| skin protothecosis in a patient with renal allograft. | the case history of a 30-year-old male kidney transplant patient who developed cutaneous protothecosis is presented. the lesions, initially located over the forearm and around the site of previous av shunt, consisted of maculopapular areas which opened spontaneously and drained purulent sanguineous material. culutre of drainage grew prototheca wickerhamii. other virulent organisms, ie. klebsiella pneumoniae and pseudomonas aeruginosa, were also grown. the patient died of klebsiella septicemia an ... | 1978 | 341343 |
| lipid composition and sensitivity of prototheca wickerhamii to membrane-active antimicrobial agents. | the lipid composition of prototheca wickerhamii atcc 16529 is presented and discussed in relation to the unique susceptibility of the organism to drugs of three membrane-active antimicrobial classes: the polyenes, the polymyxins, and the imidazoles. the presence of ergosterol in the neutral lipid fraction of the membrane is likely responsible for the exquisite susceptibility to amphotericin b. the presence of a large quantity of free fatty acids in the membrane appears responsible for imidazole ... | 1979 | 518077 |
| susceptibility of prototheca species to antifungal agents. | twenty isolates of prototheca filamenta, prototheca moriformis, prototheca stagnora, prototheca wickerhamii, and prototheca zopfii were tested for in vitro susceptibility to five commonly used antifungal agents: amphotericin b, 5-fluorocytosine, griseofulvin, miconazole, and nystatin. the results revealed resistance to griseofulvin of all the prototheca isolates tested and an inhibitory effect on p. filamenta by high 5-fluorocytosine concentrations (minimal inhibitory concentration [mic] = 12.5 ... | 1976 | 984758 |
| protothecosis in a cat: first recorded case. | a 12-year-old domestic shorthair cat with a soft, fluctuant, subcutaneous mass, approximately 5 cm in diameter on the posterior aspect of the left tarsus was diagnosed as having protothecosis. cultures, histopathology, and fluorescent antibody reagents were used to identify prototheca wickerhamii as the etiologic agent. protothecosis has not previously been recorded in cats. | 1976 | 996693 |
| cutaneous protothecosis. successful treatment with amphotericin b. | a patient had cutaneous protothecosis because of the alga-like organism, prototheca wickerhamii. in vitro sensitivity tests showed that the organism was sensitive to amphotericin b, and was treated successfully with this polyene antibiotic. as with treatment of some fungal infections, a clinical response was achieved when therapy with low doses of amphotericin b was given during a short period of time. the basis of the amphotericin b response may have been due to a combination of its immunostimu ... | 1976 | 1008567 |
| the ultrastructure of prototheca wickerhamii. | two clinical isolates from prototheca wickerhamii were freeze-dried, fixed and studied by electron microscopy and were also examined growing in culture medium by phase contrast light microscopy. resting spores placed on fresh medium developed cytoplasmic extensions which sequestrated before proliferation occurred. in the presence of adequate nutrients vegetative spores grew and subdivided to form up to 12 endospores within large sporangia which ruptured to release free spores every 5--6 hours. t ... | 1975 | 1097932 |
| wound infection by prototheca wickerhamii, a saprophytic alga pathogenic for man. | biopsy of a wound infection of the palmar fascia in a young diabetic woman revealed characteristic periodic acid-schiff-positive prototheca species cells with a rosette configuration and internal septation. prototheca wickerhamii was cultured repeatedly from the wound drainage and the biopsy tissue. several diagnostic features distinguishing prototheca species, saprophytic algae, from yeasts are: the formation of endospores by mitosis; greater variation in cell size (2 to 15 mum); the presence o ... | 1975 | 1225929 |
| [generalized protothecosis in a fruit bat (pteropus lylei)]. | prototheca organisms, histologically resembling prototheca wickerhamii, were found in a fruit bat as a cause of a massive granulomatous lymphadenitis and splenitis and a widespread granulomatous meningoencephalitis. focal lesions were also present in the myocardium, in skeletal muscles, and in the kidneys. | 1975 | 1237960 |
| effects of selected herbicides and plant hormones on prototheca wickerhamii. | prototheca wickerhamii was treated in vitro with 11 different herbicides and plant hormones. growth was inhibited by indolyl-3-acetic acid, indolyl-3-butyric acid and indolyl-3-propionic acid at 400 mug per ml. coconut milk was stimulatory. | 1976 | 1263245 |
| meningitis due to prototheca wickerhamii in a patient with aids. | the first documented case of algal meningitis due to prototheca wickerhamii is reported in a patient with aids. the initial csf culture yielded only cryptococcus neoformans. p. wickerhamii was isolated on four subsequent lumbar punctures. the patient died, and at autopsy the alga was isolated from leptomeninges over the brain and about the spinal cord. histologic sections from numerous locations of the brain revealed masses of cryptococci and prototheca. | 1992 | 1420686 |
| the structural analysis of the mitochondrial ssurrna implies a close phylogenetic relationship between mitochondria from plants and from the heterotrophic alga prototheca wickerhamii. | the gene for the mitochondrial small subunit rrna (ssurrna) from the heterotrophic alga prototheca wickerhamii has been isolated from a gene library of extranuclear dna. sequence and structural analyses allow the determination of a secondary structure model for this rrna. in addition, several sequence motifs are present which are typically found in ssurrnas of various mitochondrial origins. unexpectedly, the prototheca rna sequence has more features in common with mitochondrial ssurrnas from pla ... | 1990 | 1692773 |
| experimental cutaneous protothecosis in mice: epithelioid cell granuloma formation. | prototheca wickerhamii, isolated from skin biopsy specimens of a patient with cutaneous protothecosis, were cultured in sabouraud's medium and inoculated in the skin of 8 icr albino mice and 3 balb/c mice. only in 3 icr albino mice and 3 balb/c mice were organisms found in skin tissue, as confirmed by identification of organisms by staining with periodic acid-schiff (pas) stain and culture. histologic findings from affected nodular skin lesions indicated epithelioid cell granuloma and histiocyti ... | 1991 | 1712799 |
