| the effect of different zooxanthellae on the growth of experimentally reinfected hosts. | 1. a method is given enabling the differential effects of different strains of zooxanthellae on host growth to be assessed. this technique uses the increase in the number of tentacles as the measure of growth. 2. aposymbiotic polyps of the anemone aiptasia pulchella reinfected with strains of symbiodinium microadriaticum isolated from the anemone aiptasia pulchella and the scyphozoan cassiopea xamachana grow as well as normal aiptasia polyps. 3. aposymbiotic aiptasia polyps reinfected with zooxa ... | 1979 | 36925 |
| endocytosis of the symbiotic dinoflagellate symbiodinium microadriaticum freudenthal by endodermal cells of the scyphistomae of cassiopeia xamachana and resistance of the algae to host digestion. | the ingestion and fate of four types of particles by endodermal cells of the scyphistomae of cassiopeia xamachana were investigated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. ferritin was endocytosed pinocytotically by invagination of the plasmalemma. these small pinocytotic vesicles fuse with other similar vesicles to form larger ferritin-containing vacuoles, which eventually fuse with lysosomes. such secondary lysosomes exhibit acid phosphatase activity. the co-occurrence of acid phosph ... | 1983 | 6141174 |
| a sponge/dinoflagellate association in the haplosclerid sponge haliclona sp.: cellular origin of cytotoxic alkaloids by percoll density gradient fractionation. | light-microscopic and electron-microscopic studies of the tropical marine sponge haliclona sp. (order: haplosclerida; family: haliclonidae) from heron island, great barrier reef, have revealed that this sponge is characterized by the presence of dinoflagellates and by nematocysts. the dinoflagellates are 7-10 micrometer in size, intracellular, and contain a pyrenoid with a single stalk, whereas the single chloroplast is branched, curved, and lacks grana. mitochondria are present, and the nucleus ... | 1998 | 9662659 |
| photosynthetic response to elevated temperature in the symbiotic dinoflagellate symbiodinium microadriaticum in culture. | elevated temperature (28-34 degrees c) has been hypothesized as the primary cause of the loss of algal endosymbionts in coral reef-associated invertebrates, a phenomenon observed on a world-wide scale over the last decade. in past studies of this "bleaching" phenomenon, there has been an underlying assumption that temperature adversely affects the animal hosts, the algae thereby being relegated to a more passive role. because photosynthesis is a sensitive indicator of thermal stress in plants an ... | 1992 | 11607337 |
| differential gene expression in symbiodinium microadriaticum clade b following stress. | coral bleaching is caused by the loss of symbiont zooxanthellae and/or decrease in their pigments. since the algal symbionts provide the energy basis for corals and whole reefs, their loss or impairment of function leads to widespread mortality. this phenomenon has been documented numerous times in recent years, and has extensively damaged coral reefs all over the world. temperature has been found to be the major cause of bleaching, and rising sea temperatures have increased the frequency of the ... | 2006 | 16614872 |
| a shift to parasitism in the jellyfish symbiont symbiodinium microadriaticum. | one of the outstanding and poorly understood examples of cooperation between species is found in corals, hydras and jellyfish that form symbioses with algae. these mutualistic algae are mostly acquired infectiously from the seawater and, according to models of virulence evolution, should be selected to parasitize their hosts. we altered algal transmission between jellyfish hosts in the laboratory to examine the potential for virulence evolution in this widespread symbiosis. in one experimental t ... | 2006 | 16615208 |
| speciation and symbiotic dinoflagellates. | morphometric analyses based on three-dimensional reconstruction of the nuclei of four different strains of the symbiotic dinoflagellate symbiodinium microadriaticum, the algae that inhabit corals, giant clams, and other marine invertebrates, revealed marked differences in chromosome numbers and chromosome volumes. the differences are not consistent with different ploidy states within the same species, but can most easily be interpreted as indicating different species. | 1985 | 17739379 |
| heat stress stimulates nitric oxide production in symbiodinium microadriaticum: a possible linkage between nitric oxide and the coral bleaching phenomenon. | nitric oxide (no) is a gas displaying multiple physiological functions in plants, animals and bacteria. the enzymes nitrate reductase and no synthase have been suggested to be involved in the production of no in plants and algae, but the implication of those enzymes in no production under physiological conditions remains obscure. symbiodinium microadriaticum, commonly referred to as zooxanthellae, is a marine microalga commonly found in symbiotic association with a cnidarian host including reef- ... | 2008 | 18308760 |
| proteomic assessment of caffeine effects on coral symbionts. | caffeine isthe mostwidely consumed and excreted psychoactive drug in the world. it is a ubiquitous tracer of urban wastewater, but its ecological effects are notwell understood. we hypothesized that caffeine exposure is associated with coral bleaching. here we report the effects of caffeine on four species of coral algae endosymbionts belonging to three widely distributed clades: clade a symbiodinium microadriaticum (a), clade b symbiodinium sp. from aiptasia pallida (b6), clade b symbiodinium s ... | 2009 | 19368218 |
