| electrophoretic analysis of coniferyl alcohol oxidase and related laccases. | gradient gel electrophoretic methods enabled a distinction to be made between coniferyl alcohol oxidase (cao) of lignifying cell walls and a pi approximately 9 pine "laccase" recently implicated in lignification (science 1993 260, 672). following treatment of a partially purified protein mixture from developing xylem of pinus strobus with 2-[n-morpholine]ethanesulfonic acid (mes) buffer, isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that cao had be ... | 1994 | 7859710 |
| triplet-repeat microsatellites shared among hard and soft pines. | vascular plant species have shown a low level of microsatellite conservation compared to many animal species. finding trans-specific microsatellites for plants may be improved by using a priori knowledge of genome organization. fifteen triplet-repeat microsatellites from hard pine (pinus taeda l.) were tested for trans-specific amplification across seven hard pines (p. palustris mill., p. echinata mill., p. radiata d. don., p. patula schiede et deppe, p. halepensis mill., p. kesiya royle), a sof ... | 2001 | 11535645 |
| changes in foliar spectral reflectance and chlorophyll fluorescence of four temperate species following branch cutting. | spectral reflectance and chlorophyll fluorescence are rapid non-invasive methods that can be used to quantify plant stress. because variation in ambient light (e.g., diurnal patterns of solar radiation) may have a confounding effect on these measurements, branches are often excised in the field and then measured under controlled conditions in the laboratory. we studied four temperate tree species (abies balsamea (l.) mill. (balsam fir), betula papyrifera var. cordifolia (regel) fern. (paper birc ... | 2002 | 11986053 |
| winter water relations of new england conifers and factors influencing their upper elevational limits. i. measurements. | the upper elevational limits of tree species are thought to be controlled by abiotic factors such as temperature and the soil and atmospheric conditions affecting plant water status. we measured relative water contents (rwc), water potentials (psi) and cuticular conductances (g(c)) of shoots of four conifer species-eastern hemlock (tsuga canadensis (l.) carr.), eastern white pine (pinus strobus l.), red pine (p. resinosa ait.) and red spruce (picea rubens sarg.)-during two winters on mt. ascutne ... | 2002 | 12184983 |
| in vitro anti-hepatoma activity of fifteen natural medicines from canada. | fifteen crude drugs, stellaria media cyrill. (caryophyllaceae), calendula officinalis l. (compositae), achillea millefolium l. (compositae), verbascum thapsus l. (scrophulariaceae), plantago major l. (plantaginaceae), borago officinalis l. (boraginaceae), satureja hortensis l. (labiatae), coptis groenlandica salisb. (ranunculaceae), cassia angustifolia vahl. (leguminosae), origanum majorana l. (labiatae), centella asiatica l. (umbelliferae), caulophyllum thalictroides mich. (berberidaceae), pice ... | 2002 | 12203264 |
| winter photosynthesis of red spruce from three vermont seed sources. | we evaluated winter (january through march) carbon assimilation of red spruce (picea rubens sarg.) from three vermont seed sources grown in a common garden in northwestern vermont. although co(2) exchange rates were generally low, net photosynthetic rates increased during two prolonged thaws. significant correlations between co(2) exchange rates and multiday air temperature means supported our observations of enhanced gas exchange during extended periods of elevated temperature. increases in pho ... | 1995 | 14965959 |
| effects of simulated rain acidity on ectomycorrhizae of red spruce seedlings potted in natural soil. | formation of ectomycorrhizae of red spruce (picea rubens) grown in natural soil was measured after seedlings were exposed to 25 or 50 applications of simulated rain of ph 5.5, 3.5 or 2.5. ectomycorrhizae were quantified as the total number of ectomycorrhizal tips per centimeter, and as the number of ectomycorrhizal tips for each morphotype and for cenococcum geophilum. rain solutions were applied to the soil alone, to foliage and stem alone, or to entire potted seedlings. final soil ph was linea ... | 1989 | 15092399 |
| a composite linkage map from two crosses for the species complex picea mariana x picea rubens and analysis of synteny with other pinaceae. | four individual linkage maps were constructed from two crosses for the species complex picea mariana (mill.) b.s.p. x picea rubens sarg in order to integrate their information into a composite map and to compare with other pinaceae. for all individual linkage maps, 12 major linkage groups were recovered with 306 markers per map on average. before building the composite linkage map, the common male parent between the two crosses made it possible to construct a reference linkage map to validate th ... | 2005 | 16215729 |
