| growth of prototheca isolates on n-hexadecane and mixed-hydrocarbon substrate. | prototheca zopfii, an achlorphyllous alga, was capable of using hydrocarbons as sole carbon and energy source. the ability of p. zopfii to use hydrocarbons did not correlate with source of isolation. seventy-five percent of the p. zopfii cultures recovered from sewage, plants, or animals utilized hydrocarbons. other prototheca species and p. zopfii that did not utilize hydrocarbons were isolated simultaneously from several sources with isolates that did use hydrocarbons. species type rather than ... | 1978 | 565616 |
| the oxidation of terminal d-galactofuranose residues of a galactan and a glycoprotein by a d-galactose oxidase preparation from dactylium dendroides. | a galactan, isolated from the unicellular organism prototheca zopfii, and a glycoprotein from a hyphal cell-wall fraction of the fungus pithomyces chartarum have been oxidised by a d-galactose oxidase preparation from dactylium dendroides. the oxidised polymers were subsequently reduced with sodium borotritide. the site of oxidation was identified as c-6 of non-reducing d-galactofuranosyl residues in both polymers. | 1976 | 986873 |
| degradation of petroleum by an alga, prototheca zopfii. | prototheca zopfii is an achlorophyllous alga which degrades oil. it has been found to degrade 10 and 40% of a motor oil and crude oil, respectively, when tested under appropriate conditions. degradation of the crude oil observed in this study compares well with the amount of degradation accomplished by bacteria. p. zopfii was found to degrade a greater percentage of the aromatic hydrocarbons in motor oil than of the saturated hydrocarbons and a greater percentage of saturated hydrocarbons in cru ... | 1975 | 1147621 |
| in vitro susceptibility of prototheca spp. to gentamicin. | one hundred strains of prototheca zopfii, prototheca wickerhamii, prototheca moriformis, prototheca stagnora, and prototheca ulmnea; five strains of chlorella protothecoides; and two strains of candida albicans were obtained from a number of different clinical and environmental sources and were tested for their in vitro susceptibility to the antibacterial agent gentamicin. all prototheca strains were susceptible to gentamicin at concentrations between 0.3 and 0.9 micrograms/ml. a modified macrob ... | 1991 | 1804021 |
| identification and characterization of mitochondrial translation products in various yeasts and in prototheca zopfii. | mitochondrial genomes of different eucaryotes are not all alike. we have examined mitochondrial translation products in a number of yeasts (candida krusei, hansenula saturnus, rhodotorula glutinis, rhodotorula rubra, torulopsis glabrata and saccharomyces cerevisiae) and in prototheca zopfii, a colorless alga, in order to determine whether certain proteins are invariably synthesized within mitochondria, how different these proteins are, and what additional proteins, if any, might be synthesized b ... | 1985 | 2836096 |
| prototheca zopfii: natural, transient, occurrence in pigs and rats. | domestic swine faeces and fresh faeces from trapped barnyard rats were heavily contaminated with prototheca zopfii, a cause of dairy cow mastitis. when the pigs and rats were maintained on prototheca-free diets, the transient intestinal population of p. zopfii decreased precipitously and disappeared. when combined with the information that other farm animals excrete p. zopfii, it was concluded that contaminated animal feed may be the source of large numbers of p. zopfii in the farm environment. ... | 1988 | 3278239 |
| occurrence of prototheca zopfii, a mastitis pathogen, in milk. | prototheca zopfii was isolated from cow-composite milk and bulk tank milk by a new selective prototheca enrichment method. repeated testing of cow-composite milk from individual cows resulted in p. zopfii isolation data indicating a strong statistical correlation of p. zopfii with specific cows. prototheca sp. were isolated from the milk of 31 of 79 cows in a single herd, and contamination was discounted as the source. prototheca sp. were also recovered from 28 of 787 bulk tank milk samples from ... | 1987 | 3439020 |
| synthesis of beta-glucans in prototheca zopfii. evidence for the existence of a glycoprotein primer. | membrane preparations from the non-photosynthetic alga prototheca zopfii incorporate glucose from udp-[3h]glucose into the trichloroacetic-acid-insoluble fraction and the polysaccharides insoluble in hot alkali. time course and pulse-chase experiments indicate that the acid-insoluble fraction was a precursor of the alkali-insoluble fraction. isolation of 3h-labeled membrane or soluble fraction showed that only membrane fractions were able to transfer radioactivity into polysaccharides. treatment ... | 1987 | 3816792 |
| synthesis of beta-glucans in prototheca zopfii. isolation and characterization of the glycoprotein primer. | when prototheca zopfii cells were pulse-labeled with 14c-containing amino acids and homogenized, 14c-labeled membranes were obtained. in vitro incubations with the previously labeled membranes and udp-[3h]glc produced a trichloroacetic-acid-insoluble fraction having both isotopes. a double-labeled glucoprotein was isolated and characterized. it has a relative molecular mass of 28,000-30,000 and a carbohydrate content of 10%. the oligosaccharide chain is linked to the protein through an o-glycosi ... | 1987 | 3816793 |
| bovine mastitis caused by prototheca zopfii: a case study. | an outbreak of severe indurative mastitis in newly calved cows, from which prototheca zopfii was isolated, is described. the refractory nature of this type of mastitis and the ineffectiveness of the presently available intramammary preparations are highlighted. | 1985 | 4002543 |
| [differentiation of variants of prototheca zopfii krüger 1894]. | | 1985 | 4051655 |
| the metabolism of propionate in the colourless alga, prototheca zopfii. | | 1964 | 4284461 |
| the purification and properties of malonic semialdehyde oxidative decarboxylase from prototheca zopfii. | 1. an enzyme, which in the presence of nad(+) and coa oxidizes malonic semialdehyde to acetyl-coa, has been purified from an extract of the colourless alga prototheca zopfii. 2. the purified enzyme has optimum ph7.5, is specific for nad(+) and requires a thiol compound for maximum activity. 3. the enzyme is inhibited by arsenite, n-ethylmaleimide and urea. 4. the results are discussed in relation to those obtained by other workers with a similar bacterial enzyme, and a possible reaction sequence ... | 1965 | 4285894 |
