| a method for staining infection hyphae in pine leaves. | fungus-inoculated pinus radiata leaves were fixed and then stained with periodic acid-schiff reagent. pieces of leaf with fungal material on the surface were removed. these pieces were stained in lactophenol cotton blue for a few minutes and then mounted in dilute lactophenol cotton blue. microscopic examination of fungal material inside and outside the mounted leaf pieces revealed the following: condidia and germ tubes on the leaf surface were red, appressoria remained unstained, and infection ... | 1976 | 59411 |
| environmental dermatitis: contact dermatitis from pinus radiata. | various forms of contact dermatitis from pinus radiata sawdust are described and illustrated by three cases. the sawdust causes industrial dermatitis which can be chronic and the purpose of the paper is to alert australian practitioners. | 1977 | 142900 |
| isolation, characterization and distribution of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate from pinus radiata. | cyclic amp was extracted in 0.1 m-hcl from tissues of pinus radiata and purified by gel filtration on sephadex g-10, and chromatography on dowex ag1 (x2) and polyethyleneimine-cellulose in two separate solvent systems. presumptive cyclic amp from 10kg batches of pine needles was characterized by countercurrent distribution in the presence of cyclic [8-3h]amp. statistical analysis of the curves for radioactivity and mass (determined by the gilman competitive-binding assay) showed that the fit of ... | 1978 | 217358 |
| effects of certain cations on the formation and infectivity of phytophthora zoospores. 1. effects of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and iron ions. | the effects of four cations, ca2+, mg2+, k+, and fe3+, upon the production of zoosporangia by isolates of four species of phytophthora in axenic culture have been investigated. a response surface design was used to examine main effects and possible interactions. responses to ca2+ and fe3+ were strongly quadratic with the higher concentrations inhibiting sporangial production in p. cinnamomi and p. drechsleri isolates. responses to mg2+ and k+ were weaker and, in the case of magnesium, were linea ... | 1977 | 890608 |
| microbial degradation of condensed tannins. | a strain of penicillium adametzi zaleski was isolated from enrichment cultures with condensed tannins as the carbon source. low-molecular-weight condensed tannins, extracted and purified from pinus radiata bark, were used as substrates for quantitative growth measurements on this fungus in defined culture conditions. | 1976 | 959828 |
| microbial utilization of pinus radiata bark. | a screening program using suspensions of ground bark in mineral salts media, or extracts prepared from ground bark by treating with hot water, sulfuric acid, ammonium hydroxide, or sodium hydroxide, yielded more than 200 pure cultures of fungi, yeasts, and bacteria. only 38 of these have good growth on liquid bark media. all were filamentous fungi, although many bacteria and yeasts were among the cultures that failed to give appreciable growth. species of penicillium, scopulariopsis, aspergillu ... | 1975 | 1200627 |
| producing a p1 bacteriophage library from pine: isolation and cloning of very high molecular weight dna. | we have generated a genomic p1 bacteriophage library using monterey pine (pinus radiata) dna. we first developed a method for isolating from pine tissue the very high molecular weight dna necessary for the preparation of libraries requiring large inserts. the method involves protoplasting the cells, isolating nuclei and lysis in a high concentration of detergent. fragments of greater than two megabases in size are produced in solution. modifications introduced to the protocol for library prepara ... | 1992 | 1515140 |
| the chloroplast genome of the gymnosperm pinus contorta: a physical map and a complete collection of overlapping clones. | overlapping restriction fragments of chloroplast dna from the conifer pinus contorta were cloned. out of a total of 49 clones, 33 comprise the minimum set required to represent the entire genome. using the purified inserts of these clones as probes in filter hybridizations, all sites for the three restriction enzymes kpni, hpai and saci in the p. contorta chloroplast genome were mapped. heterologous filter hybridizations and sequence analysis of some of the p. contorta clones were used to determ ... | 1991 | 1682061 |
| cloning, sequence analysis, and expression in escherichia coli of a gene coding for a beta-mannanase from the extremely thermophilic bacterium "caldocellum saccharolyticum". | a lambda recombinant phage expressing beta-mannanase activity in escherichia coli has been isolated from a genomic library of the extremely thermophilic anaerobe "caldocellum saccharolyticum." the gene was cloned into pbr322 on a 5-kb bamhi fragment, and its location was obtained by deletion analysis. the sequence of a 2.1-kb fragment containing the mannanase gene has been determined. one open reading frame was found which could code for a protein of mr 38,904. the mannanase gene (mana) was over ... | 1991 | 2039230 |
| ige-binding proteins from pine (pinus radiata d. don) pollen: evidence for cross-reactivity with ryegrass (lolium perenne). | a complex mixture of pine (pinus radiata d. don) pollen proteins are rapidly released into aqueous solutions. ige-binding proteins have been identified in these extracts using combined sds-page immunoblotting techniques. these ige-binding proteins were detected using atopic patient and commercial pooled human sera known to be high in ryegrass-specific ige. enzyme-immunoassay inhibition studies revealed that leached p. radiata pollen proteins could partially inhibit serum ige binding to ryegrass ... | 1990 | 2086485 |
| non-morphogenic metabolism during shoot induction in radiata pine cotyledon explants. | the effects of excision, light and cytokinin (n6-benzyladenine) on 14c-acetate metabolism in cotyledons of pinus radiata (d. don) were determined. 14co2 was released and the distribution of radioactivity into lipids, sugars, organic acids and amino acids was determined. while light and cytokinin generally caused some increase in metabolism, the effect of excision, i.e., wounding, was most pronounced. specific metabolites examined (citrate, malate, succinate, alanine, aspartate, glutamate and glu ... | 1990 | 2113519 |
| chloroplast genomes of two conifers lack a large inverted repeat and are extensively rearranged. | chloroplast genomes of douglas-fir [pseudotsuga menziesii (mirb.) franco] and radiata (monterey) pine [pinus radiata d. don], two conifers from the widespread pinaceae, were mapped and their genomes were compared to other land plants. douglas-fir and radiata pine lack the large (20-25 kilobases) inverted repeat that characterizes most land plants. to our knowledge, this is only the second recorded loss of this ancient and highly conserved inverted repeat among all lineages of land plants thus fa ... | 1988 | 2836862 |
| the incidence of pine pollen reactivity in an allergic atopic population. | in the past there has been controversy concerning the allergenicity of pine pollen. most reports have suggested that pine pollen has not been a significant allergen due to its low antigenicity and relatively large size. while little investigation has been done, there are some older studies supporting pine pollen as an allergen and its use in individual cases for immunotherapy. to our knowledge, no extended testing or screening had been done. a total of 200 patients presenting with symptoms durin ... | 1985 | 4061974 |