| assay and electrophoresis of superoxide dismutase from red spruce (picea rubens sarg.), loblolly pine (pinus taeda l.), and scotch pine (pinus sylvestris l.) : a method for biomonitoring. | this paper reports a method for extracting the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (sod) from the needles of red spruce (picea rubens sarg.), loblolly pine (pinus taeda l.), and scotch pine (pinus sylvestris l.) with high efficiency and free from interfering compounds. the extraction employs phosphate buffer with polyvinylpolypyrrolidone and triton x-100 followed by dialysis overnight. the isozymes of sod in each species were separated electrophoretically and tested for their sensitivity to ... | 1989 | 16666837 |
| forest vegetation monitoring and foliar chemistry of red spruce and red maple at acadia national park in maine. | the usda forest service forest health monitoring (fhm) program indicators, including forest mensuration, crown condition classification, and damage and mortality indicators were used in the cadillac brook and hadlock brook watershed forests at acadia national park (anp) along coastal maine. cadillac brook watershed burned in a wildfire in 1947. hadlock brook watershed, undisturbed for several centuries, serves as the reference site. these two small watersheds have been gauged and monitored at an ... | 2007 | 17180435 |
| distribution and hosts of callidiellum rufipenne (coleoptera: cerambycidae), an asian cedar borer established in the eastern united states. | the distribution and hosts of the exotic cedar-boring beetle, callidiellum rufipenne (motschulsky) (coleoptera: cerambycidae), were determined in five northeastern u.s. states by capturing adults on cedar trap logs and by rearing adults from various conifers. this beetle was detected in the coastal states of massachusetts, rhode island, connecticut, new york, and new jersey. in these states, adults emerged from the live or dead wood of four genera and eight species of cupressaceae; species of pi ... | 2007 | 17849882 |
| ecophysiology and growth of advance red spruce and balsam fir regeneration after partial cutting in yellow birch-conifer stands. | we investigated ecophysiological and growth responses of short (0.4 to 1.3 m in height) advance regeneration of red spruce (picea rubens sarg.) and balsam fir (abies balsamea l.) six years after removal of 0, 40, 50, 60 and 100% of the overstory basal area (ba) in two yellow birch-conifer stands. partial cuts significantly increased stomatal conductance of red spruce only. light-saturated photosynthesis (leaf-area basis) of both species increased with ba removal, but unlike red spruce, specific ... | 2008 | 18519253 |
| a conceptual framework: redefining forest soil's critical acid loads under a changing climate. | federal agencies of several nations have or are currently developing guidelines for critical forest soil acid loads. these guidelines are used to establish regulations designed to maintain atmospheric acid inputs below levels shown to damage forests and streams. traditionally, when the critical soil acid load exceeds the amount of acid that the ecosystem can absorb, it is believed to potentially impair forest health. the excess over the critical soil acid load is termed the exceedance, and the l ... | 2010 | 20045233 |
| species-diagnostic and species-specific dna sequences evenly distributed throughout pine and spruce chromosomes. | genome organization in the family pinaceae is complex and largely unknown. the main purpose of the present study was to develop and physically map species-diagnostic and species-specific molecular markers in pine and spruce. five rapd (random amplified polymorphic dna) and one issr (inter-simple sequence repeat) species-diagnostic or species-specific markers for picea mariana, picea rubens, pinus strobus, or pinus monticola were identified, cloned, and sequenced. in situ hybridization of these s ... | 2010 | 20962883 |
| production of antifungal and antiinsectan metabolites by the picea endophyte diaporthe maritima sp. nov. | the genus diaporthe comprises close to 800 species, with around 2000 names attributed to it and its asexual morphs previously recognized in phomopsis. diaporthe species are common plant associates, including saprotrophs, pathogens, and endophytes affiliated with a diverse range of hosts worldwide. in this study, an unknown diaporthe sp. was frequently isolated as an endophyte from healthy picea mariana and picea rubens needles in the acadian forest of eastern canada. morphological observations a ... | 2016 | 27742098 |
