| detection of a vascular permeability factor in the extracellular products of renibacterium salmoninarum. | the presence of vascular permeability factors in the extracellular products (ecp) of 10 strains of renibacterium salmoninarum with different geographical origin and serological characteristics are reported. all the ecp produced haemorrhagic and/or oedematous zones at the injection site with a diameter ranging from 10-30 mm. however, the ecp samples did not display toxic effect in fish at the same dose as inoculated in rabbit (180-400 micrograms protein/0.1 ml). no differences were observed in th ... | 1992 | 1291845 |
| molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the gene coding for the 57-kda major soluble antigen of the salmonid fish pathogen renibacterium salmoninarum. | the complete sequence coding for the 57-kda major soluble antigen of the salmonid fish pathogen, renibacterium salmoninarum, was determined. the gene contained an opening reading frame of 1671 nucleotides coding for a protein of 557 amino acids with a calculated m(r) value of 57,190. the first 26 amino acids constituted a signal peptide. the deduced sequence for amino acid residues 27-61 was in agreement with the 35 n-terminal amino acid residues determined by microsequencing, suggesting the pro ... | 1992 | 1383085 |
| immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis associated with bacterial kidney disease in the rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) developed a post-infectious chronic membranous glomerulonephritis 15 months after they had been experimentally infected with renibacterium salmoninarum. histologically, peritubular and periglomerular fibrosis, hypercellular glomeruli with occluded bowman's space, and partial or complete adhesion to bowman's capsule were constant features. electron microscopy revealed thickened glomerular basement membranes with spikes accompanied by finely granular electron-de ... | 1992 | 1385916 |
| the detection of two antigenic groups among renibacterium salmoninarum isolates. | the analysis of the membrane proteins and their antigenic properties in a group of 14 geographically diverse strains of renibacterium salmoninarum revealed the existence of antigenic diversity within this species. eleven isolates, including the type strain atcc 33209, shared a similar protein profile with a major component of 57 kda whereas three strains showed a common pattern with a major protein of 30 kda. the quantitative agglutination tests and western blotting assays seem to indicate the e ... | 1992 | 1521757 |
| detection of renibacterium salmoninarum antigen in migrating adult chum salmon (oncorhynchus keta) in japan. | renibacterium salmoninarum antigen was detected in the kidney of migrating chum salmon (oncorhynchus keta) using the indirect dot blot assay and indirect fluorescent antibody test. the adult chum salmon had migrated into a bay in which cultured coho salmon infected with r. salmoninarum were present. antigen was detected in 5% of the chum salmon although they did not have clinical signs of bacterial kidney disease (bkd). this report describes the first case of r. salmoninarum antigen detection am ... | 1992 | 1548789 |
| a phylogenetic comparison of the 16s rrna sequence of the fish pathogen, renibacterium salmoninarum, to gram-positive bacteria. | the 16s rrna of renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease in salmonids, was sequenced by reverse transcriptase to produce a nearly complete sequence (97%) of 1475 nucleotides. phylogenetic comparisons to seventeen genera and signature sequence analysis indicated that r. salmoninarum was a member of the high g + c gram-positive eubacterial subdivision although the reported g + c value is only 53%. a phylogenetic tree details the relationship of r. salmoninarum to ... | 1991 | 1709893 |
| serine proteinase of renibacterium salmoninarum digests a major autologous extracellular and cell-surface protein. | renibacterium salmoninarum is a pathogen of salmonid fish that produces large amounts of extracellular protein (ecp) during growth. a proteolytic activity present in ecp at elevated temperatures digested the majority of the proteins in ecp. this digestion was also associated with the loss of ecp immunosuppressive function. in vitro activity of the proteinase in ecp was temperature dependent: it was not detected in an 18-h digest at 4 and 17 degrees c but became readily apparent at 37 degrees c. ... | 1991 | 1777853 |
| mics and mbcs of chemotherapeutic agents against renibacterium salmoninarum. | the efficacies of 21 chemotherapeutic agents for controlling bacterial kidney disease were evaluated. the bactericidal and/or bacteriostatic effects of these drugs were tested against 11 renibacterium salmoninarum strains with different origins. the most effective compounds displaying both bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity for all the isolates were tetracycline and erythromycin, with mics ranging from less than 0.62 to 10.95 micrograms/ml for tetracycline and from less than 0.62 to 5.47 m ... | 1991 | 1854157 |
| oral and injectable applications of erythromycin in salmonid fish culture. | erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic effective against renibacterium salmoninarum, causative agent of bacterial kidney disease in salmonids. although erythromycin is used on an experimental basis in private and conservation hatcheries, the drug is not registered with the us food and drug administration for use in fish culture. residues of erythromycin are retained in the tissues of juvenile and adult salmon for some time following administration of oral or injectable forms of the drug, a chara ... | 1991 | 1926749 |
| purification, and biochemical and structural characterization of a fimbrial haemagglutinin of renibacterium salmoninarum. | renibacterium salmoninarum was shown to possess peritrichous fimbriae. electron microscopy of strains fmv 84-01 and atcc 33209t revealed short, flexible fimbriae less than 2 nm in diameter. these surface appendages were isolated from the bacteria by a procedure involving water extraction and urea solubilization. the fimbrin was purified to homogeneity by fast pressure liquid chromatography, and shown by sds-page to be a protein of 57 kda. isoelectric focusing under non-denaturing conditions indi ... | 1990 | 1981894 |
| monoclonal antibody characterization of a leukoagglutinin produced by renibacterium salmoninarum. | renibacterium salmoninarum causes a chronic disease of salmonid fish known as bacterial kidney disease. high concentrations of bacterially produced extracellular protein (ecp) are present in plasma, kidney, and spleen tissue of naturally and experimentally infected fish. ecp agglutinated salmonid leukocytes in vitro at concentrations which correspond to levels found in highly infected fish. association of biological activity with the structure of the major protein constituent of ecp, p57, was ac ... | 1991 | 1987079 |
| a new value for mol percent guanine + cytosine of dna for the salmonid fish pathogen renibacterium salmoninarum. | the mol% g + c of dna extracted from seven different isolates of renibacterium salmoninarum was determined. organisms studied were from selected geographical areas (u.s.a., canada, england and france) and were isolated from five different species of salmonid fish. the mol% g + c was determined to be 55.5, higher than the currently reported value of 53. | 1991 | 2044940 |
| molecular cloning of renibacterium salmoninarum dna fragments. | a renibacterium salmoninarum enriched recombinant dna library was constructed to isolate dna fragments which could be used as probes to detect gene sequences specific for the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease in salmonid fish. one fragment of 149 base pairs was isolated and its specificity and sequence determined. this probe may prove useful in the design of diagnostic tests for the disease in asymptomatic fish and ova. | 1991 | 2044941 |