| phosphorylated intermediates of terpene biosynthesis in pinus radiata. | | 1966 | 4287665 |
| terpene biosynthesis: formation of nerol, geraniol, and other prenols by an enzyme system from pinus radiata seedlings. | | 1969 | 4303098 |
| transformation of mevalonic acid into isoprenoid compounds by enzymes from pinus radiata. activation of the overall reaction by phospholipids. | | 1969 | 4307824 |
| terpene biosynthesis: utilization of neryl pyrophosphate by an enzyme system from pinus radiata seedlings. | | 1969 | 4312074 |
| the enzymology of short-chain fatty acyl-coenzyme a synthetase from seeds of pinus radiata. kinetic studies and a proposed reaction mechanism. | 1. short-chain fatty acyl-coa synthetase from seeds of pinus radiata was examined by acetate- and propionate-dependent pp(i)-atp exchange. reaction mixtures came to equilibrium almost instantly as judged by rates of exchange and analysis of an incubation mixture. 2. the activity of the enzyme was correlated with the concentration of mgp(2)o(7) (2-) but not with the concentration of mg(2+), as judged by pp(i)-atp exchange and fatty acyl amp-dependent synthesis of atp in the presence of pp(i). in ... | 1974 | 4370933 |
| properties and substrate specificity of some reactions catalysed by a short-chain fatty acyl-coenzyme a synthetase from seeds of pinus radiata. | 1. crude extracts of seeds of pinus radiata catalysed acetate-, propionate-, n-butyrate- and n-valerate-dependent pp(i)-atp exchange in the presence of mgcl(2), which was apparently due to a single enzyme. propionate was the preferred substrate. crude extracts did not catalyse medium-chain or long-chain fatty acid-dependent exchange. 2. ungerminated dry seeds contained short-chain fatty acyl-coa synthetase activity. the activity per seed was approximately constant for 11 days after imbibition an ... | 1974 | 4370976 |
| the biosynthesis of (+)- -pinene in pinus species. | 1. the degradation of (+)-alpha-pinene biosynthesized from 3rs-[2-(14)c]mevalonate by pinus radiata or pinus nigra revealed an asymmetrical labelling pattern whereby the moiety derived from isopentenyl pyrophosphate contained at least 90% of the incorporated tracer. this pattern differed both in asymmetry and position of labelling from previous results obtained with p. nigra, but is consistent with the generally accepted hypothetical mechanism for the biosynthesis of the pinane skeleton. 2. (+)- ... | 1972 | 4656792 |
| chloride efflux along pinus radiata roots. | | 1968 | 5301467 |
| antibiotic properties of ectomycorrhizae and saprophytic fungi growing on pinus radiata d. don i. | extracts of thirty six agaricales fungi were assayed for their antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus atcc6538, bacillus subtilis atcc6633 and escherichia coli uccl51. approximately thirty species showed activity against one or more of the tested organisms. | 1982 | 6803166 |
| pinus radiata implicated in abortion. | | 1980 | 6933371 |
| biochemical genetics of some seed proteins of pinus radiata. | in a high-salt soluble fraction of the total protein from single seeds of pinus radiata, up to 45 polypeptides were resolved on sds-polyacrylamide gels. at least one-fifth of these polypeptides showed variation between seeds. in the 27,000--29,000 dalton region, two polypeptides were inherited as codominant alleles at a single locus and were shown to assort independently of another seed protein locus and three allozyme loci. a survey of 120 individuals from the five known native populations of p ... | 1981 | 7295288 |
| a mutation hotspot in the chloroplast genome of a conifer (douglas-fir: pseudotsuga) is caused by variability in the number of direct repeats derived from a partially duplicated trna gene. | we determined the dna sequence of a 2.7-kb cpdna xbai fragment from douglas-fir [pseudotsuga menziesii (mirb.) franco]. rflps revealed by the 2.7-kb xbai clone were observed to vary up to 1 kb among species within the genus pseudotsuga and up to 200 bp among trees of p. menziesii. the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) allowed the locus of polymorphism to be identified, and the variable region was then sequenced in a second douglas-fir tree, a single tree of a related species, japanese douglas-fir ... | 1995 | 7553944 |
| occurrence and inheritance of microsatellites in pinus radiata. | microsatellites are an important class of dna marker because of their abundance and length hypervariability. as part of a project mapping the pinus radiata genome, we have characterized some of the microsatellites in this species. southern blots were screened with oligonucleotide probes [(ca)10, (ga)10, (gaa)9, (caa)8, (cac)5, (gaca)4] to assess their abundance. ca and ga were the most abundant microsatellites, while gaa was least abundant. a genomic library in lambda zap, covering 9 x 10(4) kb, ... | 1994 | 7828844 |
| chloroplast dna diversity among trees, populations and species in the california closed-cone pines (pinus radiata, pinus muricata and pinus attenuata). | the amount, distribution and mutational nature of chloroplast dna polymorphisms were studied via analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in three closely related species of conifers, the california closed-cone pines-knobcone pine: pinus attenuata lemm.; bishop pine: pinus muricata d. don; and monterey pine: pinus radiata d. don. genomic dna from 384 trees representing 19 populations were digested with 9-20 restriction enzymes and probed with cloned cpdna fragments from douglas-fir ... | 1993 | 7905846 |
| chloroplast dna transgresses species boundaries and evolves at variable rates in the california closed-cone pines (pinus radiata, p. muricata, and p. attenuata). | we studied phylogenetic relationships among populations and species in the california closed-cone pines (pinus radiata d. don, p. attenuata lemm., and p. muricata d. don) via chloroplast dna restriction site analysis. data on genetic polymorphism within and among 19 populations in the three species were collected using 9 to 20 restriction enzymes and 38 to 384 trees. because only five clades and extremely low intraclade diversity were found, additional phylogenetic data were collected using a si ... | 1993 | 7914135 |
| isoenzymes of manganese-dependent peroxidase and laccase produced by the lignin-degrading basidiomycete ceriporiopsis subvermispora. | the white-rot basidiomycete ceriporiopsis subvermispora produces two families of ligninolytic enzymes, namely manganese-dependent peroxidases (mnps) and laccases, when growing in liquid cultures of defined composition. in medium containing 11 p.p.m. of mn(ii), up to seven isoenzymes of mnp and four isoenzymes of laccase were resolved by isoelectrofocusing (ief), with pi values in the range 4.10-4.60 and 3.45-3.65, respectively. occasionally, a fifth laccase isoform of pi 4.70 was also detected. ... | 1994 | 8000540 |
| sequence and expression of a xylanase gene from the hyperthermophile thermotoga sp. strain fjss3-b.1 and characterization of the recombinant enzyme and its activity on kraft pulp. | a gene expressing xylanase activity was isolated from a genomic library of thermotoga sp. strain fjss3-b.1. the sequence of the gene shows that it encodes a single domain, family 10 xylanase. the recombinant enzyme has extremely high thermal stability, activity over a relatively broad ph range, and activity on pinus radiata kraft pulp. | 1995 | 8526526 |