| the isolation of mitochondria from the colourless alga prototheca zopfii. | | 1967 | 4290159 |
| cytochrome a3: destruction by light. | spectroscopic measurements on cultures of prototheca zopfii irradiated with blue light revealed that inhibition of respiration was accompanied by destruction of cytochrome a(3). one of the three b-type cytochromes and one of the two c-type cytochromes of this organism were also affected. cytochrome oxidase of yeast (not resolved into the a and a(3) components) and cytochrome a(3) of beef-heart mitochondria were also destroyed by blue light. | 1969 | 4309889 |
| the molecular structures of a glucan and a galactan synthesised by prototheca zopfii. | | 1973 | 4356400 |
| control of daughter-cell number variation in multiple fission: genetic versus environmental determinants in prototheca. | prototheca zopfii has been developed as an experimental system for studying the control of cytokinesis and daughter-cell number variation in multiple fission. although mean daughter-cell number increases linearly with growth rate, and this dependency is genetically controlled, pedigree analysis shows that daughter-cell number variation is not under direct genetic control. in a population growing in steady-state balanced growth, each cell has a given probability of dividing into 2, 4, 8 16, or 32 ... | 1972 | 4506103 |
| presence of two sets of ribosome-specific transfer factors in the cell-free extracts from the non-photosynthetic alga prototheca zopfii. | | 1970 | 4907269 |
| the cell wall of prototheca zopfii. | | 1968 | 5652075 |
| the metabolism of acetate in the colourless alga, prototheca zopfii. | | 1964 | 5834509 |
| respiratory control in mitochondria isolated from the colourless alga prototheca zopfii. | | 1965 | 5866392 |
| effect of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole on histidine metabolism in algae. | growth of chlorella vulgaris and prototheca zopfii is inhibited by treatment with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. growth of these 2 algae in the presence of amino triazole is accompanied by the accumulation in the culture media of the dephosphorylated histidine precursor, imidazoleglycerol. the addition of histidine to the culture media in the presence of amino triazole restored the normal growth rates of these organisms and reduced the accumulation of imidazoleglycerol. these data suggest that amino tr ... | 1966 | 5932405 |
| the inhibitory effect of light on growth of prototheca zopfii kruger. | | 1966 | 5961109 |
| level of vitamin b12 in propionate-grown prototheca zopfii. | | 1966 | 5962129 |
| the regulation of propionate oxidation in prototheca zopfii. | 1. whole cell suspensions of prototheca zopfii grown on propionate oxidize propionate, acrylate, malonic semialdehyde and acetate immediately, whereas acetate-grown cells only oxidize acrylate or propionate rapidly after a lag of 20-30min. this adaptation to propionate is slowed down by 8-azaguanine or p-fluorophenylalanine, and is not influenced by adding an ammonium salt or an amino acid mixture. 2. the adaptation involves induction of the enzymes of beta-oxidation of propionate. 3. a small pr ... | 1967 | 6048804 |
| influence of the nitrogen source on the adenine reversal of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole inhibition of prototheca zopfii growth. | | 1967 | 6064046 |
| investigation of the beta-lactamase activity of prototheca zopfii. | a total of 52 strains of prototheca zopfii were studied with a series of beta-lactam compounds in order to test possible existence of beta-lactamase capable of inactivating these compounds. the method used was based on the iodimetric technique. results showed the existence of beta-lactamase which worked in different degrees depending on the beta-lactam compounds. | 1984 | 6335827 |
| canine protothecosis: review of the literature and report of an additional case. | a review of protothecosis in dogs revealed that this malady usually begins in the gastrointestinal tract and progresses to systemic involvement. clinical signs generally include bloody diarrhea or blood-stained feces as well as blindness, ataxia, and polyuria. histologically, myriads of protothecal organisms in different stages of development are found in the granulomatous lesions. two main species have been culturally identified: prototheca zopfii and p wickerhamii. in the absence of cultural s ... | 1982 | 6754671 |
| the effect of amphotericin b on the ultrastructure of prototheca species. | prototheca zopfii and prototheca wickerhamii stains were exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of the antimycotic amphotericin b, and the effect of the treatment on their ultrastructure was assessed. the results revealed ultrastructural changes in the treated cells, expressed by swelling of mitochondria, degradation of cell organelles, accumulation of microbody like structures, lipid droplets and starch granules in the cytoplasm, and changes in the inner layer of the cell wall. | 1981 | 7322192 |
| disseminated protothecosis with central nervous system involvement in a dog. | a 4-year-old mixed-breed spayed bitch was euthanatized after 2 1/2 months of progressive neurologic disease. prototheca organisms were identified by histopathology, culture, and electron microscopy. specific fluorescent antibody procedures revealed two species--prototheca wickerhamii and prototheca zopfii. organisms and pyogranulomatous lesions were found in the brain, spinal cord, right eye, kidneys, and heart. | 1980 | 7380720 |
| experimental protothecosis in labortory animals. | attemps were made to produce protothecosis in laboratory animals by intratesticular, intraperitoneal, intravenous and subcutaneous inoculation of prototheca zopfii, p. wickerhamii and p stagnorta. only intratesticular injection successfully caused infection, and of the inoculated protothecae, only p. zopfii and p. wickerhamii were recovered in culture from testicular material. | 1980 | 7434134 |