| the cloning and expression of a gene encoding haemolytic activity from the fish pathogen renibacterium salmoninarum. | a gene encoding haemolytic activity from renibacterium salmoninarum (strain ppd) was cloned into escherichia coli using the cosmid vector phc79, and subsequently subcloned on a 1.6 kbp sali fragment into pbr328. southern blot hybridisation revealed that a homologous sequence is found in other strains of r. salmoninarum. | 1990 | 2276613 |
| immunoelectron microscopic demonstration that renibacterium salmoninarum is encapsulated. | the cell surfaces of four strains of renibacterium salmoninarum, including the type strain lea-7-74t, were examined by transmission electron microscopy after immuno-stabilization and staining with ruthenium red. cells were covered with a layer of capsular material whose thickness varied between 30 to 60 nm. our results indicate that r. salmoninarum is encapsulated. | 1990 | 2323542 |
| characterization of the renibacterium salmoninarum haemagglutinin. | water-extracted proteins from nine geographically diverse strains of renibacterium salmoninarum, all of which agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes and rainbow trout spermatozoa, were compared by sds-page. extracts from eight strains, including the type strain, atcc 33209, were similar, containing a major protein of 57 kda and a minor protein of 58 kda. the sds-page protein profile of the char strain did not contain the 58 kda protein. a non-agglutinating strain, mt-239, which was also non-hydrophobi ... | 1990 | 2380689 |
| comparative sensitivities of diagnostic procedures used to detect bacterial kidney disease in salmonid fishes. | kidney and spleen homogenates from each of 60 coho salmon (oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (salmo gairdneri) were examined for detection of renibacterium salmoninarum. the proportions of positives differed widely with the detection procedures used: in coho salmon, 5% were positive by the gram-stain procedure, 10% by the direct fluorescent antibody test, 48% by bacteriological isolation, 65% by staphylococcal coagglutination, and 73% by counterimmunoelectrophoresis; in steelhead trout, ... | 1985 | 2582153 |
| bacterial diseases of marine fish. | the principal bacterial diseases found among wild and cultured marine fish are reviewed. the bacterial agents discussed include the gram-negative pathogens in the vibrio, aeromonas, pasteurella and edwardsiella genera, renibacterium salmoninarum and the myxobacteria, streptococci, mycobacteria, nocardias and anaerobic organisms which have been associated with fish diseases. methods for the isolation and identification of these organisms are described. | 1989 | 2678720 |
| a field evaluation of an indirect fluorescent antibody-based broodstock screening test used to control the vertical transmission of renibacterium salmoninarium in chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha). | ovarian fluid samples from erythromycin treated and untreated spawning three year old chinook salmon were screened independently by two laboratories for the presence of renibacterium salmoninarum using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique (ifat). agreement between the results of the two laboratories could be explained by chance when r. salmoninarum cell numbers as low as one per sample were considered sufficient to represent a positive result. if a positive result was considered to be the ... | 1989 | 2686828 |
| influence of the growth conditions on the hydrophobicity of renibacterium salmoninarum evaluated by different methods. | the influence of medium and salinity on the cell surface hydrophobicity of renibacterium salmoninarum was investigated using three different methods: bacterial adherence to hydrocarbons (bath), salt agglutination test (sat), and binding to nitrocellulose filters (ncf). the possible relationship among hydrophobicity, haemagglutination and adherence to cell lines was also evaluated. r. salmoninarum showed to be highly hydrophobic regardless of the growth conditions or technique employed. neverthel ... | 1989 | 2792738 |
| acquired and innate resistance to the haemoflagellate cryptobia salmositica in sockeye salmon (oncorhynchus nerka). | juvenile sockeye salmon (oncorhynchus nerka, fulton river stock) were protected from otherwise lethal challenges with the haemoflagellate cryptobia salmositica by acclimation to elevated water temperatures (20 degrees c). fish treated in this manner displayed increased immunity to c. salmositica and yielded plasma showing enhanced lytic activity against the parasite. the acquired lytic activity was antibody- and complement-mediated. in contrast, a stock of naive o. nerka from weaver creek, previ ... | 1988 | 3208959 |
| use of erythromycin in reducing vertical transmission of bacterial kidney disease. | studies were conducted in 1980-1982 to determine uptake and retention of erythromycin when eggs of chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were water hardened for 1 hr in 2 ppm of the antibiotic as a means of preventing vertical transmission of bacterial kidney disease (bkd). although eggs absorbed up to 1 ppm during water hardening, they retained the drug less than 24 hr. injection of adult female chinook salmon with 11 mg of erythromycin/kg of body weight to prevent prespawning mortality fro ... | 1986 | 3509648 |
| evidence by the fluorescent antibody test for the occurrence of renibacterium salmoninarum among salmonid fish in chile. | | 1986 | 3520032 |
| biochemical and immunochemical properties of the cell surface of renibacterium salmoninarum. | the biochemical composition of the cell envelope of renibacterium salmoninarum was investigated in a total of 13 strains isolated from different salmonid fish species at various geographical locations of the united states, canada, and europe. a marked similarity with the type strain r. salmoninarum atcc 33209 was found both in the peptidoglycan and the cell wall polysaccharide. the primary structure of the peptidoglycan was found to be consistent with lysine in the third position of the peptide ... | 1986 | 3782026 |
| charcoal agar, a new growth medium for the fish disease bacterium renibacterium salmoninarum. | charcoal is an effective replacement for serum in media for the isolation and culture of renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease in salmonid fish. the medium, kdm-c, contains 10 g of peptone, 0.5 g of yeast extract, 1 g of l-cysteine hydrochloride, 1 g of activated charcoal, and 15 g of agar per liter and is adjusted to ph 6.8 with naoh before autoclaving. eight strains of r. salmoninarum grew from dilute inocula as well on kdm-c as on a standard serum-contain ... | 1985 | 4083882 |
| characterization of plasmids in bacterial fish pathogen. | plasmid profiles of representative fish pathogens, aeromonas salmonicida, aeromonas hydrophila, vibrio anguillarum, pasteurella piscicida, yersinia ruckeri, edwardsiella tarda, and renibacterium salmoninarum, were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis with four different plasmid detection methods. a combination of two methods was required to detect the plasmids present in these strains and to calculate precisely the molecular weights of the plasmids. of 38 strains, 28 harbored one or more pl ... | 1983 | 6822413 |
| phylogenetic analysis of species of the meso-diaminopimelic acid-containing genera brevibacterium and dermabacter. | 16s rrna gene sequencing studies were performed on dermabacter hominis and four meso-diaminopimelic acid-containing species of the genus brevibacterium. phylogenetic analysis revealed a close association between dermabacter hominis and representatives of the lysine-containing genera arthrobacter, micrococcus, and renibacterium. by contrast, the genus brevibacterium formed a distinct line of descent within the high-guanine-plus-cytosine-containing actinomycetes, displaying no specific affinity wi ... | 1994 | 7520745 |
| renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease in salmonid fish, detected by nested reverse transcription-pcr of 16s rrna sequences. | an assay based on reverse transcription and nested pcr amplification of hypervariable regions within the 16s rrna sequence was used to specifically detect renibacterium salmoninarum, the slowly growing causative agent of bacterial kidney disease in salmonid fish. this assay detected 1 to 10 bacteria per sample and took 1 to 2 days to perform. the assay was used to detect r. salmoninarum in ovarian fluid obtained from naturally infected fish. the assay was unreliable when it was used to examine k ... | 1994 | 7529017 |
| a gene from renibacterium salmoninarum encoding a product which shows homology to bacterial zinc-metalloproteases. | a genomic library constructed from renibacterium salmoninarum isolate mt444 dna in the plasmid vector pbr328 was screened using escherichia coli host strain dh1 for the expression of genes encoding putative virulence factors. a single haemolytic clone was isolated at 22 degrees c and found to contain a 3.1 kb hindiii fragment of inserted dna. this fragment was present in seven isolates of r. salmoninarum which were examined. western blots of extracts from clones exhibiting haemolytic activity we ... | 1995 | 7545509 |
| ecopathology in aquaculture: risk factors in infectious disease outbreak. | this paper describes a study of the risk factors associated with disease outbreaks in fish species of fish farms and rivers of north-east spain. we focused our work on the isolation of fish pathogens (bacteria, virus), the water quality (physicochemical and microbiological quality) and management characteristics. we have observed 2 important viral diseases, infectious pancreatic necrosis and spring viraemia of carp, and 2 important bacterial ones, furunculosis (aeromonas salmonicida) and bacteri ... | 1995 | 7711777 |
| effect of injected yeast glucan on the activity of macrophages in atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., as evaluated by in vitro hydrogen peroxide production and phagocytic capacity. | a prepared polysaccharide from the cell wall of yeast, m-glucan, has previously been demonstrated to have immunostimulatory effects in salmonids as observed by enhanced in vivo non-specific disease resistance in atlantic salmon, salmo salar l., and increased in vitro bactericidal activity of rainbow trout, oncorhynchus mykiss (walbaum), macrophages. in the present study m-glucan was injected intraperitoneally into atlantic salmon and the effect on core components in the non-specific part of the ... | 1994 | 7835949 |
| identification of renibacterium salmoninarum surface proteins by radioiodination. | surface exposed proteins of renibacterium salmoninarum were identified by radiolabelling whole bacterial cells with 125i, followed by sds-page and autoradiography. the most prominent bands had molecular masses of approximately 57 kda and 22 kda; in addition, some less intensively labelled bands were detected. polyclonal sera raised against the 22 kda protein did not react with the 57 kda protein. n-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of the purified 22 kda protein showed no similarity with the ... | 1994 | 7926685 |
| in vitro growth of the bacterial kidney disease organism renibacterium salmoninarum on a nonserum, noncharcoal-based "homospecies-metabolite" medium. | laboratory and field trials were conducted to evaluate in vitro growth of renibacterium salmoninarum in media without serum or charcoal. growth of this bacterium, the cause of bacterial kidney disease (bkd) in salmonids, is accelerated by addition of a growth enhancing "metabolite" of unknown composition to kdm2 medium, the medium commonly used for isolation of r. salmoninarum. kdm2 medium supplemented with greater than 1% (v/v) metabolite enhanced growth even without addition of either serum or ... | 1994 | 7933282 |
| immunohistochemical identification of renibacterium salmoninarum by monoclonal antibodies in paraffin-embedded tissues of atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.), using paired immunoenzyme and paired immunofluorescence techniques. | renibacterium salmoninarum was identified in situ by immunoenzymatic and immunofluorescence techniques in paraffin-embedded tissue specimens collected during a natural outbreak of bacterial kidney disease (bkd) and from an experimental infection in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.). monoclonal antibodies (mabs) 4d3 and 2g5 were used in this study, both specific for the 57-58-kd outer membrane protein (p57) of the bacterium. both mabs revealed positive staining in ethanol-fixed tissue specimens, b ... | 1994 | 8011782 |
| a pcr-based assay for the identification of the fish pathogen renibacterium salmoninarum. | by means of a one-step one-tube extraction from less than 1 mg of tissue it is possible to identify, via the polymerase chain reaction, renibacterium salmoninarum in salmon with bacterial kidney disease. a 149-bp dna sequence unique to r. salmoninarum was specifically amplified and its nature confirmed by southern hybridization using a non-isotopically labelled probe. the sensitivity of the approach allowed the detection of 22 r. salmoninarum cells. the procedure was successfully applied in the ... | 1994 | 8138127 |
| rapid identification of renibacterium salmoninarum using an oligonucleotide probe complementary to 16s rrna. | bacterial kidney disease in salmonid fish is caused by the slow-growing gram-positive rod, renibacterium salmoninarum. the partial sequence of 16s rrna from r. salmoninarum was determined and compared with published bacterial 16s rrna sequences. from this sequence information, a 30-bases-long oligonucleotide was designed and used as a specific probe for identification of r. salmoninarum in filter hybridization experiments. strong specific hybridization signals were observed for all strains of r. ... | 1993 | 8455640 |
| development of a specific biotinylated dna probe for the detection of renibacterium salmoninarum. | a specific dna probe for the identification of renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (bkd), was developed from one of 3 clones prs47, prs49, and prs26 of 5.1 kb, 5.3 kb, and 11.3 kb, respectively. the biotinylated prs47/bamhi insert probe was tested on 3 dilutions of dna extracted from 3 strains of r. salmoninarum and from 1 strain each of arthrobacter protophormiae, aeromonas salmonicida, corynebacterium aquaticum, carnobacterium piscicola, listonella angui ... | 1995 | 8548693 |
| comparison of diagnostic tests for bacterial kidney disease in juvenile steelhead trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | in order to accurately diagnose bacterial kidney disease caused by renibacterium salmoninarum in steelhead trout, kidney tissue from experimentally infected fish was evaluated using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) test kit, fluorescent antibody (fa) testing, bacteriologic culture, and histopathology. seventy-five steelhead trout were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups and intraperitoneally inoculated with 0.15 ml saline (n = 20), 1 x 10(10) organisms/ml (n = 18 ... | 1995 | 8580171 |
| identification of a renibacterium salmoninarum dna fragment associated with bacterial internalization into chse-cultured cells. | we report here the isolation of a renibacterium salmoninarum dna sequence capable of transforming a non-invasive escherichia coli strain into a microorganism able to enter the fish cell line, chse-214. immunofluorescence and electron microscopy techniques were used to assess the acquired invasive phenotype by hb101 e. coli cells, upon transformation with ppmv-189. this plasmid carries a 2282-bp r. salmoninarum dna segment. the invasive phenotype is conserved upon deletion of approximately 1000 b ... | 1996 | 8598275 |
