| a necessary modification to the preparation of papain from any high-quality latex of carica papaya and evidence for the structural integrity of the enzyme produced by traditional methods. | a method of preparation of papain (ec 3.4.22.2) from relatively soluble types of latex of carica papaya, including spray-dried latex produced by a controlled and relatively mild process, was devised. spray-dried latex dissolves easily in water up to 350mg/ml at 22 degrees c, which corresponds to approx. 230mg of protein/ml. when the usual method of preparation of crystalline papain contaminated only by its oxidation products, developed by kimmel & smith [j. biol. chem. (1954) 207, 515-531], is a ... | 1979 | 435250 |
| [antihemolytic action of an extract of carica papaya bark. possibilities of use in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiencies]. | | 1979 | 546608 |
| effect of papaya (carica papaya linn) on pregnancy and estrous cycle in albino rats of wistar strain. | the antifertility effects of carica papaya were investigated by feeding adult cycling and pregnant rats with different components of its fruits. no attempt was made to force-feed the animals. the results indicate that unripe fruits of papaya interrupt estrous cycle and induce abortions. the abortifacient property seems to decrease as the fruit becomes stale or ripe. exogenous progesterone counteracts partially the adverse effects on pregnancy and the surviving foeti are without any distinct malf ... | 1978 | 680941 |
| [effect of carica papaya extracts on experimental jaundice induced by the administration of brenanis brieyi saponosides]. | | 1978 | 734664 |
| in vitro anthelmintic action of some indigenous medicinal plants on ascardia galli worms. | different parts of ten indigenous medicinal plants were screened for their in vitro anthelmintic activity against ascaridia galli worms of the birds. preparations from carica papaya, sapindus trifoliatus, butea frondosa and momordica charantia were more effective than piperazine hexahydrate. | 1976 | 965077 |
| antifertility investigations on the crude chloroform extract of carica papaya linn. seeds in male albino rats. | crude chloroform extract of c. papaya seeds (5 mg/animal/day, po, for 20, 40 and 60 days) was investigated for contraceptive efficacy and related side effects in male albino rats. the crude extract reduced fertility to zero per cent by 40 to 60 days of treatment. suppression of cauda epididymal sperm motility was the most pronounced effect of the drug administration. scanning electron microscopic observations revealed treatment induced abnormalities in sperms. cauda epididymal and testicular spe ... | 1992 | 1293029 |
| the baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus genome includes a papain-like sequence. | the published dna sequence that includes the gene for the envelope glycoprotein gp67 of the baculovirus autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus also contains a segment that shows 32% amino acid identity to papain, a cysteine endopeptidase from the papaya plant (carica papaya). the viral papain-like sequence is apparently affected by a frame-shift mutation, but otherwise appears capable of encoding a functional enzyme. catalytically essential amino acids appear to be conserved, as do di ... | 1992 | 1363350 |
| free radical scavenging action of bio-catalyzer alpha.rho no.11 (bio-normalyzer) and its by-product. | bio-catalyzer alpha.rho no.11 (bio-normalyzer) and its by-product are natural health products made by yeast fermentation of glucose, carica papaya linn., pennisetum pupureum schum., and sechium edule swartz. their effects on free radicals were examined by electron spin resonance spectrometry using spin trapping agent 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide (dmpo). it was observed that both bio-catalyzer and its by-product scavenged 95% of dmpo-oh spin adducts (89 x 10(15) spins/ml) generated by feso4-h ... | 1991 | 1665836 |
| antifungal action of carica papaya latex: isolation of fungal cell wall hydrolysing enzymes. | carica papaya latex inhibits the growth of candida albicans. latex proteins appear to be responsible for this antifungal effect. the minimum protein concentration for producing a complete inhibition was estimated to be about 138 micrograms ml-1. exploration of different glycosidic activities shows that only alpha-d-mannosidase and n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase were present in latex in important levels and they were partially purified. the two enzymes show a limited inhibitory effect on yeast g ... | 1991 | 1824416 |
| affinity purification of the novel cysteine proteinase papaya proteinase iv, and papain from papaya latex. | a procedure is described for the purification of a previously undetected cysteine proteinase, which we have called papaya proteinase iv, from spray-dried latex of the papaya (carica papaya) plant. the purification involves affinity chromatography on gly-phe-aminoacetonitrile linked to ch-sepharose 4b, with elution by 2-hydroxyethyl disulphide at ph 4.5. the product thus obtained is a mixture of almost fully active papain and papay proteinase iv, which are then separated by cation-exchange chroma ... | 1989 | 2505761 |
| epidemiological studies on guinea-worm in some newly discovered villages of jhabua district (m.p.) and test of carica papaya leaves of guinea worm infection. | epidemiological survey was carried out for prevalence of guinea worm infection in 12 villages having a total population of 10281 persons in jhabua district of m.p. the prevalence of 2.85 percent. infection was more common in males. a paste of leaves of carica papya with opium and common salt applied for 3 days was helpful in relief of symptoms and easy extraction of worm from the body. | 1989 | 2529207 |
| [anti-infective phytotherapies of the tree-savannah, senegal (occidental africa). iii: a review of phytochemical substances and the antimicrobial activity of 43 species]. | a review has been made of the ethnobotanical and pharmacological data of 43 medicinal plants of the tree-savannah used by the diola against infectious diseases. the traditional use of ten plants can be explained by pharmacologically active principles: adansonia digitata, azadirachta indica, carica papaya, cassia tora, fagara leprieurii, guiera senegalensis, khaya senegalensis, mangifera indica, psidium guajava and voacanga africana. four of these herbs are recommended for use in primary health c ... | 1989 | 2664354 |
| the effects of fruit juices and fruits on the absorption of iron from a rice meal. | the effects of the chemical composition of fruit juices and fruit on the absorption of iron from a rice (oryza sativa) meal were measured in 234 parous indian women, using the erythrocyte utilization of radioactive fe method. the corrected geometric mean fe absorptions with different juices varied between 0.040 and 0.129, with the variation correlating closely with the ascorbic acid contents of the juices (rs 0.838, p less than 0.01). ascorbic acid was not the only organic acid responsible for t ... | 1987 | 3593665 |
