 150 w for 30- or 60-s pulses destroyed 13.3% or 29% of conidia, respectively. destruction at 150 w for 10 s or at 30-120 w for up to 60 s was <2%. the procedure for quantifying adhesion of conidia to the skin of fruit consisted of pipetting a 50-microl ... | 2001 | 11575508 |
| post-harvest biological control by pantoea agglomerans (cpa-2) on golden delicious apples. | to investigate the potential of pantoea agglomerans to control the major post-harvest diseases on golden delicious apples. | 2002 | 11849352 |
| improvement of candida sake biocontrol activity against post-harvest decay by the addition of ammonium molybdate. | to improve the efficacy of candida sake by adding ammonium molybdate to control post-harvest decay in golden delicious apples. | 2002 | 11972698 |
| 3,4-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydro-beta-ionone 3-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside and other glycosidic constituents from apple leaves. | 3,4-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydro-beta-ionone 3-o-beta-d-glucopyranoside 1 has been isolated from a methanolic extract of apple (malus domestica) leaves by xad-2 adsorption chromatography and subsequent purification by high speed countercurrent chromatography (hsccc) and hplc. under acidic conditions this glycoside gives rise to a number of volatile compounds including 1,1,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (tdn) 2, which is known as an off-flavor compound in wine. in the course of the study, six additi ... | 2002 | 11990433 |
| mycoactive acetate esters from apple fruit stimulate adhesion and germination of conidia of the gray mold fungus. | ethyl acetate, 2-methylbutyl acetate, butyl acetate (ba), and hexyl acetate were detected by solid-phase microextraction and gas-liquid chromatography inside slices of golden delicious apple and in water droplets on the skin of slices incubated in sealed glass jars. conidial adhesion and germination of the gray mold fungus, botrytis cinerea, was assessed on apple slices after exposure or no exposure to the esters in the headspaces of glass jars. attached conidia were dislodged by sonication and ... | 2002 | 12009975 |
| overexpression of polygalacturonase in transgenic apple trees leads to a range of novel phenotypes involving changes in cell adhesion. | polygalacturonases (pgs) cleave runs of unesterified galua that form homogalacturonan regions along the backbone of pectin. homogalacturonan-rich pectin is commonly found in the middle lamella region of the wall where two adjacent cells abut and its integrity is important for cell adhesion. transgenic apple (malus domestica borkh. cv royal gala) trees were produced that contained additional copies of a fruit-specific apple pg gene under a constitutive promoter. in contrast to previous studies in ... | 2002 | 12011344 |
| the effect of modified atmospheres and packaging on patulin production in apples. | this study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of modified atmospheres and packaging materials on the growth of penicillium expansum and patulin production in apples. granny smith apples were surface sterilized with 76% ethanol and inoculated with 0.1 ml of a 1.1 x 10(7) spore/ml p. expansum spore suspension. the apples were packaged either in polyethylene (pe) or polypropylene (pp) and treated with three different gas combinations, viz., 58% co2/42% n2, 48% co2/52% n2, and 88% co2/12% ... | 2002 | 12030304 |
| survival differences of escherichia coli o157:h7 strains in apples of three varieties stored at various temperatures. | differences in survival and growth among five different escherichia coli o157:h7 strains in three apple varieties were determined at various temperatures. jonathan, golden delicious, and red delicious apples were wounded and inoculated with e coli o157:h7 strains c7929 (apple cider isolate), 301c (chicken isolate), 204p (pork isolate), 933 (beef isolate), and 43890 (human isolate) at an initial level of 6 to 7 log cfu/g. the inoculated apples were stored at a constant temperature of 37, 25, 8, o ... | 2002 | 12117237 |