| disease problems of salmonid fish in japan caused by international trade. | the author details the connection between disease outbreaks in salmonid fish and imports of salmonid eggs into japan since the 1950s. the following diseases and species are involved: -infectious pancreatic necrosis in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) -infectious haematopoietic necrosis in sockeye ( of 'kokanee') salmon (o. nerka) and masu salmon (o. masu) -cold water disease, erythrocyte inclusion body syndrome, and bacterial kidney disease (caused by renibacterium salmoninarum) in coho salmo ... | 1996 | 8890379 |
| growth of the fish pathogen renibacterium salmoninarum on different media. | in the present study, the ability of a group of renibacterium salmoninarum strains to grow in the presence or absence of the amino acid cysteine and other mineral and organic sources of sulfur and nitrogen has been evaluated. most of the isolates tested were able to grow on a mineral media supplemented with l-cysteine-hcl or other organic compounds, such as the vitamin thiamine and a casein hydrolysate (bacto casamino acids, difco). bacterial growth was also recorded on commercial and specific m ... | 1996 | 8897425 |
| a simplified pcr-based method for the detection of renibacterium salmoninarum utilizing preparations of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, walbaum) lymphocytes. | a method for the detection of renibacterium salmoninarum by pcr is described. a rapid, reliable procedure was developed for the extraction of dna, which could be applied to infected kidney homogenates and head kidney lymphocyte preparations. the target for dna amplification was a 376-bp region of the gene encoding the 57-kda major surface antigen (msa). the pcr was specific for r. salmoninarum and allowed the detection of 10 to 100 cells of the pathogen. use of the pcr for the examination of exp ... | 1996 | 8899978 |
| differences in patterns of meningoencephalitis due to bacterial kidney disease in farmed atlantic and chinook salmon. | a range of neural pathology, in particular meningitis with sporadic encephalitic extension, can develop in salmonids infected with renibacterium salmoninarum, the agent of bacterial kidney disease (bkd). tissues from 134 atlantic salmon and 164 chinook salmon were selected on the basis of their having a positive diagnosis of bkd, with evidence of multi-tissue infection including the brain (214 fish), or brain involvement in the absence of systemic lesions attributable to bkd (58 fish). although ... | 1997 | 9160430 |
| pcr and probe-pcr assays to monitor broodstock atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) ovarian fluid and kidney tissue for presence of dna of the fish pathogen renibacterium salmoninarum. | a simple, rapid pcr assay for the identification of renibacterium salmoninarum in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) tissues detected dna extracted from between 4 and 40 bacterial cells. pcr was at least as sensitive as culture when it was used to identify subclinically infected fish experimentally challenged with r. salmoninarum. however, pcr identified much higher numbers of kidney tissue and ovarian fluid samples from commercially reared broodstock fish to be positive for r. salmoninarum than d ... | 1997 | 9163437 |
| immunization with bacterial antigens: bacterial kidney disease. | bacterial kidney disease has consistently resisted attempts to control it by prophylactic immunisation. although successful vaccines have been produced to a number of gram-negative fish pathogens, the relatively simple method used in these cases have not been successful with renibacterium salmoninarum. a more circumspect and thorough knowledge of the biological function of r. salmoninarum antigens must be obtained. also required is a more precise understanding of the role of regional immunity in ... | 1997 | 9270843 |
| production of putative virulence factors by renibacterium salmoninarum grown in cell culture. | a cell culture system, employing the fish cell line epithelioma papillosum cyprini (epc), was developed to study the synthesis of intracellular antigen and the expression of putative virulence factors by renibacterium salmoninarum. epc cultures infected with r. salmoninarum could be maintained for 7 weeks, during which the pathogen multiplied intracellularly. immunohistochemical examination of infected cultures revealed the production of the p57 antigen, haemolysin and cytolysin. the intracellul ... | 1997 | 9353936 |
| further characterization of renibacterium salmoninarum extracellular products. | renibacterium salmoninarum, the agent of bacterial kidney disease in salmonids, releases high concentrations of extracellular protein in tissues of infected fish. the extracellular protein consists almost entirely of a 57-kda protein and derivatives of degradation and aggregation of the same molecule. the 57-kda protein and its derivatives were fractionated into defined ranges of molecular mass. separated fractions continued to produce degradation and aggregation products. one-dimensional electr ... | 1997 | 9480644 |
| comparison of the membrane-filtration fluorescent antibody test, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the polymerase chain reaction to detect renibacterium salmoninarum in salmonid ovarian fluid. | ovarian fluid samples from naturally infected chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha) were examined for the presence of renibacterium salmoninarum by the membrane-filtration fluorescent antibody test (mf-fat), an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), and a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr). on the basis of the mf-fat, 64% (66/103) samples contained detectable levels of r. salmoninarum cells. among the positive fish, the r. salmoninarum concentrations ranged from 25 ce ... | 1998 | 9526862 |
| in vitro effects of the extracellular protein of renibacterium salmoninarum on phagocyte function in brook trout (salvelinus fontinalis). | renibacterium salmoninarum is a facultative intracellular pathogen often found in host phagocytes where it appears to successfully avoid the host fish's immunological defenses. the objective of this investigation was to determine if soluble extracellular protein (ecp) produced by r. salmoninarum may contribute to the immunomodulation in bacterial kidney disease (bkd) via inhibition of phagocyte respiratory burst and/or phagocytosis mechanisms. splenic cells from adult brook trout (salvelinus fon ... | 1998 | 9646439 |
| detection of humoral antibodies to renibacterium salmoninarum in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and atlantic salmon salmo salar challenged by immersion and in naturally infected populations. | humoral antibodies to heat-stable antigens of renibacterium salmoninarum (rs) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss and in atlantic salmon salmo salar challenged by immersion. a slow antibody response was found: 3% (1/30) was positive 4 wk after immersion and 72% (26/36) was positive after 8 wk. all 30 fish sampled after 4 wk were found to be infected, as determined by bacterial culture and/or the presence of soluble antigens in the kidne ... | 1998 | 9684315 |
| structural studies of the major polysaccharide in the cell wall of renibacterium salmoninarum. | the galactose-rich polysaccharide (gps) in the cell wall of the gram-positive bacterium renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent in of bacterial kidney disease (bkd) of salmonids, has been studied by sugar and methylation analysis, partial acid hydrolysis, smith degradation, fabms, and 1h and 13c nmr spectroscopy. the data show that the gps has a heptasaccharide repeating unit with the following structure: alpha-d-rhap-(1-->3)-alpha-l-fucpnac-(1-->)-beta-d-glcpnac 1 decreases 2 -->3)-beta ... | 1998 | 9691455 |
