| the enrichment of (18)o in leaf water under natural conditions. | the enrichment of (18)o in the water of transpiring leaves under natural conditions is described. in the first series two, later three species at the same location and at the same time are compared (birch betula pubescens l., oak quercus robur ehrh., larch larix decidua mill., and spruce picea abies karst). all four show parallel enrichment properties. in addition two beeches (fagus silvatica l.) were observed, one at jülich, the other at the solling hills. they show similar (18)o/(16)o ratio fl ... | 1978 | 756054 |
| kluyveromyces piceae sp. nov., a new yeast species isolated from the rhizosphere of picea abies (l.) karst. | two strains of an undescribed species of the genus kluyveromyces were recovered from the rhizosphere of spruce. a description of the new species, kluyveromyces piceae, is given and its classification on basis of ascospore shape, substrate utilization, g+c-content, dna-dna-reassociation data and habitat specificity is discussed. | 1992 | 1416920 |
| isolation of functional rna from plant tissues rich in phenolic compounds. | a method for the isolation of rna from different tissues of trees (seedlings, saplings, and adult trees) is described. using this procedure it is possible to remove large amounts of disturbing polyphenolic compounds from nucleic acids. the method involves an acetone treatment of the freeze-dried and powdered plant material, the use of high salt concentrations in the extraction buffer and an aqueous two-phase system. these steps were combined with the conventional phenol/chloroform extraction and ... | 1991 | 1719845 |
| cs-134/137 contamination and root uptake of different forest trees before and after the chernobyl accident. | the cs-134/137 activities were measured from different tree organs of spruce, larch and sycamore maple. two locations in south bavaria were monitored during a period of 2.5 years following the chernobyl accident. samples taken in 1985 allow to determine the cs-137 contamination before the accident. increasing cs-137 activities from older to younger needle years of picea abies caused by root-uptake of the global weapons' fallout are due to the high phloem mobility of this element and the remainin ... | 1991 | 1857763 |
| homologues of the green algal gida gene and the liverwort frxc gene are present on the chloroplast genomes of conifers. | strong hybridization signals were obtained from total dna of two conifers, lodgepole pine (pinus contorta) and norway spruce (picea abies), in a southern blot analysis using a probe derived from the chloroplast gida gene of the green alga chlamydomonas reinhardtii. the pine fragments detected by the probe were found to originate from the chloroplast genome and, as judged by the signal intensity, this was also true for the spruce fragments. sequence analysis of the hybridizing pine chloroplast dn ... | 1991 | 1912499 |
| t-dna presence and opine production in tumors of picea abies (l.) karst induced by agrobacterium tumefaciens a281. | the hypervirulent agrobacterium tumefaciens strain a281 formed frequent tumors (31%) on picea abies (norway spruce), an economically important tree species in swedish forests. three-month-old seedlings were inoculated and tumors were established that grew hormone-independently in culture. tumors contained agropine and mannopine/mannopinic acid as determined by acid ph paper electrophoresis. in addition, dna hybridization studies showed that the dna from these tumor lines contained sequences homo ... | 1990 | 2101685 |
| secondary fungal metabolites and their biological activities, i. isolation of antibiotic compounds from cultures of heterobasidion annosum synthesized in the presence of antagonistic fungi or host plant cells. | heterobasidion annosum (syn. fomes annosus), one of the most pathogenic basidiomycetes in conifer forests, produces a series of new metabolites specifically in the presence of antagonistic fungi or some plant cells. these "ecological metabolites" have been isolated and chemically characterized. the time course of production was measured with regard to their biosynthetic pathway. in bio-assays with other fungi, e. coli and cell cultures of picea abies and nicotiana tabacum, it could be shown that ... | 1989 | 2695116 |
| a two-dimensional electrophoresis procedure for single meristems of different forest species. | high resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis, with isoelectric focusing in the first dimension and electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate in thin acrylamide gels in the second dimension, has been applied to separate the proteins of single meristems (200-300 microns) from sequoiadendron giganteum, sequoia sempervirens, pseudotsuga menziesii, picea abies, pinus pinaster, eucalyptus gunnii and populus nigra. the technique may prove an efficient tool for studying inter- and intraclonal differe ... | 1989 | 2776736 |
| fungal spores in faeces as evidence of fungus ingestion by sheep. | in ireland, upland areas are becoming extensively planted with coniferous forest to which sheep are allowed access. such forest produces many more fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes than the blanket bog on which it was planted. faecal samples taken from hill and adjacent forest (picea abies) grazing areas showed an autumnal increase in radiocaesium in the forest samples compared with the hill samples, and there was an indication of higher in vivo radiocaesium activity in the autumn, particularly ... | 1994 | 7839119 |
| electrophoretic analysis of seed storage proteins from gymnosperms. | sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page), pore gradient gel electrophoresis (pgge) followed by sds-page and western blot analysis were used to characterize the seed storage proteins from seven gymnosperm species from the families pinaceae (abies alba, cedrus atlantica and picea abies), cupressaceae (biota orientalis, chamaecyparis lawsoniana and cupressus arizonica), and taxaceae (taxus baccata). sds-page and pgge x sds-page indicate the presence of proteins with char ... | 1994 | 7859708 |
| construction of genetic maps for some eurasian coniferous species using allozyme genes. | in an analysis of allozyme genes in three pine and one spruce species distributed in eurasia, 45 of 87 loci were mapped. four linkage groups in pinus sylvestris and picea abies, three in pinus pallasiana, and two in pinus pumila were determined. the order and the locations of homologous genes in the linkage groups in the different species were similar. the data suggest that during the separate development of the pinus and picea genera that has lasted for millions of years, there was not any larg ... | 1994 | 7993376 |
| production of tremorgenic mycotoxins by isolates of aspergillus fumigatus from sawmills in sweden. | one hundred and six strains of a. fumigatus were isolated from 21 sawmills in sweden, and 73 of these strains were examined for production of fumitremorgen b and verruculogen (tremorgenic mycotoxins) on yes-medium using thin layer chromatography (tlc). twenty-three strains (32%) were tremorgen producers and 50 strains (68%) were non-producers. tremorgenic mycotoxins were detected in conidia of seven a. fumigatus strains. the amount of toxin varied between 0.6-8.0 microgram/10(8) conidia (mean va ... | 1993 | 8008045 |
| molecular cloning, sequence analysis and elicitor-/ozone-induced accumulation of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase from norway spruce (picea abies l.). | cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (cad) is an enzyme involved in lignin biosynthesis. we have previously isolated pure cad enzyme from norway spruce (picea abies l.) cell culture. here we report on partial protein sequences of the 42 kda cad polypeptide. a cdna encoding cad was isolated from the spruce cell culture. the open reading frame of a full-length cdna coded for a 357 amino acid polypeptide with a calculated m(r) of 38,777 da. the identity of the deduced polypeptide was verified by comparis ... | 1993 | 8219046 |