| cell-wall changes and cell tension in response to cold acclimation and exogenous abscisic acid in leaves and cell cultures. | freeze-induced cell tensions were determined by cell water relations in leaves of broadleaf evergreen species and cell cultures of grapes (vitis spp.) and apple (malus domestica). cell tensions increased in response to cold acclimation in leaves of broadleaf evergreen species during extracellular freezing, indicating a higher resistance to cell volume changes during freezing in cold-hardened leaves than in unhardened leaves. unhardened leaves, typically, did not develop tension greater than 3.67 ... | 1996 | 12226314 |
| distribution of conjugated and free phenols in fruits: antioxidant activity and cultivar variations. | total and free phenolic contents of 16 commonly consumed fruits (comprising 9 apples, 4 pears, and one each of peach, plum, and kiwi fruit cultivars) were measured by folin-ciocalteu assay. total phenol contents varied from 272 to 475 mg of cte/100 g of fresh weight. of the apple cultivars studied, braeburn and empire had the highest and lowest total phenol content, respectively. the apple cultivars ranked in the following decreasing order: braeburn > red delicious > crisp pink > granny smith > ... | 2002 | 12381107 |
| activity and concentration of polyphenolic antioxidants in apple juice. 1. effect of existing production methods. | apples are an important source of flavonoids in the human diet. the effect of processing apples into juice on polyphenolic antioxidant content and activity is described. raw juice obtained from jonagold apples by pulping and straight pressing or after pulp enzyming had an antioxidant activity that was only 10 and 3%, respectively, of the activity of the fresh apples. the levels of flavonoids and chlorogenic acid in the juice were reduced to between 50% (chlorogenic acid) and 3% (catechins). most ... | 2002 | 12452634 |
| non-invasive determination of plant-associated bacteria in the phyllosphere of plants. | epiphytic living pseudomonas strains isolated from different malus domestica cultivars were transformed with two reporter genes [green fluorescent protein (gfp) and luciferase (luxab)]. the establishment and distribution of these bacteria on sterile, in vitro-propagated, and thus genetically identical, malus domestica plants were continuously analysed with a cooled, back-illuminated, charge-coupled-device (ccd) camera system. the combination of the assessment of bioluminescence and the use of a ... | 2002 | 12460282 |
| development of microsatellite markers in peach [ prunus persica (l.) batsch] and their use in genetic diversity analysis in peach and sweet cherry ( prunus avium l.). | we report the sequence of 41 primer pairs of microsatellites from a ct-enriched genomic library of the peach cultivar 'merrill o'henry'. ten microsatellite-containing clones had sequences similar to plant coding sequences in databases and could be used as markers for known functions. for microsatellites segregating at least in one of the two prunus f(2) progenies analyzed, it was possible to demonstrate mendelian inheritance. microsatellite polymorphism was evaluated in 27 peach and 21 sweet che ... | 2002 | 12582570 |
| survival and development of lymantria monacha (lepidoptera: lymantriidae) on north american and introduced eurasian tree species. | lymantria monacha (l.) (lepidoptera: lymantriidae), the nun moth, is a eurasian pest of conifers that has potential for accidental introduction into north america. to project the potential host range of this insect if introduced into north america, survival and development of l. monacha on 26 north american and eight introduced eurasian tree species were examined. seven conifer species (abies concolor, picea abies, p. glauca, p. pungens, pinus sylvestris with male cones, p. menziesii variety gla ... | 2003 | 12650343 |
| evidence for inversion polymorphism related to sympatric host race formation in the apple maggot fly, rhagoletis pomonella. | evidence suggests that the apple maggot, rhagoletis pomonella (diptera: tephritidae) is undergoing sympatric speciation (i.e., divergence without geographic isolation) in the process of shifting and adapting to a new host plant. prior to the introduction of cultivated apples (malus pumila) in north america, r. pomonella infested the fruit of native hawthorns (crataegus spp.). however, sometime in the mid-1800s the fly formed a sympatric race on apple. the recently derived apple-infesting race sh ... | 2003 | 12663534 |