| in vitro susceptibility of prototheca spp. to gentamicin. | one hundred strains of prototheca zopfii, prototheca wickerhamii, prototheca moriformis, prototheca stagnora, and prototheca ulmnea; five strains of chlorella protothecoides; and two strains of candida albicans were obtained from a number of different clinical and environmental sources and were tested for their in vitro susceptibility to the antibacterial agent gentamicin. all prototheca strains were susceptible to gentamicin at concentrations between 0.3 and 0.9 micrograms/ml. a modified macrob ... | 1991 | 1804021 |
| peritonitis due to prototheca wickerhamii in a patient undergoing chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. | a 72-year-old man who was undergoing chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis developed peritonitis due to prototheca wickerhamii. results of in vitro sensitivity testing revealed that the organism was sensitive to amphotericin b (mic, 0.4 micrograms/ml) but resistant to fluconazole (mic, greater than 80 micrograms/ml). the patient was successfully treated medically with a combination of intravenous amphotericin b and oral doxycycline. | 1991 | 1866538 |
| successful treatment of prototheca peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. | we describe the second reported case of peritonitis caused by the alga prototheca wickerhamii in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (capd). this organism, which grows slowly on agar media, is recognised as a race cause of other infections. the condition is clinically similar to cases of fungal peritonitis, but there are important differences, particularly when choosing the best treatment. | 1991 | 2026894 |
| evaluation of the updated vitek yeast identification data base. | using 398 isolates of yeasts and yeastlike fungi comprising 9 genera and 26 species, as well as the hyphomycete geotrichum candidum and the achlorophyllous alga prototheca wickerhamii, we compared the api 20c yeast identification system with the modified vitek yeast identification system with an expanded data base. we found 11 discrepancies between the two systems: five (1.3%) of the isolates (blastoschizomyces capitatus, 1; candida albicans, 1; hansenula anomala, 1; rhodotorula minuta, 2) had b ... | 1990 | 2229376 |
| visceral protothecosis mimicking sclerosing cholangitis in an immunocompetent host: successful antifungal therapy. | a healthy 39-year-old man who had clinical findings consistent with sclerosing cholangitis was found to have systemic protothecosis at surgery. severe granulomatous inflammation and palpable nodules were found in the gallbladder, on the surface of the liver, and in the duodenum. prototheca wickerhamii was detected in biopsied specimens and stool; the titer of indirect fluorescent antibody to this organism was 1:2,000. the patient recovered after a short course of treatment with amphotericin b an ... | 1990 | 2237120 |
| prototheca wickerhamii tenosynovitis. | prototheca wickerhamii is an algae-like organism rarely implicated in skin or soft tissue infections. we describe the first case (to our knowledge) of prototheca tenosynovitis which followed median nerve release for carpal tunnel syndrome. clinical presentation, operative findings, histopathology, microbiology and treatment of this unusual infection are discussed. | 1990 | 2359084 |
| cutaneous protothecosis--a case report. | the present report describes a case of cutaneous protothecosis, as confirmed by skin biopsy and culture, in a 62-year-old man with an erythematous plaque lesion on his back. the disease was initially detected after return from a trip to taiwan. the characteristic sporangia and biochemical sugar assimilation tests indicated the organism to be prototheca wickerhamii. oral administration of (5-fc) failed to have any effect and so finally, the lesion had to be removed by surgical excision. | 1989 | 2628458 |
| papular protothecosis of the chest. immunologic evaluation and treatment with a combination of oral tetracycline and topical amphotericin b. | a 65-year-old woman presented with cutaneous, pruritic papules of the upper part of her chest. histologic findings and culture of a biopsy specimen confirmed that these papules were caused by an infection with prototheca wickerhamii, an achloric alga that rarely infects humans. natural killer cell activity in this patient was significantly depressed before initiation of therapy. reevaluation following successful treatment with oral tetracycline hydrochloride and topical amphotericin b cream reve ... | 1989 | 2774599 |
| serologic survey of rotavirus, norwalk agent and prototheca wickerhamii in wastewater workers. | analysis of paired sera from 48 wastewater workers and controls who reported gastrointestinal illness did not reveal any excess of seroconversions to norwalk agent or to rotavirus. inexperienced wastewater-exposed workers had higher levels of antibody to norwalk agent than did experienced and control workers and those with high and medium aerosol exposure had higher titres than those in the low aerosol category. analysis for prototheca antibody titres was essentially negative. | 1985 | 2981485 |
| protothecosis in two cats. | protothecosis was diagnosed in 2 cats from florida with nodular skin lesions. microscopically, lesions were composed of macrophages and multinucleated giant cells arranged in solid sheets in the dermis and subcutis. in both cats, characteristic algal endospores identified as prototheca wickerhamii were observed within the cytoplasm of infiltrating cells. | 1988 | 3410772 |
| cutaneous protothecosis. a clinicopathologic study. | in what we believe to be the first case of cutaneous protothecosis identified in taiwan, a 5-year-old chinese girl presented with a pruritic erythematous plaque on her right upper eyelid. a clinical diagnosis of eczematous dermatitis was made initially, and sporotrichosis was diagnosed subsequently. later, histopathologic and cultural studies of the lesion finally led to the diagnosis of protothecosis. the recognition of the characteristic sporangia containing symmetrically arranged endospores i ... | 1987 | 3632287 |
| algal peritonitis complicating continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. | a 41-year-old woman on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (capd) presented with algal peritonitis. prototheca wickerhamii was isolated from multiple dialysate effluent cultures. despite treatment with amphotericin b, catheter removal was required. an attempt to reinsert a tenckhoff catheter 3 months later was unsuccessful because of dense intraperitoneal adhesions. prototheca sp are a rare cause of human disease, this being the first reported case of algal peritonitis complicating capd. | 1986 | 3740059 |
