| a phylogenetic analysis of the mycoplasmas: basis for their classification. | small-subunit rrna sequences were determined for almost 50 species of mycoplasmas and their walled relatives, providing the basis for a phylogenetic systematic analysis of these organisms. five groups of mycoplasmas per se were recognized (provisional names are given): the hominis group (which included species such as mycoplasma hominis, mycoplasma lipophilum, mycoplasma pulmonis, and mycoplasma neurolyticum), the pneumoniae group (which included species such as mycoplasma pneumoniae and mycopla ... | 1989 | 2592342 |
| Molecular detection of Spiroplasma apis and Spiroplasma melliferum in bees. | Spiroplasma apis and Spiroplasma melliferum are known as honey bee pathogens and are detected by unspecific methodologies like culturing or dark field microscopy. We developed a multiplex PCR being able to differentiate between both species and detect the genus Spiroplasma. This PCR can directly be used on culture samples or on DNA extracted bees. By PCR on cultured samples we were able to identify S. apis in Bombus pratorum and S. melliferum in Bombus pascuorum. | 2012 | 22138255 |
| pathogenicity of spiroplasma apis and other spiroplasmas for honey-bees in southwestern france. | the haemolymph of honey-bees affected by a may disease-like disorder in southwestern france contained numerous spiroplasmas. further characterization of the organisms and pathogenicity assays showed that the causal agent of the disease was a spiroplasma belonging to group iv. the name spiroplasma apis was given to the reference strain b31 (atcc 33834), one of the numerous similar isolates cultured from may-disease-affected bees. spiroplasma isolates related to s. apis could be grown from the sur ... | 1984 | 6712058 |
| pathogenicity of mollicutes for insects: possible use in biological control. | acholeplasmas, spiroplasmas and other non-helical sterol-requiring mycoplasmas of unknown phylogenetic affinity inhabit insects. of these, only spiroplasmas are known to be pathogenic. group i-2 spiroplasmas, or spiroplasma apis, especially in combination with other organisms, reduce honey-bee longevity. plant pathogenic mycoplasma-like organisms are often found intracellularly in insects. spiroplasmas are found predominantly in the gut lumen or haemolymph (or both) of their insect hosts. pathog ... | 1984 | 6712057 |
| spiroplasma apis, a new species from the honey-bee apis mellifera. | two spiroplasma strains (b31 and b39) recovered from diseased honey-bees (apis mellifera) in southwestern france were similar in biochemical, serological and pathological properties. the organisms grew at 30 degrees c, required cholesterol for growth, fermented glucose, catabolized arginine and produced a film and spot reaction. the two spiroplasmas were serologically indistinguishable but were related to serogroup iv spiroplasmas, which had been previously isolated from flower surfaces and from ... | 1983 | 6195951 |
| comprehensive bee pathogen screening in belgium reveals crithidia mellificae as a new contributory factor to winter mortality. | since the last decade, unusually high honey bee colony losses have been reported mainly in north-america and europe. here, we report on a comprehensive bee pathogen screening in belgium covering 363 bee colonies that were screened for 18 known disease-causing pathogens and correlate their incidence in summer with subsequent winter mortality. our analyses demonstrate that, in addition to varroa destructor, the presence of the trypanosomatid parasite crithidia mellificae and the microsporidian par ... | 2013 | 23991113 |
| occurrence of extrachromosomal deoxyribonucleic acids in spiroplasmas associated with plants, insects, and ticks. | several spiroplasmas (helical, motile mollicutes) were previously shown to contain extrachromosomal dna (e-dna) elements in the form of viruses (double-stranded viruses or the replicative form of single-stranded viruses) or plasmids. these elements are now being investigated as potential vectors for use in spiroplasma transformation systems. described herein is the first extensive survey of spiroplasma e-dna in 23 spiroplasma groups (30 strains), a study facilitated by improvements in protocols ... | 1993 | 8469723 |