| [the dynamics of the radiation damage and recovery processes in coniferous stands in a 10-kilometer control zone of the accident at the chernobyl atomic electric power station]. | properties of morphogenesis, growth dynamics, anatomy and ultrastructure of wood and needle, reproductive processes in coniferous plants were studied under different level of radiation effect in the 10-km zone in 1986-1992. it was established that the full drying of pine forests began under absorbed dose 80-100 gy/year. threshold doses, after which repair processes were possible, reached to 10-12 gy/year for picea abies and 50 gy/year for pinus sylvestris. three maine stages are revealed in dyna ... | 1995 | 8563907 |
| [the molecular mechanisms of the somatic effects of irradiation recorded in plants from the 10-km area around the chernobyl atomic electric power station]. | the comparative analysis of some biochemical features of the picea abies morphologically abnormal organs and the control tissues was made. the methods of restriction analysis. southern hybridization of dna and protein electrophoresis were used. the differences detected in protein context and in dna structure indicated the changes in genomes of experimental plants. these changes may be caused by chronic irradiation in low doses. | 1996 | 9005631 |
| carbon allocation in ectomycorrhizas: identification and expression analysis of an amanita muscaria monosaccharide transporter. | ectomycorrhizas are formed between certain soil fungi and fine roots of predominantly woody plants. an important feature of this symbiosis is the supply of plant-derived carbohydrates to the fungus. as a first step toward a better understanding of the molecular basis of this process, we cloned a monosaccharide transporter from the ectomycorrhizal fungus amanita muscaria. degenerate oligonucleotide primers were designed to match conserved regions from known fungal sugar transporters. a cdna fragm ... | 1998 | 9487692 |
| molecular evolution of cdc2 pseudogenes in spruce (picea). | the p34cdc2 protein and other cyclin-dependent protein kinases (cdk) are important regulators of eukaryotic cell cycle progression. we have previously cloned a functional cdc2 gene from picea abies and found it to be part of a family of related sequences, largely consisting of pseudogenes. we now report on the isolation of partial cdc2 pseudogenes from picea engelmannii and picea sitchensis, as well as partial functional cdc2 sequences from p. engelmannii, p. sitchensis and pinus contorta. a hig ... | 1998 | 9526509 |
| comparative phylogeography and postglacial colonization routes in europe. | the quaternary cold periods in europe are thought to have heavily influenced the amount and distribution of intraspecific genetic variation in both animals and plants. the phylogeographies of 10 taxa, including mammals (ursus arctos, sorex spp., crocidura suaveolens, arvicola spp.), amphibians (triturus spp.), arthropods (chorthippus parallelus), and plants (abies alba, picea abies, fagus sylvatica, quercus spp.), were analysed to elucidate general trends across europe. only a small degree of co ... | 1998 | 9628000 |
| the postfire discomycete geopyxis carbonaria (ascomycota) is a biotrophic root associate with norway spruce (picea abies) in nature. | the hypothesis that the postfire discomycete geopyxis carbonaria (ascomycota, pezizales, pyronemataceae) has a biotrophic association with roots of norway spruce (picea abies) in nature was tested by isolation of fungal strains from fresh, brown, smooth mycorrhiza-like root tips of norway spruce collected from below the depth of detrimental heat penetration in a postfire site. the morphology of seven culture isolates originating from the smooth mycorrhiza-like root tips of two different spruce t ... | 1998 | 9633103 |
| towards second-generation sts (sequence-tagged sites) linkage maps in conifers: a genetic map of norway spruce (picea abies k.). | genetic linkage maps have been produced for a wide range of organisms during the last decade, thanks to the increasing availability of molecular markers. the use of microsatellites (or simple sequence repeats, ssrs) as genetic markers has led to the construction of "second-generation" genetic maps for humans, mouse and other organisms of major importance. we constructed a second-generation single-tree genetic linkage map of norway spruce (picea abies k.) using a panel of 72 haploid megagametophy ... | 1998 | 9669328 |
| memory effects in the action of ozone on conifers. | conifers are known to possess relative ozone tolerance in short-term experiments. a scenario for ozone damage of conifers is now derived from the first exposure experiments in which both the initial biochemical response phase and delayed visible symptom development were studied. a number of early biochemical ozone responses could be detected in norway spruce (picea abies [l.] karst.) and scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.). the stress metabolite catechin persisted over several months. in the year f ... | 1998 | 9756691 |
| [the characteristics of the protein composition of the anomalous needles of spruce (picea abies) and pine (pinus silvestris) from the 10-kilometer zone of the chernobyl atomic electric power station]. | comparative analysis for different antibodies' binding sites at the proteins samples, which were isolated from control and morphologically abnormal coniferous plants tissues have been investigated. monoclonal antibodies against cytoskeletal proteins (actin, alpha- and beta tubulin), hsp 70 and against phosphotyrosine were used. it was detected that investigated biochemical features reflect morphological similarities between different plant species. some differences between cytoskeleton proteins ... | 1998 | 9879115 |
| high-efficiency agrobacterium-mediated transformation of norway spruce (picea abies) and loblolly pine (pinus taeda). | agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer is the method of choice for many plant biotechnology laboratories; however, large-scale use of this organism in conifer transformation has been limited by difficult propagation of explant material, selection efficiencies and low transformation frequency. we have analyzed co-cultivation conditions and different disarmed strains of agrobacterium to improve transformation. additional copies of virulence genes were added to three common disarmed strains. these ex ... | 1999 | 10092170 |
| models to assess the risk of snow and wind damage in pine, spruce, and birch forests in sweden. | / each year damage to forests caused by snow and wind causes high economic losses. in sweden, approximately 4 million m3 are damaged annually by snow and wind, roughly corresponding to a value of us$150 million, and in europe, the damage amounts to hundreds of millions of us dollars each year. to help to reduce these losses, tools for risk assessment within forest management have been developed. predictions were developed of the risk of damage from snow and wind to scots pine (pinus sylvestris l ... | 1999 | 10384030 |
| phytochrome types in picea and pinus. expression patterns of phya-related types. | knowledge of the genes in gymnosperms encoding the apoproteins of the plant photoreceptor phytochrome is currently scanty as for gymnosperm nuclear protein coding sequences in general. here we report two complete cdna-derived sequences which code for two different types of gymnosperm phytochrome. one sequence stems from norway spruce (picea abies) and the other from scots pine (pinus sylvestris). more detailed studies have shown that both types of phytochrome gene are present in norway spruce. f ... | 1999 | 10480390 |
