| impact of symbiotic algae on sea anemone metabolism: analysis by in vivo 31p nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. | high-field pulsed fourier-transform nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (nmr) was used to quantify the adenylate levels of sea anemones (aiptasia pulchella) with and without symbiotic dinoflagellates (symbiodinium sp.). animals were fed to repletion, then starved in darkness for up to six days before collection of in vivo nmr spectra. the host adenylate ratio of atp: (atp + adp) declined significantly with increasing periods of starvation in both symbiotic and aposymbiotic hosts (p less than ... | 1986 | 2878964 |
| symbioramide, a novel ca2+-atpase activator from the cultured dinoflagellate symbiodinium sp. | a novel sphingosine derivative, symbioramide, has been isolated from the laboratory-cultured dinoflagellate symbiodinium sp. as a sarcoplasmic reticulum (sr)ca2+-atpase activator, and its structure elucidated to be 1 on the basis of spectral and chemical means. | 1988 | 2970978 |
| evidence that some dinoflagellates contain a ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase related to that of the alpha-proteobacteria. | the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) large subunit from several dinoflagellates has a structure similar to that of the form ii enzyme from rhodospirillum and rhodobacter species rather than the form i rubisco of eukaryotic algae and higher plants. the dinoflagellate rubisco was identified on native polyacrylamide gels by autoradiographic detection of the stable rubisco-[2'-14c]-2-carboxy-d-arabinitol 1,5-bisphosphate complex. the antibody to the symbiodinium sp. large su ... | 1995 | 7740046 |
| nucleotide sequence of a cdna clone encoding the precursor of the peridinin-chlorophyll a-binding protein from the dinoflagellate symbiodinium sp. | mrna from the dinoflagellate symbiodinium sp. isolated from the staghorn coral acropora formosa was used for the construction of cdna libraries. a cdna clone was identified which encoded the precursor of peridinin-chlorophyll a-binding protein (pcp), including a 52 amino acid transit peptide and the 313 amino acid mature protein. the deduced amino acid sequence clearly contains an internal duplication, implying that amongst dinoflagellates the m(r) 35,000 form of pcp has arisen by duplication an ... | 1994 | 8155886 |
| isolation of zooxanthellatoxins, novel vasoconstrictive substances from the zooxanthella symbiodinium sp. | isolation of zooxanthellatoxins, novel vasoconstrictive substances from the zooxanthella symbiodinium sp. toxicon 31, 371-376, 1993. new polyhydroxypolyenes with potent vasoconstrictive activity, zooxanthellatoxin-a and -b, were isolated from a symbiotic marine alga symbiodinium sp. these compounds caused sustained contractions of isolated rabbit aorta at concentrations above 7 x 10(-7) m; this effect was abolished in ca(2+)-free solution or in the presence of verapamil. both compounds were rela ... | 1993 | 8503128 |
| involvement of phospholipase c-gamma2 in activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and phospholipase a2 by zooxanthellatoxin-a in rabbit platelets. | zooxanthellatoxin-a (zt-a), a polyhydroxypolyene isolated from a symbiotic dinoflagellate symbiodinium sp., caused thromboxane a2-(txa2) dependent and genistein-sensitive aggregation in rabbit platelets. our study was performed to clarify the mechanism of the action of zt-a. zt-a caused an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of 42-kda protein, which is defined as p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) by immunoprecipitation. although indomethacin (10 microm) completely inhibited zt-a-induc ... | 1997 | 9223592 |
| [effect of zooxanthellatoxin-a, an unique marine product, on arachidonic acid cascade in rabbit platelets]. | zooxanthellatoxin-a (zt-a), a bioactive substance isolated from a symbiotic marine alga symbiodinium sp., caused rabbit platelet aggregation. zt-a-induced aggregation was dependent on the presence of external ca2+, and was inhibited by several ca2+ channel antagonists except l-type one. furthermore, zt-a-induced aggregation was attenuated by genistein, indomethacin and sq29548, indicating that tyrosine phosphorylation and thromboxane a2 (txa2) are involved in the aggregation. in fact, zt-a relea ... | 1997 | 9503430 |