| antifertility screening of plants. part ix. effect of five indigenous plants on early pregnancy in female albino rats. | some indigenous plants reputedly possess antifertility properties when orally administered. various extracts of some of these plants were used in an investigation to determine antifertility activity using a method which would ultimately detect anti-zygotic, blastocystoxic, anti-implantation or early abortifacient activity in adult female albino rats of proven fertility following successful mating. the rats were laparotomized on day 10 of pregnancy and the number recorded of implantation sites ... | 1974 | 4435895 |
| anthiovulatory activity of five indigenous plants in rabbits. | the petroleum ether, alcoholic, and aqueous extracts of 5 indigenous plants, known to have antifertility activity in female rats and mice (areca catechu linn, carica papaya linn, daucus carota linn, mentha arvensis linn and polygonum hydropiper linn), were evaluated for their possible antiovulatory activity in rabbits with copper-induced ovulation. the alcoholic extract of mentha arvensis (leaves) and the petroleum ether extract of the roots of polygonum hydropiper were the most successful age ... | 1974 | 4442983 |
| prevention of reformation of peritoneal adhesions. effect of oxyphenbutazone, proteolytic enzymes from carica papaya, and dextran 40. | | 1972 | 4628217 |
| differentiation of atypical pseudomonas aeruginosa from alcaligenes fecalis using a histone-like fraction from carica papaya seeds. | | 1966 | 4958407 |
| induction of functional sterility in male rats by low dose carica papaya seed extract treatment. | the result revealed that a short term administration of an aqueous extract of carica papaya seed manifested an androgen deprived effect on the target organs and thereby caused antifertility effect in adult male albino rats. the complete loss of fertility is attributed to decline in sperm motility and alteration in their morphology as well as to reduced contractile response of the vas deferens. the androgen deprived effect of the extract led to slight alteration in the histoarchitecture and weigh ... | 1983 | 6675389 |
| effects of carica papaya seed extracts on the physiology of the vas deferens of albino rats. | the physiology of vas deferens after administrating papaya seed extract (1 mg/0.2 ml/day/rat) for 7 and 15 days was studied with reference to organ weights, fertility rate, some biochemical parameters and contractile pattern of isolated right and left vas deferens. studies on combined extract + ascorbic acid feeding and discontinuation of treatment for 1 and 2 1/2 months were also carried out. the results revealed that the treatment altered the biochemical parameters except cholesterol levels an ... | 1984 | 6730867 |
| protective effects of carica papaya linn on the exogenous gastric ulcer in rats. | the effects of carica papaya linn on exogenous ulcer and histamine-induced acid secretion were studied in rats. the latex of the unripened fruit of c. papaya was effective in protecting the exogenous ulcer. it significantly lessened the acid secretion induced by intravenous infusion of histamine in chronic gastric fistulated rats. crystalline papain was also effective in protecting the exogenous ulcer and in decreasing the histamine-induced acid secretion in rats. the conclusion is that papain i ... | 1981 | 7053020 |
| antibacterial substance from carica papaya fruit extract. | ripe and unripe carica papaya fruits (epicarp, endocarp, seeds and leaves) were extracted separately and purified. all the extracts except that of leaves produced very significant antibacterial activity on staphylococcus aureus, bacillus cereus, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa and shigella flexneri. the mic of the substance was small (0.2-0.3 mg/ml) for gram-positive bacteria and large (1.5-4 mg/ml) for gram-negative bacteria. the substance was bactericidal and showed properties of a pr ... | 1982 | 7097295 |
| [antihemolytic effect of xylitol isolated from the bark of carica papaya]. | | 1981 | 7232549 |
| inhibition of cysteine proteinases by carica papaya cystatin produced in escherichia coli. | a papaya cystatin (cst)-encoding cdna clone was isolated from a papaya leaf cdna library and the active protein produced in escherichia coli. the amino-acid sequence reveals a protein of 11,262 da with over 40% identity to other published plant cst. unique features of the papaya cst include a single cys residue, variation in the papain-binding region, and the first reported inhibition of papaya proteinase iv by a cst. | 1995 | 7557432 |
| properties of a previously undescribed supercoiled filamentous virus infecting papaya in venezuela. | supercoiled filamentous virus particles with lengths of 400 to 700 nm and 3 nm wide were isolated from leaves of carica papaya l. plants showing a mild yellowing between the veins. the morphological properties of this virus resemble those of tenuiviruses. however, it was serologically unrelated to three of the five definitive members of this group of plant viruses and had biochemical features quite different from tenuiviruses. therefore, the virus described here is possible an unreported new vir ... | 1995 | 7605201 |
| nucleotide sequence and expression in escherichia coli of cdnas encoding papaya proteinase omega from carica papaya. | we have cloned and sequenced two similar, but distinct, cdnas from both fruit and leaf tissues of carica papaya. the c-terminal portion of the predicted amino acid (aa) sequence of one of the clones has complete identity with the mature enzyme sequence of the cysteine proteinase papaya proteinase omega (pp omega). the second clone contains ten individual bp changes compared with the first and encodes a protein with three single-aa substitutions, only one of which is located in the mature sequenc ... | 1993 | 7684720 |
| effect of papaya latex against ascaris suum in naturally infected pigs. | an experiment was carried out to investigate the anthelmintic activity of papaya latex (carica papaya) against natural infection of ascaris suum in pigs. sixteen naturally infected pigs were, on the basis of faecal egg counts and body weight, allocated into four groups, each of four pigs. three groups (groups b, c, and d) were given papaya latex per os at dose levels of 2, 4, and 8 g of papaya latex per kg body weight, respectively. the fourth group (group a) served as a non-treated control. res ... | 1994 | 7706684 |
| recombinant pro-regions from papain and papaya proteinase iv-are selective high affinity inhibitors of the mature papaya enzymes. | proteolytic enzymes require the presence of their pro-regions for correct folding. of the four proteolytic enzymes from carica papaya, papain and papaya proteinase iv (ppiv) have 68% sequence identity. we find that their pro-regions are even more similar, exhibiting 73.6% identity. cdnas encoding the pro-regions of these two proteinases have been expressed in escherichia coli independently from their mature enzymes. the recombinant pro-regions of papain and ppiv have been shown to be high affini ... | 1995 | 7770454 |
| antifertility effects of aqueous extract of carica papaya seeds in male rats. | the influence of the crude aqueous extract of carica papaya l. (caricaceae) seeds has been studied on semen profile, fertility, body and organ weight response, and toxicology in male albino rats. the extract was administered at the dose regimens of 10 and 50 mg/animal/day orally for 30, 60, and 90 days and 0.1 and 1.0 mg/animal/day intramuscularly for 15 and 30 days. cauda epididymal sperm motility and count was reduced significantly at low and high dose regimens both in the oral as well as the ... | 1994 | 7997464 |