| cloning, sequencing, and expression of a xylanase gene from the extreme thermophile dictyoglomus thermophilum rt46b.1 and activity of the enzyme on fiber-bound substrate. | a genomic library of the dictyoglomus sp. strain rt46b.1 was constructed in the phage vector lambda zapii and screened for xylanase activity. a plaque expressing xylanase activity, designated b6-77, was isolated and shown to contain a genomic insert of 5.3 kb. subcloning revealed that the xylanase activity was restricted to a internal 1,507-bp psti-hindiii fragment which was subsequently sequenced and shown to contain a single complete open reading frame coding for a single-domain xylanase, xyna ... | 1995 | 8534104 |
| two pine endo-beta-1,4-glucanases are associated with rapidly growing reproductive structures. | two cdna clones encoding endo-beta-1,4-glucanases (egases) were isolated from a radiata pine (pinus radiata) cdna library prepared from immature female strobili. the cdnas prcel1 (inus adiata cellulase ) and prcel2 encode proteins 509 and 515 amino acids in length, respectively, including putative signal peptides. both proteins contain domains conserved in plant and bacterial egases. the proteins prcel1 and prcel2 showed strong similarity to each other (76% amino acid identity), and higher simil ... | 1998 | 9501128 |
| cloning of the xynb gene from dictyoglomus thermophilum rt46b.1 and action of the gene product on kraft pulp. | a two-step pcr protocol was used to identify and sequence a family 11 xylanase gene from dictyoglomus thermophilum rt46b.1. family 11 xylanase consensus fragments (gxcfs) were amplified from rt46b.1 genomic dna by using different sets of consensus pcr primers that exhibited broad specificity for conserved motifs within fungal and/or bacterial family 11 xylanase genes. on the basis of the sequences of a representative sample of the gxcfs a single family 11 xylanase gene (xynb) was identified. the ... | 1998 | 9572948 |
| family of mads-box genes expressed early in male and female reproductive structures of monterey pine | three mads-box genes isolated from monterey pine (pinus radiata), prmads1, prmads2, and prmads3, are orthologs to members of the agl2 and agl6 gene subfamilies in arabidopsis. these genes were expressed during early stages of pine shoot development in differentiating seed- and pollen-cone buds. their transcripts were found within a group of cells that formed ovuliferous scale and microsporophyll primordia. expression of prmads3 was also detected in a group of cells giving rise to needle primordi ... | 1998 | 9576774 |
| needly, a pinus radiata ortholog of floricaula/leafy genes, expressed in both reproductive and vegetative meristems. | the leafy/floricaula genes from arabidopsis and antirrhinum are necessary for normal flower development and play a key role in diverse angiosperm species. a homologue of these flower meristem-identity genes, needly (nly), has been identified in pinus radiata. although the nly protein shares extensive sequence similarity with its angiosperm counterparts, it is lacking the proline-rich and acidic motifs thought to function as transcriptional activation domains. nly already is expressed during vege ... | 1998 | 9601002 |
| prfll--a pinus radiata homologue of floricaula and leafy is expressed in buds containing vegetative shoot and undifferentiated male cone primordia. | in angiosperms, the formation of the flower meristem is controlled by partially redundant flower meristem identity genes of which floricaula (flo)/leafy (lfy) plays a central role. it is not known whether formation of reproductive organs of pre-angiosperm species is similarly regulated. recently, a flo/lfy-like cdna, needly (nly), has been cloned in a conifer species pinus radiata (d. don). here we report cloning of a different pinus radiata flo/lfy-like cdna, prfll. prfll had two large regions ... | 1998 | 9821691 |
| a def/glo-like mads-box gene from a gymnosperm: pinus radiata contains an ortholog of angiosperm b class floral homeotic genes. | the specification of floral organ identity during development depends on the function of a limited number of homeotic genes grouped into three classes: a, b, and c. pairs of paralogous b class genes, such as def and glo in antirrhinum, and ap3 and pi in arabidopsis, are required for establishing petal and stamen identity. to gain a better understanding of the evolutionary origin of petals and stamens, we have looked for orthologs of b class genes in conifers. here we report cdna cloning of prdgl ... | 1999 | 10528265 |
| a rapid and simple method for processing wood to crude cellulose for analysis of stable carbon isotopes in tree rings. | for analysis of carbon isotope discrimination in wood, cellulose or holocellulose is often preferred to whole tissue because of the variability in isotopic composition of different wood components and the relative immobility of cellulose. most currently used methods for the preparation of wood components for stable isotope analysis (e.g., the jayme-wise method) produce a residue of holocellulose. the jayme-wise method was initially developed to extract holocellulose from small (~1 g) samples of ... | 1999 | 10562400 |
| two highly divergent 5s rdna unit size classes occur in composite tandem array in european larch (larix decidua mill.) and japanese larch (larix kaempferi (lamb.) carr.). | the 5s ribosomal dna unit structure and organization have been investigated in larix decidua and larix kaempferi using selective amplification of gene and spacer, sequence analysis and homologous probe hybridization. two highly divergent unit size classes of approximately 650 and 870 bp were detected in both species. sequence analysis in larix decidua revealed that length variations occur in the middle spacer region and are the result of duplications (in the long spacers) and considerable sequen ... | 1999 | 10584306 |
| genes expressed in pinus radiata male cones include homologs to anther-specific and pathogenesis response genes. | we describe the isolation and characterization of 13 cdna clones that are differentially expressed in male cones of pinus radiata (d. don). the transcripts of the 13 genes are expressed at different times between meiosis and microspore mitosis, timing that corresponds to a burst in tapetal activity in the developing anthers. in situ hybridization showed that four of the genes are expressed in the tapetum, while a fifth is expressed in tetrads during a brief developmental window. six of the seven ... | 1999 | 10594098 |
| a gene encoding a novel multidomain beta-1,4-mannanase from caldibacillus cellulovorans and action of the recombinant enzyme on kraft pulp. | genomic walking pcr was used to obtained a 4,567-bp nucleotide sequence from caldibacillus cellulovorans. analysis of this sequence revealed that there were three open reading frames, designated orf1, orf2, and orf3. incomplete orf1 encoded a putative c-terminal cellulose-binding domain (cbd) homologous to members of cbd family iiib, while putative orf3 encoded a protein of unknown function. the putative mana protein encoded by complete mana orf2 was an enzyme with a novel multidomain structure ... | 2000 | 10653733 |