| the use of alkaline phosphatase-labelled oligonucleotide probes as culture confirmation reagents for identification of commercially important bacteria. | a range of rrna-targeted alkaline phosphatase labelled oligonucleotide probes was tested for use as culture confirmation reagents for the rapid identification of micro-organisms. the probes were specific to clinically important bacteria (helicobacter pylori and mycobacterium tuberculosis), fish and shellfish pathogens (renibacterium salmoninarum and vibrio vulnificus), food spoilage bacteria (listeria spp. and l. monocytogenes), for bacteria of biotechnological importance (streptomyces spp.) and ... | 1998 | 9750334 |
| performance of serum-free broth media for growth of renibacterium salmoninarum. | growth of renibacterium salmoninarum was compared in 14 different broth media; 13 serum-free, and 1 that contained newborn calf serum, kdm2+m. supplementation with 1% v/v r. salmoninarum mco4m metabolite was evaluated for 6 of the media that do not utilize it as part of their ingredients. viable cells were enumerated on days 10, 20, and 30 post inoculation to evaluate performance. the experiment was repeated 3 times using high, low, and medium (trials 1 to 3, respectively) cell concentrations as ... | 1998 | 9789976 |
| sensitive detection of renibacterium salmoninarum in whole fry, blood, and other tissues of pacific salmon by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. | a sensitive, reproducible assay for detecting renibacterium salmoninarum in a variety of tissues, including blood, has been developed. this assay, based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) of 16s ribosomal rna, exhibited sensitivity to </=10 cells per milligram of tissue by ethidium bromide detection, and this sensitivity was increased 10-fold by southern blotting. there was a strong association (p <.001) between blood and ovarian fluid for the presence of bacteria in spa ... | 1998 | 9892717 |
| development of a nested polymerase chain reaction for amplification of a sequence of the p57 gene of renibacterium salmoninarum that provides a highly sensitive method for detection of the bacterium in salmonid kidney. | nucleic acid-based assays have shown promise for diagnosing renibacterium salmoninarum in tissues and body fluids of salmonids. development of a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method to detect a 320 bp dna segment of the gene encoding the p57 protein of r. salmoninarum is described. whereas a conventional pcr for a 383 bp segment of the p57 gene reliably detected 1000 r. salmoninarum cells per reaction in kidney tissue, the nested pcr detected as few as 10 r. salmoninarum per reaction in ... | 1998 | 9925428 |
| molecular differentiation of renibacterium salmoninarum isolates from worldwide locations. | renibacterium salmoninarum is a genospecies that is an obligate pathogen of salmonid fish and is capable of intracellular survival. conventional typing systems have failed to differentiate isolates of r. salmoninarum. we used two methods to assess the extent of molecular variation which was present in isolates from different geographic locations. in one analysis we investigated possible polymorphisms in a specific region of the genome, the intergenic spacer (its) region between the 16s and 23s r ... | 1999 | 10049848 |
| different prevalences of renibacterium salmoninarum detected by elisa in alaskan chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha spawned from freshwater and seawater. | soluble antigen of renibacterium salmoninarum (rs) was detected by a polyclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) at significantly higher prevalences in adult chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha that matured in freshwater than in the same cohort of fish spawned after maturation in seawater. the cumulative results were consistent during 4 yr of comparison at the little port walter hatchery on baranof island, alaska, usa. possible causes for this difference are discussed. maturation of ... | 1999 | 10092972 |
| elevated temperature treatment as a novel method for decreasing p57 on the cell surface of renibacterium salmoninarum. | renibacterium salmoninarum is a gram-positive diplo-bacillus and the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease, a prevalent disease of salmonid fish. virulent isolates of r. salmoninarum have a hydrophobic cell surface and express the 57-58 kda protein (p57). here we have investigated parameters which effect cell hydrophobicity and p57 degradation. incubation of r. salmoninarum cells at 37 degrees c for > 4 h decreased cell surface hydrophobicity as measured by the salt aggregation assay, and ... | 1999 | 10349550 |
| evaluation of a whole cell, p57- vaccine against renibacterium salmoninarum. | a whole cell renibacterium salmoninarum vaccine was developed using 37 degrees c heat treated cells that were subsequently formalin fixed; this treatment reduced bacterial hydrophobicity and cell associated p57. coho salmon oncorhynchus kisutch were immunized with the p57- vaccine by either a combination of intraperitoneal (i.p.) and intramuscular (i.m.) injections or per os. in the first experiment, i.p./i.m. vaccination of coho salmon with p57- cells in freund's incomplete adjuvant (fia) confe ... | 1999 | 10349551 |
| a sensitive nested reverse transcriptase pcr assay to detect viable cells of the fish pathogen renibacterium salmoninarum in atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.). | a nested reverse transcriptase (rt) pcr assay detected mrna of the salmonid pathogen renibacterium salmoninarum in samples of rna extracts of between 1 and 10 cells. total rna was extracted from cultured bacteria, atlantic salmon (salmo salar l.) kidney tissue and ovarian fluid seeded with the pathogen, and kidney tissue from both experimentally challenged and commercially raised fish. following dnase treatment, extracted rna was amplified by both rt pcr and pcr by using primers specific for the ... | 1999 | 10388701 |
| antigenic and functional characterization of p57 produced by renibacterium salmoninarum. | renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease, produces large quantities of a 57-58 kda protein (p57) during growth in broth culture and during infection of salmonid fish. biological activities of secreted p57 include agglutination of salmonid leucocytes and rabbit erythrocytes. we define the location of epitopes on p57 recognized by agglutination-blocking monoclonal antibodies (mabs) 4c11, 4h8 and 4d3, and demonstrate that the majority of secreted p57 is a monomer ... | 1999 | 10439902 |
| production of the 57 kda major surface antigen by a non-agglutinating strain of the fish pathogen renibacterium salmoninarum. | the major surface antigen of renibacterium salmoninarum, p57, is associated with cell autoagglutination and implicated as a virulence factor in fish infections. an autoagglutinating strain, jd24, caused 92% mortality when 2 x 10(7) cells were injected intraperitoneally into rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss, while a non-agglutinating strain, mt 239, produced only 7% mortality after 100 d. the p57 antigen was present in the supernates of broth cultures of both strains when examined by western imm ... | 1999 | 10590925 |
| shedding of renibacterium salmoninarum by infected chinook salmon oncorhynchus tschawytscha. | laboratory studies of the transmission and pathogenesis of renibacterium salmoninarum may describe more accurately what is occurring in the natural environment if test fish are infected by waterborne r. salmoninarum shed from infected fish. to quantify bacterial shedding by chinook salmon oncorhynchus tschawytscha at 13 degrees c in freshwater, groups of fish were injected intraperitoneally with r. salmoninarum at either 1.3 x 10(6) colony forming units (cfu) fish (-1) (high-dose injection group ... | 1999 | 10590930 |