| isolation and preliminary characterization of the cysteine-proteinases from the latex of carica candamarcensis hook. | the cysteine-proteinase chymopapain from carica papaya l. is used for chemonucleolysis of damaged human intervertebral spinal discs. the purification of this enzyme is difficult. to overcome these problems, we were looking for a substitute among the cysteine-proteinases of carica candamarcensis hook. the latex from unripe fruits was collected in an aqueous solution of methylethanethiolsulfonate to prevent proteolytic activities. the soluble fraction of the lypophilized product provided four enzy ... | 1993 | 8216902 |
| antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of unripe papaya. | the meat, seed and pulp of carica papaya linn., a popular traditional medicinal herb grown in the tropics, was shown by the agar-cup method to be bacteriostatic against several enteropathogens such as bacillus subtilis, enterobacter cloacae, escherichia coli, salmonella typhi, staphylococcus aureus, proteus vulgaris, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and klebsiella pneumoniae. the same parts of papaya were unequivocably demonstrated by electron spin resonance spectrometry to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl ... | 1993 | 8412504 |
| effect of papain on different phases of prenatal ontogenesis in rats. | the present investigations were performed to re-examine the findings of previous studies conducted in the sixties and seventies, in which oral or intraperitoneal administration of various formulations of the papaya plant (carica papaya l.) during different phases of pregnancy was reported to have exerted a number of effects on pregnancy and embryonic development, such as antiimplantation activity, increased postimplantation loss, and embryotoxicity. in two independent experiments, a well-defined ... | 1995 | 8520131 |
| determining crucial correlates of breast self-examination in older women with low incomes. | to investigate the frequency and proficiency of breast self-examination (bse) in older women with low incomes and to identify predictors of bse to facilitate more effective clinical encounters and improved educational programs. | 1996 | 8628714 |
| anthelmintic activity of papaya latex against patent heligmosomoides polygyrus infections in mice. | the purpose of this experiment was to study the possible anthelmintic activity of papaya latex (carica papaya) against heligmosomoides polygyrus in experimentally infected mice. five groups of balb/c mice were infected with 100 heligmosomoides polygyrus infective larvae/mouse. after patency (day 22) four groups of mice (groups b, c, d and e) were given papaya latex suspended in water at dose levels of 2, 4, 6 and 8 g of papaya latex/kg body weight, respectively. one group of mice (group a) serve ... | 1995 | 8719976 |
| [microbiological quality of street sold fruits in san josé, costa rica]. | the sanitary quality of street sold fruits was analyzed during the period from march 1990 thru march 1993 in san jose, costa rica. it looked for the presence of salmonella spp. shigella spp., escherichia coli as well as fecal coliforms in natural refreshments, fruit salads and the fruits most frecuently expended on streets, either in slices as the pineapple (ananas comosus), papaya (carica papaya), non-ripe mangoe (mangifera indica) and watermelon (citrullus vulgaris) and those that can be eaten ... | 1995 | 8729262 |
| effects of bio-normalizer (a food supplementation) on free radical production by human blood neutrophils, erythrocytes, and rat peritoneal macrophages. | bio-normalizer, a natural japanese health food prepared by the fermentation of carica papaya, exhibits therapeutic properties against various pathologies including tumors and immunodeficiency. to understand the mechanism of bio-normalizer's therapeutic effects, we studied its action on the production of active oxygen species in cell-free systems (the fenton reaction, the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system, and the hydrogen peroxide-hypochloride or hydrogen peroxide-horseradish peroxidase systems) ... | 1995 | 8748224 |
| fungicidal activity of latex sap from carica papaya and antifungal effect of d(+)-glucosamine on candida albicans growth. | carica papaya latex sap inhibits the growth of candida albicans when added to a culture during the exponential growth phase. approximately 60% was achieved. this fungistatic effect is the result of cell wall degradation due to a lack of polysaccharidic constituents in the outermost layers of the fungal cell wall and release of cell debris into the culture medium. when c. albicans was cultured on medium supplemented with d(+)-glucosamine, an inhibitor of n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase, growth wa ... | 1996 | 8767002 |
| the primary structure and characterization of carbohydrate chains of the extracellular glycoprotein proteinase inhibitor from latex of carica papaya. | a secretory proteinase inhibitor was isolated from the latex of green fruits of papaya (carica papaya). the protein exhibited stoichiometric inhibition of bovine trypsin and alpha-chymotrypsin by the same site or overlapping binding sites. the complete covalent structure consisting of 184 amino acids and two disulfide bonds was determined by protein analysis. during the structural analysis, a procedure was established to separate very hydrophilic peptides by reverse-phase hplc. the result reveal ... | 1996 | 8898891 |
| a novel yeast expression/secretion system for the recombinant plant thiol endoprotease propapain. | a new high-yield yeast expression/secretion system has been adapted for the plant thiol endoprotease papain. the propapain gene, obtained from carica papaya fruit, is expressed in the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae. the gene was cloned into a flag epitope-tagging expression vector downstream of the yeast alpha mating factor (alpha-factor) secretion signal sequence. expression of the heterologous propapain in yeast is controlled by the glucose-repressible alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzyme ii promot ... | 1996 | 8961359 |
| crab collagenase in wound debridement. | a comparative study was performed of the caseinolytic, necrolytic and fibrinolytic activities of a crab collagenase product prepared from the hepatopancreas of the king crab (paralithodes camtschatica) and four enzyme preparations (trypsin/chymotrypsin and protease complexes isolated from aspergillus terricola, carica papaya and pseudomonodaceae). this paper reports an in vitro investigation, an in vivo study with rats and a clinical evaluation. it was found that crab collagenase has the highest ... | 1997 | 9117826 |
| aluminum tolerance in transgenic plants by alteration of citrate synthesis. | aluminum when in soluble form, as found in acidic soils that comprise about 40 percent of the world's arable land, is toxic to many crops. organic acid excretion has been correlated with aluminum tolerance in higher plants. overproduction of citrate was shown to result in aluminum tolerance in transgenic tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) and papaya (carica papaya) plants. | 1997 | 9171061 |