| genetic dissection of partial resistance to race 6 of venturia inaequalis in apple. | scab, caused by the fungus venturia inaequalis, is one of the most important diseases of apple (malus x domestica). the major resistance gene, vf, has been widely used in apple breeding programs, but two new races of the fungus (races 6 and 7) are able to overcome this gene. a mapped f1 progeny derived from a cross between the cultivars prima and fiesta has bee n inoculated with two monoconidial strains of race 6. these strains originated from sporulating leaves of 'prima' and a descendant of 'p ... | 2003 | 12723038 |
| reducing salmonella on apples with wash practices commonly used by consumers. | the efficacy levels of practices used by consumers to wash smooth-surface fruits and vegetables were compared. golden delicious apples were spot inoculated near the blossom end with 50 microl of a cocktail of six serotypes of salmonella enterica (with a total inoculum level of approximately 10(9) cfu per apple). the inoculum was dried for 1.5 h, and apples were either treated immediately or held for 24 h prior to treatment. treatments included wetting with approximately 5 ml of water, vinegar (5 ... | 2003 | 12747679 |
| genetic variation in the endangered wild apple (malus sylvestris (l.) mill.) in belgium as revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism and microsatellite markers. | the genetic variation within and between wild apple samples (malus sylvestris) and cultivated apple trees was investigated with amplified fragment length polymorphisms (aflp) and microsatellite markers to develop a conservation genetics programme for the endangered wild apple in belgium. in total, 76 putative wild apples (originating from belgium and germany), six presumed hybrids and 39 cultivars were typed at 12 simple sequence repeats (ssr) and 139 amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp ... | 2003 | 12753206 |
| ribonuclease inhibitors in malus x domestica (common apple): isolation and partial characterization. | a ribonuclease inhibitory activity was detected in the fruits of common apple, malus x domestica, cv. fuji, and purified by affinity chromatography on ribonuclease a-sepharose. it inhibited hydrolysis of cyclic-2':3'-cmp by bovine pancreatic ribonuclease a with an apparent inhibition constant of about 5 x 10(-8) m. matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of the purified protein gave two peaks corresponding to the mass numbers of 55,658 and 62,839, while three ... | 2003 | 12784607 |
| plant-based heterologous expression of mal d 2, a thaumatin-like protein and allergen of apple (malus domestica), and its characterization as an antifungal protein. | mal d 2 is a thaumatin-like protein and important allergen of apple fruits that is associated with ige-mediated symptoms in apple allergic individuals. we obtained a full-length cdna clone of mal d 2 from rna isolated from ripe apple (malus domestica cv. golden delicious). the cdna's open reading frame encodes a protein of 246 amino acid residues including a signal peptide of 24 residues and two putative glycosylation sites. the deduced amino acid sequence of the mature mal d 2 protein results i ... | 2003 | 12787673 |
| a xyloglucan from seeds of the native brazilian species hymenaea courbaril for micropropagation of marubakaido and jonagored apples. | xyloglucan was extracted from seeds of hymenaea courbaril and mixed with agar to prepare a solid culture medium used for micropropagation of the marubakaido apple rootstock (malus prunifolia borkh) and cv. jonagored (malus domestica). the performance on gels created from a blend of 0.4%agar and 0.2% xyloglucan (w/v) was compared with that on media gelled with a standard concentration 0.6% (w/v) of agar. the growth of shoots and the multiplication rate were higher on the modified culture medium t ... | 2003 | 12789441 |
| automated detection of fecal contamination of apples by multispectral laser-induced fluorescence imaging. | animal feces are a suspected source of contamination of apples by disease-causing organisms such as echerichia coli o157. laser-induced fluorescence was used to detect different amounts of feces from dairy cows, deer, and a dairy pasture applied to red delicious apples. one day after application, detection for 1:2 and 1:20 dilutions was nearly 100%, and for 1:200 dilutions (<15 ng of dry matter) detection was >80%. detection after apples had been washed and brushed was lowest for pasture feces; ... | 2003 | 12868833 |