| mycotic and algal bovine mastitis in denmark. | a one-year examination of mammary secretions (n = 2,896) from danish cattle with clinical or subclinical mastitis revealed 45 strains of fungi and algae. the strains originated from 44 mammary secretions of 42 cows in 40 herds. the following species of fungi were identified: candida catenulata (n = 2), candida kefyr (n = 6), candida krusei (n = 17), candida rugosa (n = 6), candida tropicalis (n = 3), candida valida (n = 1), geotrichum capitatum (n = 5). the algal species prototheca zopfii was de ... | 1994 | 8068305 |
| disseminated protothecosis caused by prototheca zopfii in a cow. | | 1994 | 8140719 |
| [pilot study of the occurrence of prototheca in fecal samples of horses]. | fecal samples of 146 horses were culturally investigated for occurrence of prototheca spp. using a selective medium, developed by pore (1973). prototheca zopfii could be isolated in monoculture from 9 fecal samples (6.2%). the results of this pilot study show that horses too can harbour and shed prototheca spp. in variable frequency. | 1993 | 8216189 |
| bovine mastitis due to algae of the genus prototheca. | protothecosis was described in many animals, with bovine mastitis being the main form. the increasing number of isolations of prototheca spp. from bovine mastitis cases indicates the need of a detailed evaluation of this problem. besides this, these algae do not respond to treatment with the antimicrobians most frequently applied, leading to elimination of the affected animals, as the best method to control the disease. in two dairy farms in the state of são paulo, brazil, a total of 155 lactati ... | 1996 | 8751827 |
| universal fungus-specific primer systems and group-specific hybridization oligonucleotides for 18s rdna. | we designed two primer systems that amplify a fragment of the gene coding for the small ribosomal subunit (18s rrna). a broadly reactive, yet fungus-specific, primer cocktail comprises two previously published primers, tr1 and tr2, which specifically amplify dermatophytes, and two newly designed primers, ca1 and af2, which specifically amplify candida and aspergillus respectively. this primer cocktail amplifies a dna fragment of approximately 578 basepairs (bp) in length (from position 838 to 14 ... | 1996 | 8786753 |
| identification of prototheca from bovine mastitis in denmark. | in the present study, algal isolates recovered during the period 1991 through 1996 from danish cases of bovine mastitis were characterized and identified. sixteen isolates of prototheca were obtained, all of which were identified as prototheca zopfii according to assimilation pattern, absence of capsules and resistance to clotrimazole. | 1998 | 9637271 |
| [experimental prototheca mastitis in cattle and therapy with tetramisole hydrochloride]. | in one cow all 4 quarters were infected with 2 x 10(8) germs of prototheca zopfii each. 2 quarters of it were treated over 6 subsequent milking times with 20 ml tetramisole hydrochloride (4 mg/kg body mass) in each case. clinical symptoms diminished within 3-24 hours after the first application in comparison with the control quarters distinctly. macroscopic alterations in the treated quarters could be found for a short time only, whereas they were evident in the control quarters for up to 2 days ... | 1993 | 8216187 |
| review of the microbiological, pathological, and clinical aspects of bovine mastitis caused by the alga prototheca zopfii. | the mastitis caused by p. zopfii alga is a disease of high-producing, machine-milked dairy cows. it occurs worldwide in tropical and temperate climatic areas, and mostly appears sporadically in a therapy-resistant form. however, in poorly managed dairy herds it may be endemic, causing serious economic losses as a result of decreased milk quality and quantity and culling of infected animals. the biological properties of this pathogenic alga, the laboratory methods available for its isolation and ... | 2001 | 11361099 |
| [udder compatibility of tetramisole and levamisole hydrochloride and suggestion for the prescription of their intramammary use in cattle against prototheca zopfii]. | preparations with 4 percent tetramisole or levamisole hydrochloride were compatible in the mammary gland after application up to 40 ml/quarter (4 mg/kg body mass) for up to 6 milking times. 100 ml of the preparations were also clinically compatible in a single quarter (10 mg/kg body mass) on several days. after intramammary application of 30 ml/quarter (3 mg/kg body mass) prototheca suppressing values in milk serum were evident for at least 6 hours. one application of 200 ml in one quarter has c ... | 1993 | 8216186 |
| immunohistochemistry combined with periodic acid-schiff for bovine mammary gland with protothecal mastitis. | immunohistochemistry (ihc) of bovine cytokeratin combined with periodic acid-schiff (pas) was applied to study the pathogenesis, localization and distribution of prototheca zopfii in bovine mammary protothecosis. the standard immunohistochemical procedure using anti-bovine cytokeratin was employed before and after pas staining to optimize this combined method. the best results were obtained when ihc procedures were performed first. most of the epithelial cells reacted strongly with the pancytoke ... | 2001 | 11440309 |
| pathogenicity of yeasts and algae isolated from bovine mastitis secretions in a murine model. | the pathogenicity of strains of yeasts and algae isolated from bovine mastitis secretions was evaluated in immunosuppressed mice. strains of candida tropicalis (n = 3) were the most pathogenic, but all strains of geotrichum capitatum (n = 5) and the colourless alga prototheca zopfii (n = 5) were also lethal to mice at the highest dose of 1 x 10(7) cfu per mouse. reisolation of the inoculated micro-organisms and the occurrence of histopathological lesions within organs of mice challenged with 1 x ... | 1994 | 7845414 |
| [prototheca zopfii colonizing the nail]. | | 1981 | 7278940 |
| isolation, characterization, and fermentative pattern of a novel thermotolerant prototheca zopfii var. hydrocarbonea strain producing ethanol and co2 from glucose at 40 degrees c. | a novel thermotolerant strain of the achlorophyllous micro-alga prototheca was isolated from a hot spring. the isolate was found to produce an appreciable amount of ethanol and co2 from glucose under anoxic conditions at both 25 and 40 degrees c; this type of alcohol fermentation has not yet been reported in the genus prototheca. moreover, it also evolved gas from sucrose after a time lag at 40 degrees c. its taxonomic characteristics coincided with those of prototheca zopfii var. hydrocarbonea, ... | 2002 | 11907680 |