| differential expression of the virulence-associated protein p57 and characterization of its duplicated gene msa in virulent and attenuated strains of renibacterium salmoninarum. | virulence mechanisms utilized by the salmonid fish pathogen renibacterium salmoninarum are poorly understood. one potential virulence factor is p57 (also designated msa for major soluble antigen), an abundant 57 kda soluble protein that is predominately localized on the bacterial cell surface with significant levels released into the extracellular milieu. previous studies of an attenuated strain, mt 239, indicated that it differs from virulent strains in the amount of surface-associated p57. in ... | 1999 | 10598282 |
| molecular diversity of renibacterium salmoninarum isolates determined by randomly amplified polymorphic dna analysis. | the molecular diversity among 60 isolates of renibacterium salmoninarum which differ in place and date of isolation was investigated by using randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis. isolates were grouped into 21 banding patterns which did not reflect the biological source. four 16s-23s rrna intergenic spacer (its1) sequence variations and two alleles of an exact tandem repeat locus, etr-a, were the bases for formation of distinct groups within the rapd clusters. this study provides e ... | 2000 | 10618262 |
| the gills are an important site of inos expression in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss after challenge with the gram-positive pathogen renibacterium salmoninarum. | following injection challenge of rainbow trout with the gram-positive pathogen renibacterium salmoninarum, serum nitrate levels increased indicative of no production. the timing and amount of nitrate produced varied with the virulence of the bacterial strain used, with the highest levels seen in fish challenged with the most virulent (autoaggregating) strain. immunization with a killed r. salmoninarum preparation in freund's incomplete adjuvant significantly increased nitrate levels after challe ... | 2000 | 10651954 |
| description and characterization of is994, a putative is3 family insertion sequence from the salmon pathogen, renibacterium salmoninarum. | renibacterium salmoninarum, a slowly growing, gram-positive bacterium, is responsible for bacterial kidney disease in salmonid fishes world-wide. to date, no mobile genetic elements have been reported for this pathogen. here, we describe the first insertion sequence (is) identified from r. salmoninarum. this element, is994, has a significant predicted amino acid sequence homology (64.8 and 71.9%) to the two open reading frames encoding the transposase of is6110 of mycobacterium tuberculosis. pro ... | 2000 | 10689192 |
| cloning, functional expression and partial characterization of the glucose kinase from renibacterium salmoninarum. | the complete glck gene from the fish pathogen renibacterium salmoninarum, encoding a glucose kinase, was analyzed and expressed. the partial characterization of the recombinant enzyme confirmed that it belongs to a group of glucose kinases involved in carbon catabolite repression. multiple sequence alignments were used to deduce a new consensus sequence for this family of bacterial proteins, characterized by several conserved cys residues. this sequence was more specific and allowed the detectio ... | 2000 | 10779719 |
| single-dilution enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantification of antigen-specific salmonid antibody. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed on the basis of testing a single dilution of serum to quantify the level of antibody to the p57 protein of renibacterium salmoninarum in sockeye salmon (oncorhynchus nerka). the levels of antibody were interpolated from a standard curve constructed by relating the optical densities (od) produced by several dilutions of a high-titer rainbow trout (o. mykiss) antiserum to the p57 protein. the elisa od values produced by as many as 36 test ... | 2000 | 10826838 |
| method for flow cytometric monitoring of renibacterium salmoninarum inactivation. | the slow growth of renibacterium salmoninarum limits the usefulness of culture as a research tool. development of a 2-color flow cytometric assay to quantify the proportions of live and dead r. salmoninarum in a test population is described. bacteria were simultaneously stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated immunoglobulin and exposed to the exclusion dye propidium iodide. propidium iodide red fluorescence profiles of control groups of untreated and killed r. salmoninarum were compar ... | 2000 | 10950180 |
| renibacterium salmoninarum isolates from different sources possess two highly conserved copies of the rrna operon . | the nucleotide sequences of the rrna genes and the 5' flanking region were determined for r. salmoninarum atcc 33209t from overlapping products generated by pcr amplification from the genomic dna. comparison of the sequences with rrna genes from a variety of bacteria demonstrated the close relatedness between r. salmoninarum and the high g+c group of the actinobacteria, in particular, arthrobacter species. a regulatory element within the 5' leader of the rrna operon was identical to an element, ... | 2000 | 11016696 |
| variation in the spacer regions separating trna genes in renibacterium salmoninarum distinguishes recent clinical isolates from the same location. | a means for distinguishing between clinical isolates of renibacterium salmoninarum that is based on the pcr amplification of length polymorphisms in the trna intergenic spacer regions (tdna-ilps) was investigated. the method used primers specific to nucleotide sequences of r. salmoninarum trna genes and trna intergenic spacer regions that had been generated by using consensus trna gene primers. twenty-one pcr products were sequenced from five isolates of r. salmoninarum from the united states, e ... | 2001 | 11136759 |
| toxicity of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite to bacterial pathogens of fish. | the inhibitory effect of the nitric oxide (no) donor s-nitroso-acetyl-penicillamine (snap) and the no and o2- donor 3-morpholino-sydnonimine hydrochloride (sin-1) was tested in a cell-free assay. strains of the bacterial fish pathogens aeromonas salmonicida, renibacterium salmoninarum and yersinia ruckeri were exposed to different concentrations of the no donors for 24 h. the results showed that no possesses inhibitory properties, while peroxynitrite had no effect. however, when sin-1 was used i ... | 2000 | 11145451 |
| mortality and kidney histopathology of chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha exposed to virulent and attenuated renibacterium salmoninarum strains. | an isolate of renibacterium salmoninarum (strain mt 239) exhibiting reduced virulence in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss was tested for its ability to cause bacterial kidney disease (bkd) in chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha, a salmonid species more susceptible to bkd. juvenile chinook salmon were exposed to either 33209, the american type culture collection type strain of r. salmoninarum, or to mt 239, by an intraperitoneal injection of 1 x 10(3) or 1 x 10(6) bacteria fish(-1), or by a ... | 2000 | 11206735 |
| characterization of attenuated renibacterium salmoninarum strains and their use as live vaccines. | two nutritionally mutant strains of renibacterium salmoninarum (rs) were isolated that grew on tryticase soy agar (rs tsa1) or brain heart infusion agar (rs bhi1). these 2 strains could be continuously cultured on these media, whereas typical r. salmoninarum would only grow on kdm-2 agar. we determined no other phenotypic difference that could be used to distinguish them from wild-type r. salmoninarum. both strains were found to be avirulent when 5 x 10(6) bacteria were intraperitoneally (i.p.) ... | 2001 | 11324812 |
| evidence for the immune recognition of two haemolysins of renibacterium salmoninarum by fish displaying clinical symptoms of bacterial kidney disease (bkd). | | 2001 | 11417723 |