| rapid expansion of microsatellite sequences in pines. | microsatellite persistence time and evolutionary change was studied among five species of pines, which included a pair of closely related species (pinus sylvestris and pinus resinosa) in the subgenus pinus, their relative pinus radiata, and another closely related species pair (pinus strobus and pinus lambertiana) in the subgenus strobus. the effective population sizes of these species are known to have ranged from the very small bottlenecks of p. resinosa to vast populations of p. sylvestris. t ... | 2000 | 10677848 |
| biotransformation of the trichoderma metabolite 6-n-pentyl-2h-pyran-2-one by cell suspension cultures of pinus radiata. | cell suspension cultures of pinus radiata metabolize the antifungal trichoderma secondary metabolite 6-n-pentyl-2h-pyran-2-one (6pap) (1) via hydroxylation of the pentyl side chain. examination of the culture medium following dosing studies with 1 revealed that 79-85% of this bioactive compound had been metabolised after 144 h. at that time, 34-40% of the metabolized dose was recovered as a series of monohydroxylated isomers of 1, the principal metabolite being 5-(2-pyron-6-yl)pentan-5-ol (7). | 2000 | 10731021 |
| relationship between carbohydrate concentration and root growth potential in coniferous seedlings from three climates during cold hardening and dehardening. | greenhouse-cultured, container-grown seedlings of aleppo pine (pinus halepensis mill.), radiata pine (pinus radiata d. don), and interior douglas-fir (pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (beissn.) franco) were cold acclimated and deacclimated in growth chambers over 24 weeks. needle and root cold hardiness and root growth potential (rgp) were measured weekly. root, needle and stem analyses for soluble sugars and starch were performed biweekly. in all tissues, there was a close correspondence betwe ... | 2000 | 11269961 |
| foliar nutrient retranslocation in eucalyptus globulus. | we measured patterns of change in concentrations and contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium in fully expanded leaves of young eucalyptus globulus (labill.) trees growing in a plantation in southeastern australia, over a 12-month period beginning at the onset of spring. there was significant net retranslocation of mobile nutrients on a seasonal basis from green leaves, coinciding with continued growth and production of foliage. there was a close positive relationship b ... | 2000 | 11269962 |
| molecular weight distribution of pinus radiata kraft mill wastewater treated by anaerobic digestion. | kraft mill is responsible for massive discharge of highly polluted effluents. the main characteristics of this effluent are high toxicity and low biodegradability due to tannin, lignin and chlorophenol compounds. the composition may vary dramatically depending, for instance, on the utilised feedstock and process. the purpose of this work was to investigate the molecular weight distribution of pinus radiata kraft pulping wastewater treated by anaerobic digestion by using two types of anaerobic re ... | 2001 | 11272026 |
| novel cytokinins: the predominant forms in mature buds of pinus radiata. | to elicit the roles of cytokinins in the regulation of maturation of pinus radiata d. don, the spectrum of endogenous cytokinins and their concentration in the mature buds were analysed using double-solvent extraction, column complex purification and separation, a novel immunoaffinity purification method, normal and reverse phase high-pressure liquid chromatography, enzymatic treatment, radioimmunoassay and electrospray ms/ms spectrometry. we have isolated two novel cytokinin glycosides whose pr ... | 2001 | 11319024 |
| pinus pollen aerobiology and clinical sensitization in northwest spain. | pinus pollen allergy has been generally considered to be rare and clinically insignificant. in our geographical area, pinus pollen constitutes one of the most predominant pollen together with poaceae and urticaceae pollen. pinus pinaster and pinus radiata are the main species. | 2001 | 11476460 |
| canopy position and needle age affect photosynthetic response in field-grown pinus radiata after five years of exposure to elevated carbon dioxide partial pressure. | photosynthesis of tree seedlings is generally enhanced during short-term exposure to elevated atmospheric co2 partial pressure, but longer-term studies often indicate some degree of photosynthetic adjustment. we present physiological and biochemical evidence to explain observed long-term photosynthetic responses to elevated co2 partial pressure as influenced by needle age and canopy position. we grew pinus radiata d. don. trees in open-top chambers for 5 years in sandy soil at ambient (36 pa) an ... | 2001 | 11498338 |
| behavioral and electrophysiological responses of arhopalus tristis to burnt pine and other stimuli. | the exotic longhorn beetle arhopalus tristis is a pest of pines, particularly those damaged by fire, and a major export quarantine issue in new zealand. actinograph recordings of caged individuals showed that males and females were most active from dusk to midnight. olfactometer experiments indicated that females moved upwind toward odors from burnt pine (80%, n = 75), compared to unburnt pine (20%). oviposition choice tests showed that eggs were predominantly laid on burnt logs (79%, n = 20), c ... | 2001 | 11504016 |
| biochemical changes in needles of pinus radiata d. don trees in relationship to long-term ozone exposure indices. | ambient concentrations of ozone in europe are high enough to cause negative effects on vegetation. therefore, many efforts have been made to determine exposure indices and critical levels for protection of vegetation. in this context, the choice of a suitable attribute to determine the pollutant effect is of paramount importance. until now, much of the work has been done with attributes such as biomass or growth. in the present work correlation factors have been established between biochemical p ... | 2001 | 11584631 |
| promoters for pregenomic rna of banana streak badnavirus are active for transgene expression in monocot and dicot plants. | two putative promoters from australian banana streak badnavirus (bsv) isolates were analysed for activity in different plant species. in transient expression systems the my (2105 bp) and cv (1322 bp) fragments were both shown to have promoter activity in a wide range of plant species including monocots (maize, barley, banana, millet, wheat, sorghum), dicots (tobacco, canola, sunflower, nicotiana benthamiana, tipu tree), gymnosperm (pinus radiata) and fern (nephrolepis cordifolia). evaluation of ... | 2001 | 11587511 |
| bayesian methods for quantitative trait loci mapping based on model selection: approximate analysis using the bayesian information criterion. | we describe an approximate method for the analysis of quantitative trait loci (qtl) based on model selection from multiple regression models with trait values regressed on marker genotypes, using a modification of the easily calculated bayesian information criterion to estimate the posterior probability of models with various subsets of markers as variables. the bic-delta criterion, with the parameter delta increasing the penalty for additional variables in a model, is further modified to incorp ... | 2001 | 11729175 |