| protothecal olecranon bursitis: treatment with intrabursal amphotericin b. | a patient is described from whom repeated olecranon bursa fluid cultures yielded prototheca wickerhamii. following intrabursal instillation of amphotericin b, the cultures became negative. there was no progression of infection or adverse consequences of this treatment. review of the literature regarding this unusual infection reveals seven reported cases of protothecal olecranon bursitis. five cases from which sufficient information was provided were diagnosed by histologic examination of excise ... | 1986 | 3797938 |
| the nutrition, resistance to antibiotics and ultrastructure of prototheca wickerhamii. | | 1974 | 4416387 |
| life cycle and variation of prototheca wickerhamii. | prototheca wickerhamii is a yeastlike organism that resembles the green alga chlorella. nuclear division in coordination with cytoplasmic cleavage gives rise to uninucleate cytoplasmic segments, each of which acquires a delicate cell wall and develops into an autospore. the autospores in this species are spherical; but in a variant that presumably arose as a result of spontaneous mutation, the cytoplasmic cleavage is irregular, and the resultant autospores are ovoid to bacillary. when these vari ... | 1967 | 5611024 |
| successful ketoconazole treatment of protothecosis with ketoconazole-associated hepatotoxicity. | a 46-year-old woman had a chronic, unresponsive wrist infection that was proved to be due to the algaelike organism prototheca wickerhamii. treatment with ketoconazole resulted in prompt improvement and ultimate healing. therapy was complicated by hepatitis that was ketoconazole-related. ketoconazole may be effective and easily administered therapy for this generally unresponsive infection. | 1983 | 6311129 |
| simple new test for rapid differentiation of prototheca wickerhamii from prototheca zopfii. | a simple new test to differentiate prototheca wickerhamii from prototheca zopfii by determining susceptibility to clotrimazole is described. a 50-micrograms clotrimazole disk provides a rapid and reliable means of distinguishing p. wickerhamii from p. zopfii. | 1983 | 6630477 |
| first human case of possible protothecosis in spain. | prototheca wickerhamii was isolated from the stool of a two month-old infant with diarrhea resistant to treatment. this is the first description from spain of algae of the genus prototheca isolated from human clinical specimens. the possible pathogenicity of the prototheca in this case is discussed. | 1983 | 6633630 |
| metastatic protothecal retinitis in a dog. electron microscopic observations. | disseminated protothecosis, due to prototheca wickerhamii, was present in a two-year-old female dog with a nine-month history of hemorrhagic colitis and diarrhea. shortly thereafter, the dog developed "acute blindness" of the left eye. euthanasia was done after medical therapy failed to control the disease. histologically, the eye had multiple microabscesses and necrotic foci containing myriad protothecal organisms under the detached retina. numerous organisms also were present in the mucosa and ... | 1984 | 6710814 |
| first case of human protothecosis in canada: laboratory aspects. | a case of bursitis due to prototheca wickerhamii is briefly reported. in histological sections the organism stained well with fungal stains, grey with silver methanamine and red with periodic acid schiff reagent. this unicellular achlorophyllous alga was studied on common laboratory media. the characterization of the prototheca sp. depends largely on wet mount microscopic examination from broth or agar cultures which ensures the observation of endosporulation and a consistent absence of budding. ... | 1981 | 7219510 |
| phagocytosis and algicidal activity of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils against prototheca wickerhamii. | protothecosis is an uncommon infection due to prototheca wickerhamii. recently, a patient with progressive cutaneous protothecosis and an apparent defect in the ability of her polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmns) to kill p. wickerhamii was successfully treated. therefore, the role of pmns and serum opsonins in host defense against tissue invasion by this organism was evaluated. the results show that human pmns ingested and kill p. wickerhamii. ultrastructural studies revealed digestion of the or ... | 1981 | 7264371 |
| prototheca wickerhamii--an alga infecting the hand. | this report describes a hand infection caused by an alga. prototheca wickerhamii. this rare organism presents most often as chronic dermatitis or bursitis of the upper extremity. routine stains and cultures are easily confused with fungi. only early, radical excision of the involved structures will effect a cure. | 1981 | 7310086 |
| the effect of amphotericin b on the ultrastructure of prototheca species. | prototheca zopfii and prototheca wickerhamii stains were exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of the antimycotic amphotericin b, and the effect of the treatment on their ultrastructure was assessed. the results revealed ultrastructural changes in the treated cells, expressed by swelling of mitochondria, degradation of cell organelles, accumulation of microbody like structures, lipid droplets and starch granules in the cytoplasm, and changes in the inner layer of the cell wall. | 1981 | 7322192 |
| disseminated protothecosis with central nervous system involvement in a dog. | a 4-year-old mixed-breed spayed bitch was euthanatized after 2 1/2 months of progressive neurologic disease. prototheca organisms were identified by histopathology, culture, and electron microscopy. specific fluorescent antibody procedures revealed two species--prototheca wickerhamii and prototheca zopfii. organisms and pyogranulomatous lesions were found in the brain, spinal cord, right eye, kidneys, and heart. | 1980 | 7380720 |
| the mitochondrial lsu rdna of the brown alga pylaiella littoralis reveals alpha-proteobacterial features and is split by four group iib introns with an atypical phylogeny. | the mitochondrial dna region coding for the large ribosomal rna subunit from the brown alga pylaiella littoralis (l.) kjellm was sequenced. the lsu rrna was folded into a secondary structure and aligned with homologous, mitochondrial and eubacterial sequences. taking into account the primary and secondary structure levels, the mitochondrial lsu rrna of p. littoralis shares more structural features with alpha-proteobacterial genes than do those of the green alga prototheca wickerhamii and land pl ... | 1995 | 7544414 |
| simple new test for rapid differentiation of prototheca stagnora from p. wickerhamii and p. zopfii. | a simple new test to differentiate prototheca wickerhamii and p. zopfii from p. stagnora by determining susceptibility to neomycin is described. susceptibility determined using a 30 micrograms neomycin disk provides a rapid and reliable means of distinguishing p. wickerhamii and p. zopfii from p. stagnora. | 1995 | 7566063 |