| evidence for a carrier state of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha. | in british columbia, canada, infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) is prevalent in wild sockeye salmon oncorhynchus nerka and has caused disease in seawater net-pen reared atlantic salmon salmo salar. in this study, chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha experimentally exposed to an isolate of ihnv found in british columbia became carriers of the virus. when atlantic salmon were cohabited with these virus-exposed chinook salmon, ihnv was isolated from the atlantic salmon. identificatio ... | 2001 | 11710551 |
| detection and identification of bacterial pathogens of fish in kidney tissue using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (t-rflp) analysis of 16s rrna genes. | we report the application of a nucleic acid-based assay that enables direct detection and identification of bacterial pathogens in fish kidney tissue without the need for bacterial culture. the technique, known as terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (t-rflp), employs the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) using a primer pair that targets 2 highly conserved regions of the gene that encodes for the 16s small subunit of the bacterial ribosome. each primer is 5' labeled with a different f ... | 2002 | 12033704 |
| host responses to renibacterium salmoninarum and specific components of the pathogen reveal the mechanisms of immune suppression and activation. | during infection, renibacterium salmoninarum survives within the pronephric macrophages of salmonid fish. therefore, to study the initial phases of the interaction we infected macrophages with live bacteria and analysed the responses of host and pathogen. it was found that the expression of msa encoding the p57 antigen of r. salmoninarum, was constitutive, while the expression of hly and rsh, encoding haemolysins, and lysb and grp was reduced after infection. macrophages showed a rapid inflammat ... | 2002 | 12047757 |
| effects of rearing temperature on immune functions in sockeye salmon (oncorhynchus nerka). | to determine if the defences of sockeye salmon (oncorhynchus nerka) raised in captivity are affected by the rearing temperature or their life-cycle stage, various indices of the humoral and cellular immune functions were measured in fish reared at either 8 or 12 degrees c for their entire life-cycle. measures of humoral immunity included the commonly used haematological parameters, as well as measurements of complement, and lysozyme activity. cellular assays quantified the ability of macrophages ... | 2002 | 12049168 |
| a single ala139-to-glu substitution in the renibacterium salmoninarum virulence-associated protein p57 results in antigenic variation and is associated with enhanced p57 binding to chinook salmon leukocytes. | the gram-positive bacterium renibacterium salmoninarum produces relatively large amounts of a 57-kda protein (p57) implicated in the pathogenesis of salmonid bacterial kidney disease. antigenic variation in p57 was identified by using monoclonal antibody 4c11, which exhibited severely decreased binding to r. salmoninarum strain 684 p57 and bound robustly to the p57 proteins of seven other r. salmoninarum strains. this difference in binding was not due to alterations in p57 synthesis, secretion, ... | 2002 | 12147498 |
| relationship between antigen concentration and bacterial load in pacific salmon with bacterial kidney disease. | using data collected to test spawning female pacific salmon (oncorhynchus kisutch and o. tshawytscha for the presence and severity of bacterial kidney disease (bkd), a mathematical model of the relationship between bacterial load and antigen concentration in tissues and ovarian fluid is developed. renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bkd, secretes large amounts of a 57 kda protein ('p57'), its major soluble antigen, which eventually breaks down or is otherwise removed from free cir ... | 2002 | 12363089 |
| expression of duplicate msa genes in the salmonid pathogen renibacterium salmoninarum. | renibacterium salmoninarum is a gram-positive bacterium responsible for bacterial kidney disease of salmon and trout. r. salmoninarum has two identical copies of the gene encoding major soluble antigen (msa), an immunodominant, extracellular protein. to determine whether one or both copies of msa are expressed, reporter plasmids encoding a fusion of msa and green fluorescent protein controlled by 0.6 kb of promoter region from msa1 or msa2 were constructed and introduced into r. salmoninarum. si ... | 2002 | 12406741 |
| bacterial kidney disease as a model for studies of cell mediated immunity in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss). | a cell mediated immune (cmi) response was measured in vitro to heat-killed and to paraformaldehyde fixed renibacterium salmoninarum (rs) in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) experimentally challenged with live rs. the mitogenic response to the t lymphocyte mitogen concanavalin a (con a) was reduced during samplings 4 to 6 weeks after immersion, but no effect of the response to the b lymphocyte mitogen lipopolysaccharide (lps) was detected. the subpopulation of lymphocytes, detected by the mono ... | 2003 | 12657537 |
| characterization and molecular cloning of a novel enzyme, inorganic polyphosphate/atp-glucomannokinase, of arthrobacter sp. strain km. | a bacterium exhibiting activities of several inorganic polyphosphate [poly(p)]- and atp-dependent kinases, including glucokinase, nad kinase, mannokinase, and fructokinase, was isolated, determined to belong to the genus arthrobacter, and designated arthrobacter sp. strain km. among the kinases, a novel enzyme responsible for the poly(p)- and atp-dependent mannokinase activities was purified 2,200-fold to homogeneity from a cell extract of the bacterium. the purified enzyme was a monomer with a ... | 2003 | 12839753 |
| immunoresponse of coho salmon immunized with a gene expression library from piscirickettsia salmonis. | we have used the expression library immunization technology to study the protection of coho salmon oncorhynchus kisutch to the infection with piscirickettsia salmonis. purified dna from this bacterium was sonicated and the fragments were cloned in the expression vector pcmv-bios. two libraries were obtained containing 22,000 and 28,000 colonies and corresponding to approximately 8 and 10 times the genome of the pathogen, respectively. on average, the size of the inserts ranged between 300 and 1, ... | 2003 | 14631865 |
| rhamnolipid biosurfactants produced by renibacterium salmoninarum 27bn during growth on n-hexadecane. | a new strain renibacterium salmoninarum 27bn was isolated for its capacity to utilize n-hexadecane as sole substrate. growth on n-hexadecane was accompanied with the production of glycolipid surface active substances detected by surface pressure lowering and emulsifying activity. glycolipid detection by thin layer chromatography and infrared spectra analyses showed for the first time that renibacterium salmoninarum 27bn secretes the two rhamnolipids rll and rrll typical for pseudomonas aeruginos ... | 2004 | 15018056 |
| renibacterium salmoninarum bar forms: characterization, occurrence, and evidence of a host response to a r. salmoninarum infection. | unique-staining renibacterium salmoninarum (rs) cells, termed bar forms, first observed in a coho salmon, oncorhynchus kisutch (walbaum), in 1983, could not be cultured, making their characterization difficult and significance obscure. they can be detected only by the fluorescent-antibody technique (fat) and their numbers estimated only by a quantitative fat (qfat). data collected over a 10-year period showed that bar forms were observed only in vivo and appeared associated with a host response. ... | 2004 | 15049888 |