| vasoconstriction induced by zooxanthellatoxin-b, a polyoxygenated long-chain product from a marine alga. | we found that zooxanthellatoxin-b from a symbiotic marine alga, symbiodinium sp., caused a concentration-dependent contraction of the rabbit isolated aorta at concentrations of 10(-7)-10(-5) m. verapamil (10(-6) m) and mefenamic acid (10(-5) m) significantly attenuated the contractile response to zooxanthellatoxin-b at lower concentrations (10(-7)-10(-6) m) but not at higher concentrations (3 x 10(-6)-10(-5) m). the response to zooxanthellatoxin-b was partly inhibited by phentolamine (10(-6) m), ... | 1998 | 9683015 |
| evidence for an inorganic carbon-concentrating mechanism in the symbiotic dinoflagellate symbiodinium sp. | the presence of a carbon-concentrating mechanism in the symbiotic dinoflagellate symbiodinium sp. was investigated. its existence was postulated to explain how these algae fix inorganic carbon (c(i)) efficiently despite the presence of a form ii rubisco. when the dinoflagellates were isolated from their host, the giant clam (tridacna gigas), co(2) uptake was found to support the majority of net photosynthesis (45%-80%) at ph 8.0; however, 2 d after isolation this decreased to 5% to 65%, with hco ... | 1999 | 10594111 |
| the d-galactose-binding lectin of the octocoral sinularia lochmodes: characterization and possible relationship to the symbiotic dinoflagellates. | a d-galactose binding lectin (sll-2) was isolated from sinularia lochmodes, an octocoral, by a combination of affinity chromatography on acid-treated agarose and fplc on superdex 200. sll-2 agglutinated rabbit and horse erythrocytes while sll-1, a minor component, reacted only with rabbit erythrocytes. sll-2 is a glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 122 kda and is composed of eight identical subunits (15 kda). the sequence of the amino terminal region of sll-2 did not show any apparent homology ... | 2000 | 10817910 |
| isolation of actin-encoding cdnas from symbiotic corals. | a cdna (named lgfact) encoding actin was identified in planular larvae of the scleractinian coral galaxea fascicularis, using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) techniques. rna from the adult coral that was inhabited by symbiotic dinophytes was subjected to a similar rt-pcr, and a cdna fragment, named agfact-p, was found to encode an actin form distinct from lgfact. in an expression study, lgfact transcripts were present at si ... | 2002 | 12597278 |
| isolation of peridinin-related norcarotenoids with cell growth-inhibitory activity from the cultured dinoflagellate of symbiodinium sp., a symbiont of the okinawan soft coral clavularia viridis, and analysis of fatty acids of the dinoflagellate. | two norcarotenoids, 1 and 2, related to peridinin (3) were isolated from the cultured dinoflagellate of the genus symbiodinium, a symbiont of the okinawan soft coral clavularia viridis, which contains in abundance antitumor marine prostanoids such as clavulones. the structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis. these compounds showed significant growth-inhibitory activity in vitro toward cancer cells. analysis of fatty acids of the dinoflagellate was also carried ... | 2003 | 12808254 |
| pseudopterosin biosynthesis in symbiodinium sp., the dinoflagellate symbiont of pseudopterogorgia elisabethae. | investigations are reported that identify the biosynthetic source and origins of the pseudopterosins, pharmacologically important diterpene glycosides, in the gorgonian coral pseudopterogorgia elisabethae. we report here the isolation of physiologically significant levels of endogenous pseudopterosins a, b, c, and d from purified symbionts identified as the dinoflagellate symbiodinium sp. biosynthetic studies in photosynthesizing symbiont isolates utilizing 14c-labeled inorganic carbon and the t ... | 2003 | 14652072 |
| symbioimine exhibiting inhibitory effect of osteoclast differentiation, from the symbiotic marine dinoflagellate symbiodinium sp. | an amphoteric iminium metabolite, symbioimine (1), was isolated from a cultivated symbiotic marine dinoflagellate symbiodinium sp. its structure was deduced by spectroscopic analysis and x-ray crystallographic analysis. symbioimine (1) has a characteristic 6,6,6-tricyclic iminium ring structure and an aryl sulfate moiety. the plausible biogenetic pathway of 1 can be explained by an intramolecular diels-alder reaction followed by imine cyclization. symbioimine (1) inhibited the differentiation of ... | 2004 | 15080680 |