| biocontrol of listeria monocytogenes on fresh-cut produce by treatment with lytic bacteriophages and a bacteriocin. | the fresh-cut produce industry has been the fastest-growing portion of the food retail market during the past 10 years, providing consumers with convenient and nutritious food. however, fresh-cut fruits and vegetables raise food safety concerns, because exposed tissue may be colonized more easily by pathogenic bacteria than intact produce. this is due to the higher availability of nutrients on cut surfaces and the greater potential for contamination because of the increased amount of handling. w ... | 2003 | 12902237 |
| transformation of apple ( malus domestica borkh.) with the stilbene synthase gene from grapevine ( vitis vinifera l.) and a pgip gene from kiwi ( actinidia deliciosa). | the objective of the present research was to introduce genes with antifungal potential into the commercially important apple cvs. elstar and holsteiner cox in order to establish resistance against fungal diseases. the gene encoding the stilbene synthase (vst1) from vitis vinifera l., responsible for the synthesis of the phytoalexin resveratrol in grapevine, and the gene for a polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (pgip) from kiwi ( actinidia deliciosa) were transferred into holsteiner cox and els ... | 2003 | 14504909 |
| mdap, a novel protein in apple, is associated with the major allergen mal d 1. | mal d 1, an 18-kda intracellular pathogenesis-related protein (pr-10), has been known since long as the major apple allergen in middle and northern europe. however, its biological function, as that of many other pr-10 proteins, is still unknown. in order to identify proteins putatively interacting with mal d 1, an expression library of malus domestica was screened using the yeast-two-hybrid (y2h) system. a novel protein binding to two isoforms of mal d 1 being used as 'bait' was isolated. the de ... | 2003 | 14637005 |
| inactivation of salmonella during drying and storage of apple slices treated with acidic or sodium metabisulfite solutions. | this study was undertaken to determine whether pretreating inoculated gala apple slices with metabisulfite or acidic solutions enhanced the inactivation of salmonella during dehydration and storage. apple slices inoculated with a five-strain mixture of salmonella (7.6 log cfu/g) were pretreated, dried for 6 h at 60 degrees c, and stored aerobically at 25 degrees c for 28 days. predrying treatments included (i) no treatment, (ii) 10 min of immersion in sterile water, (iii) 10 min of immersion in ... | 2003 | 14672220 |
| inhibition of pathogens on fresh produce by ultraviolet energy. | ultraviolet energy at a wavelength of 253.7 nm (uvc) was investigated for its bactericidal effects on the surface of red delicious apples, leaf lettuce and tomatoes inoculated with cultures of salmonella spp. or escherichia coli o157:h7. inoculated samples were subjected to different doses ranging from 1.5 to 24 mw/cm(2) of uvc and enumerated on tryptic soy agar plus 0.05 g/l nalidixic acid to determine effective log reductions of microbial populations. uvc applied to apples inoculated with e. c ... | 2004 | 14672825 |
| transgenic tobacco and apple plants expressing biotin-binding proteins are resistant to two cosmopolitan insect pests, potato tuber moth and lightbrown apple moth, respectively. | tobacco (nicotiana tabacum cv. samsun) and apple (malus x domestica cv. royal gala) plants expressing avidin or strepavidin were produced using agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. elisa assays showed that avidin expression ranged from 3.1 to 4.6 microm in tobacco and from 1.9 to 11.2 microm in apple and streptavidin expression ranged from 11.4 to 24.5 microm in tobacco and from 0.4 to 14.6 microm in apple. expressed at these levels, both biotin-binding proteins conferred a high le ... | 2003 | 14713196 |
| cloning and functional expression of an ( e, e)-alpha-farnesene synthase cdna from peel tissue of apple fruit. | increased production of terpenes and many other aroma-related volatiles occurs with the onset of ripening in apple ( malus domestica borkh.) fruit. the gaseous plant hormone ethylene plays a key role in the induction of volatile synthesis, but the mechanism is not yet understood. using a degenerate primer based on a short conserved sequence shared by several sesquiterpene synthases, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction with rna isolated from peel tissue of 'law rome' apples yielded an ... | 2004 | 14740213 |