| purification and characterization of an endo-beta-(1-->6)-galactanase from trichoderma viride. | an endo-beta-(1-->6)-galactanase from onozuka r-10, a commercial cellulase preparation from trichoderma viride, was purified 57-fold. apparent mr values of the purified enzyme, estimated by denaturing gel electrophoresis and gel filtration, were 47,000 and 17,000, respectively. the enzyme was assayed with a galactan from prototheca zopfii, which has a high proportion of beta-(1-->6)-linked galactosyl residues. it exhibited maximal activity toward the galactan at ph 4.3. the enzyme hydrolyzed spe ... | 2003 | 12543554 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of prototheca zopfii isolated from bovine intramammary infections. | in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out on 48 strains of prototheca zopfii, an achlorophyllous algae causing refractory mastitis in dairy cows; 27 antimicrobials were evaluated. all strains were susceptible to both myxin and nystatin. in addition, 22 strains were susceptible to amphotericin b, 21 to polymyxin b, and 18 to gentamicin. only 1 strain was susceptible to kanamycin. all strains were resistant to ampicillin, bacitracin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, ... | 1984 | 6742568 |
| disseminated protothecosis causing acute blindness and deafness in a dog. | a 3-year-old collie bitch was euthanatized two weeks after the onset of blindness and deafness. the hearing deficit had been localized by clinical signs, brain stem auditory evoked responses, and impedance audiometry. protothecosis was diagnosed by cytologic and histologic examinations. the organism was identified as prototheca zopfii . organisms and granulomatous lesions were found in kidney, heart, liver, skeletal muscle, thyroid gland, colon, bronchial lymph node, brain, and cochlea. | 1984 | 6735845 |
| ultrastructure of prototheca zopfii in bovine granulomatous mastitis. | mammary glands from cows with protothecal mastitis were examined by light and electron microscopy at 6, 13, 20, and greater than 180 days after infection. with increasing time, there were increases in severity of granulomatous inflammation, number of endospores and sporangia, and ratio of degenerate to intact algae. algae were found in macrophages but were not seen in neutrophils, epithelial cells, or myoepithelial cells. macrophages containing algae were markedly enlarged, chiefly from reduplic ... | 1984 | 6730224 |
| carbohydrate metabolism of prototheca zopfii. i. enzymes of the glycolytic and hexose monophosphate pathways. | | 1962 | 13879522 |
| carbon dioxide fixation by the achloric alga prototheca zopfii. | | 1961 | 13879523 |
| [eradication of prototheca zopfii infection in a dairy cattle herd]. | protothecosis is a severe form of mastitis in dairy cows caused by colorless algae of the genus prototheca. since p. zopfii is highly resistant to all known chemotherapeutics, infected cows must be removed from the herd. eradication measures are difficult since many chronically infected cows may become intermittent shedders. therefore, cultural methods are insufficient for control measures. in order to eradicate prototheca zopfii-mastitis in dairy cattle herds, two isotype specific indirect elis ... | 2003 | 14560445 |
| natural and experimental bovine intramammary infection with prototheca zopfii. | a naturally occurring case of chronic mastitis caused by prototheca zopfii was detected in a dairy cow. the cow was observed for 12 weeks, and milk samples were cultured each week. milk production was decreased, and high numbers (greater than 10(3)/ml) of the organism were detected in the milk. six glands of 2 cows were inoculated with small numbers of p zopfii. all 3 cows were euthanatized, and at postmortem, a progressive pyogranulomatous inflammation was observed in all infected mammary gland ... | 1984 | 6711991 |
| [sensitivity of prototheca zopfii to antifungal, chemotherapeutic and sulfamide agents]. | | 1983 | 6672941 |
| simple new test for rapid differentiation of prototheca wickerhamii from prototheca zopfii. | a simple new test to differentiate prototheca wickerhamii from prototheca zopfii by determining susceptibility to clotrimazole is described. a 50-micrograms clotrimazole disk provides a rapid and reliable means of distinguishing p. wickerhamii from p. zopfii. | 1983 | 6630477 |
| disseminated protothecosis in a dog. | a dog with forelimb lameness, bilateral retinal detachment, and hemorrhagic diarrhea, died. necropsy demonstrated multifocal lesions in the skeletal musculature, myocardium, liver, thyroid glands, kidneys, eyes, and brain. microscopically, the lesions contained numerous organisms and minimal cellular infiltrates. the morphologic and cultural characteristics of the organisms were similar to prototheca. the organisms in tissue sections reacted positively for prototheca zopfii, using an indirect fl ... | 1984 | 6501053 |
| disseminated infection with prototheca zopfii after unrelated stem cell transplantation for leukemia. | disseminated infection with prototheca zopfii is a rare disease in immunosuppressed patients. we here report the first case of lethal infection with p. zopfii following unrelated stem cell transplantation for leukemia. breakthrough protothecosis occurred during long-term administration of voriconazole in the case of pulmonary aspergillosis. | 2004 | 15472379 |
| diagnosis of clinical bovine mastitis by fine needle aspiration followed by staining and scanning electron microscopy in a prototheca zopfii outbreak. | biopsy by fine needle aspiration together with microbiological examination and scanning electron microscopy were evaluated in diagnosis of clinical bovine mastitis in a prototheca zopfii outbreak. fine needle aspiration was performed in 21 mammary quarters from ten holstein cows presenting clinical mastitis caused by p. zopfii. the algae were previously identified in the microbiological examination of milk collected from these cows. material aspirated from these 21 mammary glands was submitted t ... | 2004 | 15487325 |