| incorporating interspecific competition into species-distribution mapping by upward scaling of small-scale model projections to the landscape. | there are a number of overarching questions and debate in the scientific community concerning the importance of biotic interactions in species distribution models at large spatial scales. in this paper, we present a framework for revising the potential distribution of tree species native to the western ecoregion of nova scotia, canada, by integrating the long-term effects of interspecific competition into an existing abiotic-factor-based definition of potential species distribution (psd). the ps ... | 2017 | 28207782 |
| spruce budworm (lepidoptera: tortricidae) oral secretions ii: chemistry. | as sessile organisms, plants have evolved different methods to defend against attacks and have adapted their defense measures to discriminate between mechanical damage and herbivory by insects. one of the ways that plant defenses are triggered is via elicitors from insect oral secretions (os). in this study, we investigated the ability of second-instar (l2) spruce budworm [sbw; choristoneura fumiferana (clemens)] to alter the volatile organic compounds (vocs) of four conifer species [abies balsa ... | 2015 | 26454474 |
| history of the spruce-fir forest in the catskill mountains of new york. | red spruce (picea rubens sarg.) and balsam fir (abies balsamea (l.) mill.) were present by 13,700 years b.c.e. in the catskills mountains of southeastern new york state. these conifers were, and still are, largely confined to the eastern and far western portions of the region. a gap in the distribution exists between these populations. both species are absent from the intervening east branch delaware river watershed. no red spruce macrofossils were found in this watershed, suggesting that this c ... | 2013 | 25098490 |
| physiology and growth of advance picea rubens and abies balsamea regeneration following different canopy openings. | we examined the ecophysiology and growth of 0.3-1.3 m tall advance red spruce (picea rubens sarg.) and balsam fir (abies balsamea [l.] mill.) regeneration during a 5-year period following the application of different harvest types producing three sizes of canopy openings: (i) small gaps (<100 m(2) in area; sma) created by partial uniform single-tree harvest; (ii) irregular gaps of intermediate size (100-300 m(2); int) created by group-selection harvest (removal of groups of trees, mainly balsam ... | 2014 | 24443326 |
| seedling ontogeny and environmental plasticity in two co-occurring shade-tolerant conifers and implications for environment-population interactions. | seedling success is determined by evolved strategies of intrinsic genetic programming and plasticity that are regulated by extrinsic pathways. we tested the relative importance of these mechanisms in red spruce (picea rubens sarg.) and balsam fir (abies balsamea lin.), which share understory regeneration niches in northeastern north america. although its reproductive effort is adequate, spruce has decreased in abundance, in relation to fir, in seedling and sapling populations, even in forests th ... | 2014 | 24368754 |
| paleoecological assessment of watershed history in primenet watersheds at acadia national park, usa. | paleoecological reconstructions of forest stand histories for two upland watersheds at acadia national park in maine were completed to support related watershed chemistry studies. the project hypothesis was that forest type and fire history influence long-term cycling and storage of atmospheric mercury and nitrogen within watersheds. the reconstructions document differences in major vegetation composition and disturbance between the burned and unburned watersheds during the past several centurie ... | 2007 | 17057985 |
| epiphytic lichen diversity on dead and dying conifers under different levels of atmospheric pollution. | based on literature data, epiphytic lichen abundance was comparably studied in montane woodlands on healthy versus dead or dying conifers of europe and north america in areas with different levels of atmospheric pollution. study sites comprised picea abies forests in the harz mountains and in the northern alps, germany, picea rubens-abies balsamea forests on whiteface mountain, adirondacks, new york, u.s.a. and picea engelmannii-abies lasiocarpa forests in the salish mountains, montana, u.s.a. d ... | 2005 | 15701398 |