| microbial activities related to c and n cycling and microbial community structure in the rhizospheres of pinus sylvestris, picea abies and betula pendula seedlings in an organic and mineral soil. | the aim of this study was to determine whether scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.), norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) and silver birch (betula pendula roth) seedlings have a selective influence on the soil microbial community structure and activity and whether this varies in different soils. seedlings of pine, spruce and birch were planted into pots of two soil types: an organic soil and a mineral soil. pots without seedlings were also included. after one growing season, microbial biomass c ( ... | 1999 | 10508943 |
| induced resistance to pathogenic fungi in norway spruce | norway spruce (picea abies) trees (approximately 16 m high) of a single clone were used to study the effects of fungal infection and wounding on induction of resistance to the bark beetle-associated bluestain fungus ceratocystis polonica. a dose-response experiment was designed involving three different dosages of fungal (fungus and wound) and sterile agar (wound) pretreatment inoculations (10, 50, or 100 inoculations/m(2) on the stem between 0.8 and 2.0 m high). three weeks after pretreatment, ... | 1999 | 10517848 |
| chloroplast microsatellite analysis reveals the presence of population subdivision in norway spruce (picea abies k.). | three chloroplast microsatellites (cpssrs), previously sequence characterized and for which paternal inheritance was tested and confirmed, were used to assess their usefulness as informative markers for phylogeographic studies in norway spruce (picea abies k.) and to detect spatial genetic differentiation related to the possible recolonization processes in the postglacial period. ninety-seven populations were included in the survey. some 8, 7, and 6 different size variants for the three cpssrs, ... | 2000 | 10701115 |
| tissue-specific expression of pa18, a putative lipid transfer protein gene, during embryo development in norway spruce (picea abies). | a full-length picea abies cdna clone pa18, encoding a protein with the characteristics of plant lipid transfer proteins, has been isolated and characterized. the size of the deduced 173 amino acid (aa) long protein is around 18 kda. the first 100-120 aa show similarity to angiosperm lipid transfer proteins in amino acid sequence as well as in predicted secondary structure. the pa18 gene is constitutively expressed in embryogenic cultures of picea abies representing different stages of developmen ... | 2000 | 10798616 |
| soil organic matter mobilization by root exudates. | in order to study the different soil organic matter mobilisation by agrarian (zea mais: cultivars paolo and sandek) and forest (picea abies karst. and pinus sylvestris l.) root exudates, three different soils (dystric spodic cambisol--s1, haplic luvisol--s2 and calcaric cambisol--s3) have been considered. treating the soils with water (control) or plant root exudates, soil organic matter extracts were obtained. the extracts were characterised by hormone-like activities and gas chromatographic/ma ... | 2000 | 10834364 |
| postglacial recolonization routes for picea abies k. in italy as suggested by the analysis of sequence-characterized amplified region (scar) markers. | the routes through which norway spruce recolonized the alps after the last ice age were investigated at the genetic level. seven populations along the alpine range plus one apennine population were characterized for seven sequence-characterized amplified region (scar) loci, detecting an overall fst = 0.118. this rather high value for forest species reflects an uneven distribution of genetic variability, and was analysed through different statistical methods. alternative hypotheses were tested un ... | 2000 | 10849286 |
| monoterpene synthase activities in leaves of picea abies (l.) karst. and quercus ilex l. | in addition to direct ecological functions in the interaction of plants with the environment, the emission of monoterpenes, especially from the foliage of evergreen trees, is of great importance for the production of ozone and photochemical oxidants in the troposphere. in the present work, we established a reproducible non-radioactive standard enzyme assay and characterized monoterpene synthase activities in needles of norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) and in leaves of holm oak (quercus il ... | 2000 | 10870179 |
| [a source of high frequency variations in the tracheid size in annual tree rings of conifers]. | statistical analysis of high-frequency variations in the radial dimensions of tracheids was carried out using precise measurements of five radial rows in each annual tree ring for several coniferous species: larix gmelinii, l. leptolepis, l. sibirica, picea abies, pinus sylvestris, p. rigida, and p. densiflora. more than 25 tree rings with a varying number of cells and width were measured for each species. high-frequency variations in radial dimensions were found to have a regular (cyclic) chara ... | 2000 | 10881427 |
| hydroxymatairesinol, a novel enterolactone precursor with antitumor properties from coniferous tree (picea abies). | the potential for the extraction of the plant lignan hydroxymatairesinol (hmr) in large scale from norway spruce (picea abies) has given us the opportunity to study the metabolism and biological actions of hmr in animals. hmr, the most abundant single component of spruce lignans, was metabolized to enterolactone (enl) as the major metabolite in rats after oral administration. the amounts of urinary enl increased with the dose of hmr (from 3 to 50 mg/kg), and only minor amounts of unmetabolized h ... | 2000 | 10890032 |
| strategies of a bark beetle, pityogenes bidentatus, in an olfactory landscape. | volatiles from leaves or bark of nonhost birch (betula pendula) and norway spruce (picea abies) dramatically reduced the attraction of the bark beetle, pityogenes bidentatus (coleoptera: scolytidae), to their aggregation pheromone components (cis-verbenol and grandisol) in the field. in addition, odors from both the needles and bark of the host scots pine (pinus sylvestris) similarly inhibited attraction. monoterpenes of pine and spruce (alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, terpinolene, and 3-carene) as w ... | 2000 | 11151671 |
| the evolution of ty1-copia group retrotransposons in gymnosperms. | a diverse collection of ty1-copia group retrotransposons has been characterized from the genome of picea abies (norway spruce) by degenerate pcr amplification of a region of the reverse transcriptase gene. the occurrence of these retrotransposable elements in the gymnosperms was investigated by southern blot hybridization analysis. the distribution of the different retrotransposons across the gymnosperms varies greatly. all of the retrotransposon clones isolated are highly conserved within the p ... | 2001 | 11158374 |
| carbon stocks and soil respiration rates during deforestation, grassland use and subsequent norway spruce afforestation in the southern alps, italy. | changes in carbon stocks during deforestation, reforestation and afforestation play an important role in the global carbon cycle. cultivation of forest lands leads to substantial losses in both biomass and soil carbon, whereas forest regrowth is considered to be a significant carbon sink. we examined below- and aboveground carbon stocks along a chronosequence of norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) stands (0-62 years old) regenerating on abandoned meadows in the southern alps. a 130-year-old ... | 2000 | 11303575 |
| effects of climatic warming on cold hardiness of some northern woody plants assessed from simulation experiments. | effects of climatic warming on cold hardiness were investigated for some northern woody plants. in the first experiment, seedlings of norway spruce (picea abies [l.] karst.), scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and lodgepole pine (pinus contorta dougl. var. latifolia engelm.) were exposed to naturally fluctuating temperatures averaging -6 degrees c (ambient) and 0 degrees c (elevated) for 16 weeks in midwinter before they were thawed and re-saturated with water. in lodgepole pine, needle sugar conc ... | 2001 | 11319017 |