| heterologous dna uptake in cultured symbiodinium spp. aided by agrobacterium tumefaciens. | plant-targeted pcb302 plasmids containing sequences encoding gfp fusions with a microtubule-binding domain; gfp with the fimbrin actin-binding domain 2; and gfp with atrack1c from arabidopsis thaliana, all harbored in agrobacterium tumefaciens, were used to assay heterologous expression on three different clades of the photosynthetic dinoflagellate, symbiodinium. accessibility to the resistant cell wall and through the plasma membrane of these dinoflagellates was gained after brief but vigorous ... | 2015 | 26167858 |
| genomes of coral dinoflagellate symbionts highlight evolutionary adaptations conducive to a symbiotic lifestyle. | despite half a century of research, the biology of dinoflagellates remains enigmatic: they defy many functional and genetic traits attributed to typical eukaryotic cells. genomic approaches to study dinoflagellates are often stymied due to their large, multi-gigabase genomes. members of the genus symbiodinium are photosynthetic endosymbionts of stony corals that provide the foundation of coral reef ecosystems. their smaller genome sizes provide an opportunity to interrogate evolution and functio ... | 2016 | 28004835 |
| condition-specific rna editing in the coral symbiont symbiodinium microadriaticum. | rna editing is a rare post-transcriptional event that provides cells with an additional level of gene expression regulation. it has been implicated in various processes including adaptation, viral defence and rna interference; however, its potential role as a mechanism in acclimatization has just recently been recognised. here, we show that rna editing occurs in 1.6% of all nuclear-encoded genes of symbiodinium microadriaticum, a dinoflagellate symbiont of reef-building corals. all base-substitu ... | 2017 | 28245292 |
| the effects of symbiodinium (pyrrhophyta) identity on growth, survivorship, and thermal tolerance of newly settled coral recruits. | for many coral species, the obligate association with phylogenetically diverse algal endosymbiont species is dynamic in time and space. here, we used controlled laboratory inoculations of newly settled, aposymbiotic corals (orbicella faveolata) with two cultured species of algal symbiont (symbiodinium microadriaticum and s. minutum) to examine the role of symbiont identity on growth, survivorship, and thermal tolerance of the coral holobiont. we evaluated these data in the context of symbiodiniu ... | 2016 | 27690269 |
| spatio-temporal analyses of symbiodinium physiology of the coral pocillopora verrucosa along large-scale nutrient and temperature gradients in the red sea. | algal symbionts (zooxanthellae, genus symbiodinium) of scleractinian corals respond strongly to temperature, nutrient and light changes. these factors vary greatly along the north-south gradient in the red sea and include conditions, which are outside of those typically considered optimal for coral growth. nevertheless, coral communities thrive throughout the red sea, suggesting that zooxanthellae have successfully acclimatized or adapted to the harsh conditions they experience particularly in t ... | 2014 | 25137123 |
| deep-sequencing method for quantifying background abundances of symbiodinium types: exploring the rare symbiodinium biosphere in reef-building corals. | the capacity of reef-building corals to associate with environmentally-appropriate types of endosymbionts from the dinoflagellate genus symbiodinium contributes significantly to their success at local scales. additionally, some corals are able to acclimatize to environmental perturbations by shuffling the relative proportions of different symbiodinium types hosted. understanding the dynamics of these symbioses requires a sensitive and quantitative method of symbiodinium genotyping. electrophores ... | 2014 | 24728373 |
| integrating microrna and mrna expression profiling in symbiodinium microadriaticum, a dinoflagellate symbiont of reef-building corals. | animal and plant genomes produce numerous small rnas (smrnas) that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally affecting metabolism, development, and epigenetic inheritance. in order to characterize the repertoire of endogenous smrnas and potential gene targets in dinoflagellates, we conducted smrna and mrna expression profiling over 9 experimental treatments of cultures from symbiodinium microadriaticum, a photosynthetic symbiont of scleractinian corals. | 2013 | 24119094 |
| selectivity in phagocytosis and persistence of symbiotic algae in the scyphistoma stage of the jellyfish cassiopeia xamachana. | we have investigated whether interactions between cell-surface macromolecules play a role in cellular recognition leading to specificity in the establishment of intracellular symbiosis between dinoflagellates and the polyp (scyphistoma) stage of the jellyfish cassiopeia xamachana. all strains of the symbiotic dinoflagellate symbiodinium microadriaticum were phagocytosed by the endodermal cells of the scyphistomae when presented to them as cells freshly isolated from their respective hosts. the r ... | 1983 | 22470960 |
| symbiodinium microadriaticum freudenthal, a revised taxonomic description, ultrastructure. | the ultrastructure of symbiodinium microadriaticum in vitro and in the type host condylactis and casseopeia is described and contrasted with previous observations on symbionts from anemonia sulcata and the pacific tridacnidae. its type description is emended with new electron microscopic observations and with a list of alternate hosts, including their distributions. | 1969 | 27096453 |
| identity of zooxanthellae isolated from some pacific tridacnidae. | the taxonomy and nltrastructure of zooxanthellae from 6 species of pacific giant clam have been studied from cultures. comparison with type material shows that all of the isolates are symbiodinium microadriaticum, a symbiotic dinoflagellate originally recorded from coelenterates in the caribbean. specific criteria for the identification of this organism are discussed, and their value to the comparative taxonomy of marine zooxanthellae is noted. | 1969 | 27096452 |