| olecranon bursitis due to prototheca wickerhamii, an algal opportunistic pathogen. | | 1995 | 7588839 |
| epithelioid cell granulomas experimentally induced by prototheca in the skin of mice: a light microscopic study. | prototheca wickerhamii, an achlorophyllous algae, was previously found to induce massive epithelioid cell granulomas in the skin of mice. by means of light microscopy, examination was made of the histological reactions involved in epithelioid cell granulomas induced by intradermal and/or subcutaneous inoculation of prototheca wickerhamii in balb/c and icr mice. six balb/c mice showed granuloma nodules while only three of six icr mice did so. based on the results of the present and previous studi ... | 1995 | 7591837 |
| mitochondrial genes in the colourless alga prototheca wickerhamii resemble plant genes in their exons but fungal genes in their introns. | the mitochondrial dna from the colourless alga prototheca wickerhamii contains two mosaic genes as was revealed from complete sequencing of the circular extranuclear genome. the genes for the large subunit of the ribosomal rna (lsurrna) as well as for subunit i of the cytochrome oxidase (coxi) carry two and three intronic sequences respectively. on the basis of their canonical nucleotide sequences they can be classified as group i introns. phylogenetic comparisons of the coxi protein sequences a ... | 1993 | 7680126 |
| cutaneous manifestations of prototheca infections. | the genus prototheca comprises several species, the most prevalent of which is prototheca wickerhamii. these achlorophyllic algae are found in the slime flux of trees and in freshwater environs. cutaneous infection with these microbes was first reported 30 years ago. subsequent case reports have described other manifestations including systemic disease. asymptomatic and stationary cutaneous plaques may be seen in otherwise healthy patients. susceptibility to infection is ill defined but may invo ... | 1995 | 7722022 |
| [human protothecosis and environment]. | protothecosis are uncommon infections caused by prototheca, considered to be achlorophylous algae. nearly 80 human cases are reported in the literature since the first case described by davies and wakelin in 1964 in sierra leone (11). the disease have been identified in europe, asia (japan, thailand, china), oceania and in the united states with 40 cases, particularly in the southeast. clinically, three clinical manifestations can be observed: 1) cutaneous lesions: papules, plaques or eczematoid ... | 1993 | 7819807 |
| the mitochondrial dna of the amoeboid protozoon, acanthamoeba castellanii: complete sequence, gene content and genome organization. | in phylogenetic trees based on comparison of nuclear small subunit rrna sequences, acanthamoeba castellanii (an amoeboid protozoon) is positioned near the base of the radiation leading to the animals, fungi and plants. however, the specific affiliation of this protist with the major multicellular lineages of eukaryotes is currently uncertain. to further explore the evolutionary position of a. castellanii, we have determined the complete primary sequence of its mitochondrial genome. we find that ... | 1995 | 7844823 |
| a group-i intron in the mitochondrial large-subunit ribosomal rna-encoding gene of dictyostelium discoideum: same site localization in alga and in vitro self-splicing. | a 547-bp group-i intron belonging to subgroup ia1 was found near the 3' end of the large subunit ribosomal rna-encoding gene (lsurrna) in the mitochondrial (mt) dna of the cellular slime mold dictyostelium discoideum. this intron was inserted in a highly conserved stretch within the sequence that encodes the peptidyl transferase center domain v in the corresponding region of the escherichia coli lsurrna. interestingly, the insertion site of the intron is the same as that of the so.lsu.2 intron o ... | 1995 | 7883184 |
| cutaneous protothecosis and aids. | cutaneous protothecosis is an uncommon algal infection with a varied clinical presentation that occurs mainly in immunocompromised patients. we describe a 33-year-old hispanic woman with aids who had a verrucous plaque on the dorsum of her hand. a biopsy specimen revealed organisms suggestive of prototheca. culture confirmed the organism to be prototheca wickerhamii. to our knowledge, this is the first case of cutaneous protothecosis reported in a patient with aids. | 1994 | 7962749 |
| complete sequence of the mitochondrial dna of the chlorophyte alga prototheca wickerhamii. gene content and genome organization. | the complete nucleotide sequence of the circular mitochondrial (mt) dna of the chlorophyte alga prototheca wickerhamii has been determined (55,328 base-pairs, a+t content 74.2%). the genes identified encode three subunits of the cytochome oxidase, apocytochrome b, nine subunits of the nadh dehydrogenase complex (nad1 to 7, nad4l and nad9), three atpase subunits (atp6, atp9, atp1 (also referred to as atpa)), three ribosomal rnas (5 s (rrn5), small subunit (srn) and large subunit (lrn) rna), 26 tr ... | 1994 | 8133522 |
| cutaneous protothecosis: report of a case in hong kong. | we report a patient who presented with recalcitrant ulcerated papules and plaques on both legs. histopathology revealed protothecosis, and subsequent culture of the lesions grew prototheca wickerhamii. gradual resolution of the ulcers occurred on treatment with itraconazole. | 1995 | 8547010 |
| transcript mapping and processing of mitochondrial rna in the chlorophyte alga prototheca wickerhamii. | the detailed transcript map of the circular 55328 bp mitochondrial (mt) genome from the colourless chlorophycean alga prototheca wickerhamii has been determined. on each half of this genome the genes are encoded only on one dna strand, forming transcriptional units comprising variable numbers of genes. with the exception of four genes coding for ribosomal proteins, transcripts of the three rrna genes and all protein-coding genes have been detected by both northern analysis and primer extension e ... | 1996 | 8605307 |
| evolution of fragmented mitochondrial ribosomal rna genes in chlamydomonas. | the fragmented mitochondrial ribosomal rnas (rrnas) of the green algae chlamydomonas eugametos and chlamydomonas reinhardtii are discontinuously encoded in subgenic modules that are scrambled in order and interspersed with protein coding and trna genes. the mitochondrial rrna genes of these two algae differ, however, in both the distribution and organization of rrna coding information within their respective genomes. the objectives of this study were (1) to examine the phylogenetic relationships ... | 1996 | 8642607 |