| susceptibilities against bovine lactoferrin with microorganisms isolated from mastitic milk. | antibacterial effects of bovine lactoferrin were studied in vitro against microorganisms isolated from mastitic milk in tokachi area, hokkaido, japan. microorganisms isolated were escherichia coli (11 isolates), klebsiella pneumoniae (5 isolates), enterococci (8 isolates), staphylococcus aureus (10 isolates), coagulase negative staphylococci (cns, 13 isolates), streptococci (11 isolates), prototheca zopfii (7 isolates) and yeast-like fungi (9 isolates). lactoferrin has been known as a multifunct ... | 2004 | 15528862 |
| first large-scale isolation of prototheca zopfii from milk produced by dairy herds in italy. | a total of 1045 milk samples collected from infected and non infected quarters of 269 cows were investigated. this study showed that 4.7% of samples possessed cells of prototheca spp. (10(6)cells/ml). the presence of other pathogenic microorganisms was also monitored. prototheca spp. isolates were classified on the basis of current taxonomic guidelines and identified as p. zopfii. susceptibility tests carried out in vitro by using 25 antibiotic compounds revealed that the strains of p. zopfii. w ... | 2004 | 15630551 |
| effect of growth rate on the macromolecular composition of prototheca zopfii, a colorless alga which divides by multiple fission. | prototheca zopfii, a eukaryote that divides by multiple fission, was investigated to determine how growth rate controls daughter cell number. the macromolecular composition, cell size, and number of nuclei per cell were determined in cultures during balanced growth in various media. cellular mass, ribonucleic acid (rna), deoxyribonucleic acid (dna), carbohydrate, and nuclear number increased as positive linear functions of growth rate, whereas nuclear ploidy remained constant with a value of 0.0 ... | 1973 | 4120065 |
| prototheca zopfii mastitis in a herd of dairy cows. | mastitis caused by the colourless alga prototheca zopfii was diagnosed in 17 of 120 cows in a dairy herd. infection occurred in animals varying from 3-14 years old and was present in one to four quarters of each cow. nine cases were associated with clinical mastitis characterised by the presence in milk of flakes or small clots. somatic cell counts consistent with subclinical mastitis (>500 x 10(3) cells/ml) were recorded in five of the eight remaining cows. histological examination of udder tis ... | 1985 | 16031181 |
| prototheca zopfii isolated from a patient with olecranon bursitis. | prototheca zopfii was isolated from a patient with olecranon bursitis. olecranon bursitis caused by prototheca is a distinct clinical entity. recognition of this infection was made by observing characteristic organisms in tissue and subsequent isolation of the organism. | 1987 | 3816130 |
| prototheca zopfii krüger strain umk-13 growth on acetate or n-alkanes. | a new strain of prototheca zopfii krüger was grown on acetate or on pure n-alkanes. a maximum acetate-supported exponential growth of 12 divisions day occurred at ph 5 and 30 degrees c. at 25 degrees c, growth on n-alkanes was almost as fast, but no growth occurred at 30 degrees c. after 4 days at 25 degrees c, 34 to 45% of the n-alkanes had been removed, whereas at 21 degrees c and slower growth, utilization was twofold greater after 15 days. rates of growth and utilization increased markedly a ... | 1983 | 16346176 |
| isolation of prototheca zopfii from a finger. case report and review of the literature. | prototheca zopfii, an alga-like organism, was isolated from subungual material in a patient with onycholysis. this organism seldom causes human infections. clinical and laboratory aspects are described. the literature is reviewed. | 1991 | 1659090 |
| the cytochromes of prototheca zopfii. | the respiratory pigments of prototheca zopfii include seven cytochromes: two c-type cytochromes, a soluble c(549) and a membrane bound c(551); three b-type cytochromes, b(555), b(559) and b(564); and cytochromes a and a(3). cytochromes a and a(3) could be resolved spectrally in the alpha-band region by reducing the cells in the presence of methanol and cyanide. methanol shifted the absorption maximum of cytochrome a from 598 to 603 nanometers and permitted dithionite (or substrate) to reduce the ... | 1970 | 16657381 |
| clavispora opuntiae and other yeasts associated with the moth sigelgaita sp. in the cactus pilosocereus arrabidae of rio de janeiro, brazil. | clavispora opuntiae was the prevalent yeast associated with the feeding sites of sigelgaita sp. larvae in the cactus pilosocereus arrabidae. also associated with this habitat were candida sonorensis, pichia cactophila, pichia barkeri, candida sp. a, geotrichum sp., geotrichum sericeum and the yeast like organisms prototheca zopfii and acremonium sp. atypical yeast biotypes that may represent new species of pichia, sporopachydermia and candida were isolated. mating types of clavispora opuntiae we ... | 1992 | 1285643 |
| susceptibility of prototheca species to antifungal agents. | twenty isolates of prototheca filamenta, prototheca moriformis, prototheca stagnora, prototheca wickerhamii, and prototheca zopfii were tested for in vitro susceptibility to five commonly used antifungal agents: amphotericin b, 5-fluorocytosine, griseofulvin, miconazole, and nystatin. the results revealed resistance to griseofulvin of all the prototheca isolates tested and an inhibitory effect on p. filamenta by high 5-fluorocytosine concentrations (minimal inhibitory concentration [mic] = 12.5 ... | 1976 | 984758 |
| bovine protothecosis. a brief report of ten cases. | prototheca zopfii was isolated repeatedly from milk samples from ten cows (of a herd of 192 dairy cows) with reduced milk yield and indurated mammary glands. the strain was moderately sensitive to streptomycin, polymyxin and gentamycin, but resistant or relatively resistant to other antibiotics and antimycotics commonly used in clinical practice. an attempt to treat the infection with ethidium bromide, which was found effective in vitro, did not succeed. the number of prototheca excreted decreas ... | 1978 | 665244 |
| lipid carriers in the synthesis of high-mannose glycoproteins in algae. | particulate preparations from the chlorophyta prototheca zopfii catalyze the incorporation of mannose and n-acetylglucosamine into glycolipids. these had been characterized as lipid monophosphate mannose, lipid pyrophosphate n,n'-diacetylchitobiose and various lipid-linked oligosaccharides containing two n-acetylglucosamine residues plus a variable number of mannose residues. the lipid moiety has the properties expected for dolichyl phosphate. the oligosacchride-linked lipids serve as precursors ... | 1979 | 476152 |