| zooxanthellactone, a novel gamma-lactone-type oxylipine from dinoflagellates of symbiodinium sp.: structure, distribution, and biological activity. | a novel fatty acid derivative named zooxanthellactone (zl) was isolated from several strains of symbiotic microalgae, dinoflagellates of the genus symbiodinium. the metabolite is structurally related to docosahexaenoic acid (dha) and seems to be biosynthesized by oxidation and subsequent lactonization. the absolute stereochemistry was determined from the specific rotation of the perhydro derivative. the distribution of zl within several symbiodinium isolates was quantitatively analyzed by hplc t ... | 2004 | 15118313 |
| zooxanthellamide b, a novel large polyhydroxy metabolite from a marine dinoflagellate of symbiodinium sp. | zooxanthellamide b, c(128)h(220)n(2)o(53)s(2), a polyhydroxy secondary metabolite, was isolated from a cultured marine dinoflagellate of the genus symbiodinium. a detailed 2d nmr analysis revealed the chemical structure as a delta-lactone analogue of zooxanthellamide a, which had previously been isolated from the same dinoflagellate by us. the relative configuration of the delta-lactone moiety was determined by noe experiments and a coupling constant analysis, and that of other ring systems was ... | 2004 | 15118333 |
| the acquisition of exogenous algal symbionts by an octocoral after bleaching. | episodes of coral bleaching (loss of the symbiotic dinoflagellates) and coral mortality have occurred with increasing frequency over the past two decades. although some corals recover from bleaching events, the source of the repopulating symbionts is unknown. here we show that after bleaching, the adult octocoral briareum sp. acquire dinoflagellate symbionts (symbiodinium sp.) from the environment. uptake of exogenous symbionts provides a mechanism for response to changes in the environment and ... | 2004 | 15178798 |
| aposymbiotic plesiastrea versipora continues to produce cell-signalling molecules that regulate the carbon metabolism of symbiotic algae. | the scleractinian coral plesiastrea versipora produces cell signals that regulate the carbon metabolism of its symbiotic algae. host release factor (hrf) stimulates the release of photosynthate, and photosynthesis inhibiting factor (pif) partially inhibits carbon fixation in freshly isolated symbiotic algae. naturally occurring aposymbiotic specimens of p. versipora are rare in port jackson, australia, but one that was collected contained hrf and pif. artificially produced aposymbiotic corals of ... | 2004 | 15275660 |
| comparison of an inducible oxidative burst in free-living and symbiotic dinoflagellates reveals properties of the pseudopterosins. | an oxidative burst in free-living and symbiotic dinoflagellates induced by physical stress is defined and characterized. the oxidative burst occurred within 1 min of physical injury caused by short pulses of low frequency sonic sound (20 khz, 10 s pulses). the quantities of reactive oxygen species were measured using a spectrofluorometric assay and standardized to hydrogen peroxide. using pharmacological probes, the oxidative burst was found to contain upwards of 95% hydrogen peroxide and was be ... | 2004 | 15561188 |
| symbioimine and neosymbioimine, amphoteric iminium metabolites from the symbiotic marine dinoflagellate symbiodinium sp. | two amphoteric iminium metabolites, symbioimine (1) and neosymbioimine (2), were isolated from a cultivated symbiotic marine dinoflagellate symbiodinium sp. compounds 1 and 2 have a characteristic 6,6,6-tricyclic iminium ring structure and an aryl sulfate moiety. the plausible biogenetic pathway of 1 and 2 can be explained by an intramolecular diels-alder reaction followed by imine cyclization. symbioimine (1) inhibited the differentiation of raw264 cells into osteoclasts (ec50 = 44 microm), and ... | 2005 | 16009558 |
| zooxanthellamide cs: vasoconstrictive polyhydroxylated macrolides with the largest lactone ring size from a marine dinoflagellate of symbiodinium sp. | zooxanthellamide cs (zad-cs), c(128)h(220)n(2)o(53)s(2) (ca. 2.7 kda), was obtained from a cultured marine dinoflagellate of the genus symbiodinium as an inseparable isomeric mixture of polyhydroxylated 61- to 66-membered macrolides. the chemical structures of the components were clarified by detailed 2d nmr analysis to be the macrolactonized analogues of zooxanthellamide a (zad-a), which had been previously isolated from the same microalgae. chemical lability of zad-cs suggests that zad-a is an ... | 2005 | 16028954 |