| efficacy of cellular vaccines and genetic adjuvants against bacterial kidney disease in chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tshawytscha). | dna adjuvants and whole bacterial cell vaccines against bacterial kidney disease (bkd) were tested in juvenile chinook salmon. whole cell vaccines of either a nonpathogenic arthrobacter spp. or an attenuated renibacterium salmoninarum strain provided limited prophylactic protection against acute intraperitoneal challenge with virulent r. salmoninarum, and the addition of either synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides or purified r. salmoninarum genomic dna as adjuvants did not increase protection. howev ... | 2004 | 15123289 |
| prevalence and diagnosis of bacterial kidney disease (bkd) in scotland between 1990 and 2002. | bacterial kidney disease (bkd) is a notifiable disease for salmonids under united kingdom and european union legislation. within the uk, legislation and the control of infected fish with bkd has been operating for 25 yr. infection by the bacterium renibacterium salmoninarum results in a chronic, debilitating infection and mortality. records of bkd outbreaks and the detection of r. salmoninarum were monitored from 1990 through to 2002 for atlantic salmon salmo salar and rainbow trout oncorhynchus ... | 2004 | 15212278 |
| renibacterium salmoninarum: effect of hypochlorite treatment, and survival in water. | the effect of different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite on renibacterium salmoninarum and the survival of the bacterium in autoclaved river water and groundwater were examined. the disinfection trial was performed using r. salmoninarum atcc 33209. the concentrations of free chlorine were 10, 50, 100 and 200 mg 1(-1), the contact times were 5, 15, and 30 min and 24 h, and the test suspensions were subcultured both on kidney disease medium (kdm2) agar and in 3 parallel kdm2 broths, which wer ... | 2004 | 15212289 |
| identification of a third msa gene in renibacterium salmoninarum and the associated virulence phenotype. | renibacterium salmoninarum, a gram-positive diplococcobacillus, causes bacterial kidney disease, a condition that can result in extensive morbidity and mortality among stocks of fish. an immunodominant extracellular protein, called major soluble antigen (msa), is encoded by two identical genes, msa1 and msa2. we found evidence for a third msa gene, msa3, which appears to be a duplication of msa1. unlike msa1 and msa2, msa3 is not present in all isolates of r. salmoninarum. the presence of the ms ... | 2004 | 15528510 |
| detection of renibacterium salmoninarum in tissue samples by sequence capture and fluorescent pcr based on the 16s rrna gene. | the 16s rrna genes from eight isolates of renibacterium salmoninarum with different origins and dates of isolation were sequenced to evaluate the possibility to construct a diagnostic pcr system with target sites within this gene. the sequences were found to be identical but for one single position in one of the isolates, and two regions with an adequate number of nucleotide differences as compared to closely related species were identified. species-specific fluorescent pcr primers complementary ... | 2004 | 15708821 |
| a cohabitation challenge to compare the efficacies of vaccines for bacterial kidney disease (bkd) in chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha. | the relative efficacies of 1 commercial and 5 experimental vaccines for bacterial kidney disease (bkd) were compared through a cohabitation waterborne challenge. groups of juvenile chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha were vaccinated with one of the following: (1) killed renibacterium salmoninarum atcc 33209 (rs 33209) cells; (2) killed rs 33209 cells which had been heated to 37 degrees c for 48 h, a process that destroys the p57 protein; (3) killed r. salmoninarum mt239 (rs mt239) cells; (4) ... | 2005 | 15819430 |
| application of isotope coded affinity tag (icat) analysis for the identification of differentially expressed proteins following infection of atlantic salmon (salmo salar) with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (ihnv) or renibacterium salmoninarum (bkd). | aquaculture and commercial fisheries worldwide suffer from significant economic loss due to diseases of net-pen reared fish. in british columbia, infectious hematopoietic necrosis (ihn) and bacterial kidney disease (bkd) epidemics occur because there are currently no commercially available drugs or fully licensed vaccines to treat these diseases. with a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these diseases, this circumstance might be significantly improved. in the present st ... | 2005 | 15822907 |
| accumulation and clearance of orally administered erythromycin and its derivative, azithromycin, in juvenile fall chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha. | fall chinook salmon oncorhynchus tshawytscha were fed practical diets medicated with azithromycin (30 mg kg(-1) fish for 14 d) or erythromycin (100 mg kg(-1) fish for 28 d) either 1, 2, or 3 times beginning 14 d after initiation of exogenous feeding (february) and ending at smoltification (june). average tissue concentrations of azithromycin increased from 19.0 microg g(-1) in fry to 44.9 microg g(-1) in smolts, and persisted in the tissues > 76 d after treatment ceased. tissue concentrations of ... | 2005 | 15918472 |
| mapping of neutralizing epitopes on renibacterium salmoninarum p57 by use of transposon mutagenesis and synthetic peptides. | renibacterium salmoninarum is a gram-positive bacterium that causes bacterial kidney disease in salmonid fish. the virulence mechanisms of r. salmoninarum are not well understood. production of a 57-kda protein (p57) has been associated with isolate virulence and is a diagnostic marker for r. salmoninarum infection. biological activities of p57 include binding to eukaryotic cells and immunosuppression. we previously isolated three monoclonal antibodies (4d3, 4c11, and 4h8) that neutralize p57 ac ... | 2005 | 15932983 |
| use of arthrobacter davidanieli as a live vaccine against renibacterium salmoninarum and piscirickettsia salmonis in salmonids. | arthrobacter davidanieli (proposed species nomenclature) is a non-pathogenic gram-variable bacterium related to, but taxonomically distinct from, renibacterium salmoninarum, the aetiological agent of bacterial kidney disease (bkd). we have demonstrated that vaccination with live a. davidanieli is effective against bkd in atlantic salmon (salmo salar) showing above 80 relative percent survival in experimental challenge trials. good protection was also demonstrated in long-term field trials where ... | 2005 | 15962482 |
| immunosuppression in progeny of chinook salmon infected with renibacterium salmoninarum: re-analysis of a brood stock segregation experiment. | female spawner infection level and temperature variation through rearing are sufficient to explain in-hatchery mortality rates and infection levels and smolt to adult return ratios (sars) of progeny of renibacterium salmoninarum infected spring chinook salmon. data from published reports and manuscripts regarding a 1988 brood stock segregation experiment that held progeny of highly infected female spring chinook salmon spawners separate from progeny of other spawners during 16 mo of hatchery rea ... | 2005 | 16042041 |
| detection of renibacterium salmoninarum in chinook salmon, oncorhynchus tshawytscha (walbaum), using quantitative pcr. | a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) assay has been developed to detect varying levels of renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease. this assay allows for the direct enumeration of bacterial dna or rna copy number within tissues and body fluids. the assay can be applied non-lethally and can be used to determine whether r. salmoninarum is transcriptionally active. the presence of r. salmoninarum in kidney tissues from 430 chinook salmon collected from ... | 2005 | 16302955 |