| dynamics of water storage in mature subalpine picea abies: temporal and spatial patterns of change in stem radius. | internal water reserves in bark and foliage of trees contribute to transpiration (t) and play an essential role in optimizing water transport by buffering extreme peaks of water consumption. we examined patterns of stem shrinkage and their relationship to tree water dynamics. we measured fluctuations in root radius and stem radius at different stem heights, t of twigs at the top of the crown and sap flow velocities in stem sections of mature subalpine norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) tree ... | 2001 | 11390300 |
| fast, nondestructive measurement of frost hardiness in conifer seedlings by vis+nir spectroscopy. | frost hardiness development from mid-august to mid-november was evaluated in seedlings of three provenances of norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) and three provenances of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) raised at nurseries in north, central and south sweden. measurements of the visible + near infrared (vis+nir) spectra of shoots were made simultaneously with estimates of frost hardiness based on electrolyte leakage following artificial freezing. nine physiological variables known to influe ... | 2001 | 11470661 |
| hydroxymethylation and oxidation of organosolv lignins and utilization of the products. | organosolv lignins obtained from eucalyptus grandis, sugarcane bagasse and picea abies by acetosolv, formacell and organocell processes were characterized, fractionated and converted to hydroxymethylated and oxidized products. the reactivity of lignins with formaldehyde did not improve significantly with the fractionation. both eucalyptus acetosolv (eac) and eucalyptus formacell (efo) lignins retained high heterogeneity in relation to the molecular weight distribution but not in relation to stru ... | 2001 | 11480918 |
| increased understanding of nutrient immobilization in soil organic matter is critical for predicting the carbon sink strength of forest ecosystems over the next 100 years. | the terrestrial biosphere is currently thought to be a significant sink for atmospheric carbon (c). however, the future course of this sink under rising [co2] and temperature is uncertain. some contrasting possibilities that have been suggested are: that the sink is currently increasing through co2 fertilization of plant growth but will decline over the next few decades because of co2 saturation and soil nutrient constraints; that the sink will continue to increase over the next century because ... | 2001 | 11498330 |
| mean canopy stomatal conductance responses to water and nutrient availabilities in picea abies and pinus taeda. | we compared sap-flux-scaled, mean, canopy stomatal conductance (gs) between picea abies (l.) karst. in sweden and pinus taeda (l.) in north carolina, both growing on nutritionally poor soils. stomatal conductance of picea abies was approximately half that of pinus taeda and the sensitivity of gs in picea abies to vapor pressure deficit (d) was lower than in pinus taeda. optimal fertilization increased leaf area index (l) two- and threefold in pinus taeda and picea abies, respectively, regardless ... | 2001 | 11498331 |
| effects of nutrition and soil water availability on water use in a norway spruce stand. | we investigated effects of nutrition and soil water availability on sap flux density, transpiration per unit leaf area (el), and canopy stomatal conductance (gs) of norway spruce (picea abies l. (karst.)) in northern sweden during the 1996 growing season. our objectives were to determine (1) if artificially imposed drought (65% rain diversion) reduces soil water sufficiently to cause physiological limitations to whole-tree and plot-scale water transport, and (2) whether increased capacity for wa ... | 2001 | 11498332 |
| carbon dioxide exchange in norway spruce at the shoot, tree and ecosystem scale. | net co2 exchange in a 35-year-old boreal norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) forest in northern sweden was measured at the shoot (nse), tree (nte) and ecosystem levels (nee) by means of shoot cuvettes, whole-tree chambers and the eddy covariance technique, respectively. we compared the dynamics of gross primary production (gpp) at the three levels during the course of a single week. the diurnal dynamics of gpp at each level were estimated by subtracting half-hourly or hourly model-estimated ... | 2001 | 11498344 |
| molecular identification of fine roots of trees from the alps: reliable and fast dna extraction and pcr-rflp analyses of plastid dna. | fine roots of trees are intensively used as indicators to assess soil alterations, e.g. those owing to atmospheric inputs of acidifying substances, but their identification to species with morphological criteria is difficult. in this study, we established molecular techniques in order to identify fine roots of the 30 most common tree species of the alps. we developed a protocol for efficient isolation of dna from fine roots with extraction of dna in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (pvp) and ... | 2001 | 11555251 |
| changes in fine root production and longevity in relation to water and nutrient availability in a norway spruce stand in northern sweden. | effects of irrigation and liquid fertilization on fine root (< 1 mm) production and longevity, and fine root (< 0.5-2 mm) biomass were studied in a norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) stand in northern sweden. fine root length production and longevity were measured by the minirhizotron technique at 0-10 cm depth in the following treatments: irrigation (i), liquid fertilization (il) and control (c). standing root biomass and root length density (rld) were studied in the litter-fermented humus ... | 2001 | 11560819 |
| comparison of the element composition in several plant species and their substrate from a 1500000-km2 area in northern europe. | leaves of 9 different plant species (terrestrial moss represented by: hylocomium splendens and pleurozium schreberi; and 7 species of vascular plants: blueberry, vaccinium myrtillus; cowberry, vaccinium titis-idaea; crowberry, empetrum nigrum; birch, betula pubescens; willow, salix spp.; pine, pinus sylvestris and spruce, picea abies) have been collected from up to 9 catchments (size 14-50 km2) spread over a 1500000 km2 area in northern europe. soil samples were taken of the o-horizon and of the ... | 2001 | 11669279 |
| influence of extreme pollution on the inorganic chemical composition of some plants. | leaves of nine different plant species (terrestrial moss: hylocomium splendens and pleurozium schreberi, blueberry: vaccinium myrtillus, cowberry: vaccinium vitis-idaea, crowberry: empetrum nigrum, birch: betula pubescens, willow: salix spp., pine: pinus sylvestris, and spruce: picea abies) have been collected from up to nine catchments (size 14-50 km2) spread over a 1,500,000 km2 area in northern europe. additional soil samples were taken from the o-horizon and the c-horizon at each plant sampl ... | 2001 | 11706797 |
| growth of conifer seedlings on organic and inorganic nitrogen sources. | effects of organic and inorganic nitrogen sources on growth and mineral nutrient concentrations of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) seedlings were compared in a 100-day experiment in a greenhouse. seedlings were grown in pots containing peat. nutrient solutions differing in ammonium, nitrate, arginine and glycine composition were supplied to the seedlings at three nitrogen (n) concentrations: 1, 3 and 10 mm. we used dual (13c, 15n) and single (15n) iso ... | 2001 | 11731342 |
| [response of broadleaved pinus koraiensis forests in xiaoxinganling mt. to global climate change--a dynamic modeling]. | in this paper, the forest gap model and four general circulation models (gcms) were employed to investigate the dynamic response of broadleaved pinus koraiensis forests in xiaoxinganling mountains of china to global climate change. under co2 doubling which was simulated by the scenarios of oregon state university and goddard institute for space studies, the biomass of broadleaved pinus koraiensis forest increased and the current picea-abies-broadleaved pinus koraiensis forest would gradually dev ... | 2000 | 11766586 |