| a cell signal from the coral plesiastrea versipora reduces starch synthesis in its symbiotic alga, symbiodinium sp. | we have previously shown that the coral cell signal, host release factor (hrf) from the scleractinian coral plesiastrea versipora (lamarck) stimulates the release of glycerol from its symbiotic dinoflagellate, symbiodinium sp. glycerol is a precursor for algal triacylglycerol (tg) and starch, and we have previously observed that hrf reduces the amount of newly synthesized tg in symbiodinium sp. we have now examined the effect of p. versipora hrf on starch synthesis in isolated symbiodinium. hrf ... | 2006 | 16750644 |
| characterization of a latent virus-like infection of symbiotic zooxanthellae. | a latent virus-like agent, which we designated zooxanthella filamentous virus 1 (zfv1), was isolated from symbiodinium sp. strain ccmp 2465 and characterized. transmission electron microscopy and analytical flow cytometry revealed the presence of a new group of distinctive filamentous virus-like particles after exposure of the zooxanthellae to uv light. examination of thin sections of the zooxanthellae revealed the formation and proliferation of filamentous virus-like particles in the uv-induced ... | 2007 | 17351090 |
| the effect of thermal history on the susceptibility of reef-building corals to thermal stress. | the mutualistic relationship between corals and their unicellular dinoflagellate symbionts (symbiodinium sp.) is a fundamental component within the ecology of coral reefs. thermal stress causes the breakdown of the relationship between corals and their symbionts (bleaching). as with other organisms, this symbiosis may acclimate to changes in the environment, thereby potentially modifying the environmental threshold at which they bleach. while a few studies have examined the acclimation capacity ... | 2008 | 18344478 |
| a new prokaryotic farnesyldiphosphate synthase from the octocoral eunicea fusca: differential display, inverse pcr, cloning, and characterization. | we recently reported that the biosynthesis of fuscol, a diterpene from the octocoral eunicea fusca, is inducible by the application of plant signaling factors such as salicylic acid to the coral's algal symbiont. in this study, an mrna differential display approach has been employed with the dinoflagellate symbiont of this octocoral which has led to the isolation of a farnesyldiphosphate synthase (fpps) that was transcriptionally activated under conditions that led to an induction of fuscol bios ... | 2009 | 18626710 |
| the d1 and d2 proteins of dinoflagellates: unusually accumulated mutations which influence on psii photoreaction. | plastid encoded genes of the dinoflagellates are rapidly evolving and most divergent. the importance of unusually accumulated mutations on structure of psii core protein and photosynthetic function was examined in the dinoflagellates, symbiodinium sp. and alexandrium tamarense. full-length cdna sequences of psba (d1 protein) and psbd (d2 protein) were obtained and compared with the other oxygen-evolving photoautotrophs. twenty-three amino acid positions (7%) for the d1 protein and 34 positions ( ... | 2008 | 18855112 |
| symbiospirols: novel long carbon-chain compounds isolated from symbiotic marine dinoflagellate symbiodinium sp. | symbiospirols a, b, and c, long carbon-chain compounds with a molecular weight of 1207 were isolated from the cultured symbiotic dinoflagellate symbiodinium sp. their planar structures and partial relative stereochemistries were elucidated based on 1d and 2d nmr spectra and a degradation reaction. symbiospirols consisted of a c67-linear chain with a beta,beta'-dihydroxyl ketone moiety, eight hydroxyl groups, one tetrahydropyran ring, and two 1,6-dioxaspiro[4,4]nonane rings. symbiospirol a had an ... | 2009 | 19361202 |
| proteomic assessment of caffeine effects on coral symbionts. | caffeine isthe mostwidely consumed and excreted psychoactive drug in the world. it is a ubiquitous tracer of urban wastewater, but its ecological effects are notwell understood. we hypothesized that caffeine exposure is associated with coral bleaching. here we report the effects of caffeine on four species of coral algae endosymbionts belonging to three widely distributed clades: clade a symbiodinium microadriaticum (a), clade b symbiodinium sp. from aiptasia pallida (b6), clade b symbiodinium s ... | 2009 | 19368218 |