| plant expansins are a complex multigene family with an ancient evolutionary origin. | expansins are a group of extracellular proteins that directly modify the mechanical properties of plant cell walls, leading to turgor-driven cell extension. within the completely sequenced arabidopsis genome, we identified 38 expansin sequences that fall into three discrete subfamilies. based on phylogenetic analysis and shared intron patterns, we propose a new, systematic nomenclature of arabidopsis expansins. further phylogenetic analysis, including expansin sequences found here in monocots, p ... | 2002 | 11891242 |
| kraft mill residues effects on monterey pine growth and soil microbial activity. | the production of bleached kraft pulp generates inorganic and organic residues that are usually deposited on the soil surface or land-filled. studies conducted to address the impact of these wastes on the environment are scarce. in this work, monterey pine (pinus radiata d. don), an important tree for pulping, was evaluated for germination and development under greenhouse conditions in forest soils exposed to solid residues of the cellulose industry using the kraft process. soils exposed to 10 t ... | 2002 | 12026067 |
| operational factors and nutrient effects on activated sludge treatment of pinus radiata kraft mill wastewater. | the biodegradability of pinus radiata bleached kraft mill wastewater by an activated sludge treatment during a period of 280 days was evaluated. the effect of varying hydraulic retention time (hrt) in the range of 48 to 4.5 h and nitrogen (n) and phosphorus (p) addition on removal of biological oxygen demand (bod5), chemical oxygen demand (cod), suspended solids (tss and vss), total phenolic compounds, tannin and lignin and reduction of toxicity was investigated. removal of bod5 was higher than ... | 2002 | 12056488 |
| phase-change related epigenetic and physiological changes in pinus radiata d. don. | dna methylation and polyamine levels were analysed before and after pinus radiata d. don. phase change in order to identify possible molecular and physiological phase markers. juvenile individuals (without reproductive ability) were characterised by a degree of dna methylation of 30-35% and a ratio of free polyamines to perchloric acid-soluble polyamine conjugates greater than 1, while mature trees (with reproductive ability) had 60% 5-methylcytosine and a ratio of free polyamines to perchloric ... | 2002 | 12172851 |
| genomic dna methylation-demethylation during aging and reinvigoration of pinus radiata. | in animals, dna methylation is related to gene silencing during ontogenic development. little is known about dna methylation in plants, although occasional changes in the dna methylation state of specific gene promoters have been reported in angiosperms during some developmental processes. we found large differences in the extent of dna methylation between meristematic areas of juvenile and mature pinus radiata d. don. trees, whereas differences in the extent of dna methylation between different ... | 2002 | 12184986 |
| a set of microsatellite markers for fingerprinting and breeding applications in pinus radiata. | fifty microsatellite markers were developed and characterized in pinus radiata, and from among these, a subset of 10 easily scored and highly polymorphic markers was selected for use in fingerprinting, quality control, and breeding applications. the markers were characterized based on reliable and reproducible amplification, observed and expected heterozygosities, number of alleles, a low frequency of null alleles, and a lack of close linkage with other selected markers. allele numbers and frequ ... | 2002 | 12416633 |
| visibility of protective helmets worn by forestry workers. | background: high visibility helmets must be worn by forestry workers in new zealand for protection and as conspicuous 'clothing' to alert workers to the presence and location of other workers. the colours yellow-green (fluorescent yellow-green) and 'watermelon' (fluorescent pink) are used and both appear to be conspicuous. to solve a controversy, we investigated which helmet colour is more visible for use in a forest setting for workers having normal or defective colour vision. method: we obtain ... | 1998 | 12482255 |
| sapwood development in pinus radiata trees grown for three years at ambient and elevated carbon dioxide partial pressures. | clonal trees of pinus radiata d. don were grown in open-top chambers at a field site in new zealand for 3 years at ambient (37 pa) or elevated (65 pa) carbon dioxide (co2) partial pressure. nitrogen (n) was supplied to half of the trees in each co2 treatment, at 15 g n m-2 in the first year and 60 g n m-2 in the subsequent 2 years (high-n treatment). trees in the low-n treatment were not supplied with n but received the same amount of other nutrients as trees in the high-n treatment. in the firs ... | 2003 | 12511300 |
| reinvigoration of pinus radiata is associated with partial recovery of juvenile-like polyamine concentrations. | polyamine concentrations in consecutive radiata pine (pinus radiata d. don) grafts of 30-year-old trees on 1-year-old seedling rootstocks were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection to determine whether reinvigoration is associated with the recovery of polyamine concentrations typical of those in juvenile tissues. reinvigoration of radiata pine was correlated with the attainment of some, but not all, polyamines characteristic of juvenile trees. in ... | 2003 | 12566271 |
| response of effluent-irrigated eucalyptus grandis and pinus radiata to salinity and vapor pressure deficits. | effects of high vapor pressure deficit (vpd) and soil salinity on growth and physiology of pinus radiata d. don and eucalyptus grandis hill ex maiden were studied in a five-year-old plantation irrigated with salt-enhanced effluent (2.2 ds m(-1)) or freshwater (0.2 ds m(-1)) for 14 weeks during spring and summer. salt was then rapidly leached by over-irrigation with low-salinity effluent. soil water and salinity, tree water stress, sap flux, substrate carbon conversion efficiency, foliage and ste ... | 1998 | 12651343 |
| transpiration rates and canopy conductance of pinus radiata growing with different pasture understories in agroforestry systems. | we measured tree transpiration and canopy conductance in pinus radiata d. don at two low rainfall sites of differing soil fertility in canterbury, new zealand. at the more fertile lincoln site, we also assessed the effects of two common pasture grasses on tree transpiration and canopy conductance. at the less fertile eyrewell forest site, the effect of no understory, and the effects of irrigation in combination with mixtures of grass or legume species were determined. tree xylem sap flux (f(d)') ... | 1998 | 12651344 |
| net ecosystem productivity, net primary productivity and ecosystem carbon sequestration in a pinus radiata plantation subject to soil water deficit. | tree carbon (c) uptake (net primary productivity excluding fine root turnover, npp') in a new zealand pinus radiata d. don plantation (42 degrees 52' s, 172 degrees 45' e) growing in a region subject to summer soil water deficit was investigated jointly with canopy assimilation (a(c)) and ecosystem-atmosphere c exchange rate (net ecosystem productivity, nep). net primary productivity was derived from biweekly stem diameter growth measurements using allometric relations, established after selecti ... | 1998 | 12651399 |