| bio-normalizer modulates interferon-gamma-induced nitric oxide production in the mouse macrophage cell line raw 264.7. | bio-normalizer, a natural health food supplement prepared from carica papaya and some other medicinal plants was investigated to determine its effects on cellular nitric oxide (nitrogen monoxide, no) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) expression. bio-normalizer upregulated interferon (ifn)-gamma-induced no production by macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. such an effect of bio-normalizer on no production was not due to changes in the activity of inos. reverse transcription ... | 1997 | 9315292 |
| a synergistic effect of carica papaya latex sap and fluconazole on candida albicans growth. | a mixture of carica papaya latex (0.41 mg protein ml-1) and fluconazole (2 micrograms ml-1) showed a synergistic action on the inhibition of candida albicans growth. thus, with this mixture an equivalent inhibition rate was observed to that obtained when c. albicans was cultured in a medium supplemented with a two-fold concentration (4 micrograms ml-1) of fluconazole alone. this synergistic effect resulted in partial cell wall degradation as indicated by transmission electron microscopy observat ... | 1997 | 9470408 |
| free radical scavenging activity of fermented papaya preparation and its effect on lipid peroxide level and superoxide dismutase activity in iron-induced epileptic foci of rats. | fermented papaya preparation is a natural health food that has been commercially sold in japan for 2 years. it is made by yeast fermentation of carica papaya linn. we examined the antioxidant action of the fermented papaya preparation on free radicals and lipid peroxidation. free radicals have been related with aging and diseases, such as cancer, diabetes and especially in neurological disorders, for example, parkinson's disease or alzheimer's disease. a diet including variable antioxidant foods ... | 1998 | 9635126 |
| antiamoebic and phytochemical screening of some congolese medicinal plants. | results from the in vitro antiamoebic activity of some congolese plant extracts used as antidiarrhoeic in traditional medicine indicated that of 45 plant extracts tested, 35 (77.78%) exhibited an antiamoebic activity and 10 (22.22%) were inactive. the highest activity (mic < 100 microg/ml) was obtained with extracts from root bark of paropsia brazzeana, cryptolepis sanguinolenta, alchornea cordifolia, hensia pulchella, maprounea africana, rauwolfia obscura and voacanga africana, leaves and stem ... | 1998 | 9687082 |
| phylogenetic positions of phytoplasmas associated with dieback, yellow crinkle and mosaic diseases of papaya, and their proposed inclusion in 'candidatus phytoplasma australiense' and a new taxon, 'candidatus phytoplasma australasia'. | dna extracted from three papaya (carica papaya l.) plants, individually affected by dieback, yellow crinkle or mosaic diseases, was subjected to pcr using phytoplasma-specific primers to amplify the 16s rrna gene plus 16s-23s rrna intergenic spacer region. near-complete dna sequences obtained for the three pcr amplimers were subjected to phylogenetic analyses and direct sequence comparison with other phytoplasma 16s rdna and 16s-23s spacer region dna sequences. the papaya yellow crinkle (ppyc) a ... | 1998 | 9734050 |
| the presence of cyp79 homologues in glucosinolate-producing plants shows evolutionary conservation of the enzymes in the conversion of amino acid to aldoxime in the biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides and glucosinolates. | a cdna encoding cyp79b1 has been isolated from sinapis alba. cyp79b1 from s. alba shows 54% sequence identity and 73% similarity to sorghum cyp79a1 and 95% sequence identity to the arabidopsis t42902, assigned cyp79b2. the high identity and similarity to sorghum cyp79a1, which catalyses the conversion of tyrosine to p-hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime in the biosynthesis of the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin, suggests that cyp79b1 similarly catalyses the conversion of amino acid(s) to aldoxime(s) in the b ... | 1998 | 9862490 |
| reversible contraception with chloroform extract of carica papaya linn. seeds in male rabbits. | the contraceptive efficacy and reversibility of the chloroform extract of the seeds of carica papaya in adult male rabbits were investigated. eighteen adult male rabbits were divided into three groups of six animals each; group i--control, group ii--administered chloroform extract of the seeds of carica papaya at 20 mg/animal/d for 150 d by gavage, and group iii--administered the seed extract at 50 mg/animal/d for 150 d. body weight and organ weight, semen analysis, sperm morphology by scanning ... | 1999 | 10080301 |
| substrate selectivity of various lipases in the esterification of cis- and trans-9-octadecenoic acid. | the substrate selectivity of numerous commercially available lipases from microorganisms, plants and animal tissue towards 9-octadecenoic acids with respect to the cis/trans configuration of the c=c double bond was examined by the esterification of cis- and trans-9-octadecanoic acid (oleic and elaidic acid respectively) with n-butanol in n-hexane. a great number of lipases studied, e.g. those from pseudomonas sp., porcine pancreas or carica papaya, were unable to discriminate between the isomeri ... | 1999 | 10341430 |
| studies on antifertility effect of pawpaw seeds (carica papaya) on the gonads of male albino rats. | preliminary studies on the antifertility effect of pawpaw seeds (carica papaya) on the gonads of male albino (wistar) rats was investigated. an oral dose of crude ripe pawpaw seeds at 100 mg/kg body weight and 50 mg/kg body weight were administered orally for 8 weeks. histological observations at a high dose of 100 mg/kg body weight showed degeneration of the germinal epithelium and germ cells, a reduction in the number of leydig cells and the presence of vacuoles in the tubules. at a low dose o ... | 1999 | 10353163 |
| use of dried papaya skin in the diet of growing pullets. | 1. the chemical composition of dried papaya (carica papaya) skin (dps) was determined and the effect of diets containing different concentrations of this ingredient (0, 30, 60 and 90 g/kg) was studied using growing pullets as experimental animals. 2. crude protein concentration was determined to be 229 g/kg and metabolisable energy content was estimated to be 6.4 mj/kg. 3. use of dps in the diet up to 90 g/kg did not produce any significant difference in weight gain, food intake, food conversion ... | 1999 | 10405041 |
| characterization of the dimer-monomer equilibrium of the papaya copper/zinc superoxide dismutase and its equilibrium shift by a single amino acid mutation. | the coding region of the copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (cu/zn sod) cdna from papaya fruit, carica papaya l. cv. tainong 2, was cloned into an expression vector, pet-20b(+). the cu/zn sod was expressed in escherichia coli and purified by his-tag technique. two active forms of the enzyme (30% dimer and 70% monomer) in equilibrium were observed. the activity of the dimeric enzyme was higher than that of the monomeric form. the thermal inactivation rate constant k(d) values calculated for the dim ... | 1999 | 10552591 |