| immunodiagnostic identification of dairy cows infected with prototheca zopfii at various clinical stages and discrimination between infected and uninfected cows. | protothecosis is a severe form of mastitis in cattle that is caused by colorless algae of the genus prototheca. so far, no suitable serological test for the identification of infected animals is available for routine diagnosis. in this study an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the identification of infected cows and for discriminating among infected cows at various clinical stages was developed. immunoglobulin g (igg) in serum and iga and igg1 in whey were used as antibody ... | 2001 | 11158103 |
| nutrition and phylogeny of predacious yeasts. | yeast predation was studied with respect to the range of its distribution among ascomycetous yeasts, the range of yeast species that can be affected, and nutritional aspects of the phenomenon. the yeasts identified as predators belong to the saccharomycopsis clade as defined on the basis of rdna sequence relatedness. the 11 recognized species in the clade, plus three undescribed but related candida species, were shown to be incapable of utilizing sulfate as sole source of sulfur, and all but two ... | 2000 | 10913970 |
| prototheca zopfii genotype 2: the causative agent of bovine protothecal mastitis? | in order to clarify the epidemiology of bovine protothecal mastitis, 30 prototheca zopfii mastitis isolates were genetically investigated. based on the 18s rdna, which allows a differentiation of the former species p. zopfii in two distinct p. zopfii genotypes and prototheca blaschkeae sp. nov., newly developed genotype-specific pcr-assays as well as rflp-assays were applied. all mastitis isolates investigated could be assigned to p. zopfii genotype 2 suggesting that this genotype is the aetiolo ... | 2007 | 17157451 |
| evaluation of the susceptibility of prototheca zopfii to milk pasteurization. | protothecosis has been reported in humans (gastroenteritis, bursitis, etc.) and in many other animal species. bovine mastitis represents the main form of occurrence of protothecosis in cattle. milk as well as dairy products, when contaminated with prototheca spp., represent a potential means of transmission of this zoonosis. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of forty prototheca zopfii strains isolated from milk from intramammary infections in dairy cows and also from b ... | 1999 | 10822507 |
| antibacterial activity of bovine lactoferrin hydrolysate against mastitis pathogens and its effect on superoxide production of bovine neutrophils. | antibacterial activity of bovine lactoferrin hydrolysates (lfh) on microorganisms isolated from bovine mastitis, and superoxide (o(2)(-)) production of bovine neutrophils were evaluated. antibacterial effects of lfh were measured in vitro against staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, yeast-like fungi and prototheca zopfii isolated from clinical cases of bovine mastitis. to compare susceptibilities against lfh, ... | 2007 | 17456148 |
| the medically important yeasts present in clinical specimens. | in an effort to determine the yeast species present in clinical specimens obtained from patients attending a busy saudi hospital, the present study was undertaken. more than 1614 yeasts were isolated in culture from pathologic specimens of over 1303 patients with diverse clinical conditions. organisms identified in 22 species of eight general included: candida albicans, c. parapsilosis, c. tropicalis, c. krusei, c. lipolytica, c. guilliermondii, c. pseudotropicalis, c. pinotolopesii, c. humicola ... | 1992 | 17589130 |
| stimulatory effect of procaine on the growth of several microalgae and cyanobacteria. | procaine has been used to stimulate plant growth and it has been noted that it also promotes growth of microorganisms. the effect of procaine hydrochloride concentration on the growth rates of several species of microalgae and cyanobacteria was studied under both photoautotropic and heterotrophic growth conditions. procaine hydrochloride was added to cultures at concentrations over the range 0.01-1000 mg l(-1). a stimulating effect of procaine hydrochloride on photoautotrophic growth was observe ... | 2000 | 10714957 |
| [individual animal risk factors for prototheca mastitis in cattle]. | risk factors for mastitis caused by prototheca zopfii were determined in a retrospective case control study. 248 cows culled for protothecal mastitis in a large dairy herd were included in the study. the diseased cows were compared to their non affected herdmates in respect to age, stage of lactation, production and milk composition. the effect of previous cases of mastitis during the same lactation or in previous lactations and the effect of antibiotic pretreatment were determined in a split ud ... | 1999 | 10547928 |
| bovine mastitis associated with prototheca blaschkeae. | bovine mastitis is an important and complex disease responsible for economic losses in the dairy industry. biotype ii strains of the green alga prototheca zopfii can be involved, most often resulting in chronic mastitis of difficult treatment associated with reduced milk production. this type of infection is rare, but the number of reported cases is increasing worldwide. in order to determine the kind of species involved in mastitis by prototheca in northwest portugal, 41 prototheca isolates wer ... | 2008 | 18434557 |
| prototheca zopfii genotypes isolated from cow barns and bovine mastitis in japan. | this study is the first investigation on japanese isolates of prototheca zopfii from bovine mastitis and the cow-barn surroundings by molecular characterization to clarify routes of infection for bovine protothecal mastitis. we performed isolation of prototheca from cow-barn surroundings (drinking water, sewage and feces) and milk samples from cases of bovine mastitis. genotypes of the 32 isolates of p. zopfii from cow-barn surroundings and 67 isolates from mastitis were analyzed by genotype-spe ... | 2008 | 18511222 |
