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differences in incorporation of nucleic acid bases and nucleosides by various mycoplasma and acholeplasma species.eight species representative of the serological diversity of the mycoplasmatales were tested for their ability to incorporate radiolabeled nucleic acid precursors into acid-insoluble material. cultures in complex growth medium were centrifuged and resuspended in minimal essential medium (eagle). for acholeplasma laidlawii, labeling occurred mainly during the first 4 h of incubation, with substrate saturation at 20 micron. all organisms tested incorporated uracil, adenine, and guanine; none incor ...1978681280
characterization of some caprine mycoplasmas, with proposals for new species, mycoplasma capricolum and mycoplasma putrefaciens. 19744612102
a serologic survey of mycoplasma putrefaciens infection in goats.the prevalence of mycoplasma putrefaciens infection in goat populations in mendocino and sonoma counties of northern california was studied, using the plate and tube agglutination tests. on a county basis, mendocino had a higher antibody prevalence (13%) than sonoma (10%). the overall antibody prevalence among the 377 goat serum samples tested was 11%. there was no statistical evidence to show any significant difference in prevalence on the basis of herd size. of the common goat breeds in califo ...19817325445
polyarthritis in kids associated with mycoplasma putrefaciens.fifteen two- to three-week-old kids, fed artificially with goats' milk from a dairy, were found to have polyarthritis. the most affected joints were the carpals, either unilaterally or bilaterally, and in some cases the tarsal joints. mycoplasma putrefaciens was isolated from the joints which showed an acute fibrinopurulent arthritis. no clinical mastitis was detected in the dairy.19947856032
bacteria associated with enzootic pneumonia in goats.a histological and microbiological study of lung samples from 83 slaughtered goats (33 kids and 50 adults) drawn from a flock with a history of pleuropneumonia caused by mycoplasmas of the m. mycoides group was carried out. a total of 82% (27/33) of kids and 36% (18/50) of adult goats presented pulmonary lesions characteristic of enzootic pneumonia: lesions took the form of bronchointerstitial pneumonia with peribronchial and peribronchiolar proliferation of lymphocytes. microbiological analysis ...19979151536
polymerase chain reaction and restriction endonuclease digestion for selected members of the "mycoplasma mycoides cluster" and mycoplasma putrefaciens.a specific diagnostic method using the polymerase chain reaction, together with restriction endonuclease digestion patterns, was developed for members of the "mycoplasma mycoides cluster" that normally occur in the united states (i.e., mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides large colony and mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum in addition to "cluster" mycoplasma, bovine serogroup 7, and mycoplasma putrefaciens. the digestion of "cluster" polymerase chain reaction dna (1,225 bp) amplification pro ...19979211239
genetic and serological analysis of the immunogenic 67-kda lipoprotein of mycoplasma sp. bovine group 7.the gene encoding a lipoprotein of 67 kda, named p67, was cloned from mycoplasma sp. bovine group 7 strain pg50 and expressed in escherichia coli k12. analysis of the amino acid sequence derived from the dna sequence of the p67 gene revealed a typical prokaryotic signal peptidase ii membrane lipoprotein lipid attachment site and a transmembrane structure domain in the leader sequence at the amino-terminal end of the protein. protein p67 showed 91% identical amino acid residues to the lipoprotein ...19989766210
comparison of the 16s-23s rrna intergenic spacer regions among strains of the mycoplasma mycoides cluster, and reassessment of the taxonomic position of mycoplasma sp. bovine group 7.nucleotide sequence analysis of the 16s-23s rrna intergenic spacer regions of six type or reference strains belonging to the mycoplasma mycoides cluster and of mycoplasma putrefaciens suggested the presence of two subclusters. one subcluster comprised m. mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony (sc) type, m. mycoides subsp. mycoides large colony (lc) type and m. mycoides subsp. capri, whereas the second subcluster comprised mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum, m. capricolum subsp. capripneumoni ...200010843078