| generation and analysis of transcriptomic resources for a model system on the rise: the sea anemone aiptasia pallida and its dinoflagellate endosymbiont. | the most diverse marine ecosystems, coral reefs, depend upon a functional symbiosis between cnidarian hosts and unicellular dinoflagellate algae. the molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment, maintenance, and breakdown of the symbiotic partnership are, however, not well understood. efforts to dissect these questions have been slow, as corals are notoriously difficult to work with. in order to expedite this field of research, we generated and analyzed a collection of expressed sequence t ... | 2009 | 19500365 |
| symbiosis-dependent gene expression in coral-dinoflagellate association: cloning and characterization of a p-type h+-atpase gene. | we report the molecular cloning of a h(+)-atpase in the symbiotic dinoflagellate, symbiodinium sp. previously suggested by pharmacological studies to be involved in carbon-concentrating mechanism used by zooxanthellae when they are in symbiosis with corals. this gene encodes a protein of 975 amino acids with a calculated mass of about 105 kda. the structure of the protein shows a typical p-type h(+)-atpase structure (type iiia plasma membrane h(+)-atpases) and phylogenetic analyses show that thi ... | 2010 | 19793745 |
| the determination of activity of the enzyme rubisco in cell extracts of the dinoflagellate alga symbiodinium sp. by manganese chemiluminescence and its response to short-term thermal stress of the alga. | the dinoflagellate alga symbiodinium sp., living in symbiosis with corals, clams and other invertebrates, is a primary producer in coral reefs and other marine ecosystems. the function of the carbon-fixing enzyme ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) in dinoflagellates is difficult to study because its activity is rapidly lost after extraction from the cell. we report procedures for the extraction of rubisco from symbiodinium cells and for stable storage. we describe a contin ... | 2010 | 20102538 |
| bioactive secondary metabolites from symbiotic marine dinoflagellates: symbiodinolide and durinskiols. | symbiotic relationships play critical roles in marine ecosystems. among symbionts, marine dinoflagellates have attracted the attention of natural products chemists, biologists, and ecologists, since they are rich sources of unique bioactive secondary metabolites. the polyol compound symbiodinolide, which was isolated from the symbiotic dinoflagellate symbiodinium sp., exhibits significant voltage-dependent n-type ca(2+) channel-opening activity and may serve as a defense substance to prevent dig ... | 2010 | 20333719 |
| evolutionary analysis of orthologous cdna sequences from cultured and symbiotic dinoflagellate symbionts of reef-building corals (dinophyceae: symbiodinium). | dinoflagellates are ubiquitous marine and freshwater protists. the endosymbiotic relationship between dinoflagellates of the genus symbiodinium (also known as zooxanthellae) and corals forms the basis of coral reefs. we constructed and analyzed a cdna library from a cultured symbiodinium species clade a (casskb8). the majority of annotated ests from the symbiodinium sp. casskb8 library cover metabolic genes. most of those belong to either carbohydrate or energy metabolism. in addition, component ... | 2009 | 20403741 |
| sub-cellular damage by copper in the cnidarian zoanthus robustus. | sessile organisms may experience chronic exposure to copper that is released into the marine environment from antifoulants and stormwater runoff. we have identified the site of damage caused by copper to the symbiotic cnidarian, zoanthus robustus (anthozoa, hexacorallia). external changes to the zoanthids were apparent when compared with controls. the normally flexible bodies contracted and became rigid. histological examination of the zoanthid tissue revealed that copper had caused sub-cellular ... | 2010 | 20462520 |
| proteomic and transcriptional analyses of coral larvae newly engaged in symbiosis with dinoflagellates. | many marine cnidarians, such as stony corals, engage in intracellular symbiosis with dinoflagellates, forming the trophic and structural foundation of the coral reef ecosystem. very little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms that are at work in these associations. in this study, we examined changes in both the soluble proteome and the transcriptome of larvae of the hawaiian solitary coral fungia scutaria during the onset of symbiosis with symbiodinium sp. we conducted a comparat ... | 2007 | 20483279 |