| application of process-based models to forest management: experience with promod, a simple plantation productivity model. | process-based growth models are rarely used as a basis for decisions in forest management. reasons for this are discussed and the development and application of promod, a simple process-based plantation productivity model designed to meet the needs of managers, is described. in particular,promod is intended for screening prospective plantation sites on the basis of readily available input data, including site latitude, soil characteristics, and long-term climate data. originally developed for us ... | 2000 | 12651453 |
| frost hardening of pinus radiata seedlings: effects of temperature on relative growth rate, carbon balance and carbohydrate concentration. | pinus radiata (d. don) seedlings were grown for 100 days at day/night temperatures of 10/1, 15/1, 20/1 and 25/1 degrees c, to determine whether temperatures above a threshold of 5 degrees c influence frost hardiness development. relationships between hardening and relative growth rate, carbohydrate concentration and net carbon balance were also investigated. seedlings hardened at a nearly constant rate in each treatment, although the rate of hardening was strongly temperature dependent. it incre ... | 2000 | 12651478 |
| physiological responses of radiata pine roots to soil strength and soil water deficit. | we investigated physiological responses of radiata pine (pinus radiata d. don) roots to soil strength and soil water deficit by measuring the osmotic potential (psi(pi)) and yield turgor (y) in the elongation zone of root segments of seedlings growing (i) in polyethylene glycol 4000-containing rooting solution of different water potentials (psi(s)) and (ii) in soil of different soil strengths (q) at the same soil matric potential (psi(m)). root elongation rate (deltal/deltat) decreased progressi ... | 2000 | 12651497 |
| effect of pruning on nitrogen dynamics within crowns of pinus radiata. | stem injection of (15)n-labeled ammonium sulfate was used to determine effects of pruning on canopy nitrogen dynamics in open-grown pinus radiata d. don in new zealand. trees were planted in july 1990 and the isotope introduced in december 1994. tree crowns were divided into three zones: base section, from which branches of pruned trees were removed; mid section, between the pruned zone and the height of the trees at the start of the year in which they were pruned; and top section, which grew pr ... | 2000 | 12651515 |
| effects of water status and soil fertility on the c-isotope signature in pinus radiata. | the efficiency with which trees use water is a major determinant of growth under water-limited conditions. we investigated whether increased access to water and nutrients alters water-use efficiency in pinus radiata d. don. intrinsic transpiration efficiency, defined here as the ratio of co(2) assimilated and water transpired at a given vapor pressure deficit, is determined by the difference between ambient atmospheric co(2) concentration (c(a)) and leaf intercellular co(2) concentration (c(i)). ... | 1999 | 12651529 |
| magnesium nutrition and photosynthesis in pinus radiata: clonal variation and influence of potassium. | magnesium (mg) nutrition and photosynthesis were studied in clones of pinus radiata d. don grown in sand culture for 21 weeks at four mg concentrations (0.008, 0.04, 0.2 and 0.4 mm) and three potassium (k) concentrations (0.25, 0.5 and 2.5 mm). we found significant clonal variation in mg nutrition of p. radiata. plants grown at 0.04 mm [mg] or less showed pronounced visible symptoms of foliar mg deficiency. net photosynthetic rate and leaf conductance were closely related to shoot mg concentrati ... | 1999 | 12651544 |
| variation in nitrogen source utilisation by nine amanita muscaria genotypes from australian pinus radiata plantations. | the abilities of nine genotypes of amanita muscaria (l.:fr) pers. to utilise a range of inorganic and organic nitrogen sources for growth was examined in axenic liquid cultures. considerable intraspecific variation was observed in biomass yields on all substrates; however biomass yield was highest on glutamine and/or nh4+ for all genotypes. yields on aspartic acid, glutamic acid and histidine were generally low relative to nh4+, while utilisation of arginine and glycine showed marked variation b ... | 2003 | 12690536 |
| the characterisation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emissions from burning of different firewood species in australia. | four kinds of woods used for residential heating in australia were selected and burned under two burning conditions in a domestic wood heater installed in a laboratory. the selected wood species included pine (pinus radiata), red gum (eucalvptus camaldulensis), sugar gum (eucalyptus cladocalyx) and yellow box (eucalyptus melliodora). the two different burning conditions represented fast burning and slow burning, with the air inlet of the combustion chamber respectively 'full open' and 'half open ... | 2003 | 12713928 |
| response of photosynthesis in second-generation pinus radiata trees to long-term exposure to elevated carbon dioxide partial pressure. | second-generation pinus radiata d. don trees, propagated from cuttings of 4-year-old trees previously grown at ambient (36 pa) and elevated (65 pa) co2 partial pressure (ca) were grown under the same conditions in open-top chambers for a further year. as cuttings of the original trees, these second-generation trees were physiologically the same age as the first-generation trees with the only difference between the two being size. this allowed us to test the effects of tree size independently of ... | 2003 | 12730049 |
| pilot study on the clinical effects of dietary supplementation with enzogenol, a flavonoid extract of pine bark and vitamin c. | flavonoids are naturally occurring plant compounds with established in vitro antioxidant properties and potential cardioprotective effects. we carried out a 12-week pilot study on the effects of dietary supplementation with an extract of bioflavonoids prepared from the bark of pinus radiata trees [enzogenol] containing added vitamin c. data was collected from 24 healthy subjects aged between 55-75 years at baseline and at 6 and 12 weeks and included, routine biochemical and haematological indice ... | 2003 | 12748985 |
| cell differentiation, secondary cell-wall formation and transformation of callus tissue of pinus radiata d. don. | tracheid and sclereid differentiation was induced in callus cultures of pinus radiata d. don by culturing on a basal medium containing activated charcoal but no phytohormones; sclereids differentiated in callus derived from xylem strips, but not in callus derived from hypocotyl segments. the tracheids differentiated in hypocotyl-derived callus had helical, scalariform, reticulated or pitted secondary cell-wall patterns, but those differentiated in xylem-derived callus had a reticulate or pitted ... | 2003 | 12811558 |