| bovine mammary protothecosis due to prototheca zopfii. | mastitis due to prototheca zopfii was diagnosed in three of 28 cows in a dairy herd. as two cows continued to shed algae after 45 days they were slaughtered and organs were examined by cultivation, histology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. algae were restricted to the mammary glands and regional lymph nodes in which a granulomatous inflammation was seen. algae were predominantly seen in macrophages but neutrophils also contained organisms. in macrophages both sporangiospores and s ... | 1998 | 9776819 |
| epidemiologic study of environmental sources in a prototheca zopfii outbreak of bovine mastitis. | bovine mastitis represents the main form of occurrence of protothecosis in animals. the detection of mastitis caused by prototheca sp. indicates a serious problem which can affect an entire herd. the purpose of this study is to explain some aspects of the epidemiology of mastitis due to prototheca zopfii with the evaluation of the presence of these microorganisms in samples collected from potential sources in the dairy herd. this study was performed during a prototheca zopfii outbreak of clinica ... | 1997 | 9299756 |
| prototheca zopfii mastitis in dairy herds under continental climatic conditions. | in the last 2 years 223 cases of bovine mastitis caused by prototheca zopfii infection were identified in 32 large-scale dairy herds. all of these farms were in hungary, which has a continental type, temperate zone climate. both the sporadic and epidemic forms of p. zopfii mastitis were observed. all the herds affected by the epidemic form had poor hygienic conditions and suffered from several managerial faults, but no specific predisposing factors could be identified. in almost all of the cases ... | 2001 | 11361104 |
| bovine mastitis due to prototheca zopfii: clinical, epidemiological and pathological aspects in a brazilian dairy herd. | the clinical, epidemiological and pathological aspects of protothecal mastitis in a brazilian dairy herd are described. prototheca zopfii infection was diagnosed in 11 of 121 milking cows. clinical mastitis refractory to usual therapy was observed in 7 cows. several environmental conditions conducive to the growth of prototheca spp., such as wetness, muddiness and the presence of organic material, were present in the dairy. improper milking practices and insanitary infusion of the intramammary a ... | 2001 | 11770201 |
| phenotypic and genotypic characterization of prototheca zopfii in a dog with enteric signs. | this is a case report of enteric protothecosis caused by prototheca zopfii in an eight-year-old male mixed breed dog with a history of chronic bloody diarrhea, loss of appetite and weight loss. algae were isolated from rectal scrapings in defibrinated sheep blood agar and dextrose sabouraud agar. cytological evaluation showed the presence of globular and cylindrical organisms with a defined capsule and variable number of endospores, characteristic of the genus prototheca, in the rectum of the an ... | 2009 | 19520405 |
| phylogenetic analysis identifies the invertebrate pathogen helicosporidium sp. as a green alga (chlorophyta). | historically, the invertebrate pathogens of the genus helicosporidium were considered to be either protozoa or fungi, but the taxonomic position of this group has not been considered since 1931. recently, a helicosporidium sp., isolated from the blackfly simulium jonesi stone & snoddy (diptera: simuliidae), has been amplified in the heterologous host helicoverpa zea. genomic dna has been extracted from gradient-purified cysts. the 185, 28s and 5.8s regions of the helicosporidium rdna, as well as ... | 2002 | 11837312 |
| longitudinal analysis of prototheca zopfii-specific immune responses: correlation with disease progression and carriage in dairy cows. | in order to characterize the humoral and cellular immune responses to bovine mammary protothecosis, serum and whey samples obtained from 72 dairy cows assigned to four different clinical stages of infection were examined for specific antibodies by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques. milk samples were analyzed for the total numbers of excreted algal cells and somatic cells. after characterization of the course of immune induction in bovine protothecal mastitis, a long-term sent ... | 2003 | 12624049 |
| susceptibility and features of the ultrastructure of prototheca zopfii following exposure to copper sulphate, silver nitrate and chlorexidine. | one of the most important forms of the occurrence of protothecosis is bovine mastitis. studies on the "in vivo" and "in vitro" susceptibility to antimicrobials have shown that the microorganism is resistant to most of them. looking for alternative treatments this study aimed to study the susceptibility to copper sulphate (which has an important algicide effect) and silver nitrate (used in dairy cattle breeding for the cauterization of mammary glands) and also to chlorexidine (an important post-d ... | 2002 | 12715940 |
| emended phenotypic characterization of prototheca zopfii: a proposal for three biotypes and standards for their identification. | a representative selection of prototheca zopfii strains isolated from different environmental habitats or clinical cases was characterized in a polyphasic approach in order to assess their intraspecies taxonomic position. recently, the recognition of distinct phenotypic clusters has been reported as the assignment of 'variants'. in the present study, 11 strains were compared by a number of phenotypic and genetic criteria, including growth characteristics, biochemical reactions and serotyping res ... | 2003 | 12892149 |
| 26s rdna-based phylogenetic investigation of japanese cattle-associated prototheca zopfii isolates. | the study has been conducted to assess the applicability of partial 26s ribosomal dna sequence for the phylogenic analysis of p.zopfii and to arrive relationships between specific genotype of p.zopfii and clinical mastitis. the phylogenetic analysis indicated that all genotype 2 isolates were grouped into the cluster of type strain of p.zopfii. thus, all mastitis isolates in japan were identified as p.zopfii genotype 2 and were independent of the cluster of the genotype 1 isolates. in one clinic ... | 2010 | 19915324 |