| validation of housekeeping genes for gene expression studies in symbiodinium exposed to thermal and light stress. | unicellular photosynthetic algae (dinoflagellate) from the genus symbiodinium live in mutualistic symbiosis with reef-building corals. cultured symbiodinium sp. (clade c) were exposed to a range of environmental stresses that included elevated temperatures (29°c and 32°c) under high (100 μmol quanta m(-2) s(-1) photosynthetic active radiation) and low (10 μmol quanta m(-2) s(-1)) irradiances. using real-time rt-pcr the stability of expression for the nine selected putative housekeeping genes (hk ... | 2010 | 20668900 |
| gene expression profiles of cytosolic heat shock proteins hsp70 and hsp90 from symbiotic dinoflagellates in response to thermal stress: possible implications for coral bleaching. | unicellular photosynthetic dinoflagellates of the genus symbiodinium are the most common endosymbionts of reef-building scleractinian corals, living in a symbiotic partnership known to be highly susceptible to environmental changes such as hyperthermic stress. in this study, we identified members of two major heat shock proteins (hsps) families, hsp70 and hsp90, in symbiodinium sp. (clade c) with full-length sequences that showed the highest similarity and evolutionary relationship with other kn ... | 2011 | 20821176 |
| species delimitation of common reef corals in the genus pocillopora using nucleotide sequence phylogenies, population genetics and symbiosis ecology. | stony corals in the genus pocillopora are among the most common and widely distributed of indo-pacific corals and, as such, are often the subject of physiological and ecological research. in the far tropical eastern pacific (tep), they are major constituents of shallow coral communities, exhibiting considerable variability in colony shape and branch morphology and marked differences in response to thermal stress. numerous intermediates occur between morphospecies that may relate to extensive hyb ... | 2010 | 21091563 |
| coral larvae exhibit few measurable transcriptional changes during the onset of coral-dinoflagellate endosymbiosis. | the cellular mechanisms controlling the successful establishment of a stable mutualism between cnidarians and their dinoflagellate partners are largely unknown. the planula larva of the solitary hawaiian scleractinian coral fungia scutaria and its dinoflagellate symbiont symbiodinium sp. type c1f represents an ideal model for studying the onset of cnidarian-dinoflagellate endosymbiosis due to the predictable availability of gametes, the ability to raise non-symbiotic larvae and establish the sym ... | 2010 | 21798204 |
| Role of the sphingosine rheostat in the regulation of cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbioses. | The symbiosis between host cnidarians, such as corals and anemones, and their dinoflagellate symbionts is regulated by largely undescribed mechanisms that stabilize the symbiosis during normal conditions but lead to symbiosis breakdown, or cnidarian bleaching, during stress. Previous transcriptomic studies identified the sphingosine rheostat as a putative symbiosis regulatory pathway. The sphingosine rheostat, which includes the sphingolipids sphingosine (Sph) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), ... | 2011 | 22186914 |
| extracts of marine algae show inhibitory activity against osteoclast differentiation. | osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that play a crucial role in bone resorption. the imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation results in osteoporosis. therefore, substances that can suppress osteoclast formation are potential candidate materials for drug development or functional foods. there have been reports that extracts or purified compounds from marine micro- and macroalgae can suppress osteoclast differentiation. symbioimine, isolated from the cultured dinoflagellate symbiodin ... | 2011 | 22054967 |
| ulcerated yellow spot syndrome: implications of aquaculture-related pathogens associated with soft coral sarcophyton ehrenbergi tissue lesions. | we introduce a new marine syndrome called ulcerated yellow spot, affecting the soft coral sarcophyton ehrenbergi. to identify bacteria associated with tissue lesions, tissue and mucus samples were taken during a 2009 indo-pacific research expedition near the wakatobi island chain, indonesia. polymerase chain reaction targeting the 16s rdna gene indicated associations with the known fish-disease-causing bacterium photobacterium damselae, as well as multiple vibrio species. results indicate a shif ... | 2012 | 23269388 |