| honey bee colonies act as reservoirs for two spiroplasma facultative symbionts and incur complex, multiyear infection dynamics. | two species of spiroplasma (mollicutes) bacteria were isolated from and described as pathogens of the european honey bee, apis mellifera, ~30 years ago but recent information on them is lacking despite global concern to understand bee population declines. here we provide a comprehensive survey for the prevalence of these two spiroplasma species in current populations of honey bees using improved molecular diagnostic techniques to assay multiyear colony samples from north america (u.s.a.) and sou ... | 2014 | 24771723 |
| complete genome sequence of spiroplasma apis b31t (atcc 33834), a bacterium associated with may disease of honeybees (apis mellifera). | spiroplasma apis b31(t) (atcc 33834) is a wall-less bacterium in the class mollicutes that has been linked to may disease of honeybees (apis mellifera). here, we report the complete genome sequence of this bacterium to facilitate the investigation of its virulence factors. | 2014 | 24407648 |
| purification and characterization of the major lipoprotein (p28) of spiroplasma apis. | the plasma membrane of spiroplasma apis contains a 28-kda major protein (p28), like other spiroplasmas which also possess a main 26- to 28-kda membrane polypeptide, called spiralin. in the work described here, we have developed a simple and efficient method for the purification of p28 of this mollicute, a wall-less eubacteria. proteins were first selectively extracted from the isolated membrane with the mild detergents (i) sodium n-lauroylsarcosinate (sarkosyl) and (ii) 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dim ... | 2002 | 11922766 |
| comparison of the conserved region in the dnaa gene from three mollicute species. | polymerase chain reaction was carried out to amplify the conserved region (789 bp in the case of mycoplasma capricolum) of the dnaa gene (1350 bp in the case of m. capricolum) of 15 representatives of the class mollicutes using degenerate oligonucleotide primers. the dnaa gene fragments were amplified from m. mycoides subsp. capri, spiroplasma apis and s. citri. the amino acid sequences deduced from the nucleotide sequences of the amplified fragments showed very low similarities to those of the ... | 1993 | 8282191 |
| the osmotic lysis of spiroplasma cells and its use in enzyme studies. | a simple and efficient osmotic lysis method was developed for enzyme studies in spiroplasmas. log phase cells in r2 medium were harvested by centrifugation (19,600 x g for 30 min). wash buffer supplemented with 0.23 m sucrose maintained the helicity of spiroplasma cells during washing. osmotic lysis of spiroplasmas was achieved in h buffer that contained no sucrose. sucrose at concentrations as low as 0.004 m dramatically increased the resistance of the spiroplasmas to osmotic lysis. nadh oxidas ... | 1994 | 7954112 |
| procaryotic and eucaryotic traits of dna methylation in spiroplasmas (mycoplasmas). | differences in the type of base methylated (cytosine or adenine) and in the extent of methylation were detected by high-pressure liquid chromatography in the dnas of five spiroplasmas. nearest neighbor analysis and digestion by restriction enzyme isoschizomers also revealed differences in methylation sequence specificity. whereas in spiroplasma floricola and spiroplasma sp. strain pps-1 5-methylcytosine was found on the 5' side of each of the four major bases, the cytosine in spiroplasma apis dn ... | 1985 | 4044519 |
| probable insensitivity of mollicutes to rifampin and characterization of spiroplasmal dna-dependent rna polymerase. | the effect of rifampin on five mollicutes (spiroplasma citri, spiroplasma melliferum, spiroplasma apis, acholeplasma laidlawii, and mycoplasma mycoides) was compared with that on escherichia coli. we found that, in contrast to wild-type e. coli, mollicutes were insensitive to rifampin. dna-dependent rna polymerases from s. melliferum and s. apis were purified to the stage where the enzymes were dependent on the addition of exogenous templates for activity. the enzymes were then tested for their ... | 1986 | 3519581 |