| two cases of protothecosis in nagoya, japan. | two cases of protothecosis caused by prototheca wickerhamii have been reported from nagoya in a 12 year period in both cases the infection presented on the cheeks of otherwise healthy women. biopsies showed numerous pas positive staining organisms with the distinctive mulberry like endosporulation in the dermis. prototheca wickerhamii was identified on sugar assimilation tests of colonies isolated from tissue on sabouraud agar. case 1 responded to 11 months of oral ketoconazole therapy. case 2 m ... | 1996 | 8713014 |
| a 5 s rrna gene is present in the mitochondrial genome of the protist reclinomonas americana but is absent from red algal mitochondrial dna. | except in the case of land plants, mitochondrial ribosomes apparently lack a 5 s rrna species, even though this small rna is a component of all prokaryotic, chloroplast and eukaryotic cytosol ribosomes. in plants, the mitochondrial 5 s rrna is encoded by mtdna and differs in sequence from the 5 s rrna specified by plant nuclear and chloroplast genomes. a distinctive 5 s rrna component has not been found in the mitochondrial ribosomes of non-plant eukaryotes and, with the notable exception of the ... | 1996 | 8800209 |
| chronic prototheca meningitis. | a case of chronic meningitis caused by the achloric alga prototheca wickerhamii is described, which has persisted for more than 6 years despite treatment with various antifungal agents. for the last year no treatment has been given, but the patient has no complaints. | 1996 | 8863372 |
| fragmented and scrambled mitochondrial ribosomal rna coding regions among green algae: a model for their origin and evolution. | mitochondrial ribosomal rna coding regions in the only three green algal taxa investigated to date are fundamentally different in that they are continuous in prototheca wickerhamii, but highly fragmented and scrambled in chlamydomonas reinhardtii and chlamydomonas eugametos. to gain more insight into the mode of evolution of fragmented and scrambled mitochondrial ribosomal rna (rrna) genes within the green algal group, this work (1) provides additional information on fragmentation patterns of mi ... | 1997 | 9159928 |
| [fluconazole and itraconazole susceptibility testing with clinical yeast isolates and algae of the genus prototheca by means of the etest]. | preliminary own results suggest, that the etest (produced by ab biodisk, solna, sweden) performed on casitone medium meets the requirements of a routine test of yeast susceptibility to fluconazole and itraconazole. testing of 46 clinical yeast isolates, of 5 strains of exophiala dermatitidis and 4 strains of algae of the genus prototheca revealed species-, genus- and strain-specific variations of the susceptibility to fluconazole and itraconazole. candida glabrata was less susceptible to both tr ... | 1996 | 9198743 |
| cutaneous protothecosis in a dog. | a dog was infected systemically with prototheca wickerhamii but showed only cutaneous protothecosis. the lesions appeared progressively and consisted of non-pruritic scrotal swelling and ulceration, cutaneous nodules, crusty ulcerative lesions over the trunk and serous rhinitis. the diagnosis was based on skin biopsy findings and specific culture. microscopic examination revealed a diffuse pyogranulomatous dermatitis and numerous protothecal organisms of different sizes within the cytoplasm of p ... | 1997 | 9226849 |
| cutaneous protothecosis in association with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | we report a case of protothecosis that occurred in the skin over the left tibial region of a 25-year-old man with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). the lesion was noticed a few months after he swam in a lake in south alabama. biopsy and culture revealed prototheca wickerhamii. we believe this is only the second reported case of cutaneous protothecosis in association with aids. | 1997 | 9258312 |
| canine cutaneous protothecosis: an immunohistochemical analysis of the inflammatory cellular infiltrate. | in this immunohistochemical study, the distribution of the cellular inflammatory infiltrate associated with cutaneous canine protothecosis (prototheca wickerhamii) was evaluated by consecutive biopsies taken before, during and after treatment. antibodies specific to canine immunoglobulins (igg, igm, iga), human cd3 antigen (pan t-lymphocyte marker) and human myeloid/ histiocyte antigen (macrophage/neutrophil marker) were used. before treatment, cellular infiltrate was very scanty in the inflamed ... | 1997 | 9263846 |
| onychoprotothecosis due to prototheca wickerhamii. | | 1997 | 9335149 |
| algaemia due to prototheca wickerhamii in a patient with myasthenia gravis. | prototheca wickerhamii is a rare cause of systemic infection in humans. while some cases occur in previously healthy individuals, others are associated with a variety of preexisting diseases. here we present, for the first time, a case of p. wickerhamii algaemia in a patient with myasthenia gravis. the patient was successfully treated with amphotericin b. | 1997 | 9399541 |
| 4,4,14 alpha-trimethyl 9 beta,19-cyclo-5 alpha-26-homocholesta-24,26-dien-3 beta-ol: a potent mechanism-based inactivator of delta 24(25)- to delta 25(27)-sterol methyl transferase. | the title compound (4a) was synthesized and tested as a mechanism-based inactivator of the sterol methyl transferase (smt) enzyme from prototheca wickerhamii. using cycloartenol as substrate, 4a was found to exhibit time-dependent inactivation kinetics, generating a ki value of 30 microm and kinact value of 0.30 min-1. | 1998 | 9934450 |
| the complete mitochondrial dna sequences of nephroselmis olivacea and pedinomonas minor. two radically different evolutionary patterns within green algae. | green plants appear to comprise two sister lineages, chlorophyta (classes chlorophyceae, ulvophyceae, trebouxiophyceae, and prasinophyceae) and streptophyta (charophyceae and embryophyta, or land plants). to gain insight into the nature of the ancestral green plant mitochondrial genome, we have sequenced the mitochondrial dnas (mtdnas) of nephroselmis olivacea and pedinomonas minor. these two green algae are presumptive members of the prasinophyceae. this class is thought to include descendants ... | 1999 | 10488238 |
| the mitochondrial genome of arabidopsis is composed of both native and immigrant information. | plants contain large mitochondrial genomes, which are several times as complex as those in animals, fungi or algae. however, genome size is not correlated with information content. the mitochondrial genome (mtdna) of arabidopsis specifies only 58 genes in 367 kb, whereas the 184 kb mtdna in the liverwort marchantia polymorpha codes for 66 genes, and the 58 kb genome in the green alga prototheca wickerhamii encodes 63 genes. in arabidopsis' mtdna, genes for subunits of complex ii, for several rib ... | 1999 | 10562735 |