| molecular cloning of a cdna encoding copper/zinc superoxide dismutase from papaya fruit and overexpression in escherichia coli. | a full-length complementary dna (cdna) clone encoding a putative copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (cu/zn sod) of papaya fruit, carica papaya l. cv. tainong 2, was amplified according to the polymerase chain reaction technique from cdna synthesized from fruit messenger rna. nucleotide sequence analysis of this cdna clone revealed that it comprised a complete open reading frame coding for 152 amino acid residues. the deduced amino acid sequence showed higher identity (81.6-84.9%) with the sequence ... | 1998 | 10554243 |
| corynespora cassiicola leaf spot of pawpaw (carica papaya l.) in nigeria. | leaf spot of pawpaw is hereby reported for the first time in nigeria. the symptom is characterized by a papery center surrounded by a yellow halo. the causal organism is corynespora cassiicola. ripe fruits and abaxial surfaces of the leaves were significantly more susceptible to infection than unripe fruits and adaxial surfaces of leaves. growth and sporulation of the fungus on several media was investigated. the organism grew faster on malt-extract agar (mea) derived media and slowest on potato ... | 1999 | 10560625 |
| contraceptive evaluation and toxicological study of aqueous extract of the seeds of carica papaya in male rabbits. | the contraceptive evaluation and toxicological effects of the aqueous extract of the seeds of carica papaya in adult male rabbits have been reported. thirty adult male rabbits were divided into five groups of six animals each; group i, control; groups ii-v were administered orally with aqueous extract of the seeds of c. papaya at doses of 20, 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg per day for 150 days, respectively. the body weight, reproductive organs weight, semen analysis, semen biochemistry, toxicological pro ... | 2000 | 10720785 |
| medicinal plants used for dogs in trinidad and tobago. | this paper documents ethnoveterinary medicines used to treat dogs in trinidad and tobago. in 1995, a 4-stage process was used to conduct the research and document the ethnoveterinary practices. twenty-eight ethnoveterinary respondents were identified using the school-essay method, which is a modified rapid rural appraisal (rra) technique. semi-structured interviews were held with these respondents as well as with 30 veterinarians, 27 extension officers and 19 animal-health assistants and/or agri ... | 2000 | 10821961 |
| effect of papaya latex extract on gravid and non-gravid rat uterine preparations in vitro. | in search of uterotonic principles, papaya (carica papaya, caricaceae) latex extract (ple) was tested on rat uterine preparations in vitro at various stages of the estrous cycle and gestation periods. rat uterine contractile activity was remarkably increased by different doses of ple in proestrus and estrus stages compared to metestrus and diestrus stages of the estrous cycles. the maximum contractile activity of the uterus was observed at the later stages of pregnancy which correspond with the ... | 2000 | 10837984 |
| blood pressure depression by the fruit juice of carica papaya (l.) in renal and doca-induced hypertension in the rat. | a crude ethanol extract was prepared from the unripened fruit of carica papaya. lethality studies showed a dose-mortality relationship with an ld(50) of 325.2 mg/kg in mice administered i.p. male albino wistar rats were randomly divided into three batches (15 rats per batch)-renal, doca-salt hypertensives and normotensives. each batch was further divided into three groups-the untreated, hydrallazine and extract treated groups. the mean arterial blood pressure (map) and the heart rate were measur ... | 2000 | 10861964 |
| sterility due to inhibition of sperm motility by oral administration of benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of carica papaya in rats. | the contraceptive effects of benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of carica papaya have been reported in male albino rats at the dose regimens 5 and 10 mg/animal/day; oral for 150 days. the body weight, weight of testis, epididymis, seminal vesicle and ventral prostate remained unaltered during the entire course of the investigation. total suppression of cauda epididymal sperm motility coincided with a decrease in sperm count, viability and an increase in per c ... | 2000 | 10969727 |
| reversible azoospermia by oral administration of the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of carica papaya in rabbits. | contraceptive efficacy, reversibility and toxicity, if any, of the benzene, chloroform and ethyl acetate chromatographic fractions of the chloroform extract of the seeds of carica papaya have been investigated in adult male rabbits at a dose regimen of 50 mg/animal/day for 150 days of treatment. body weight, semen analysis, hematology, serum clinical biochemistry and the fertility status of control and treated animals were evaluated. chloroform and ethyl acetate chromatographic fractions did not ... | 1999 | 10997896 |
| modulation of morphological changes of endometrial surface epithelium by administration of composite root extract in albino rat. | in the present investigation, we attempted to study the modulation of morphological changes of endometrial surface epithelium by scanning electron microscope (scem) in the adult albino rat after oral administration of roots extract. the origin of this experiment lies in the fact that the dry powdered roots of five plants, i.e., plumbago rosea, borassus flabellifer, carica papaya (male), dolichos lablab, and shorea robusta in mixed form, has been traditionally used by the folk women of this regio ... | 2000 | 11024229 |
| carica papaya glutamine cyclotransferase belongs to a novel plant enzyme subfamily: cloning and characterization of the recombinant enzyme. | a full-length cdna encoding carica papaya glutamine cyclotransferase was cloned by rt-pcr on the basis of results from amino acid sequencing of tryptic fragments of the native enzyme. the cdna of 1036 nucleotides encodes a typical 22-residue signal peptide and a mature protein of 266 residues with a calculated molecular mass of 30,923 da. five plant ests encoding putative qcs highly homologous to pqc were identified and the numbers and locations of cysteines and n-glycosylation sites are conserv ... | 2000 | 11035947 |
| papaya (carica papaya) lipase with some distinct acyl and alkyl specificities as compared with microbial lipases. | lipase from papaya (carica papaya) latex (cpl), candida antarctica lipase b (novozym 435, nov) and rhizomucor miehei lipase (lipozyme im 20, lip) were used as biocatalysts for the esterification of caprylic acid with straight-chain saturated c(4)-c(18) alcohols and unsaturated c(18) alcohols, such as cis-9-octadecenyl (oleyl, c(18:1), n-9), cis-6-octadecenyl (petroselinyl, c(18:1), n-12), cis-9,cis-12-octadecadienyl (linoleyl, c(18:2), n-6), all-cis-9,12,15-octadecatrienyl (alpha-linolenyl, c(18 ... | 2000 | 11171278 |