assessment of pcr for routine identification of species of the mycoplasma mycoides cluster in ruminants.dna amplification techniques offer considerable promise for the identification of mycoplasma mycoides cluster members. they avoid antigenic cross-reactivity and variability that hamper serological methods. many sets of primers, specific of these different members and of mycoplasma putrefaciens, have been proposed. to assess the reliability of some of these pcr tests in routine laboratory diagnostic use, 230 field strains supposed to belong to this group were simultaneously identified by pcr and ...200415535954
flow cytometric determination of the effects of antibacterial agents on mycoplasma agalactiae, mycoplasma putrefaciens, mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum, and mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides large colony type.flow cytometry together with sybr green i and propidium iodide was used to study the effects of enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline, and tylosin on four mycoplasma species. inhibition of mycoplasma growth could be detected by as early as 3 h after the start of treatment. the strongest effect was observed with enrofloxacin- and ciprofloxacin-treated cells.200616870783
the in vitro effect of six antimicrobials against mycoplasma putrefaciens, mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides lc and mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum isolated from sheep and goats in jordan.respiratory disease in sheep and goats is a major problem in jordan and is often associated with mycoplasma species. without effective vaccines, control is mainly by chemotherapy, but the uncontrolled use of antimicrobials has led to concerns about the potential development of antimicrobial resistance. the in vitro effect of chloramphenicol, florfenicol, enrofloxacin, tylosin, erythromycin and oxytetracycline was determined against 32 isolates of mycoplasma species-m. mycoides subsp. mycoides lc ...200617405622
detection of mycoplasmas in goat milk by flow cytometry.the detection of mycoplasma in milk can be performed by either culture techniques or polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based methods. although pcr can reduce the average diagnostic time to 5 h in comparison with the several days for the isolation of the agent, there is still a need to develop methods, which could give earlier results. for this purpose, we tested the ability of flow cytometry (fc) to detect mycoplasmas in milk samples. milk samples inoculated with four different mycoplasmas, mycopl ...200717972304
first report on the molecular prevalence of mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae (mccp) in goats the cause of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (ccpp) in balochistan province of pakistan.contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (ccpp) caused by mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae (mccp) is a disease of goats which causes high morbidity and mortality and is reported in many countries of the world. there are probably no reports on the molecular prevalence of mccp, mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum (mcc) and mycoplasma putrefaciens (mp) in balochistan and any other part of pakistan. thirty goats (n = 30) with marked respiratory symptoms were selected and procured from ...201020091126
genome sequence of mycoplasma putrefaciens type strain ks1.mycoplasma putrefaciens is a causative agent of contagious agalactia in goats. reported herein is the complete genome sequence of the m. putrefaciens type strain ks1.201121994925
a pcr for the detection of mycoplasmas belonging to the mycoplasma mycoides cluster: application to the diagnosis of contagious agalactia.contagious agalactia is a mycoplasmal infection caused by mycoplasma agalactiae, mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides lc, m. mycoides subsp. capri, mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum and mycoplasma putrefaciens. identification of the causative organisms is usually performed by isolation and classical biochemical and serological tests, though this is a lengthy and cumbersome process for mycoplasmas. specific pcr assays have been developed for the identification of mycoplasma agalactiae and m. ...200717606362
biofilm formation by mycoplasma species and its role in environmental persistence and survival.although mycoplasmas possess a very limited genome, little is known about their virulence mechanisms and methods of persistence in the host. examination of a wide range of mycoplasma species found considerable variation in their ability to form a biofilm. mycoplasma putrefaciens, m. cottewii, m. yeatsii, m. agalactiae and m. bovis produced prolific biofilms. conversely, the highly pathogenic mycoplasma and causative agent of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides ...200616549656