| endogenous nod-factor-like signal molecules promote early somatic embryo development in norway spruce. | embryogenic cultures of norway spruce (picea abies) are composed of pro-embryogenic masses (pems) and somatic embryos of various developmental stages. auxin is important for pem formation and proliferation. in this report we show that depletion of auxin blocks pem development and causes large-scale cell death. extracts of the media conditioned by embryogenic cultures stimulate development of pem aggregates in auxin-deficient cultures. partial characterization of the conditioning factor shows tha ... | 2002 | 11842156 |
| nitrate reductase activity in some subarctic species and uv influence in the foliage of betula pendula roth. seedlings. | nitrate reductase (nr) activity was studied in the foliage of five subarctic species: mature trees of european white birch (betula pubescens erch. s.s.), scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.), norway spruce (picea abies l. karst), ericaceous shrub bilberry (vaccinium myrtillus l.), naturally growing in a forest, and seed-grown silver birch (betula pendula roth.) seedlings in an ultraviolet (uv) exclusion field experiment at the pallas-ounastunturi national park in finnish lapland (68 degrees n). mean ... | 2002 | 11846159 |
| identification of a hydrophobin gene that is developmentally regulated in the ectomycorrhizal fungus tricholoma terreum. | the symbiosis between ectomycorrhizal fungi and trees is an essential part of forest ecology and depends entirely on the communication between the two partners for establishing and maintaining the relationship. the identification and characterization of differentially expressed genes is a step to identifying such signals and to understanding the regulation of this process. we determined the role of hydrophobins produced by tricholoma terreum in mycorrhiza formation and hyphal development. a hydr ... | 2002 | 11872494 |
| altered lignin structure and resistance to pathogens in spi 2-expressing tobacco plants. | the physiological role of the norway spruce [ picea abies (l.) karst.] spi 2 gene, encoding a defense-related cationic peroxidase was examined in transgenic tobacco (nicotiana tabacum l.). expression of spi 2, under control of the 35s promoter, in tobacco plants resulted in higher total peroxidase activities. the phenotype of the spi 2-transformed lines was normal. the spi 2-transformed lines displayed lignin levels similar to levels in the control line, but with some alteration in lignin histoc ... | 2002 | 11882939 |
| requirement for far-red light to maintain secondary needle extension growth in northern but not southern populations of pinus sylvestris (scots pine). | extension growth of secondary needles is under photoperiodic control in pinus sylvestris. to test for the effects of far-red light on maintaining this extension growth, seedlings of six populations originating from latitudes between 57 degrees and 67 degrees n were raised for 11 weeks in continuous incandescent (metal halogen) light at 300 &mgr;mol m-2 s-1 and 20 degrees c and then transferred at the same temperature to a daily regime of 8 h incandescent light (230 &mgr;mol m-2 s-1) followed by ... | 2002 | 11903967 |
| effects of phloem girdling in conifers on apical control of branches, growth allocation and air in wood. | we investigated effects of stem phloem girdles on apical control of branch angle, stem and branch growth and stem air content in six conifer species. a stem girdle 2 cm above a branch caused the branch to bend upward in all six species. upward bending was associated with increased formation and action of compression wood (cw) in the lower portion of the branch. compression wood also formed in the main stem below the branch, suggesting increased auxin production in the branch. a stem girdle 2 cm ... | 2002 | 11960759 |
| minimum cuticular conductance and cuticle features of picea abies and pinus cembra needles along an altitudinal gradient in the dolomites (ne italian alps). | winter desiccation is believed to contribute to stress in coniferous trees growing at the treeline because cuticular conductance increases with altitude. to test whether winter desiccation occurs in high-altitude conifers of the dolomites (ne italian alps), we measured minimum cuticular conductance (g(min)), needle wettability (contact angle) and cuticle thickness in picea abies (l.) karst. and pinus cembra l. needles from december to august. samples were collected from adult trees along an alti ... | 2002 | 11986051 |
| biological activity of soil organic matter mobilized by root exudates. | in order to study the biological activity of soil organic matter mobilized by agrarian (zea mays: cultivars mytos and samantha) and forest (picea abies karst. and pinus sylvestris l.) root exudates, two different soils, an eutric cambisol (ec) and a rendzic leptosol (rl), were considered. soil organic matter extracts were obtained by treating the soils with water (control) or plant root exudates. the extracts were characterized by hormone-like activities and gas chromatographic/mass spectrometri ... | 2002 | 11999770 |
| stomatal conductance alone does not explain the decline in foliar photosynthetic rates with increasing tree age and size in picea abies and pinus sylvestris. | foliar light-saturated net assimilation rates (a) generally decrease with increasing tree height (h) and tree age (y), but it is unclear whether the decline in a is attributable to size- and age-related modifications in foliage morphology (needle dry mass per unit projected area; m(a)), nitrogen concentration, stomatal conductance to water vapor (g), or biochemical foliage potentials for photosynthesis (maximum carboxylase activity of rubisco; v(cmax)). i studied the influences of h and y on fol ... | 2002 | 12045025 |
| age-related effects on leaf area/sapwood area relationships, canopy transpiration and carbon gain of norway spruce stands (picea abies) in the fichtelgebirge, germany. | stand age is an important structural determinant of canopy transpiration (e(c)) and carbon gain. another more functional parameter of forest structure is the leaf area/sapwood area relationship, a(l)/a(s), which changes with site conditions and has been used to estimate leaf area index of forest canopies. the interpretation of age-related changes in a(l)/a(s) and the question of how a(l)/a(s) is related to forest functions are of current interest because they may help to explain forest canopy fl ... | 2002 | 12045028 |
| uptake and metabolism of hydroxymatairesinol in relation to its anticarcinogenicity in dmba-induced rat mammary carcinoma model. | the chemopreventive effects of hydroxymatairesinol (hmr), a lignan extracted from norway spruce (picea abies), on the development of mammary carcinoma induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (dmba) was studied in rats. hmr administered via diet in an average daily dose of 4.7 mg/kg body wt starting before dmba induction reduced tumor volume and tumor growth, but no significant reduction in tumor multiplicity (number of tumors/rat) was observed. the predominant histological type in the control ... | 2001 | 12094633 |
| methyl jasmonate induces traumatic resin ducts, terpenoid resin biosynthesis, and terpenoid accumulation in developing xylem of norway spruce stems. | norway spruce (picea abies l. karst) produces an oleoresin characterized by a diverse array of terpenoids, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and diterpene resin acids that can protect conifers against potential herbivores and pathogens. oleoresin accumulates constitutively in resin ducts in the cortex and phloem (bark) of norway spruce stems. de novo formation of traumatic resin ducts (tds) is observed in the developing secondary xylem (wood) after insect attack, fungal elicitation, and mechanic ... | 2002 | 12114556 |