| genetic transformation of conifers and its application in forest biotechnology. | genetic modification of conifers through gene transfer technology is now an important field in forest biotechnology. two basic methodologies, particle bombardment and agrobacterium-mediated transformation, have been used on conifers. the use of particle bombardment has produced stable transgenic plants in picea abies, p. glauca, p. mariana, and pinus radiata. transgenic plants have been produced from larix decidua, picea abies, p. glauca, p. mariana, pinus strobus, p. taeda, and p. radiata via a ... | 2003 | 12827443 |
| expression analysis of four pinus radiata male cone promoters in the heterologous host arabidopsis. | four male cone-specific promoters were isolated from the genome of pinus radiata d. don, fused to the beta-glucuronidase (gus) reporter gene and analysed in the heterologous host arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh. the temporal and spatial activities of the promoters prchs1, prltp2, prmc2 and prmale1 during seven anther developmental stages are described in detail. the two promoters prmc2 and prmale1 confer an identical gus expression pattern on arabidopsis anthers. dna sequence analysis of the prm ... | 2003 | 12838419 |
| testing for linkage disequilibrium in the new zealand radiata pine breeding population. | linkage analysis is commonly used to find marker-trait associations within the full-sib families of forest tree and other species. study of marker-trait associations at the population level is termed linkage-disequilibrium (ld) mapping. a female-tester design comprising 200 full-sib families generated by crossing 40 pollen parents with five female parents was used to assess the relationship between the marker-allele frequency classes obtained from parental genotypes at ssr marker loci and the fu ... | 2004 | 12898020 |
| differential responses of three fungal species to environmental factors and their role in the mycorrhization of pinus radiata d. don. | three ectomycorrhizal (ecm) isolates of rhizopogon luteolus, r. roseolus and scleroderma citrinum were found to differ markedly in their in vitro tolerance to adverse conditions limiting fungal growth, i.e. water availability, ph and heavy metal pollution. s. citrinum was the most sensitive, r. luteolus intermediate and r. roseolus the most tolerant species. pinus radiata d. don seedlings were inoculated in the laboratory and in a containerised seedling nursery with spore suspensions of the thre ... | 2004 | 14513336 |
| removal of metal ions by modified pinus radiata bark and tannins from water solutions. | pinus radiata bark and tannins, chemically modified with an acidified formaldehyde solution were used for removing metal ions from aqueous solutions and copper mine acidic residual waters. the adsorption ability to different metal ions [v(v), re(vii), mo(vi), ge(iv), as(v), cd(ii), hg(ii), al(iii), pb(ii), fe(ii), fe(iii), cu(ii)] and the factors affecting their removal from solutions were investigated. effect of ph on the adsorption, desorption, maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbents, an ... | 2003 | 14604644 |
| fumonisin production by gibberella fujikuroi strains from pinus species. | fumonisins are important mycotoxins basically produced by strains from the gibberella fujikuroi species complex (with anamorphs in fusarium genus) which contaminate food and feed products representing a risk to human and animal health. in this work, we report for the first time the fumonisin production of fusarium moniliforme sheldon strains associated to edible pine nuts of pinus pinea. p. pinea is an important and widely distributed pinus species in the mediterranean area where their pine nuts ... | 2003 | 14623387 |
| effectiveness of mycorrhizal inoculation in the nursery on growth and water relations of pinus radiata in different water regimes. | we compared the performance of mycorrhiza-inoculated and non-inoculated radiata pine (pinus radiata d. don) seedlings in two field studies. in the first study, above ground growth of 2-year-old container-grown trees was compared after planting in two areas that differed in water availability. mycorrhizal inoculation significantly improved above ground growth in the 2 years after planting in both areas, especially at the drier site. in the second study, the influence of rhizopogon roseolus (corda ... | 2004 | 14652215 |
| qtl associations for density and diameter in pinus radiata and the potential for marker-aided selection. | a large full-sib family of radiata pine ( pinus radiata donn. ex d. don) was used for quantitative trait locus (qtl) detection and independent verification. qtl detection experiments were carried out for juvenile wood density (jwd) and stem diameter at breast height (dbh) using selective genotyping. evenly spaced rflp and microsatellite markers were selected from an existing linkage map. qtls were verified in an independent set of progeny from the same family. based on map location, at least eig ... | 2004 | 14657985 |
| alterations in endogenous levels of cytokinins following grafting of pinus radiata support ratio of cytokinins as an index of ageing and vigour. | markers for ageing or maturation in woody plants provides the possibility of identifying genotypes with a prolonged juvenile phase, or to evaluate reinvigoration procedures, such as grafting of adult material. this study focuses specifically on cytokinins (cks) as markers, due to their role in the transition process from juvenile to adult states. previous reports from our group disclosed that the ratio of isopentenyladenine-type (ip-type) to zeatin-type (z-type) cks decreases during tree maturat ... | 2003 | 14658395 |
| variations in dark respiration and mitochondrial numbers within needles of pinus radiata grown in ambient or elevated co2 partial pressure. | within-leaf variations in cell size, mitochondrial numbers and dark respiration rates were compared in the most recently expanded tip, the mid-section and base of needles of pinus radiata d. don trees grown for 4 years in open-top chambers at ambient (36 pa) or elevated (65 pa) carbon dioxide partial pressure (p(co2)a). mitochondrial numbers and respiratory activity varied along the length of the needle, with the highest number of mitochondria per unit cytoplasm and the highest rate of respirati ... | 2004 | 14704144 |
| detection and verification of quantitative trait loci for resistance to dothistroma needle blight in pinus radiata. | six related radiata pine ( pinus radiata) full-sib families were used to detect and independently verify quantitative trait loci (qtls) for resistance to dothistroma needle blight, caused by dothistroma septospora. the detection families had from 26 to 30 individuals each, and had either a common maternal (31053) or paternal (31032) parent; one family (cross 4) consisted of progeny from both parents, 31053 x 31032. approximately 200 additional progeny from cross 4 were clonally replicated and pl ... | 2004 | 14727026 |
| a simple model of light and water use evaluated for pinus radiata. | an existing model of light and water use by crops (rescap) was adapted and evaluated for trees. in the model, growth on any given day is determined either by the amount of intercepted radiation (by means of the light utilization coefficient, epsilon) or by the maximum rate of water extraction by roots (a function of root biomass and soil water content). in either case, transpiration and growth are related by the water-use efficiency (q), which is inversely proportional to the daily mean saturati ... | 1997 | 14759865 |