inactivation of mycoplasma species involved in contagious agalactia.the suitability of 5 agents for the inactivation of different field strains of the four mycoplasma species associated with contagious agalactia syndrome in goats, i.e. mycoplasma agalactiae, mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides lc, mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum and mycoplasma putrefaciens, was investigated. immunoprophylaxis of this syndrome is still based on inactivated vaccines, which traditionally use formalin as the inactivating agent. moreover, the limited information existing abou ...200414964115
genital lesions in an outbreak of caprine contagious agalactia caused by mycoplasma agalactiae and mycoplasma putrefaciens.this paper reports on the genital lesions observed in adult male and female goats from a commercial flock in the extremadura region of southwestern spain, following an outbreak of contagious agalactia syndrome caused by mycoplasma agalactiae and m. putrefaciens. although both species were isolated from several organs, m. putrefaciens was the only agent isolated from the genital lesions reported here, characterized by desquamative salpingitis and cystic catarrhal metritis in females and by testic ...200314720185
a specific pcr for the detection of mycoplasma putrefaciens, one of the agents of the contagious agalactia syndrome of goats.mycoplasma putrefaciens is listed as one of the etiologic agents of the contagious agalactia syndrome by the world organisation for animal health. this species has been characterized only recently, 1974, and the number of outbreaks caused by this microorganism so far is very scarce. it induces mastitis in infected goats although other symptoms such as arthritis in adults and septicaemia in kids are also frequently described. up to now, the identification of m. putrefaciens relied on classical is ...200314602479
variable surface protein vmm of mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type.a variable surface protein, vmm, of the bovine pathogen mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides small colony type (m. mycoides sc) has been identified and characterized. vmm was specific for the sc biotype and was expressed by 68 of 69 analyzed m. mycoides sc strains. the protein was found to undergo reversible phase variation at a frequency of 9 x 10(-4) to 5 x 10(-5) per cell per generation. the vmm gene was present in all of the 69 tested m. mycoides sc strains and encodes a lipoprotein precursor ...200212057968
sequences of the 16s rrna genes and phylogeny of the goat mycoplasmas mycoplasma adleri, mycoplasma auris, mycoplasma cottewii and mycoplasma yeatsii.the nucleotide sequences of the 16s rrna genes from the type strains of four goat mycoplasmas, mycoplasma adleri, mycoplasma auris, mycoplasma cottewii and mycoplasma yeatsii, were determined by direct solid-phase dna sequencing. polymorphisms were found in two of the 16s rrna gene sequences, showing the existence of two different rrna operons. three polymorphisms were found in m. adleri, and one was found in m. yeatsii. the sequence information was used for the construction of phylogenetic tree ...19989542096
caprine mycoplasmosis: immune response in goats to mycoplasma putrefaciens after intramammary inoculation.the primary inoculation of various doses of mycoplasma putrefaciens into the udders of goats was followed by acute agalactia in the inoculated udder half, without involvement of the noninoculated half. milk production either stopped or was severely curtailed in the affected half. significant resistance to challenge exposure was demonstrable for periods up to 1 year in previously infected udders. subsequent challenge exposures resulted in a benign pattern of disease that lasted a short period, wi ...19817199881
caprine mycoplasmosis: mycoplasma putrefaciens, a new cause of mastitis in goats.lactating goats given an intramammary inoculation of 50 mycoplasma putrefaciens in 1/2 of the udder had a high percentage of leukocytes in the milk within 8 days, without involvement of the other half. larger doses of mycoplasma caused earlier inflammatory changes, but there were no differences in the final disease. in all instances, the viability count of the mycoplasma reached at least 10(8) organisms/ml before a high percentage of neutrophils were present in milk smears. the california mastit ...19807194611