| the usefulness of blood culture in diagnosing hiv-related systemic mycoses: evaluation of a manual lysis centrifugation method. | the results of 5034 blood cultures, implementing a lysis-centrifugation method with saponin, are summarized in this paper. three hundred and twenty-two blood samples (6.3%) obtained from a pool of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive patients yielded fungi. cryptococcus neoformans was isolated in 199 samples (3.95%), histoplasma capsulatum in 95 (1.89%). candida parapsilosis in 12 (0.23%), c. albicans in 7 (0.13%), c. tropicalis in 2, c. krusei in 1, c. guillermondii in 1, and prototheca ... | 2000 | 10746231 |
| sterol c-methyl transferase from prototheca wickerhamii mechanism, sterol specificity and inhibition. | the membrane-bound sterol methyl transferase (smt) enzyme from prototheca wickerhamii, a non-photosynthetic, yeast-like alga, was found to c-methylate appropriate delta24(25)-sterol acceptor molecules to delta25(27)-24beta-methyl products stereoselectively. incubation with pairs of substrates--[2h3-methyl]adomet and cycloartenol, and adomet and [27-(13)c]lanosterol--followed by 1h and 13c nmr analysis of the isotopically labeled products demonstrated the si-face (beta-face attack) mechanism of c ... | 2000 | 10882005 |
| systemic chlorellosis, an emerging infection in humans caused by algae. | one hundred and eight cases of human protothecosis occurring over 25 years are reviewed. the most common species isolated was prototheca wickerhamii, the algae have been isolated from a large number of sites but seem to have low virulence. in the majority of systemic infections there have been few symptoms. cutaneous manifestations may vary from patient to patient but infections of immunosuppressed patients tend to be more florid. most cases have been successfully treated by excising the lesion ... | 2000 | 10926448 |
| [antifungal effect of three natural products on the genetic substance of saccharomyces cerevisiae gl7 and prototheca wickerhamii]. | to investigate the antifungal effect of three natural products on the genetic substance of saccharomyces cerevisiae gl7 and prototheca wickerhamii. | 2000 | 11218867 |
| a human case of protothecosis successfully treated with itraconazole. | cutaneous protothecosis developed in a 63-year-old japanese female. the patient had a long history of steroid use for bronchial asthma. a tender, swollen, erythematous plaque with white papules covered the dorsal aspect of the patients right hand. histopathological examination showed typical protothecosis with numerous mulberry-like sporangia positive for periodic acid-schiff stain. the pathogen was identified as prototheca wickerhamii. after a 6-week course of 150-200 mg/day itraconazole (itcz) ... | 2001 | 11479536 |
| sterol phylogenesis and algal evolution. | the stereochemistry of several sterol precursors and end products synthesized by two fungal-like micro-organisms prototheca wickerhamii (i) and dictyostelium discoideum (ii) have been determined by chromatographic (tlc, glc, and hplc) and spectral (uv, ms, and 1h nmr) methods. from i and ii the following sterols were isolated from the cells: cycloartenol, cyclolaudenol, 24(28)-methylenecycloartanol, ergosterol, protothecasterol, 4alpha-methylergostanol, 4alpha-methylclionastanol, clionastanol, 2 ... | 1990 | 11607106 |
| cutaneous protothecosis: report of the second brazilian case. | the present report describes a case of cutaneous protothecosis caused by prototheca wickerhamii in a non-immunocompromised female from the state of bahia, brazil. this is the second case described in brazil. dermatological examination revealed diffusely infiltrated erythematous plaques on the flexor aspect of the right arm and forearm. the authors emphasize the pathological aspects that can lead to misdiagnosis this condition. the patient was successfully treated with fluconazole. | 2001 | 11696853 |
| phylogenetic analysis identifies the invertebrate pathogen helicosporidium sp. as a green alga (chlorophyta). | historically, the invertebrate pathogens of the genus helicosporidium were considered to be either protozoa or fungi, but the taxonomic position of this group has not been considered since 1931. recently, a helicosporidium sp., isolated from the blackfly simulium jonesi stone & snoddy (diptera: simuliidae), has been amplified in the heterologous host helicoverpa zea. genomic dna has been extracted from gradient-purified cysts. the 185, 28s and 5.8s regions of the helicosporidium rdna, as well as ... | 2002 | 11837312 |
| the genes encoding subunits of atp synthase are conserved in the reduced plastid genome of the heterotrophic alga prototheca wickerhamii. | the heterotrophic unicellular alga prototheca wickerhamii is closely related to the photoautotrophic chlorella vulgaris but has a 54,100-bp plastid dna (ptdna) that is much smaller than the chloroplast dna of c. vulgaris (150,613 bp). the nucleotide sequence of 28,093 bp of the prototheca ptdna has been determined. no genes for photosynthetic functions have been found, except for sequences encoding six subunits of the atp synthase ( atpa, atpb, atpe, atpf, atph, and atpi). transcripts of these a ... | 2002 | 12111556 |
| protothecosis in patients with cancer: case series and literature review. | to review our recent experience with protothecosis in patients with cancer at the university of texas md anderson cancer center, and compare these cases with others reported in the literature. | 2003 | 14616698 |
| the complete mitochondrial dna sequence of the green alga pseudendoclonium akinetum (ulvophyceae) highlights distinctive evolutionary trends in the chlorophyta and suggests a sister-group relationship between the ulvophyceae and chlorophyceae. | the mitochondrial genome has undergone radical changes in both the chlorophyta and streptophyta, yet little is known about the dynamics of mtdna evolution in either of these lineages. in the chlorophyta, which comprises four of the five recognized classes of green algae (prasinophyceae, trebouxiophyceae, ulvophyceae, and chlorophyceae), the mitochondrial genome varies from 16 to 55 kb. this genome has retained a compact gene organization and a relatively complex gene repertoire ("ancestral" patt ... | 2004 | 15014170 |
| the non-photosynthetic, pathogenic green alga helicosporidium sp. has retained a modified, functional plastid genome. | a fragment of the helicosporidium sp. (chlorophyta: trebouxiophyceae) plastid genome has been sequenced. the genome architecture was compared to that of both a non-photosynthetic relative (prototheca wickerhamii) and a photosynthetic relative (chlorella vulgaris). comparative genomic analysis indicated that helicosporidium and prototheca are closely related genera. the analyses also revealed that the helicosporidium sp. plastid genome has been rearranged. in particular, two ribosomal protein-enc ... | 2004 | 15043882 |