| responses of carbon gain and growth of pinus radiata stands to thinning and fertilizing. | thinning of forest stands is widely carried out to minimize the slowing of growth of individual stems that follows from increasing competition among trees as they become bigger. after thinning, there is an increase in the growth rate of remaining trees because of an increase in the availability of resources per tree. often, there is also an increase in foliar efficiency (biomass increase/foliage amount). on sites where mineral nutrient supply is limiting, fertilizers may be applied, often in ass ... | 1996 | 14871706 |
| foliage, fine-root, woody-tissue and stand respiration in pinus radiata in relation to nitrogen status. | we measured respiration of 20-year-old pinus radiata d. don trees growing in control (c), irrigated (i), and irrigated + fertilized (il) stands in the biology of forest growth experimental plantation near canberra, australia. respiration was measured on fully expanded foliage, live branches, boles, and fine and coarse roots to determine the relationship between co(2) efflux, tissue temperature, and biomass or nitrogen (n) content of individual tissues. efflux of co(2) from foliage (dark respirat ... | 1996 | 14871734 |
| carbon partitioning in pinus radiata stands in relation to foliage nitrogen status. | first rotation pinus radiata d. don trees were grown on a nitrogen-deficient sand dune in an experimental design that included lupin (lupinus arboreus sims) as an understory species, and biennial application of balanced fertilizer in a replicated split-plot factorial design with thinning treatments as subplots. from an initial 2222 stems ha(-1), stands were thinned to 1483 and 741 trees ha(-1) at ages 2 and 4 years, respectively. mean annual production of foliage, branches, stem, coarse roots, a ... | 1996 | 14871756 |
| modeling productivity and transpiration of pinus radiata: climatic effects. | climatic effects on annual net carbon gain, stem biomass and annual transpiration were simulated for pinus radiata d. don at canberra and mt. gambier. simulations were conducted with an existing process-based forest growth model (biomass, model 1) and with a modified version of the biomass model (model 2) in which response functions for carbon assimilation and leaf conductance were replaced with those derived from field gas exchange data collected at mt. gambier. simulated carbon gain was compar ... | 1996 | 14871762 |
| interactive effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide and leaf nitrogen concentration on canopy light use efficiency: a modeling analysis. | potential increases in plant productivity in response to increasing atmospheric co(2) concentration are likely to be constrained by nutrient limitations. however, the interactive effects of nitrogen nutrition and co(2) concentration on growth are difficult to define because both factors affect several aspects of growth, including photosynthesis, respiration, and leaf area. by expressing growth as a product of light intercepted and light use efficiency (epsilon), it is possible to decouple the ef ... | 1996 | 14871764 |
| growth and water use of eucalyptus grandis and pinus radiata plantations irrigated with effluent. | we studied the growth and water balance of young plantations of pinus radiata d. don and eucalyptus grandis w. hill ex maiden irrigated with effluent for 3 years in a climate of high net evaporation. the plantations were irrigated weekly with secondary-treated municipal effluent at the estimated water-use rate, or at nominally twice or half this rate. control plots were irrigated with bore water at their estimated water-use rate. both species grew rapidly when irrigated with either effluent or b ... | 1996 | 14871765 |
| water use by pinus radiata trees in a plantation. | we used the heat-pulse velocity technique to estimate transpirational water use of trees in an experimental 16-year-old pinus radiata d. don plantation in south australia during a 4-month period from november 1993 to march 1994 (spring-summer). fertilization and other silvicultural treatments during the first 8 years of the plantation produced trees ranging in diameter at a height of 1.3 m from 0.251 to 0.436 m, with leaf areas ranging from 83 to 337 m(2). daily water use was greater for large t ... | 1996 | 14871772 |
| effects of branch length on carbon isotope discrimination in pinus radiata. | gas exchange was measured on a pruned pinus radiata d. don hedge and on a long-branch p. radiata tree near hamilton, new zealand, in spring 1993 when soil water content was close to field capacity. foliage at the end of long branches (9.0 m) showed a marked drop in net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance as the saturation deficit increased, whereas foliage on short branches (0.5 m) showed little change. mean foliage delta(13)c was -30.1 per thousand for short branches and -26.3 per thou ... | 1996 | 14871773 |
| seasonal root distribution and soil surface carbon fluxes for one-year-old pinus radiata trees growing at ambient and elevated carbon dioxide concentration. | the increase in number of fine (< 0.5 mm diameter) roots of one-year-old clonal pinus radiata d. don trees grown in large open-top field chambers at ambient (362 micro mol mol(-1)) or elevated (654 micro mol mol(-1)) co(2) concentration was estimated using minirhizotron tubes placed horizontally at a depth of 0.3 m. the trees were well supplied with water and nutrients. destructive harvesting of roots along an additional tube showed that there was a linear relationship between root number estima ... | 1996 | 14871796 |
| temperature control of the development of frost hardiness in two populations of leptospermum scoparium. | seedlings of leptospermum scoparium j.r. et g. forst (manuka) originating from seed from a low altitude coastal site (auckland) and from a high altitude inland site (desert road) were grown for 96 days in four controlled environments to compare the relationship between growth temperature and frost hardening. day/night temperature treatments were 12/6, 12/3, 12/0 and 12/-3 degrees c. frost hardiness was determined at 14-day intervals by exposing whole seedlings to temperatures ranging from -2 to ... | 1995 | 14965949 |
| variation in foliar delta(13)c values within the crowns of pinus radiata trees. | although herbaceous species generally show little within plant variation in delta(13)c, trees show large spatial and temporal differences. we found that the aspect of exposure and branch length accounted for up to 6 per thousand delta(13)c difference within the foliage of individual trees of pinus radiata d. don. the foliage on branches 0.5 m in length was as much as 4 per thousand more depleted in (13)c than foliage on 10-m long branches, and an additional 2 per thousand more depleted on the sh ... | 1994 | 14967612 |
| seasonal development of leaf area in a young, widely spaced pinus radiata d. don stand. | measurements of needle elongation and needle death were made at two-week intervals during a year on 250 branch units spread throughout the crowns of six trees (three high-pruned, three low-pruned) in a widely spaced, 6- to 7-year-old pinus radiata d. don plantation in new zealand. the trees were well supplied with nutrients and water. during the year, mean tree height increased by 1.2 m and the cross-sectional area of stem below the green crown (used to predict leaf area) for the average tree in ... | 1994 | 14967667 |