| a promoter from the loblolly pine ptnip1;1 gene directs expression in an early-embryogenesis and suspensor-specific fashion. | the ptnip1;1 gene encodes an aquaglyceroporin that is expressed early in embryogenesis and appears to be expressed preferentially in the suspensor [v.t. ciavatta et al. (2001) plant physiol 127:211-224]. an 899-bp fragment 5' to the ptnip1;1 open reading frame (nip(-899)) was cloned from loblolly pine (pinus taeda l.) genomic dna and fused to the beta-glucuronidase (gus) reporter gene. the resulting plasmid, pnip-gus, was transformed into norway spruce (picea abies l.) embryogenic cultures by co ... | 2002 | 12172854 |
| midday stomatal closure in norway spruce--reactions in the upper and lower crown. | we used local microclimatic conditions and twig sap flow rates to interpret midday stomatal closure in the canopies of two 250-year-old norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) trees at a subalpine site in the swiss alps (1,650 m a.s.l.). both trees showed midday stomatal closure on most clear summer days, despite the permanently wet soil. we used a modified penman-monteith formula to simulate potential transpiration of single twigs (et(t)) based on high-resolution temporal and spatial microclima ... | 2002 | 12414372 |
| leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus during production of forest seedlings in containers. | little information is available concerning the contamination risk caused by forest seedling nurseries to local surface and ground waters compared with agricultural and horticultural production. leaching of nitrogen (n) and phosphorus (p) through peat growing medium in containers and nutrient uptake of seedlings were monitored in production of silver birch (betula pendula roth), norway spruce [picea abies (l.) karst], and scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) seedlings. about half of the applied nutri ... | 2002 | 12469836 |
| contrasting effects of elevated carbon dioxide concentration and temperature on rubisco activity, chlorophyll fluorescence, needle ultrastructure and secondary metabolites in conifer seedlings. | scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) seedlings were grown for 50 days in growth chambers in an ambient or twice ambient carbon dioxide concentration ([co2]) at a day/night temperature of 19/12 degrees c or 23/16 degrees c. although elevated [co2] (ec) had only slight effects on the growth parameters measured, elevated temperature (et) increased above ground dry mass of both species. among treatments, biomass accumulation of both species was greatest in the ... | 2003 | 12533304 |
| comparison of different methods for lignin determination as a basis for calibration of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy and implications of lignoproteins. | three commonly employed methods for lignin determination, i.e., the thioglycolic acid (tga), the acetylbromide (ab), and the acid detergent fiber (adf) method, were compared using leaves and xylem tissue from five species (nicotiana tabacum, populus x canescens, fagus sylvatica, quercus robur, and picea abies). in each case, cell walls were isolated before lignin determination. each of the three methods estimated a different lignin concentration in a given tissue, except for spruce wood. the "li ... | 2002 | 12564795 |
| intra- and inter-provenance variability in phloem phenols of picea abies and relationship to a bark beetle-associated fungus. | one hundred norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) clones (three ramets per clone) were analyzed for phloem phenol composition and concentration before and 10 days after wound inoculation with sterile malt agar. fifty clones (experiment 1) belonged to the same provenance, whereas the remaining clones (experiment 2) belonged to five provenances from three geographic areas. in experiment 2, two additional ramets from the same clones were mass inoculated with ceratocystis polonica (siem.) c. morea ... | 2003 | 12566260 |
| inducible anatomical defense responses in norway spruce stems and their possible role in induced resistance. | norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) trees were preinoculated with a sublethal dose of the blue-stain fungus ceratocystis polonica siem. (c. moreau) 1 to 52 weeks before they were mass inoculated with the same fungus. trees pretreated 1 week before mass inoculation had similar, severe symptoms of fungal infection as the control trees. pretreatment 3, 6 or 9 weeks before mass inoculation resulted in effective protection of the trees, reducing pathogenic symptoms by 63-90% relative to the contr ... | 2003 | 12566269 |
| trinucleotide microsatellites in norway spruce ( picea abies): their features and the development of molecular markers. | trinucleotide microsatellites have proven to be the markers of choice in human genetic analysis because they are easier to genotype than dinucleotides. their development can be more time-consuming due to their lower abundance in the genome. we isolated trinucleotide microsatellites in norway spruce ( picea abies k.) using an enrichment procedure for the genomic-library construction. here we report on the characterisation of 85 atc microsatellite-containing clones, from which 39 markers were deve ... | 2002 | 12582869 |
| winter at the alpine timberline. why does embolism occur in norway spruce but not in stone pine? | conifers growing at the alpine timberline are exposed to frost drought and freeze-thaw cycles during winter-stress factors known to induce embolism in tree xylem. the two dominant species of the european central alps timberline were studied: norway spruce (picea abies [l.] karst) and stone pine (pinus cembra), which usually reaches higher altitudes. we hypothesized to find embolism only at the timberline and to observe less embolism in stone pine than in norway spruce due to avoidance mechanisms ... | 2003 | 12586902 |
| maldi-tof mass spectrometry and psd fragmentation as means for the analysis of condensed tannins in plant leaves and needles. | maldi-tof mass spectrometry and 13c nmr spectroscopy were applied to unveil typical characteristics of condensed tannins of leaves and needles from willow (salix alba), spruce (picea abies) and beech (fagus sylvatica) of three tree species that are ubiquitous in german forests and landscapes. for further evaluation, lime (tilia cordata) was included. the 13c nmr spectroscopy confirmed the purity of the condensed tannin fractions and the efficiency of the procedure used for their extraction. whil ... | 2003 | 12591272 |
| traumatic resin defense in norway spruce (picea abies): methyl jasmonate-induced terpene synthase gene expression, and cdna cloning and functional characterization of (+)-3-carene synthase. | picea abies (l.) karst. (norway spruce) employs constitutive and induced resin terpenoids as major chemical and physical defense-shields against insects and pathogens. in recent work, we showed that a suite of terpenoids, monoterpenoids and diterpenoids was induced in stems of norway spruce after treatment of trees with methyl jasmonate (meja) (martin et al., 2002). increase of enzyme activities of terpenoid biosynthesis and accumulation of terpenoids was associated with meja-induced de novo dif ... | 2003 | 12602896 |
| survival and development of lymantria monacha (lepidoptera: lymantriidae) on north american and introduced eurasian tree species. | lymantria monacha (l.) (lepidoptera: lymantriidae), the nun moth, is a eurasian pest of conifers that has potential for accidental introduction into north america. to project the potential host range of this insect if introduced into north america, survival and development of l. monacha on 26 north american and eight introduced eurasian tree species were examined. seven conifer species (abies concolor, picea abies, p. glauca, p. pungens, pinus sylvestris with male cones, p. menziesii variety gla ... | 2003 | 12650343 |