| life history of hawthorn spider mite amphitetranychus viennensis (acarina: tetranychidae) on various apple cultivars and at different temperatures. | development duration and reproduction rate of hawthorn spider mite amphitetranychus viennensis (zacher) were carried out on five different apple cultivars (amasya (local cultivar), golden delicious, granny smith, starking delicious and starkrimson delicious) at 25 degrees c, 65 +/- 10% rh and 16:8 l:d. in addition, the same parameters were determined on golden delicious leaves at three constant temperatures (20, 30 and 35 degrees c, 65 +/- 10% rh and 16:8 l:d) in the laboratory. a. viennensis sh ... | 2003 | 14756403 |
| the effect of different atmospheric ozone partial pressures on photosynthesis and growth of nine fruit and nut tree species. | nursery stock of peach (prunus persica l. batsch, cv. o'henry), nectarine (p. persica l. batsch, cv. fantasia), plum (p. salicina lindel., cv. casselman), apricot (p. armeniaca l., cv. tilton), almond (p. dulcis mill., cv. nonpareil), prune (p. domestica l., cv. improved french), cherry (p. avium l., cv. bing), oriental pear (pyrus pyrifolia rehd., cv. 20th century), and apple (malus pumula mill., cv. granny smith) were planted in open-top chambers on april 1, 1988 at the university of californi ... | 1991 | 14972900 |
| a new approach to apple proliferation detection: a highly sensitive real-time pcr assay. | the present paper describes a new approach for diagnosis of apple proliferation (ap) phytoplasma in plant material using a multiplex real-time pcr assay simultaneously amplifying a fragment of the pathogen 16s rrna gene and the host, malus domestica, chloroplast gene coding for trna leucine. for the first time, such an approach, with an internal analytical control, is described in a diagnostic procedure for plant pathogenic phytoplasmas enabling distinction between uninfected plant material and ... | 2004 | 15003696 |
| the increase in human plasma antioxidant capacity after apple consumption is due to the metabolic effect of fructose on urate, not apple-derived antioxidant flavonoids. | regular fruit consumption lowers the risk of cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers, which has been attributed in part to fruit-derived antioxidant flavonoids. however, flavonoids are poorly absorbed by humans, and the increase in plasma antioxidant capacity observed after consumption of flavonoid-rich foods often greatly exceeds the increase in plasma flavonoids. in the present study, six healthy subjects consumed five red delicious apples (1037 +/- 38 g), plain bagels (263.1 +/- 0.9 g) an ... | 2004 | 15203196 |
| investigations on epiphytic living pseudomonas species from malus domestica with an antagonistic effect to venturia inaequalis on isolated plant cuticle membranes. | in order to understand better the survival and mutual interaction of epiphytic bacteria and fungi on apple plants, bacteria collected from these plants were cultivated on intact adaxial, stoma free cuticle membranes originally obtained from apple. the bacteria were labelled with luciferase genes from vibrio harveyi in order to follow up their development and activity on the isolated cuticles. our finding was that the epiphytic bacteria can have access to nutrients below the cuticle without causi ... | 2004 | 15479248 |
| estima, a tool for est management in a multi-project environment. | single-pass, partial sequencing of complementary dna (cdna) libraries generates thousands of chromatograms that are processed into high quality expressed sequence tags (ests), and then assembled into contigs representative of putative genes. usually, to be of value, ests and contigs must be associated with meaningful annotations, and made available to end-users. | 2004 | 15527510 |
| influence of natural fruit juices in removing the smear layer from root surfaces--an in vitro study. | certain elements of a patient's diet may be associated with dentin hypersensitivity. the intent of this study was to evaluate the degree of removal of the smear layer from dentin surfaces by various fruit juices. a smear layer was created on extracted human teeth by manual scaling. the roots were reduced and distributed into 8 experimental groups. distilled water was the negative control. the juices were applied by 2 methods: topical application and topical application with friction. specimens w ... | 2004 | 15530269 |