| human sperm immobilization effect of carica papaya seed extracts: an in vitro study. | to examine if the seed extracts of carica papaya, which showed antispermatogenic/sperm immobilization properties in animal models, could cause human sperm immobilization in vitro. | 2000 | 11232785 |
| diuretic effects of selected thai indigenous medicinal plants in rats. | extracts of five indigenous thai medicinal having ethnomedical application in the treatment of dysuria were investigated for their diuretic activity. root extracts of ananas comosus and carica papaya, given orally to rats at a dose of 10 mg/kg, demonstrated significantly increased urine output (p < 0.01) which was 79 and 74%, respectively, of the effect of an equivalent dose of hydrochlorothiazide. both plant extracts gave similar profiles of urinary electrolyte excretion to that of the hydrochl ... | 2001 | 11297849 |
| effect of papaya seed extract on microenvironment of cauda epididymis. | to evaluate the effect of aqueous carica papaya seed extract on microenvironment of cauda epididymis. | 2001 | 11404801 |
| microbicidal effect of medicinal plant extracts (psidium guajava linn. and carica papaya linn.) upon bacteria isolated from fish muscle and known to induce diarrhea in children. | out of the twenty-four samples of shrimp and fish muscle used for this study, twelve were collected near a large marine sewer for waste disposal, 3 km off the coast of fortaleza (brazil) and used for the isolation of e. coli. other twelve were collected at the mucuripe fresh fish market (fortaleza, brazil) and used for the isolation of staphylococcus aureus. ethanol, water and acetone-diluted extracts of guava and papaya leaf sprouts were tested on the bacteria in order to verify their microbici ... | 2001 | 11452322 |
| in vitro antimalarial activity of extracts of three plants used in the traditional medicine of india. | in an attempt to search for new antimalarial drugs, we studied plants used by traditional healers of southwest india to treat malaria. aqueous and organic solvent extracts obtained from specific parts of the plants swertia chirata, carica papaya, and citrus sinensis were tested on malaria strain plasmodium falciparum fck 2 in vitro. the temperatures of extraction were the same as that used by the traditional healers in their plant preparations. visual evaluation of the antimalarial activity of t ... | 2001 | 11693874 |
| steryl and stanyl esters of fatty acids by solvent-free esterification and transesterification in vacuo using lipases from rhizomucor miehei, candida antarctica, and carica papaya. | sitostanol has been converted in high to near-quantitative extent to the corresponding long-chain acyl esters via esterification with oleic acid or transesterification with methyl oleate or trioleoylglycerol using immobilized lipases from rhizomucor miehei (lipozyme im) and candida antarctica (lipase b, novozym 435) as biocatalysts in vacuo (20-40 mbar) at 80 degrees c, whereas the conversion was markedly lower at 60 and 40 degrees c. corresponding conversions observed with papaya (carica papaya ... | 2001 | 11714305 |
| effect of water extract of carica papaya seed on the germinal epithelium of the seminiferous tubules of sprague dawley rats. | extracts from different parts of the papaya have been reported to decrease the testicular weight of wistar rats when administered orally for 8 weeks. it was however reported that suppression of spermatogenesis was observed in these rats following the administration of papaya seed extract. no histological abnormality was observed in these animals. in this experiment, water extract of papaya seeds, was administered orally to sprague dawley rats ad libitum for 8 weeks. results showed that 3 weeks a ... | 2001 | 11806144 |
| chloroform extract of carica papaya seeds induces long-term reversible azoospermia in langur monkey. | to evaluate the antifertility activity of the chloroform extract of carica papaya seeds by oral administration in langur monkey, presbytis entellus entellus. | 2002 | 11907624 |
| effect of papaya seed extract on contractile response of cauda epididymal tubules. | to evaluate the administration of carica papaya seed extract on the contractility of cauda epididymal tubules in male rats. | 2002 | 11907633 |
| carotenol fatty acid esters: easy substrates for digestive enzymes? | to study the specificity of gastric lipases on carotenoid mono- and diesters, an enzymatic assay was applied. digestions were carried out in phosphate buffer at ph 7.4 and 37 degrees c. as substrates we employed oleoresins from marigold (tagetes erecta l.; lutein diesters), red paprika (capsicum annuum l., mainly capsanthin diesters), papaya (carica papaya l.; beta-cryptoxanthin esters), and loquat (eriobotrya japonica lindl.; beta-cryptoxanthin esters) as well as retinyl palmitate. these were r ... | 2002 | 12128058 |
| papaya (carica papaya) consumption is unsafe in pregnancy: fact or fable? scientific evaluation of a common belief in some parts of asia using a rat model. | using controlled in vivo and in vitro pharmacological methods, we evaluated the safety of papaya (carica papaya) consumption in pregnancy with reference to its common avoidance during pregnancy in some parts of asia. ripe papaya (carica papaya l. (caricaecae) blend (500 ml/l water) was freely given to four groups of sprague-dawley rats at different stages of gestation (days 1-5, 6-11, 12-17 and 1-20). the control group received water. the effect of ripe papaya juice and crude papaya latex on pre ... | 2002 | 12144723 |
| abortifacient properties of aqueous extract of carica papaya (linn) seeds on female sprague-dawley rats. | experiments were conducted to investigate the abortifacient potential of aqueous extract of carica papaya (linn) seeds in female sprague-dawley rats. oral doses of 100 and 800 mg/kg body weight were administered once a day on days 1-10 post-coitum. no significant differences in total body weight were found in foetuses exposed to these regimes. however, in the group treated with 100 mg/kg body weight, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the implantation sites and foetal weight was sign ... | 2002 | 12163882 |
| [human chromosome banding with raw extract of fruits or leaves of papaya]. | one week old human chromosome preparations were treated with filtrate from one liquefied leaf (53 g) of papaya (carica papaya) in 100 ml of distilled water, and stained with 1.5% giemsa (ph 6.8). good chromosome banding was obtained after 2 min of treatment. solutions that have been frozen even for years are effective and the method is cheaper and easier than others. | 2001 | 12189805 |
| heterologous expression and characterization of human glutaminyl cyclase: evidence for a disulfide bond with importance for catalytic activity. | glutaminyl cyclase (qc, ec 2.3.2.5) catalyzes the formation of pyroglutamate residues from glutamine at the n-terminus of peptides and proteins. in the current study, human qc was functionally expressed in the secretory pathway of pichia pastoris, yielding milligram quantities after purification from the supernatant of a 5 l fermentation. initial characterization studies of the recombinant qc using maldi-tof mass spectrometry revealed correct proteolytic processing and n-glycosylation at both po ... | 2002 | 12196024 |