| development of a species-specific probe for pythium insidiosum and the diagnosis of pythiosis. | pythium insidiosum, the only species in the genus that infects mammals, is the etiological agent of pythiosis, a granulomatous disease characterized by cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions and vascular diseases. accurate diagnosis of pythiosis and identification of its causal agent are often inconsistent with current immunological diagnostic methods. a species-specific dna probe was constructed by using a 530-bp hinfi fragment from the ribosomal dna intergenic spacer of p. insidiosum. when the pro ... | 2004 | 15184412 |
| disseminated prototheca wickerhamii infection with arthritis and tenosynovitis. | achloric algae of the prototheca species are a rare cause of infection in humans. these infections are usually localized to the skin, olecranon bursae, and tendon sheaths of the hands and wrists. our patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and a chronic prototheca wickerhamii skin infection of the hand developed tenosynovitis and arthritis of his ankle in the setting of a documented algemia. this is the first reported case of protothecal arthritis and tenosynovitis resulting from hematog ... | 2004 | 15338515 |
| multiple metabolic roles for the nonphotosynthetic plastid of the green alga prototheca wickerhamii. | the presence of plastids in diverse eukaryotic lineages that have lost the capacity for photosynthesis is well documented. the metabolic functions of such organelles, however, are poorly understood except in the case of the apicoplast in the apicomplexa, a group of intracellular parasites including plasmodium falciparum, and the plastid of the green alga helicosporidium sp., a parasite for which the only host-free stage identified in nature so far is represented by cysts. as a first step in the ... | 2005 | 15701787 |
| in vitro antimycotic activity of some plant extracts towards yeast and yeast-like strains. | as part of screening aimed at the selection of novel antimycotic compounds of vegetable origin, leaf extracts of camellia sinensis l., cupressus sempervirens l. and pistacia lentiscus l. and the seed extract of glycine soja sieb. et zucc. were tested against yeast and yeast-like species implicated in human mycoses. of the extracts only those of c. sinensis (obtained from a commercial preparation of green tea) exhibited broad activity towards candida glabrata, clavispora lusitatiae, cryptococcus ... | 2005 | 15798996 |
| in vitro activity of voriconazole against prototheca wickerhamii: comparative evaluation of sensititre and nccls m27-a2 methods of detection. | a total of 104 prototheca wickerhamii isolates and two control strains were tested for susceptibility to voriconazole using the sensititre yeastone colorimetric antifungal plate and nccls reference method. voriconazole was highly active against all isolates, with an mic at which 90% of isolates were inhibited of < or = 0.5 microg/ml. comparison of mics obtained with the sensititre product and the nccls method demonstrated agreement (100% +/- 2 log2 dilutions) between the two methods. voriconazol ... | 2005 | 15872301 |
| bilateral choroiditis from prototheca wickerhamii algaemia. | | 2005 | 16087852 |
| the epidemiology of mycotic vulvovaginitis and the use of antifungal agents in suspected mycotic vulvovaginitis and its implications for clinical practice. | data in the caribbean documenting the speciation of yeast associated with vulvovaginitis are lacking. the widespread use of antibiotics and increased availability of antimycotic agents, both prescribed and over-the-counter, predisposes both to a change in the epidemiologic patterns and the possible development of secondary resistance among previously susceptible yeast. this study was conducted to evaluate the aetiologic agents associated with mycotic vulvovaginitis and to review the appropriaten ... | 2005 | 16209225 |
| cutaneous protothecosis: report of a third brazilian case. | the present report describes a case of cutaneous protothecosis caused by prototheca wickerhamii in a nonimmunocompromised brazilian female. dermatological examination revealed a 15-cm diffusely infiltrated eczema-like plaque recovered with many pustule-like lesions on the right forearm. we emphasize the mycological and pathological aspects of this infection that can lead to misdiagnosis. the patient was successfully treated with itraconazole. | 2006 | 16445501 |
| onychoprotothecosis: report of the first case in brazil. | the present report describes a case of onychoprotothecosis caused by prototheca wickerhamii in a nonimmunocompromized female. dermatological examination showed yellowish discoloration of the left and right forefinger nails, showing onicolysis and hyperkeratosis. the repeated isolation of the algae prototheca (organisms morula-like) as well as the repeated culture in media, sabouraud agar, confirmed the diagnosis. the patient was successfully treated with tioconazol 1% topic solution. the aim of ... | 2006 | 16961512 |
| prototheca wickerhamii hand infection successfully treated by itraconazole and voriconazole. | | 2006 | 16987132 |
| an isolate of prototheca wickerhamii from systemic canine protothecosis. | the isolate from a canine disseminated protothecosis was identified to be prototheca wickerhamii by its morphological and biochemical characteristics. the isolate was grouped into a cluster identical to the type strain of p. wickerhamii, atcc 16529(t) in phylogenetic trees based on the small subunit (ssu) and the 5' end of the large subunit (lsu) ribosomal dna (rdna); the cluster was close to that including the other prototheca species. however, the strains of p. wickerhamii, sag 263-11 and pore ... | 2006 | 16987617 |
| short communication: in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of prototheca wickerhamii and prototheca zopfii isolated from bovine mastitis. | bovine mastitis caused by prototheca spp. can assume high significance because of economic losses and the potential risk to public health. studies on the susceptibility of prototheca spp. to antimicrobials have demonstrated its high level of resistance. we report the susceptibility of bovine isolates of prototheca wickerhamii and prototheca zopfii to amphotericin b and nystatin, 2 antifungal agents commonly used in the control of protothecosis, and discuss the results. after subculture, minimum ... | 2006 | 17033006 |
| [hepatic safety of itraconazole intravenous solution in treatment of invasive fungal infection]. | to investigate the hepatic safety of itraconazole intravenous solution in the treatment of invasive fungal infection. | 2006 | 17064545 |