| expression of bovine lactoferrin and lactoferrin n-lobe by recombinant baculovirus and its antimicrobial activity against prototheca zopfii. | lactoferrin (lf) is a multifunctional, iron-binding glycoprotein found in secretory fluids of mammals. in this study, dna encoding bovine lactoferrin (blf) or the n-terminal half of blf (blf n-lobe) was inserted into a baculovirus transfer vector, and a recombinant virus expressing blf or blf n-lobe was isolated. an 80-kda blf-related protein expressed by the recombinant baculovirus was detected by monoclonal antibodies against blf n-lobe and the c-terminal half of blf (blf c-lobe). a 43-kda blf ... | 2003 | 14569298 |
| comparison of plastid 16s rrna (rrn16) genes from helicosporidium spp.: evidence supporting the reclassification of helicosporidia as green algae (chlorophyta). | the helicosporidia are invertebrate pathogens that have recently been identified as non-photosynthetic green algae (chlorophyta). in order to confirm the algal nature of the genus helicosporidium, the presence of a retained chloroplast genome in helicosporidia cells was investigated. fragments homologous to plastid 16s rrna (rrn16) genes were amplified successfully from cellular dna extracted from two different helicosporidium isolates. the fragment sequences are 1269 and 1266 bp long, are very ... | 2003 | 14657099 |
| protothecosis successfully treated with amikacin combined with tetracyclines. | summary we report a case of protothecosis in an 18-year-old female student caused by prototheca zopfii successfully treated with amikacin combined with tetracyclines. zusammenfassung es wird über eine protothecose, verursacht durch prototheca zopfii, bei einer 18-jährigen studentin berichtet, die erfolgreich mit amikacin in kombination mit tetracyclinen behandelt wurde. | 2004 | 15078433 |
| in vitro susceptibility of prototheca zopfii genotypes 1 and 2. | prototheca zopfii causes bovine mastitis that leads to reduced milk production. since p. zopfii isolates from mastitis have been assigned p. zopfii genotype 2, it suggests that this genotype is the etiologic agent of the infection. however, isolates of p. zopfii have not been investigated with regard to their in vitro drug susceptibility. in this study, we examine the susceptibility of genotype 2 strains from bovine mastitis and genotype 1 isolates recovered from cow-barn surroundings. the in vi ... | 2011 | 20795764 |
| a case report of canine protothecosis. | a 10-year-old spayed mongrel dog was referred with repeated intercurrent hematochezia and anal bleeding. the dog was vigorous and had a normal appetite, and the fecal test showed no abnormal signs. despite treatment primarily with sulfasalazine, the condition did not improve and unilateral blindness developed. a prototheca zopfii infection was identified by further examination with bowel culture on sabouraud's agar without cyclohexane and antibiotics. subsequent to a vision loss in the other eye ... | 2004 | 15187378 |
| urinary tract manifestations of protothecosis in dogs. | records of 13 dogs with systemic infection with prototheca sp. from 3 veterinary teaching hospitals were reviewed. acute renal failure secondary to disseminated infection with prototheca zopfii was diagnosed in 2 dogs. in 1 dog, acute renal failure developed during administration of immunosuppressive drugs for treatment of anterior uveitis. during diagnostic evaluation of this dog, prototheca sp. organisms were noted in urine sediment and renal biopsy specimens. in the 2nd dog, acute renal failu ... | 2005 | 15715059 |
| optimization of heterotrophic culture conditions for n-alkane utilization and phylogenetic position based on the 18s rdna sequence of a thermotolerant prototheca zopfii strain. | this study reports on the optimization of the culture conditions for a thermotolerant eukaryotic algal strain, prototheca zopfii rnd16, which can effectively degrade and assimilate n-alkanes at elevated temperatures. rnd16 was able to grow on 1% (v/v) n-alkanes (c14-c17) at temperatures up to 38 degrees c. this ability differs from a previous finding that p. zopfii did not grow on hydrocarbons under temperature conditions above 25 degrees c. increasing the temperature from 25 degrees c to 30-35 ... | 2002 | 16233286 |
| epidemiological and clinical aspects of the first outbreak of bovine mastitis caused by prototheca zopfii in goiás state, brazil. | the purpose of this survey was to describe the occurrence of bovine mastitis caused by prototheca zopfii in goiás state, brazil. samples of milk, environment and udder were taken from a herd of 120 holstein cows. sabourauds dextrose agar plates were incubated under aerobic conditions at 37 degrees c/96 h, for microbiological analysis. somatic cell count and milk composition were also determined. histological sections from two udders were stained with he and pas. prototheca zopfii was identified ... | 2006 | 16482385 |
| protothecal olecranon bursitis: an unusual algal infection. | prototheca is an achlorophyllic alga which rarely causes infections in humans and protothecal olecranon bursitis is remarkably rare. we report a case of a 76-year-old immunocompetent man presenting with pain and swelling of the right elbow secondary to protothecal infection. initial cultures of the olecranon bursal aspirate revealed no growth; however, repeat aspiration after 2 months grew prototheca species on culture. prototheca wickerhamii and prototheca zopfii are the only 2 protothecal spec ... | 2011 | 21804360 |
| inhibition of respiration in prototheca zopfii by light. | irradiation of cells of prototheca zopfii with blue light inhibited the respiratory capacity of the cells. the inhibition of respiration was correlated with a photodestruction of cytochrome c(551), cytochrome b(559), and cytochrome a(3). cytochrome c(549), cytochrome b(555), and cytochrome b(564) were unaffected by the irradiation treatment. the alpha-band of reduced cytochrome a was shifted from 599 to 603 nm by irradiation, an effect similar to that observed when methanol was added to nonirrad ... | 1970 | 16657382 |
| effect of prototheca zopfii on neutrophil function from bovine milk. | this study was carried to investigate neutrophil function in the presence of prototheca zopfii. for this purpose, bovine milk neutrophils were incubated in the absence (control) of and presence of p. zopfii, and then they were examined hydrogen peroxide (h(2)o(2)) production, antioxidant enzyme activities, and phagocytic capacity. milk was collected from negative "california mastitis test" (cmt) quarter from three lactating holstein cows after induction of leukocytosis with an intramammary infus ... | 2006 | 17146586 |