| [changes in antioxidative system and cell ultrastructure in the fruit peels of apple during sunburn development]. | fruits from 6-year-old apple trees (malus domestica borkh cv. fuji) were used as materials to test the changes of antioxidative system and cell ultrastructure of fruit peels during sunburn development. fruit sunburn appeared in mid july, 2002. the process of apple fruit sunburn was divided into three phases (0 degrees : control): 1 degrees : bleaching, 2 degrees : brownness, and 3 degrees : necrosis. fuji apple fruits in different sunburn state were picked. phenolic compounds, membrane protectiv ... | 2004 | 15583404 |
| characterisation of mal d 1-related genes in malus. | it has been suggested that there are at least 15 mal d 1-related (pr10) genes in one genotype of apple (malus x domestica borkh). we sequenced cdna libraries of cultivar 'royal gala' and identified 12 members of the mal d 1 family, including the previously reported mal d 1b and mal d 1d, an allelic variant of the previously reported mal d 1a. eight mal d 1 gene products were expressed in tree-ripened fruit, in either the cortex or the skin, and most of these were also expressed in leaves in resp ... | 2004 | 15604687 |
| apple (malus domestica) and tomato (lycopersicum esculentum) fruits cell-wall hemicelluloses and xyloglucan degradation during penicillium expansum infection. | we characterized the changes in cell-wall hemicellulosic polysaccharides and the hemicellulose-degrading enzymes associated with apple and tomato fruits infected by penicillium expansum. our results showed a reduction in the molecular mass of hemicelluloses, with this reduction being particularly notable in the xyloglucan associated with p. expansum infection. the activation of fungal beta-glucanases was also highlighted. fruit xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (xth)-specific activity de ... | 2004 | 15612782 |
| linkage map positions and allelic diversity of two mal d 3 (non-specific lipid transfer protein) genes in the cultivated apple (malus domestica). | non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsltps) of rosaceae fruits, such as peach, apricot, cherry, plum and apple, represent major allergens for mediterranean atopic populations. as a first step in elucidating the genetics of nsltps, we directed the research reported here towards identifying the number and location of nsltp (mal d 3) genes in the apple genome and determining their allelic diversity. pcr cloning was initially performed on two cultivars, prima and fiesta, parents of a core apple ma ... | 2005 | 15647923 |
| inhibiting effects of resveratrol and its glucoside piceid against venturia inaequalis, the causal agent of apple scab. | resveratrol is a phytoalexin produced in different unrelated plant species such as grapevine and peanut. the effect of resveratrol and its glucoside trans-resveratrol-3-o-beta-d-glycopyranosid (piceid) against venturia inaequalis, the causal agent of apple scab, was evaluated using a newly established test based on enzymatically isolated cuticular membranes (cms) from apple (malus domestica borkh.) leaves. the test substances resveratrol and piceid were either sorbed to cms before inoculation wi ... | 2005 | 15656672 |
| up-regulation of pathogenesis-related proteins in the apoplast of malus domestica after application of a non-pathogenic bacterium. | the intercellular washing fluid (iwf) of malus domestica cv. holsteiner cox before and after application of the non-pathogenic bacterium pseudomonas fluorescens bk3 to the leaves was investigated in a comparative manner. sds-page in combination with esi q-tof mass spectrometry, and homology search in relevant data bases revealed the highly up-regulated expression of several pathogenesis-related plant proteins in the apoplast of the leaves treated with p. fluorescens. these proteins were beta3-1, ... | 2004 | 15666544 |