| [prototheca wickerhamii peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients]. | | 2006 | 17117915 |
| meningitis due to prototheca wickerhamii: rare case in china. | a rare case of prototheca wickerhamii meningitis is reported in a patient without any underlying immunodeficient condition. wet-mount microscopy and culture of cerebral spinal fluid specimens, along with temperature resistance, cycloheximide tolerance, carbohydrates assimilation, including api 20c aux tests of the isolated etiologic agent were performed. in addition, transmission and scanning electron microscopy studies and in vitro antifungal susceptibility tests were conducted. through the com ... | 2007 | 17325949 |
| [prototheca wickerhami peritonitis in patients on peritoneal dialysis]. | prototheca spp exits throughout nature but only infrequently cause infection in humans. most of the cases of human infection have involved the skin or subcutaneous tissues, but there have been reports of rare cases of protothecosis of the urinary tract, and disseminated disease. the species most commonly isolated is prototheca wickerhamii. few cases of peritonitis due to p. wickerhamii in peritoneal dialysis had been reported. we report a successful treatment of prototheca peritonitis complicati ... | 2007 | 17402885 |
| human protothecosis. | human protothecosis is a rare infection caused by members of the genus prototheca. prototheca species are generally considered to be achlorophyllic algae and are ubiquitous in nature. the occurrence of protothecosis can be local or disseminated and acute or chronic, with the latter being more common. diseases have been classified as (i) cutaneous lesions, (ii) olecranon bursitis, or (iii) disseminated or systemic manifestations. infections can occur in both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed p ... | 2007 | 17428884 |
| gain and loss of polyadenylation signals during evolution of green algae. | the viridiplantae (green algae and land plants) consist of two monophyletic lineages: the chlorophyta and the streptophyta. most green algae belong to the chlorophyta, while the streptophyta include all land plants and a small group of freshwater algae known as charophyceae. eukaryotes attach a poly-a tail to the 3' ends of most nuclear-encoded mrnas. in embryophytes, animals and fungi, the signal for polyadenylation contains an a-rich sequence (often aauaaa or related sequence) 13 to 30 nucleot ... | 2007 | 17442103 |
| cutaneous protothecosis: a case report and review of the literature. | protothecosis is a rare cause of systemic and/or cutaneous infection. because approximately 100 cases of human infection with prototheca wickerhamii have been reported, little is known about the pathogenesis of this infection. cases include both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. however, most cases contain an element of immune compromise, either local or systemic. we present a case of an 81-year-old white woman with a history of multiple nonmelanoma skin cancers, including squamous ... | 2007 | 17944171 |
| direct evidence for redundant segmental replacement between multiple 18s rrna genes in a single prototheca strain. | informational genes such as those encoding rrnas are related to transcription and translation, and are thus considered to be rarely subject to lateral gene transfer (lgt) between different organisms, compared to operational genes having metabolic functions. however, several lines of evidence have suggested or confirmed the occurrence of lgt of dna segments encoding evolutionarily variable regions of rrna genes between different organisms. in the present paper, we show, for the first time to our ... | 2007 | 17975096 |
| cutaneous and nasal protothecosis in a goat. | a case of protothecosis is reported in an adult goat with inspiratory dyspnea and stertor. dermatitis with prominent ulcerated nodules up to 3 cm in diameter was observed in the muzzle at the mucocutaneous junctions of nasal and lip skin, and in the border of the pinna. histologic lesions were necrotizing pyogranulomatous dermatitis and rhinitis with myriads of walled sporangia, characteristic of prototheca wickerhamii. this seems to be the first report of protothecosis in a goat. | 2008 | 18487492 |
| protothecosis after liver transplantation. | prototheca species are unicellular algae of low virulence that are rarely associated with human infections. we report a liver transplant recipient with disseminated protothecosis and review the literature on this unusual opportunistic infection in transplant recipients. of 9 cases, including ours, 5 had a localized infection, and 4 had disseminated protothecosis. seven cases were due to prototheca wickerhamii, and 2 were due to prototheca zopfii. overall mortality in transplant recipients with p ... | 2008 | 18668655 |
| visualization of sporopollenin-containing pathogenic green micro-alga prototheca wickerhamii by fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish). | fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish) using taxon-specific, rrna-targeted oligonucleotide probes is one of the most powerful tools for the rapid identification of harmful microorganisms. however, eukaryotic algal cells do not always allow fish probes to permeate over their cell walls. members of the pathogenic micro-algal genus prototheca are characterized by their distinctive cell-wall component, sporopollenin, an extremely tough biopolymer that resists acid and alkaline hydrolysis, enzyme a ... | 2009 | 19396247 |
| prototheca cutis sp. nov., a newly discovered pathogen of protothecosis isolated from inflamed human skin. | a strain of a novel pathogenic, achlorophyllic alga belonging to the genus prototheca was isolated from the inflamed skin of a patient with protothecosis in a japanese hospital. the pathogen was detected and isolated in biopsy specimens by histopathology and culture-based examination. analyses of the nuclear 18s rdna gene and 26s rdna gene d1/d2 domain sequences and chemotaxonomic studies indicated that this strain represents a novel species with a close phylogenetic relationship to prototheca w ... | 2010 | 19666796 |
| a case of cutaneous protothecosis successfully treated with local thermal therapy as an adjunct to itraconazole therapy in an immunocompromised host. | we report a case of human protothecosis in an immunocompromised host which was caused by prototheca wickerhamii and was successfully treated with thermal adjunct therapy combined with systemic itraconazole therapy. a 78-year-old man taking 30 mg prednisolone daily had a 1-week history of erythematous plaques on the dorsal aspect of his right hand and forearm after sustaining a small traumatic injury. histopathology of the lesions revealed granulomatous inflammatory changes with numerous microorg ... | 2010 | 20092420 |