| ectomycorrhizas and cadmium toxicity in norway spruce seedlings. | we studied the effects of ectomycorrhizal colonization by laccaria bicolor (maire) orton s238 and paxillus involutus (batsch) fr. 533 on cadmium (cd) toxicity in norway spruce seedlings (picea abies (l.) karst.). both mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal seedlings were exposed to 0 (control), 0.5 or 5 &mgr;m cdso(4) for 9 weeks in a sand culture system with frequent addition of nutrient solutions. in pure culture, p. involutus and l. bicolor showed similar cd tolerance. however, in symbiosis, the cd t ... | 1999 | 12651328 |
| in vitro effects of laccaria bicolor s238 n and pseudomonas fluorescens strain bbc6 on rooting of de-rooted shoot hypocotyls of norway spruce. | the ectomycorrhizal fungus laccaria bicolor s238 n and the bacterium pseudomonas fluorescens bbc6 were used separately and in combination to induce in vitro rooting of de-rooted shoot hypocotyls of norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.). when the culture medium was supplemented with tryptophan, a precursor of indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) synthesis, the presence of the ectomycorrhizal fungus increased the percentage of hypocotyls forming roots; furthermore, both the fungal and bacterial inoculatio ... | 1998 | 12651394 |
| nitrogen-related root variables of trees along an n-deposition gradient in europe. | we measured fine root n concentration, root in vivo nitrate reductase activity (nra) and root uptake capacity for (15)nh(4) (+) and (15)no(3) (-) along an n-deposition gradient from northern sweden to central europe, encompassing a variation in n deposition rates of < 5 to about 40 kg n ha(-1) year(-1). the focus was on picea abies (l.) karst., but fagus sylvatica l. in central europe and pinus sylvestris l. and betula spp. in northern sweden were also studied. we assumed that, with an increased ... | 1998 | 12651404 |
| effects of continuous optimal fertilization on belowground ectomycorrhizal community structure in a norway spruce forest. | studies of effects of fertilizer treatment on ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure have predominantly been based on large, single additions of nitrogen. studies involving chronic additions of nutrients in combination with irrigation are much less common. we used morphotyping to study effects of balanced additions of a nutrient solution on ectomycorrhizal fungal community structure in a 36-year-old stand of picea abies (l.) karst. despite high variability among individual samples, principal ... | 2000 | 12651424 |
| mechanical injury and fungal infection induce acquired resistance in norway spruce. | norway spruce trees (picea abies (l.) karst.) pretreated by wounding and fungal infection showed highly enhanced resistance to a subsequent challenge inoculation with the pathogenic bluestain fungus ceratocystis polonica (siem.) c. moreau. this is the first time the effectiveness of the constitutive and inducible defenses has been shown to depend on prior wounding and infection in conifers, although such acquired resistance has previously been found in several angiosperms. trees that were pretre ... | 1999 | 12651562 |
| acidification-induced chemical changes in coniferous forest soils in southern sweden 1988-1999. | thirty-two norway spruce [picea abies (l.) karst.] and scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) stands in southern sweden were studied for a period of 12 years to evaluate acidification-induced chemical changes in the soil. soil, at 20-30 cm depth in the mineral layer, was sampled three times during this period (1988, 1993 and 1999). the results show that ph(bacl2) in mineral soil decreased by, on average, 0.17 units between 1988 and 1999, accompanied by an increase in aluminium (al) concentration and a ... | 2003 | 12663207 |
| effects of deicing salt on the vitality and health of two spruce species, picea abies karst., and picea glehnii masters planted along roadsides in northern japan. | in northern japan, the growth of picea abies karst., and picea glehnii masters, which have been planted along the highways, is often suppressed due to several environmental stresses. to examine the adverse effects of deicing salt, the primary source of stress,we measured needle life span, photosynthetic capacity, and water potential and transpiration rate of the two spruce species at a site with damaged trees, near the roadside and a site with healthy trees, located far from the highway. results ... | 2003 | 12683989 |
| nucleotide diversity at two phytochrome loci along a latitudinal cline in pinus sylvestris. | forest tree species provide many examples of well-studied adaptive differentiation, where the search for the underlying genes might be possible. in earlier studies and in our common conditions in a greenhouse, northern populations set bud earlier than southern ones. a difference in latitude of origin of one degree corresponded to a change of 1.4 days in number of days to terminal bud set of seedlings. earlier physiological and ecological genetics work in conifers and other plants have suggested ... | 2003 | 12694283 |
| conifer needles as passive biomonitors of the spatial and temporal distribution of ddt from a point source. | needles of two conifer species, picea abies and pinus nigra, were used as passive samplers for monitoring air contamination by sampling at increasing distances from a suspected point source of ddt. needle concentrations declined with increasing distance downwind of the point source allowing to identify spatial and temporal trends of accumulation. this suggested that conifer needles are effective biomonitors of contamination levels in areas characterized by the presence of semi-volatile substance ... | 2003 | 12757779 |
| primary resource capture in two sympatric armillaria species in managed norway spruce forests. | the ability of the preferentially saprotrophic fungus armillaria cepistipes and the pathogenic a. ostoyae to capture fresh stump resources was investigated in managed alpine norway spruce (picea abies) forests where both species occur sympatrically. the incidence of armillaria species and genets as rhizomorphs in the soil as well as external and internal (heart rot) stump colonisation were determined in three comparable 1 ha plots. the results indicate that a. cepistipes and a. ostoyae have a ve ... | 2003 | 12825502 |
| genetic transformation of conifers and its application in forest biotechnology. | genetic modification of conifers through gene transfer technology is now an important field in forest biotechnology. two basic methodologies, particle bombardment and agrobacterium-mediated transformation, have been used on conifers. the use of particle bombardment has produced stable transgenic plants in picea abies, p. glauca, p. mariana, and pinus radiata. transgenic plants have been produced from larix decidua, picea abies, p. glauca, p. mariana, pinus strobus, p. taeda, and p. radiata via a ... | 2003 | 12827443 |
| comparative effects of auxin transport inhibitors on rhizogenesis and mycorrhizal establishment of spruce seedlings inoculated with laccaria bicolor. | we compared the effects of two auxin transport inhibitors (2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (tiba) and 1-n-naphthylphthalamic acid (npa)) on rhizogenesis and mycorrhizal establishment of picea abies l. (karst.) seedlings inoculated with laccaria bicolor s238n (maire) orton. inoculation of seedlings with l. bicolor under in vitro conditions strongly increased host root and shoot growth. although tiba had no effect on taproot growth, npa decreased taproot growth and deformed the root apex into a globular ... | 2003 | 12839732 |
| crown condition surveys in italian forests: issues in reporting findings. | this study examines defoliation and discoloration findings collected throughout the italian level i network between 1997 and 2000. prior to this period no quality assurance procedures had been implemented, so that earlier findings cannot be considered reliable. the aim of the study is to compare different indices used in reporting findings, in order to determine the full potential and limitations of each. in international surveys, findings are normally expressed in terms of individual trees pres ... | 2003 | 12841687 |