| flow cytometric analysis of in vitro activated basophils, specific ige and skin tests in the diagnosis of pollen-associated food allergy. | specific immunoglobulin e (ige) and commercially available skin prick tests have been demonstrated to be unreliable methods to diagnose pollen-associated food allergy. to evaluate the predictive value of the basophil activation test (bat) in pollen-associated food allergy, the apple-mediated oral allergy syndrome (oas) in patients with birch pollinosis was chosen as a representative model. | 2005 | 15668987 |
| inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7 during storage or drying of apple slices pretreated with acidic solutions. | inactivation of escherichia coli o157:h7 was evaluated on inoculated apple slices without pretreatment or pretreated by immersing in water or acid solutions commonly used to help retain apple color during dehydration, then stored at ambient temperature or dried for 6 h. half-ring slices (0.6 cm thick) of peeled and cored gala apples were inoculated by immersion for 30 min in a three-strain composite inoculum of e. coli o157:h7 (7.8-8.0 cfu/g). inoculated slices received (1) no pre-drying treatme ... | 2005 | 15718031 |
| transmission electron microscopy study of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7 in apple tissue. | we investigated the ability of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli o157:h7 to spread in wounded apple tissue by transmission electron microscopy. red delicious apples were wounded with an artist knife (7 mm depth) and either inoculated with 10 microl per wound of decimally diluted e. coli o157:h7 or submerged into e. coli o157:h7 suspended in sterile distilled water and then stored at 37 degrees c for 24 h. transmission electron microscopy showed e. coli o157:h7 formed bacterial aggregates near t ... | 2005 | 15726960 |
| detection of fecal contamination on apples with nanosecond-scale time-resolved imaging of laser-induced fluorescence. | detection of apples contaminated with feces is a public health concern. we found that time-resolved imaging of apples artificially contaminated with feces allowed optimization of timing parameters for detection. dairy feces were applied to red delicious and golden delicious apples. laser-induced fluorescence responses were imaged by use of a gated intensified camera. we developed algorithms to automatically detect contamination iteratively by using one half of the apples and validated them by ap ... | 2005 | 15765694 |
| purification and partial characterization of an extracellular melanoprotein from the fungus venturia inaequalis. | the fungus venturia inaequalis clone no. 36 isolated from malus domestica cv. gloster excretes a melanoprotein of 36 kda in relatively high amounts during growth in liquid culture. the protein was isolated from the culture medium and purified to homogeneity. it was shown to contain melanin. after raising an antiserum against the isolated protein, the protein could be shown to be located in the apoplast fluid of the v. inaequalis infected malus domestica cv. elstar. partial sequencing of the prot ... | 2005 | 15787254 |
| [suppression of apple polyphenol oxidase by double-stranded rna (rnai)]. | antisense and sense gene fragments (710 base pairs) of apple polyphenol oxidase (appo) gene were obtained by rt-pcr amplification, using the total rnas isolated from ripen apple fruit as the template. these two fragments were ligated with a 1000 bp spacer, yyt (crtw+crty fusion) gene, which is relative to carotenoid synthesization in subcocci. the full-length 2446 bp-target gene was then inserted into plant binary vector pypx145 to generate the recombinant plasmid pyf7704, which carried the expr ... | 2004 | 15789769 |
| characterization by suppression subtractive hybridization of transcripts that are differentially expressed in leaves of apple scab-resistant and susceptible cultivars of malus domestica. | in order to compare transcription profiles in cultivars of malus domestica that are differentially sensitive to apple scab (venturia inaequalis), two cdna libraries were constructed using the suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) method. subtraction hybridization was performed between cdnas from uninfected young leaves of the resistant cultivar remo and the susceptible elstar. in total, 480 est clones were obtained: 218 (elstar) clones represent transcripts that are preferentially expresse ... | 2005 | 15812649 |