| anti-salmonella activity of medicinal plants from cameroon. | to evaluate the effects of herbal extracts derived from plants commonly prescribed by traditional practitioners for the treatment of typhoid fever. | 2001 | 12201022 |
| folklore information from assam for family planning and birth control. | the author collected folklore information on herbal treatments to control fertility from different parts of assam, india. temporary methods of birth control include cissampelos pareira l. in combination with piper nigrum l., root of mimosa pudica l. and hibiscus rosa-sinensis l. plants used for permanent sterilization include plumbago zeylanica l., heliotropium indicum l., salmalia malabrica, hibiscus rosa-sinensis l., plumeria rubra l., bambusa rundinacea. abortion is achieved through use of ... | 1982 | 12266264 |
| polyphenol-enriched extract of oil palm fronds (elaeis guineensis) promotes vascular relaxation via endothelium-dependent mechanisms. | plant-based polyphenolic compounds have been reported to possess cardiovascular health benefits. several dietary sources, including herbs and spices, fruits and vegetables, and tea and wine, contain an array of biologically active compounds that have been shown to be effective in retarding oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (ldl) and promoting vascular relaxation. in the present study four different plant sources, both edible and non-edible, were evaluated for potential activity. organic extr ... | 2002 | 12492636 |
| effect of dried fruits of carica papaya linn on hepatotoxicity. | ethanol and aqueous extracts of carica papaya has been evaluated for its anti hepatotoxic activity. the ethanol and aqueous extracts of carica papaya showed remarkable hepatoprotective activity against ccl(4) induced hepatotoxicity. the activity was evaluated by using biochemical parameters such as serum aspartate amino transferase (ast), alanine amino transferase (alt), alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin and gamma glutamate transpeptidase (ggtp). the histopathological changes of liver sample ... | 2002 | 12499657 |
| [importance of biologically active components and plants in the prevention of complications of diabetes mellitus]. | diabetes complications, especially late (chronic) ones, are the main reasons of invalidity and early mortality. the most threatening diabetes complications are vascular and metabolic complications (diabetic neuropathy, angiopathy, cataract, glaucoma, optic neuropathy, retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy). good diabetes control is very important, because in early stages these changes are reversible. in order to decrease the number of diabetes complications and to postpone their development, the use ... | 2002 | 12532704 |
| the effect of crude extract of the bark of carica papaya on the seminiferous tubules of male sprague-dawley rats. | the contraceptive potential of an aqueous crude extract of the bark of carica papaya administered orally is reported at the dose regime of 5 and 10 ml/animal/day for 4 weeks. although the body weight or the weights of reproductive organs, kidneys, adrenals remained unaltered during the course of treatment, there was significant alteration in the histology of the testis and semen analysis when compared to the intact control group. the seminiferous tubules of rats treated with low doses of carica ... | 2002 | 12690680 |
| plasma response to a single dose of dietary beta-cryptoxanthin esters from papaya (carica papaya l.) or non-esterified beta-cryptoxanthin in adult human subjects: a comparative study. | many orange-coloured fruits contain beta-cryptoxanthin in its non-esterified as well as its esterified form. information concerning the absorption of beta-cryptoxanthin, especially with regard to the metabolism of its fatty acid esters, is rather scarce. the present study assessed the plasma concentration reached after consumption of a single dose of native beta-cryptoxanthin esters from papaya (carica papaya l.) or non-esterified beta-cryptoxanthin in equal total amounts. in a randomized, singl ... | 2003 | 13129448 |
| effect of proteolytic enzymes from carica papaya on induced edema in dog ureters. | | 1964 | 14193456 |
| hydrolases in supercritical co2 and their use in a high-pressure membrane reactor. | the thermal stability and activity of enzymes in supercritical carbon dioxide (sc co(2)) and near-critical propane were studied at a pressure of 300 bar in the temperature range 20-90 degrees c. proteinase from carica papaya was incubated in microaqueous sc co(2) at atmospheric pressure in a nonaqueous system. lipase stability in an aqueous medium at atmospheric pressure and in sc co(2) as well as near-critical propane at 100 bar and 40 degrees c was studied. in order to investigate the impact o ... | 2003 | 14505171 |
| tocolytic and toxic activity of papaya seed extract on isolated rat uterus. | carica papaya l. seeds extracted with 80% ethanol (eeps) caused concentration-dependent tocolysis of uterine strips isolated from gravid and non-gravid rats. prostaglandin f2alpha and oxytocin-induced contractions of the isolated rat uterus were also inhibited in a concentration-dependent fashion by eeps. recoveries of the uterine activity after eeps-induced uterine quiescence were very weak. higher concentration of eeps caused prompt uterine quiescence, which was also significantly irreversible ... | 2003 | 14623029 |
| a mitogenic protein fraction in latex from carica candamarcensis. | latex from caricaceae contains a number of proteins believed to be part of a defense mechanism that protects these plants from wounding. prior evidence suggests that some components in carica papaya improve healing of ulcerous wounds in mammals. this study shows the chromatographic isolation of a protein fraction from c. candamarcensis that stimulates cell proliferation of mammalian cells by measuring mtt reduction and thymidine incorporation. the effect appears to be cell specific as l929, mda- ... | 2003 | 14648396 |
| effects of crude extracts of mucuna pruriens (fabaceae) and carica papaya (caricaceae) against the protozoan fish parasite ichthyophthirius multifiliis. | the ciliate ichthyophthirius multifiliis is among the most pathogenic parasites of fish maintained in captivity. in the present study, the effects of the crude methanolic extract of leaves of mucuna pruriens and the petroleum-ether extract of seeds of carica papaya against i. multifiliis were investigated under in vivo and in vitro conditions. goldfish (carassius auratus auratus) infected with the parasites were immersed for 72 h in baths with m. pruriens extract, and for 96 h in baths with c. p ... | 2004 | 14735356 |
| low molecular weight chitosans: preparation with the aid of papain and characterization. | low molecular weight chitosans (lmwc) of different molecular weight (4.1-5.6 kda) were obtained by the depolymerization of chitosan using papain (from carica papaya latex, ec. 3.4.22.2) at optimum conditions of ph 3.5 and 37 degrees c for 1-5 h. scanning electron microscopy (sem) showed approximately 15-fold decrease in the particle size after depolymerization. decrease in the molecular weight was associated with decrease in the degree of acetylation (da) as evidenced by circular dichroism (cd), ... | 2004 | 14738997 |