| spectral reflectance of picea rubens (pinaceae) and abies balsamea (pinaceae) needles along an elevational gradient, mt. moosilauke, new hampshire, usa. | relationships among elevation, foliar morphology, spectral reflectance, and chlorophyll fluorescence of two co-occurring montane conifers, red spruce (picea rubens sarg.) and balsam fir (abies balsamea [l.] mill.), were investigated along two transects from 460 to 1460 m on mt. moosilauke in the white mountains of new hampshire, usa. spectral reflectance (300-1100 nm wavelengths) and the chlorophyll fluorescence f(v)/f(m) ratio were measured on dark-adapted needles. foliar morphology (needle siz ... | 2001 | 11302853 |
| a comparison of red spruce and balsam fir shoot structures. | i compared the shoot structures of high-elevation red spruce (picea rubens sarg.) and balsam fir (abies balsamea (l.) mill.). needle widths, thicknesses and perimeters were measured to estimate total leaf areas from measured projected leaf areas. measured needle perimeter/needle width ratios differed significantly from estimated ratios that assumed needles were either rhomboidal or elliptical in cross section. the vertical and horizontal silhouette shoot area to total leaf area ratios (star(v) a ... | 1993 | 14969913 |
| foliar uptake, carbon fluxes and water status are affected by the timing of daily fog in saplings from a threatened cloud forest. | in cloud forests, foliar uptake (fu) of water has been reported for numerous species, possibly acting to relieve daily water and carbon stress. while the prevalence of fu seems common, how daily variation in fog timing may affect this process has not been studied. we examined the quantity of fu, water potentials, gas exchange and abiotic variation at the beginning and end of a 9-day exposure to fog in a glasshouse setting. saplings of abies fraseri (pursh) poir. and picea rubens sarg. were expos ... | 2014 | 24835239 |
| ecophysiological importance of cloud immersion in a relic spruce-fir forest at elevational limits, southern appalachian mountains, usa. | climate warming predicts changes to the frequency and height of cloud-immersion events in mountain communities. threatened southern appalachian spruce-fir forests have been suggested to persist because of frequent periods of cloud immersion. these relic forests exist on only seven mountaintop areas, grow only above ca. 1,500 m elevation (maximum 2,037 m), and harbor the endemic abies fraseri. to predict future distribution, we examined the ecophysiological effects of cloud immersion on saplings ... | 2013 | 23576108 |
| impacts of cloud immersion on microclimate, photosynthesis and water relations of abies fraseri (pursh.) poiret in a temperate mountain cloud forest. | the red spruce-fraser fir ecosystem [picea rubens sarg.-abies fraseri (pursh) poir.] of the southern appalachian mountains, usa, is a temperate zone cloud forest immersed in clouds for 30-40% of a typical summer day, and experiencing immersion on about 65% of all days annually. we compared the microclimate, photosynthetic gas exchange, and water relations of fraser fir trees in open areas during cloud-immersed, low-cloud, or sunny periods. in contrast to sunny periods, cloud immersion reduced in ... | 2008 | 18825418 |
| cloud immersion alters microclimate, photosynthesis and water relations in rhododendron catawbiense and abies fraseri seedlings in the southern appalachian mountains, usa. | the high altitude spruce-fir (abies fraseri (pursh) poiret.-picea rubens sarg.) forests of the southern appalachian mountains, usa, experience frequent cloud immersion. recent studies indicate that cloud bases may have risen over the past 30 years, resulting in less frequent forest cloud immersion, and that further increases in cloud base height are likely in the event of continued climate warming. to assess the impact of this trend on the regeneration of high altitude spruce-fir forests and the ... | 2008 | 18171662 |
| leaf gas exchange of understory spruce-fir saplings in relict cloud forests, southern appalachian mountains, usa. | the southern appalachian spruce-fir (picea rubens sarg. and abies fraseri (pursh) poir.) forest is found only on high altitude mountain tops that receive copious precipitation ( > 2000 mm year(-1)) and experience frequent cloud immersion. these high-elevation, temperate rain forests are immersed in clouds on approximately 65% of the total growth season days and for 30-40% of a typical summer day, and cloud deposition accounts for up to 50% of their annual water budget. we investigated environmen ... | 2008 | 17938120 |