pathogenicity of mycoplasma capricolum and mycoplasma putrefaciens.mycoplasma capricolum causes high morbidity and mortality in goats. young kids fed a one-time oral dose of greater than or equal to 1 x 10(5) colony-forming units of the gm13 isolate usually died during the septicemic phase. the cardinal lesions were a fibrinopurulent polyarthritis and an acute, diffuse interstitial pneumonia. lactating goats exposed to low numbers of the organism via the teat canal experienced similar lesions and acute mastitis, agalactia, and hardened udders. the intramammary ...19846511323
comparison of caprine mycoplasmosis caused by mycoplasma capricolum, mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides, and mycoplasma putrefaciens.we reviewed the disease process in goats caused by mycoplasma capricolum, m. mycoides subsp. mycoides, and m. putrefaciens and compared mycoplasma-infected goats (particularly young kids) for microanatomic changes. m. capricolum and m. mycoides subsp. mycoides cause a nearly identical disease: septicemia leading to pyrexia, high morbidity and mortality, interstitial pneumonia, arthritis (including polyarthritis), and mastitis. until recently, m. putrefaciens was known only as a cause of mastitis ...19873667229
caprine mycoplasmosis: an outbreak of mastitis and arthritis requiring the destruction of 700 goats.an acute outbreak of mastitis and arthritis in a herd of 700 goats required the destruction of all but the few animals that were held for observation. the milk of nearly all of about 400 lactating does contained almost pure cultures of mycoplasma putrefaciens with counts in 150 samples up to 1 x 10(9) colony forming units/ml. at post mortem examination the joints of both the adults and kids contained a fibrinopurulent discharge. m putrefaciens was isolated in pure cultures and large numbers from ...19873603972
complete genome sequence of mycoplasma putrefaciens strain 9231, one of the agents of contagious agalactia in goats.mycoplasma putrefaciens is one of the etiologic agents of contagious agalactia in goats. we report herein the complete genome sequence of mycoplasma putrefaciens strain 9231.201323766410
in vitro susceptibilities of mycoplasma putrefaciens field isolates.mics were determined for 15 antimicrobial agents against 37 mycoplasma putrefaciens isolates. the most effective antimicrobial drug classes were the fluoroquinolones, the tetracyclines, the lincosamide lincomycin, and the macrolides. the susceptibility profile of the isolates correlated with the geographic origin. this is the first report of decreased susceptibility to the macrolides, lincomycin, and the tetracyclines in m. putrefaciens strains.200717638695
molecular epidemiological analysis of mycoplasma bovis isolates from the pennsylvania animal diagnostic laboratory showing genetic diversity.we have examined the genetic variability of mycoplasma bovis strains submitted to the pennsylvania animal diagnostics laboratory, university park (pa-adl), between december 2007 and december 2008. of 4,868 total samples submitted for mycoplasma testing, 302 were determined to be culture positive. mycoplasma bovis (63.6%), mycoplasma californicum (7.3%), mycoplasma bovirhinis (2.7%), mycoplasma bovigenitalium (0.7%), mycoplasma alkalescens (4.9%), mycoplasma putrefaciens (0.3%), and mycoplasma di ...201121426978
phylogeny of the mycoplasma mycoides cluster based on analysis of five conserved protein-coding sequences and possible implications for the taxonomy of the group.a phylogenetic tree of the mycoplasma mycoides cluster was inferred from a set of concatenated sequences from five housekeeping genes (fusa, glpq, gyrb, lepa and rpob). the relevance of this phylogeny was reinforced by detailed analysis of the congruence of the phylogenies derived from each of the five individual gene sequences. two subclusters were distinguished. the m. mycoides subcluster comprised m. mycoides subsp. mycoides biotypes small colony (sc) and large colony (lc) and m. mycoides sub ...200717911291
contagious agalactia due to mycoplasma spp. in small dairy ruminants: epidemiology and prospects for diagnosis and control.contagious agalactia (ca) is a serious disease of small dairy ruminants that has a substantial economic impact on the goat and sheep milk industries. the main aetiological agent of the disease is mycoplasma agalactiae, although other species, such as mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri, mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum and mycoplasma putrefaciens, are pathogenic in goats. there are two clinical-epidemiological states of ca in sheep and goats; herds and flocks may exhibit outbreaks of ca or m ...201323759248
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