| the putative gymnosperm plant defensin polypeptide (spi1) accumulates after seed germination, is not readily released, and the spi1 levels are reduced in pythium dimorphum-infected spruce roots. | the putative plant defensin spi1 cdna from the conifer norway spruce (picea abies) is the only known plant defensin-like sequence from a gymnosperm. the predicted translational product spi1 was not detected in the embryo or other parts of the seed by means of antibodies, but it accumulated in the root cortex after germination. in roots of seedlings infected with the root pathogenic oomycete pythium dimorphum and the blue stain fungus ceratocystis polonica, variable levels of spi1 was detected du ... | 2003 | 12856937 |
| quantifying ozone uptake at the canopy level of spruce, pine and larch trees at the alpine timberline: an approach based on sap flow measurement. | micro-climatic and ambient ozone data were combined with measurements of sap flow through tree trunks in order to estimate whole-tree ozone uptake of adult norway spruce (picea abies), cembran pine (pinus cembra), and european larch (larix decidua) trees. sap flow was monitored by means of the heat balance approach in two trees of each species during the growing season of 1998. in trees making up the stand canopy, the ozone uptake by evergreen foliages was significantly higher than by deciduous ... | 2003 | 12860097 |
| brassinolide improves embryogenic tissue initiation in conifers and rice. | somatic embryogenesis (se), the most promising technology for the large-scale production of high-value coniferous trees from advanced breeding and genetic engineering programs, is expected to play an important role in increasing productivity, sustainability, and the uniformity of future u.s. forests. to be successful for commercial use, se technology must work with a variety of genetically diverse trees. initiation in loblolly pine ( pinus taeda l.), our main focus species, is often recalcitrant ... | 2003 | 12879262 |
| seasonal changes in stem radius and production of new tracheids in norway spruce. | the progress of xylem formation in norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) was measured during one growing season in southern finland. stem radius was monitored continuously with band dendrometers, and the formation of new tracheids was determined by examination of small increment cores taken twice weekly. tracheid production started in june and ceased in august. xylem formation was fastest in early july, when 0.75-1.25 new tracheids were formed per day. the rate of xylem formation was significa ... | 2003 | 12952782 |
| developmental lignification and seasonal variation in beta-glucosidase and peroxidase activities in xylem of scots pine, norway spruce and silver birch. | we examined the relationship between beta-glucosidase and peroxidase activities and xylem lignification in the stems of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.), norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) and silver birch (betula pendula roth) during the 1999 growing season. examination of stem cross sections stained with safranin and alcian blue for lignin and cellulose, respectively, indicated that radial growth of pine and spruce xylem began in late may, whereas the growth of birch xylem was initiated 2 ... | 2003 | 12952784 |
| the dibenzodioxocin lignin substructure is abundant in the inner part of the secondary wall in norway spruce and silver birch xylem. | a specific condensed lignin substructure, dibenzodioxocin, was immunolocalized in differentiating cell walls of norway spruce ( picea abies (l.) h. karsten) and silver birch ( betula pendula roth) xylem. a fluorescent probe, alexa 488 was used as a marker on the dibenzodioxocin-specific secondary antibody. for the detection of this lignin substructure, 25-microm cross-sections of xylem were viewed with a confocal laser-scanning microscope with fluorescein isothiocyanate fluorescence filters. in ... | 2004 | 13680231 |
| repeated freeze-thaw cycles induce embolism in drought stressed conifers (norway spruce, stone pine). | freezing and thawing lead to xylem embolism when gas bubbles caused by ice formation expand during the thaw process. however, previous experimental studies indicated that conifers are resistant to freezing-induced embolism, unless xylem pressure becomes very negative during the freezing. in this study, we show that conifers experienced freezing-induced embolism when exposed to repeated freeze-thaw cycles and simultaneously to drought. simulating conditions at the alpine timberline (128 days with ... | 2003 | 14520570 |
| the timing of bud burst and its effect on tree growth. | a phenology model for estimating the timings of bud burst--one of the most influential phenological phases for the simulation of tree growth--is presented in this study. the model calculates the timings of the leafing of beech (fagus sylvatica l.) and oak (quercus robur l.) and the may shoot of norway spruce (picea abies l.) and scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) on the basis of the daily maximum temperature. the data for parameterisation and validation of the model have been taken from 40 climate ... | 2004 | 14564495 |
| drought stress alters the concentration of wood terpenoids in scots pine and norway spruce seedlings. | drought is known to have an impact on the resistance of conifers to various pests, for example, by affecting resin flow in trees. little is known, however, about the quantitative and qualitative changes in resin when trees are growing in low moisture conditions. we exposed scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) seedlings to medium and severe drought stress for two growing seasons and analyzed the monoterpenes and resin acids in the main stem wood after two y ... | 2003 | 14584671 |
| juvenile nitrogen uptake capacities and root architecture of two open-pollinated families of picea abies. effects of nitrogen source and ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. | this study was carried out to find early physiological differences occurring in young seedlings between two contrasting picea abies open-pollinated families (opf), one with high- and one with low-growth performance in the field by, determining their n uptake capacities and their root architecture. we used three potential n-sources in forest soil solution, no3-, nh4+ and amino acids, to establish n uptake rates by the plants, whether or not associated with a fungus isolated from the field and ide ... | 2003 | 14610890 |
| detecting differences in crown transparency assessments between countries using the image analysis system croco. | estimates of crown transparency calculated using the semi-automatic image analysis system croco were compared with the visual estimates of survey teams from 12 european countries. for each of five european species (norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.), silver fir (abies alba mill.), scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.), beech (fagus sylvatica l.), oak (quercus robur l.)) 15 trees were assessed. in 64% of the comparisons, croco estimates and the survey teams' scores differed significantly, while d ... | 2003 | 14632089 |
| albatrellus citrinus sp. nov., connected to picea abies on lime rich soils. | field observations indicated that a morphotype of albatrellus subrubescens seemed connected to picea abies and lime rich soils, while the original morphotype seemed connected with pinus sylvestris and indifferent to lime. we conducted a molecular study (its sequencing of 22 albatrellus specimens) to test the hypothesis that we in fact had discovered a new species. our results confirmed the hypothesis, i.e. the picea taxon (604 bp its) had little intraspecific variation in spite of 1600 km distan ... | 2003 | 14635772 |