| leaf architecture and direction of incident light influence mesophyll fluorescence profiles. | light propagation and distribution inside leaves have been recognized as important processes influencing photosynthesis. monochromatic light absorption across the mesophyll was measured using chlorophyll fluorescence generated from illumination of the cut edge (epi-illumination), as well as the adaxial or abaxial surfaces of the leaf. species were selected that had basic leaf types: laminar leaf with adaxial palisade layer (rhododendron catawbiense), needle with palisade (abies fraseri), and nee ... | 2005 | 21646160 |
| is there synchronicity in nitrogen input and output fluxes at the noland divide watershed, a small n-saturated forested catchment in the great smoky mountains national park? | high-elevation red spruce [picea rubens sarg.]-fraser fir [abies fraseri (pursh.) poir] forests in the southern appalachians currently receive large nitrogen (n) inputs via atmospheric deposition (30 kg n ha(-1) year(-1)) but have limited n retention capacity due to a combination of stand age, heavy fir mortality caused by exotic insect infestations, and numerous gaps caused by windfalls and ice storms. this study examined the magnitude and timing of the n fluxes into, through, and out of a smal ... | 2001 | 12805804 |
| amended description of pratylenchus macrostylus wu, 1971 with sem observations. | the description of pratylenchus macrostylus wu is amended using specimens collected from fraser fir and red spruce in the black mountains of north carolina. measurements of females in north carolina overlap those of the type series. however, stylet length (21.8-27.8 mum, 24.7 ñ 1.1) is greater in north carolina specimens, which also have a longer body length and greater c ratio. heads of the north carolina specimens are divided into lateral and submedian segments which taper and fuse with oral d ... | 1991 | 19283100 |
| fungal planet description sheets: 214-280. | novel species of microfungi described in the present study include the following from south africa: cercosporella dolichandrae from dolichandra unguiscati, seiridium podocarpi from podocarpus latifolius, pseudocercospora parapseudarthriae from pseudarthria hookeri, neodevriesia coryneliae from corynelia uberata on leaves of afrocarpus falcatus, ramichloridium eucleae from euclea undulata and stachybotrys aloeticola from aloe sp. (south africa), as novel member of the stachybotriaceae fam. nov. s ... | 2014 | 25264390 |
| secondary metabolites from anti-insect extracts of endophytic fungi isolated from picea rubens. | the extracts of a selection of 150 foliar fungal endophytes isolated from picea rubens (red spruce) needles were screened by lc-ms and assayed for toxicity. three of these strains that were toxic to the forest pest choristoneura fumiferana (eastern spruce budworm) in dietary bioassays were selected for further study. their culture extracts were analyzed by lc-nmr spectroscopy, and the major metabolites were isolated by lc-ms-spe or ptlc/column chromatography and characterized. the structures wer ... | 2010 | 20185154 |
| olfactory response of eastern spruce budworm larvae to red spruce needles exposed to acid rain and elevated levels of ozone. | second-instar eastern spruce budworm larvae,choristoneura fumiferana (clem.), were tested in a two-choice, y-type, wind-tunnel olfactometer for preferences for red spruce,picea rubens sarg., needles exposed for eight weeks to charcoal-filtered air (cfa) or 0.15 ppm ozone (o3) in combination with acidified rainfall at ph 4.2 or 3.0. volatiles from needles treated with cfa plus ph 4.2 rain (control) were preferred over those from needles exposed to ph 3.0 rain + o3 or o3 alone; o3-treated needles ... | 1990 | 24263427 |
| the fate of (15)n-labelled nitrate additions to a northern hardwood forest in eastern maine, usa. | we followed the movements of (15)n-labelled nitrate additions into biomass and soil pools of experimental plots (15×15 m each) in a mid-successional beech-maple-birch-spruce forest in order to identify sinks for nitrate inputs to a forest ecosystem. replicate plots (n=3) were spray-irrigated with either 28 or 56 kg n ha(-1) year(-1) using (15)n-labelled nitric acid solutions (δ(15)n = 344‰ ) during four successive growing seasons (april-october). the (15)n contents of foliage, bolewood, forests ... | 1995 | 28306822 |
| solution aluminum and transpiration in picea rubens and gleditsia triacanthos seedlings. | soil solution al may contribute to red spruce (picea rubens sarg.) decline by inhibiting transpiration (klein 1985). this study examines how al affects transpiration in red spruce and honeylocust (gleditsia triacanthos l.) seedlings and explores mechanisms for the observed responses. red spruce seedlings were grown in dilute nutrient solutions containing 0 to 925 microm al at ph 4.5 or 3.8. solution al had no effect on the transpiration, root hydraulic conductivity (k(r)) or shoot water potentia ... | 1990 | 14972944 |