| erwinia papayae sp. nov., a pathogen of papaya (carica papaya). | bacterial canker of papaya (carica papaya) emerged during the 1980s in different islands of the caribbean. nineteen strains of gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria isolated from papaya were compared to 38 reference and type strains of phytopathogenic enterobacteriaceae and related bacteria. phylogenetic analysis of 16s rrna gene sequences showed that the papaya strains belonged to the genus erwinia. the dna g+c content of strain cfbp 5189t, 52.5 mol%, is in the range of the genu ... | 2004 | 14742466 |
| histaminergic effect of crude papaya latex on isolated guinea pig ileal strips. | in the present study, we investigated the effect of the crude latex of carica papaya l. (cpx) on isolated guinea pig ileal strips. cpx (0.5-512 microg/ml) caused concentration-dependent contraction of ileal strips suspended in tyrode solution. the concentration of atropine (0.69 microm) that significantly blocked the contractile effect of acetylcholine on the isolated guinea pig ileum showed no significant effect on cpx- and histamine-induced contractions of the ileal strips. mepyramine (87.6 nm ... | 2004 | 14971723 |
| high-density linkage mapping revealed suppression of recombination at the sex determination locus in papaya. | a high-density genetic map of papaya (carica papaya l.) was constructed using 54 f(2) plants derived from cultivars kapoho and sunup with 1501 markers, including 1498 amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) markers, the papaya ringspot virus coat protein marker, morphological sex type, and fruit flesh color. these markers were mapped into 12 linkage groups at a lod score of 5.0 and recombination frequency of 0.25. the 12 major linkage groups covered a total length of 3294.2 cm, with an ave ... | 2004 | 15020433 |
| antibacterial effects of carica papaya fruit on common wound organisms. | the purpose of the study was to investigate antibacterial activity of ripe and unripe carica papaya on selected micro-organisms. cultures of micro-organisms were routinely maintained in nutrient agar slants at 4 degrees c. extracts of immature, mature and ripe carica papaya fruit were obtained by separately grinding factions of the epicarp, endocarp and seeds and filtering them through gauze. sensitivity tests were conducted by adding 0.06 ml of extract to agar wells (6 mm diameter) prepared fro ... | 2003 | 15040064 |
| vasorelaxation induced by common edible tropical plant extracts in isolated rat aorta and mesenteric vascular bed. | in this study, the vasodilatory actions of nine edible tropical plant extracts were investigated. ipomoea batatas (sweet potato leaf), piper betle (betel leaf), anacardium occidentale (cashew leaf), gynandropsis gynandra (maman leaf), carica papaya (papaya leaf), and mentha arvensis (mint leaf) extracts exhibited more than 50% relaxing effect on aortic ring preparations, while piper betle and cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass stalk) showed comparable vasorelaxation on isolated perfused mesenteric ... | 2004 | 15138017 |
| ultrastructural changes in the testis and epididymis of rats following treatment with the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of carica papaya. | the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of carica papaya at a dose of 10 mg/rat/day for 150 days, which has shown a total inhibition of motility, reduced sperm count and infertility, was tested to de fi ne the mode of action at the subcellular level in the testis and epididymis. the ultrastructure of the testis of the treated animals revealed no appreciable changes in the subcellular characteristics. the mechanism of protein synthesis as well as steroidogenesi ... | 2004 | 15162362 |
| herbivore population suppression by an intermediate predator, phytoseiulus macropilis, is insensitive to the presence of an intraguild predator: an advantage of small body size? | recent work in terrestrial communities has highlighted a new question: what makes a predator act as a consumer of herbivores versus acting as a consumer of other predators? here we test three predictions from a model (rosenheim and corbett in ecology 84:2538-2548) that links predator foraging behavior with predator ecology: (1) widely foraging predators have the potential to suppress populations of sedentary herbivores; (2) sit and wait predators are unlikely to suppress populations of sedentary ... | 2004 | 15278424 |
| an efficient method for sonication assisted agrobacterium-mediated transformation of coat protein (cp) coding genes into papaya (carica papaya l.). | an efficient method for the production of transgenic papaya was developed via sonication assisted agrobacterium-mediated transformation (saat) of somatic embryos. the plasmid pga482g was modified to contain gene pti-epj-tl-pldmv with cp coding sequence of pldmv japan strain and chimeric gene pti-np-ykt with multiple cp coding sequences from prsv taiwan strain, prsv hawaii strain and prsv thailand strain, respectively. disarmed agrobacterium tumefaciens strain lba4404 carrying the binary plasmid ... | 2004 | 15323420 |
| streptopodium caricae sp. nov., with a discussion of powdery mildews on papaya, and emended descriptions of the genus streptopodium and oidium caricae. | a new powdery mildew infecting papaya (carica papaya) in brazil, streptopodium caricae sp. nov., is described. the species is compared with other anamorphic erysiphales known to infect papaya: oidiopsis sicula, ovulariopsis papayae, oidium caricae, o. papayae, o. caricicola, o. indicum, o. caricae-papayae, podosphaera (syn. sphaerotheca) spp., and erysiphe spp. an emended description streptopodium and a key to the anamorphs of powdery mildews on papaya are also presented. a re-examination of the ... | 2004 | 15535069 |
| hydrolytic resolution of (r,s)-naproxen 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl thioester by carica papaya lipase in water-saturated organic solvents. | for the first time, the carica papaya lipase (cpl) stored in crude papain is explored as a potential enantioselective biocatalyst for obtaining chiral acids from their racemic thioesters. hydrolytic resolution of (r,s)-naproxen 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl thioester in water-saturated organic solvents is employed as a model system for studying the effects of temperature and solvents on lipase activity and enantioselectivity. an optimal temperature of 60 degrees c, based on the initial rate of (s)-thioes ... | 2005 | 15543625 |
| in vitro effects of four tropical plants on three life-cycle stages of the parasitic nematode, haemonchus contortus. | alcoholic extracts of four tropical plants (zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides, newbouldia laevis, morinda lucida and carica papaya) were screened in vitro for potential anti-parasitic effects against eggs, infective larvae and adult haemonchus contortus. significant effects were obtained with all four plants but differences were observed depending on the parasitic stage. the effects of the four plant extracts were similar on egg hatching and were dose dependent. in contrast, no dose-response relationsh ... | 2005 | 15563923 |