| identification of a major qtl together with several minor additive or epistatic qtls for resistance to fire blight in apple in two related progenies. | although fire blight, caused by the bacterium erwinia amylovora, is one of the most destructive diseases of apple (malus x domestica) worldwide, no major, qualitative gene for resistance to this disease has been identified to date in apple. we conducted a quantitative trait locus (qtl) analysis in two f(1) progenies derived from crosses between the cultivars fiesta and either discovery or prima. both progenies were inoculated in the greenhouse with the same strain of e. amylovora, and the length ... | 2005 | 15856158 |
| genomic cloning and linkage mapping of the mal d 1 (pr-10) gene family in apple (malus domestica). | fresh apples can cause birch pollen-related food allergy in northern and central european populations, primarily because of the presence of mal d 1, the major apple allergen that is cross-reactive to the homologous and sensitizing allergen bet v 1 from birch. apple cultivars differ significantly in their allergenicity. knowledge of the genetic basis of these differences would direct breeding for hypoallergenic cultivars. the pcr genomic cloning and sequencing were performed on two cultivars, pri ... | 2005 | 15883791 |
| metabolic engineering of anthocyanin biosynthesis in escherichia coli. | anthocyanins are red, purple, or blue plant pigments that belong to the family of polyphenolic compounds collectively called flavonoids. their demonstrated antioxidant properties and economic importance to the dye, fruit, and cut-flower industries have driven intensive research into their metabolic biosynthetic pathways. in order to produce stable, glycosylated anthocyanins from colorless flavanones such as naringenin and eriodictyol, a four-step metabolic pathway was constructed that contained ... | 2005 | 16000769 |
| influence of selected fruit tree pollen on life history of euseius stipulatus (acari: phytoseiidae). | euseius stipulatus (athias-henriot) is a predatory mite widespread in the mediterranean region considered to be important for the biological control of spider mites in citrus orchards. development, survival and reproduction of this phytoseiid mite feeding on seven commercially obtained pollen were studied under constant laboratory conditions (20 +/- 1 degrees c, rh 65 +/- 5%, photoperiod 16l: 8d h). mites were kept individually at rearing units with ample quantity of almond (prunus amygdalus bat ... | 2005 | 16082919 |
| biological activity of carotenoids in red paprika, valencia orange and golden delicious apple. | carotenoid fractions were extracted from red paprika, valencia orange peel and the peel of golden delicious apple. thus, hypophasic carotenoids of paprika (pm1), orange (pm3) and apple (pm4), and epiphasic extractions of paprika (pm2) and apple (pm5) were obtained by extraction, saponification and partition between meoh-h(2)o (9:1) (hypophasic) and hexane (epiphasic). a high content of capsanthin was quantified in hypophasic carotenoids (pm1) from red spice paprika, whereas the hypophasic fracti ... | 2005 | 16177974 |
| endophytic yeasts and filamentous fungi associated with southern brazilian apple (malus domestica) orchards subjected to conventional, integrated or organic cultivation. | endophytic fungi were isolated from leaves, flowers and fruit of healthy apple trees (malus domestica , borkh.) growing in southern brazilian orchards under three different cultivation systems (conventional, integrated and organic), during two vegetative cycles. the greatest total number of endophytic isolates was obtained from the orchards under organic cultivation when compared to integrated and conventional cultivation systems. filamentous fungi from the genera colletotrichum , xylaria and bo ... | 2005 | 16187263 |
| investigation of the radiation effects on brown rot disease of golden delicious apples, inoculated with the fungus monilinia fructigena. | the effects of 0, 1.5 and 3 kgy gamma-irradiation on brown rot disease affecting golden delicious apples are investigated. the apples were artificially inoculated with monilinia fructigena fungus before and after irradiation. results show clearly that radiation induces a delay in fungus development, even when it is not directly affected. the effect of radiation on the apples' substrate seems to be considerable, being the main factor affecting fungal growth. radiation doses of 1.5 and 3 kgy do no ... | 1998 | 16284856 |